The end of vowels + The beginning of fricatives November 19, 2012.
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Transcript of The end of vowels + The beginning of fricatives November 19, 2012.
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The end of vowels + The beginning of fricatives
November 19, 2012
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The Road Ahead• Today: finish vowels and begin fricatives…
• Formant plotting + vowel production exercises is due on Wednesday!
• This Wednesday: continue the discussion of fricatives
• On Friday: fricative transcription
• As for right now: let’s measure some formants!
• to prove a point: everybody’s vowel space is different.
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Source/Filter SummarySound source Sound filter
vocal folds vocal tract
fundamental frequency resonant frequencies (formants)
F0 F1, F2, F3…
harmonics standing waves
pitch of voice vowel quality
in a (wide-band) spectrogram:
vertical striations horizontal dark bands
a musical analogy:
strings body (of guitar, violin, etc.)
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More Music• With (most) musical instruments, we can only change
the frequency of the sound source.
• Timbre is a musical term for the “quality” of a sound.
• I.e., its characteristic resonances.
• E.g., compare the same note played by a trumpet vs. a violin.
• In speech, you can independently change both source and filter frequencies at the same time.
• Like changing the size of a piano…
• As you press different keys on the keyboard.
• This makes the acoustics of speech at least twice as complex as the acoustics of music.
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Formant-Reading Tip #1• Another distinction between source and filter characteristics is formant bandwidth.
• Harmonics are exact:
• integer multiples of source frequency
• Resonances are less exact:
• they’re centered around an optimal frequency, but other frequencies may resonate to some extent, too.
• Hence: formants can appear to merge in wide-band spectrograms.
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Bandwidth
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Bandwidth
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Merged Formants
F1
F2
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Another Problem: Dynamics
“hod”
F1
F2
• vowel formants are typically not “steady-state” for very long
F1
F2
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Source/Filter (again)• So far, we’ve considered the following source/filter configuration:
• source: voicing at the vocal folds
• filter: the resonating vocal tract
• Q: What would happen if we changed the source by:
• Opening the glottis (i.e., not voicing)
• And increasing airflow so that…
• there is some audible turbulence as the air passes through the vocal folds?
• A: We’d get something called whispering (technical term)
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Whispering Example
whispered “had” voiced
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Glottal Fricatives• The sound “source” of whispering is the turbulence that airflow creates as it passes through the vocal folds.
• “Glottal fricatives”
• The IPA lists two sounds as “glottal fricatives”
• voiceless: [h]
• voiced:
• The “filter” of both sounds is the same vocal tract shapes that we find in vowels.
• In a sense, [h] is a “voiceless vowel”
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[h] in different vowel contexts
“heed” “had”
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[h] in different vowel contexts
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“Voiced” /h/• In English, /h/ often surfaces as breathy voiced when it appears between two vowels.
“ahead”
“head”
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Turbulence Acoustics• The “source” of fricative sounds is aerodynamic turbulence
• aperiodic
• random
• Aperiodic sounds are noisy
• Their pressure values vary randomly over time
• waveform snippet of aperiodic “white noise”:
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White Noise Spectrum• Recall: white light is what you get when you combine all visible frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum
• White noise is so called because it has an unlimited range of frequency components
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White Noise Spectrogram
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Fricative Filtering• The sound source of fricatives resembles white noise.
• …but this aperiodic noise may be filtered by the vocal tract in the same way that voiced vowels are.
• Ex: [h] tends to take on the spectral characteristics of its surrounding vowels
• [h] just replaces the voicing source with an aperiodic sound source.
• = coarticulation
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Fricative Place of Articulation• A fricative’s place of articulation is where, in the vocal tract, its turbulence noise is made.
• Fricatives may be produced at essentially any place of articulation.
• At different places of articulation, fricatives will have:
• Different filters
• based on the area and shape of the vocal tract in front of the obstruction of the airflow
• Different sound sources
• based on the flow of air through the obstruction
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Glottals, Epiglottals,and Pharyngeals
• Glottal fricatives: [h]
• Epiglottal fricatives:
• Pharyngeal fricatives:
• Note: try not to confuse the symbols for the:
• voiced epiglottal fricative
• voiceless epiglottal stop
• And also not the symbols for the:
• voiced pharyngeal fricative
• glottal stop
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Agul• Glottals, epiglottals and pharyngeals contrast in the Caucasian language Agul.
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Uvular Fricatives
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Uvular Fricative Symbols
• Peter says:
• Uvular fricatives contrast with pharyngeals and glottals in one dialect of Hebrew.
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Palatals and Velars
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Palatal and Velar Symbols
<-- Peter says
• Possible confusion #1:
• voiceless palatal fricative [ç]
• voiceless palatal stop [c]
• Possible confusion #2:
• voiced palatal fricative
• voiced palatal stop
• Possible confusion #3:
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Greek
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Coronal Fricatives
Peter says:
• The coronal fricative landscape is very complex.
• Next time we’ll look in detail at how coronal fricatives are produced in:
• English
• Chinese
• Polish
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Toda
Toda is spoken in southern India.
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Toda Mid-Sagittal Diagrams
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Bilabial Fricatives
• Bilabial fricatives exist allophonically in some languages (e.g., Spanish)
• They were not recognized as a potentially contrastive sound until relatively recently (‘70s or ‘80s)
• it was discovered that they contrasted with labio-dental fricatives in Ewe, a language spoken in Ghana.
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Ewe