The endocrine system
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Transcript of The endocrine system
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The endocrine system
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Types of glands• 1. exocrine glands: duct glands• Ex) tear glands, sweat glands“exo”: outduct: tube-like structure
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• 2. endocrine glands: ductless glands“endo” : within
http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-120218/The-glands-of-the-human-endocrine-system-secrete-hormones-that
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3. dual glands: function as both an endocrine & an ex-ocrine gland
• Ex) pancreases• -exocrine: digestion enzyme • -endocrine: insulin, glucagon
http://www.londonlivercentre.co.uk/pancreatic-cancer/the-pancreas/
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Hormones• Hormones – chemicals secreted in
one area of the body which affect re-sponses in other areas.
Hormones have specific shapes that fit with receptors on the surface of the structure they are gong to influence.
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• Hormones interact and exert control on metabolic activities such as re-production and development, includ-ing metamorphosis.
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metamorphosis• A change in form in development
found in many insects and amphib-ians.
http://www.rahmahmuslimhomeschool.co.uk/index/tag/metamorphosis/
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Hypothalamus• A small region of the brain that pro-
duces hormones influencing the pitu-itary gland
http://endocrine101.wikispaces.com/Hypothalamus
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HypothalamusSome specific functions:1. Regulates posterior pituitary
through direct sensory-nervous con-trol (ex. Water balance, body tem-perature, hunger)
2. Regulates the pituitary indirectly through releasing factors. (chemi-cals)
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http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookendocr.html
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B. Endocrine system1. Pituitary gland: nicknamed the
“Master gland”--secretes numerous hormones
Some hormones produced:(a)Growth stimulating hormone-- stimulates the elongation of long
bones
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(b) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)--stimulates activity in the ovaries and
testes
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(c ) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)--stimulates the thyroid gland to se-
crete thyroxin
http://women.webmd.com/picture-of-the-thyroid
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• (d) LH (luteinizing hormone)-- brings about the change of the folli-
cle to the corpus luteum (yellow body)
-- this corpus luteum thus secretes the hormone progesterone – preparing the embryo for implantation in the uterus and thus pregnancy
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video• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hr
Mi4GikWwQ
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2. Thyroid glandLarge gland near the lower part of the
larynx where it joints the trachea
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2. Thyroid gland con’t--functions to maintain body metabolism
--produces the hormone THYROXIN which is mostly iodine based
(controls the rate of metabolism and is responsible for normal physical and mental development.)
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3. Parathyroid glands• Patches of pea shaped tissue em-
bedded in the thyroid gland
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM03488
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3. Parathyroid glands--produces the hormone PARATHORMONE (controls the metabolism of calcium – needed for nervous function, strong bones and teeth, and blood clotting.)
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM03488
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4. Adrenal glands• Two small glands located at the top
of each kidney-- produce adrenalin
http://www.redorbit.com/education/reference_library/health_1/human-anatomy/1112796039/adrenal-gland/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Adrenal_gland_(PSF).png
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4. Adrenal glands con’t• Adrenalin – “Fight or flight hormone”--secreted during times of emergency--increases the blood sugar level and
accelerates heart and breathing rates
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine
http://www.livestrong.com/article/447694-what-are-the-effects-of-epinephrine-norep-inephrine/
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4. Adrenal glands con’t• Cortisol –promotes proper cartilage
composition –stimulated carbohy-drate, protein, and lipid metabolism (cortisone is a man-made cortisol used in the treatment of joint disor-ders)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cortisol-3D-vdW.pnghttp://firstaid.webmd.com/cartilage
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5. Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
• small groups of cells located in the pancreas
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/101913/The-islets-of-Langerhans-are-responsible-for-the-endocrine-function
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5. Islets of Langerhans (pancreas) con’t
• Glucagon: stimulates the release of stored animal starch in the liver (g-lycogen) into the blood as glucose when needed
http://www.sanofidiabetes.in/pathophysiology.aspx
http://www.uic.edu/classes/phar/phar332/Clinical_Cases/carbo%20metab%20cases/glycogen%20metab/Glycogen%20biochemistry.htm
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5. Islets of Langerhans (pancreas) con’t
• Insulin: has 2 basic roles:(a)Facilitates the entrance of glucose
into the cells(b)Lowers blood sugar levels by pro-
moting the movement of glucose from the blood into the muscles in liver (for conversion into glycogen)
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http://www.sanofidiabetes.in/pathophysiology.aspx
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6. TestesTestes --male sex glands: secrete
testosterone.testosterone: influences the develop-
ment of male secondary sex charac-teristics.
http://www.herbalgranny.com/2009/08/14/herbal-remedy-for-testes-infection/
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7. OvariesOvaries--female sex glands: secrete
estrogen.estrogen: influences the development
of female secondary sex characteris-tics.
http://www.swedish.org/Services/Robotic-Surgery-Program/Conditions-We-Treat/Ovarian-Cancer#axzz2QU1j1SPI
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(Some Endocrine Malfunc-tions)(a) goiter: enlargement of the thyroid gland
usually resulting from the gland’s inability to manufacture thyroxin.
--often associated with an iodine deficiency in the diet.
(Iodinenetwork, 2013)(WebMD, LLC., 2011)
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Iodized salt
(Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 2013)
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(Some Endocrine Malfunctions) con’t
(b) diabetes: a disorder characterized by an insulin deficiency which results in an ele-vated blood sugar level.
Number (in Millions) of Civilian, Noninstitutionalized Persons with Diagnosed Diabetes, United States, 1980–2010(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011)
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Ms. Kim’s mom has dia-betes.• Used to love
sweets.• Exercises everyday.• Takes medicine ev-
eryday.• My brother and I
always keep her from eating sweets.
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(7 Diabetes Symptoms)1. Craving for water2. Craving for sweets3. Frequent urination4. Heart and circulation5. Sudden changes in vision problems6. Sudden changes in weight7. Frequent shifts in body energy (intense
fatigue)http://diabetesinformation1.blogspot.com/
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Positive/Negative Feedback--also called biofeedback.--a type of organism self regulation--operates on the principle that the
level of one hormone in the blood in-hibits or stimulates the production of another hormone (or substance.)
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Positive vs. NegativePositive feedback Negative feedback
Stimulates…make more Inhibits… stops or de-creases
Direct relationship ↑..↑ or ↓…↓
Indirect relationship↑…↓
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Examples
1. Positive feedback• Estrogen luteinizing hormone: ovu-
lation 2. Negative feedback• Thyroid and Thyroid stimulating hor-
mones• Insulin and glucagon
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Demo• Feedback mechanism
(A spoonful of medicine, n.d.)
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Comparison of nervous and endocrine systems
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Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R
218fFZhq4c
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrMi4GikWwQ
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ReferencesA spoonful of medicine. (n.d.). [Illustration]. A little blog about our human physiological essence. Re-
trieved from http://aspoonfulofmedicine.tumblr.com/post/5174646860/insulin-glucagon-negative-feedback-system
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). [Graph]. Number (in millions) of civilian, noninstitu-tionalized persons with diagnosed diabetes, United States, 1980–2010. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/national/figpersons.htm
Iodinenetwork. (2013). [Photograph]. Iodine nutrition. Retrieved from http://www.iodinenetwork.net/Learning.htm
Rich, V. (2012). [Illustration]. Diabetes information. Symptoms of diabetes. Retrieved from http://dia-betesinformation1.blogspot.com/
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (2013). [Photograph]. Morton Iodized Salt, 26 oz. Retrieved from http://www.wal-mart.com/ip/Morton-Iodized-Salt-26-oz-Pack-of-24/17340587
WebMD, LLC. (2011). [Illustration]. Information and Resources. Goiter. Retrieved from http://www.web-md.com/a-to-z-guides/goiter