The Endocrine System - Welcome to Mrs. Macijewski's...
Transcript of The Endocrine System - Welcome to Mrs. Macijewski's...
“Scrub In”
• TSH is secreted by the pituitary and acts on the:
a. Pancreas
b. Testes
c. Thymus gland
d. Thyroid gland
• Parathormone tends to increase the concentration of:
a. Calcium in the blood
b. Endorphins in the brain
c. Iron in the liver
d. Sodium in the kidneys
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
What are some disorders of the endocrine system?
How do you relate the body’s hormones to the endocrine system?
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Glands
Secrete a chemical substance called hormones
Target Organ/Cells
Body cells that react to a particular hormone.
Hormones
Chemical messengers that coordinate and direct target cells and organs
These hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream as the blood circulates through the gland
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Hormone Control
Nervous System
Sympathetic nervous system:
In some cases, it can cause direct release of hormones from a gland (for example, when stress causes the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenalin)
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Hormone Control
Occurs when there is a drop in the level of a hormone.
Blood level of hormone drops
Brain gets message and sends out hormone to stimulate gland
Gland stimulates more hormone
When blood levels of hormone increase, the brain hormones stop
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Adrenal cortex
Corticoids: They are responsible for stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation.
Androgens: are responsible for typical male sexual characteristics. They are important to male sexual and reproductive function. (Ex: testosterone)
Both men and women have androgens. In women, one of the main purposes of androgens is to be converted into the female hormones called estrogens.
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine:
‘Adrenalin’ is a powerful cardiac stimulant. It regulates heart rate, and is responsible for the fight-or-flight response.
Norepinephrine:
Affects parts of the brain where attention and responding actions are controlled. Along with epinephrine, norepinephrine is also responsible for the fight-or-flight response, directly increasing heart rate, triggering release of glucose from energy stores, and increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle.
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Gonads
Ovaries (female)
Estrogen:
Stimulates the development of reproductive organs, including the breast, and secondary sex characteristics such as pubic hair and axillary hair
Progesterone:
Works with estrogen to build up the lining of the uterus for the fertilized egg.
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Gonads
Testes (male)
Testosterone:
Is responsible for the development of male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics. It also influences the growth of a beard and other body hair, deepening of the voice, increase in musculature, and the production of sperm.
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Parathyroid Glands
Parathormone
Controls the concentration of calcium in the bloodstream.
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pancreas
(Islets of Langerhans)
Insulin
Promotes utilization of glucose by the cells, fatty acid and amino acid transport, and facilitates protein synthesis
Insulin production is triggered in response to increased blood glucose levels. The role of insulin in the body is to help move blood sugar from your blood stream into your cells which lowers blood sugar levels.
A lack of insulin, or an inability to adequately respond to insulin, can each lead to the development of the symptoms of diabetes.
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary Gland (Master Gland)
Two Lobes (Anterior and Posterior)
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary gland
(Anterior Lobe)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates the growth and secretion of the thyroid gland
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Stimulates the growth of the graafian follicle to grow in the ovaries and the production of estrogen in females and stimulates the production of sperm in the male. (Acts on both the ovaries and testes.)
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary gland
(Anterior Lobe)
Growth hormone
Responsible for growth and development.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females. Is necessary for the production of testosterone by the testes in men. (Acts on both the ovaries and testes.)
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary gland
(Anterior Lobe)
Prolactin
Develops breast tissue and stimulates production of milk after childbirth.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Secreted by the pituitary and acts on the thyroid gland by stimulating the growth and secretion of the thyroid gland.
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary gland
(Posterior Lobe)
Vasopressin
Converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on the kidneys to concentrate urine and preserve H2O
in the body.
Oxytocin
Is released during childbirth causing
contractions of the uterus
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Thymus Gland
T-lymphocyte production
T-lymphocytes are small lymphocytes developed in the thymus. They coordinate the immune system's response to infected or malignant cells.
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine
Controls the rate of metabolism, heat production, and oxidation of all cells.
Calcitonin
Controls the calcium ion concertration in the body by maintaining a proper calcium level in the bloodstream.
Bellringer:
• A lackof insulin leads to:
a. Anuria
b. Hyperglycemia
c. Leukocytosis
d. Photophobia
• Simple goiter is caused by:
a. A lack of sodium in the diet
b. A low dietary intake of iodine
c. Oversecretion of the thyroid gland
d. Swelling of the larynx
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Adrenal Cortex
Addison's disease
The adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and often inadequate levels of aldosterone also.
Symptoms: salt craving, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), nausea, diarrhea or vomiting, muscle or joint pains, irritability, depression
Treatment: corticosteroids (oral or injection)
Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Adrenal Cortex
Cushing's Syndrome
Occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time.
Symptoms: weight gain and fatty tissue deposits, particularly around the midsection and upper back, in the face (moon face), and between the shoulders (buffalo hump), thinning, fragile skin that bruises easily, slow healing of cuts
Treatment: surgery and radiation if caused by a pituitary tumor, medications, reducing corticosteroid use
Before
After
Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Adrenal Glands
Steroid Abuse
in Sports What are the risks?
• Males: infertility, breast
development, shrinking of the testicles, male-pattern baldness, severe acne and cysts
• Females: deeper voice, shrinking
of the breasts, excessive growth of body hair, male-pattern baldness, period changes, severe acne and cysts
Are illegal because they threaten the
health of athletes
Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus
Normal blood sugar range: 70-100
Most common symptoms: polyuria (excessive urination), polyphagia (excessive hunger), polydipsia (excessive thirst), weight loss, blurred vision and possible diabetic coma
Tests for diabetes: typical screening procedure is a urinalysis; blood sample measured in a glucometer can also be done
Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus (Type I) - is an immune disorder in which the body attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas
Treatment: insulin and controlled diet
Can occur at any age, but most commonly is diagnosed from infancy to the late 30s.
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pancreas
Diabetes Type II - a disorder in which either the body does not produce enough insulin, or the cells ignore the insulin
Treatment: diet, exercise, oral medications
Cause: obesity is the strongest risk factor for type 2 diabetes
Complications of diabetes: cardiovascular disease, nerve damage (neuropathy), kidney damage (nephropathy), eye damage (retinopathy)
These complications happen due to damage to blood vessels from uncontrolled blood glucose levels.
Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary Gland
Acromegaly – hyperfunction of the pituitary – too much growth hormone in adulthood
Cause: usually a tumor
Treatment for acromegaly: drugs to inhibit growth hormone, radiation
Symptoms: enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet and joints; characteristic protruding chin
Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary Gland
Gigantism – too much growth hormone prior to puberty
Causes: a tumor on the pituitary gland
Symptoms: abnormally tall height, delayed puberty, irregular periods, large hands and feet with thick fingers and toes, thickening of the facial features
Treatment: surgery to remove tumor
Robert Wadlow, who was called the Alton giant. He was the tallest person ever recorded and was 8 feet 11 inches tall at the time of his death.
Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary Gland
Growth Hormone Deficiency – Dwarfism (childhood)
Common symptoms: small size, but body proportions and intellect are normal; sexual immaturity
Treatment: early diagnosis. Injection of growth hormone
Needs to be treated early to avoid complications.
Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Parathyroid
Tetany (hypoparathyroid):
Decreased calcium affects function of nerves,
• Symptoms: convulsive twitching develops, spasms and stiffness in your jaw muscles, stiffness of your neck muscles, difficulty swallowing, stiffness of your abdominal muscles
Treatments: Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone
Complications: broken bones from spasms, death (person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles)
4.04 Understand the functions and disorders
of the endocrine system
Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Thyroid Gland
Hyperthyroidism – overactive thyroid gland
What does hyper- mean?
Symptoms: sudden weight loss, tachycardia, increased appetite, change in menstrual patterns, increased sensitivity to heat, fatigue, fine brittle hair, nervous irritability
Treatment: radioactive iodine (causes gland to shrink), surgery (thyroidectomy)
Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Thyroid Gland
Hypothyroidism – underactive thyroid
What does hypo- mean?
Not enough thyroxine secreted.
May be due to a lack of dietary intake of iodine (simple goiter).
Major cause of other types is inflammation of thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine
Symptoms: increased sensitivity to cold, dry skin, thinning hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night, depression
Treatment: thyroid hormone pills