THE END OF AN ERA THE END OF AN ERA

Bell Work #5 Bell Work #5 If we could of brought adams and If we could of brought adams and

carmens radio we might of heard the carmens radio we might of heard the kickoff at 330 pmkickoff at 330 pm

WOWWOW Napoleon watched the battle for the Russian city Napoleon watched the battle for the Russian city

of Smolensk from a chair outside his tent. As of Smolensk from a chair outside his tent. As Napoleon watched the fires rage and heard the Napoleon watched the fires rage and heard the screams of the enemy he said. “Don’t you think screams of the enemy he said. “Don’t you think this is a beautiful sight?”this is a beautiful sight?”

““Horrible, Sire,” replied an aide.Horrible, Sire,” replied an aide. ““Bah!” snorted Napoleon. “Remember, Bah!” snorted Napoleon. “Remember,

gentlemen, what a Roman emperor said: “The gentlemen, what a Roman emperor said: “The corpse of an enemy always smells sweet.”corpse of an enemy always smells sweet.”

Soon, Napoleon campaign would eventually led Soon, Napoleon campaign would eventually led to his downfall. Napoleon’s final defeat brought to his downfall. Napoleon’s final defeat brought an end to the era of the French Revolution. an end to the era of the French Revolution.

CHALLENGES TO NAPOLEON’S CHALLENGES TO NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE EMPIRE

Napoleon’s successes contained the seeds of Napoleon’s successes contained the seeds of defeat. While nationalism spurred French armies defeat. While nationalism spurred French armies to success, it worked against them, too. Many to success, it worked against them, too. Many Europeans who welcomed the ideas of the Europeans who welcomed the ideas of the French Revolution nevertheless saw Napoleon’s French Revolution nevertheless saw Napoleon’s armies as foreign oppressors. The resented the armies as foreign oppressors. The resented the Continental System and Napoleon’s effort to Continental System and Napoleon’s effort to impose French culture. impose French culture.

From Rome to Madrid to the Netherlands, From Rome to Madrid to the Netherlands, nationalism unleashed revolts against France. In nationalism unleashed revolts against France. In the German states, leaders encouraged national the German states, leaders encouraged national loyalty among German speaking people to loyalty among German speaking people to counter French influence. counter French influence.

RESISTANCE IN SPAIN RESISTANCE IN SPAIN

Spanish patriots conducted a campaign of Spanish patriots conducted a campaign of guerrilla warfare, or hit and run raids, guerrilla warfare, or hit and run raids, against the French. Small bands against the French. Small bands ambushed French supply trains or troops ambushed French supply trains or troops before melting into the country side. These before melting into the country side. These attacks kept large numbers of French attacks kept large numbers of French soldiers tied down in Spain, when soldiers tied down in Spain, when Napoleon needed them elsewhere. Napoleon needed them elsewhere.

DEFEAT IN RUSSIADEFEAT IN RUSSIA In 1812, Alexander I of Russia resigned form the In 1812, Alexander I of Russia resigned form the

Continental System. Napoleon responded by Continental System. Napoleon responded by assembling his Grand Army. About 600,000 assembling his Grand Army. About 600,000 soldiers form France and other countries soldiers form France and other countries invaded Russia. invaded Russia.

To avoid battles with Napoleon, the Russians To avoid battles with Napoleon, the Russians retreated eastward, burning crops and villages retreated eastward, burning crops and villages as they went. This “scorched earth” policy left as they went. This “scorched earth” policy left the French hungry and cold as winter came. the French hungry and cold as winter came. Napoleon entered Moscow in September. He Napoleon entered Moscow in September. He realized, though, that he could not feed and realized, though, that he could not feed and supply his army through the long Russian winter. supply his army through the long Russian winter. In October, he turned homeward. In October, he turned homeward.

The 100,000 mile retreat form Moscow turned The 100,000 mile retreat form Moscow turned into a desperate battle for survival. into a desperate battle for survival.

DEFEAT IN RUSSIADEFEAT IN RUSSIA

Only about 100,000 soldiers of the once Only about 100,000 soldiers of the once proud Grand Army survived. Many died. proud Grand Army survived. Many died. Others deserted. Napoleon himself rushed Others deserted. Napoleon himself rushed back to Paris to raise a new force to back to Paris to raise a new force to defend France. His reputation for success, defend France. His reputation for success, however, was shattered. however, was shattered.

DOWNFALL OF NAPOLEON DOWNFALL OF NAPOLEON

The disaster in Russia brought a new The disaster in Russia brought a new alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria, and alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia against a weakened France. In Prussia against a weakened France. In 1813, they defeated Napoleon in the Battle 1813, they defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig. The next year, of the Nations at Leipzig. The next year, as his enemies closed in on France. as his enemies closed in on France. Napoleon abdicated, or stepped down Napoleon abdicated, or stepped down from power. The victors exiled him to Elba, from power. The victors exiled him to Elba, and island in the Mediterranean. They and island in the Mediterranean. They then recognized Louis XVIII, brother of then recognized Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, as king of France. Louis XVI, as king of France.

NAPOLEON RETURNS NAPOLEON RETURNS

The restoration of Louis XVIII did not go The restoration of Louis XVIII did not go smoothly. The Bourbon king agreed to accept smoothly. The Bourbon king agreed to accept the Napoleonic Code and honor the land the Napoleonic Code and honor the land settlements made during the revolution. settlements made during the revolution. However, many émigrés rushed back to France However, many émigrés rushed back to France bent on revenge. An economic depression and bent on revenge. An economic depression and the fear of a return to the old regime helped the fear of a return to the old regime helped rekindle loyalty to Napoleon. rekindle loyalty to Napoleon.

Napoleon escaped his island exile and returned Napoleon escaped his island exile and returned to France. Soldiers flocked to his banner. AS to France. Soldiers flocked to his banner. AS citizens cheered Napoleon’s advance, Louis citizens cheered Napoleon’s advance, Louis XVIII fled. In March 1815, the emperor of the XVIII fled. In March 1815, the emperor of the French entered Paris in triumph. French entered Paris in triumph.

WaterlooWaterloo Napoleon’s triumph was short-lived. His star Napoleon’s triumph was short-lived. His star

soared for only 100 days, while the allies soared for only 100 days, while the allies reassembled their forces. On June 18, 1815, the reassembled their forces. On June 18, 1815, the opposing armies met near the town of Waterloo opposing armies met near the town of Waterloo in Belgium. British forces under the Duke of in Belgium. British forces under the Duke of Wellington and Prussian army commanded by Wellington and Prussian army commanded by General Blucher crushed the French in an General Blucher crushed the French in an agonizing day-long battle. Once again, Napoleon agonizing day-long battle. Once again, Napoleon was forced to abdicate and go into exile on St. was forced to abdicate and go into exile on St. Helena, a lonely island in the South Atlantic. Helena, a lonely island in the South Atlantic. This time, he would never return. This time, he would never return.

NAPOLEON AND THE U.S.NAPOLEON AND THE U.S.

Napoleon also, had a dramatic impact Napoleon also, had a dramatic impact across the Atlantic. In 1803, his decision to across the Atlantic. In 1803, his decision to sell France’s vast Louisiana Territory to sell France’s vast Louisiana Territory to the American government doubled the the American government doubled the size of the United States and ushered in size of the United States and ushered in an age of American expansion. an age of American expansion.

LegitimacyLegitimacy, restoring hereditary , restoring hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution or monarchies that the French Revolution or Napoleon had unseated. Napoleon had unseated.

THE CONGRESS OF VIENNATHE CONGRESS OF VIENNAAfter waterloo, diplomats and heads of After waterloo, diplomats and heads of

state again sat down at the Congress of state again sat down at the Congress of Vienna. They faced the monumental task Vienna. They faced the monumental task of restoring stability and order in Europe of restoring stability and order in Europe after 25 years of war. The Congress meet after 25 years of war. The Congress meet for 10 months, from Sept. 1814 to June for 10 months, from Sept. 1814 to June 1815. 1815.

The Chief goal of the Vienna decision The Chief goal of the Vienna decision makers was to create a lasting peace by makers was to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy. protecting the system of monarchy.

THE VIENNA SETTLEMENTTHE VIENNA SETTLEMENT Despite clashes and controversies, the Despite clashes and controversies, the

diplomats at Vienna finally worked out a diplomats at Vienna finally worked out a framework for peace. Their decisions set the framework for peace. Their decisions set the stage for European politics for the nest 100 stage for European politics for the nest 100 years. years.

Balance of power- The peacemakers redrew the Balance of power- The peacemakers redrew the map of Europe. To contain French ambitions, map of Europe. To contain French ambitions, they ringed France with strong countries. In the they ringed France with strong countries. In the north, they added Belgium and Luxembourg to north, they added Belgium and Luxembourg to Holland to create the kingdom of the Holland to create the kingdom of the Netherlands. To prevent French expansion Netherlands. To prevent French expansion eastward, they gave Prussia lands along the eastward, they gave Prussia lands along the Rhine River. They also allowed Austria to Rhine River. They also allowed Austria to reassert control over northern Italy. This policy of reassert control over northern Italy. This policy of containment proved fairly successful in containment proved fairly successful in maintaining the peace. maintaining the peace.

LOOKING AHEADLOOKING AHEAD

Many people inspired by revolutionary Many people inspired by revolutionary ideals condemned the Vienna settlement. ideals condemned the Vienna settlement. Still, the general peace lasted for a Still, the general peace lasted for a hundred years. Europe would not see war hundred years. Europe would not see war on Napoleonic scale until 1914. on Napoleonic scale until 1914.