The End of an Era The End of an Era and the Emergence and the Emergence of the “New South”of the “New South”

APUSHAPUSH

Commentary…Commentary… This cartoon by the famous Thomas Nast This cartoon by the famous Thomas Nast

was published in Harper's Weekly in was published in Harper's Weekly in 1874. It shows how white supremacist 1874. It shows how white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan worked to groups like the Ku Klux Klan worked to keep freed slaves in politically and keep freed slaves in politically and economically deprived conditions. Look at economically deprived conditions. Look at the inscriptions at the top of the cartoon. the inscriptions at the top of the cartoon. It says "The Union As It Was" and "This Is It says "The Union As It Was" and "This Is A White Man's Government." The KKK A White Man's Government." The KKK wanted to keep Blacks out of government wanted to keep Blacks out of government and prevent them from voting.and prevent them from voting.

APUSH “Take Five”APUSH “Take Five”

What were the 3 types of What were the 3 types of reconstruction?reconstruction?

What elements did they include?What elements did they include?

APUSH DocumentAPUSH DocumentOur Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows

nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law..In my opinion, the judgment this day law..In my opinion, the judgment this day rendered will, in time, prove to be quite as rendered will, in time, prove to be quite as pernicious as the decision made by this tribunal pernicious as the decision made by this tribunal in the Dred Scott case…The present decision, it in the Dred Scott case…The present decision, it may well be apprehended, will not only may well be apprehended, will not only stimulate aggressions, more or less brutal and stimulate aggressions, more or less brutal and irritating, upon the admitted rights of colored irritating, upon the admitted rights of colored citizens, but will encourage the belief that it is citizens, but will encourage the belief that it is possible, by means of state enactments, to possible, by means of state enactments, to defeat the beneficent purposes which the people defeat the beneficent purposes which the people of the US had in view when they adopted the of the US had in view when they adopted the recent amendments of the Constitution.recent amendments of the Constitution.

Union Victory ParadeUnion Victory Parade

Lincoln’s Presidency Lincoln’s Presidency Recap…Recap…

Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s Bureau

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Lincoln’s Reconstruction PlanPlan

* Amnesty for loyalty oath* Amnesty for loyalty oath * 10% voters in 1860* 10% voters in 1860 * Suffrage for some African * Suffrage for some African

AmericansAmericans

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and

nothing to do.

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.

* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

In what ways and to what extent did In what ways and to what extent did constitutional and social constitutional and social developments between 1860 and developments between 1860 and 1877 amount to a revolution? 1877 amount to a revolution?

APUSH DocumentAPUSH Document

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan

1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR

* “loyal assemblies”

* They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) “Iron-Clad” Oath.

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

PocketVeto

PocketVeto

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the

number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. (13th amendment)

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

A “Pogrom” Against A “Pogrom” Against BlacksBlacks

A “Pogrom” Against A “Pogrom” Against BlacksBlacks

The Assassination of The Assassination of President LincolnPresident Lincoln

John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth

Popularity in deathPopularity in death

John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth

Ford’s TheatreFord’s Theatre"Sic Semper Tyrannis" "Sic Semper Tyrannis"

(Thus always with tyrants)(Thus always with tyrants)

Garrett FarmGarrett Farm

The Gallows: Mary Surratt, The Gallows: Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold Lewis Powell, David Herold

& George Atzerodt & George Atzerodt

Conspiracy Theory…Conspiracy Theory…

Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)(1865-1869)

Johnson’s PresidencyJohnson’s Presidency

Restoration planRestoration plan * * AmnestyAmnesty * Provisional Governor* Provisional Governor * Abolish slavery & Ratify 13* Abolish slavery & Ratify 13thth Amendment Amendment

etc.etc.

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Growing Northern Alarm!

Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state

constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES BLACK CODES

Black CodesBlack CodesPurpose:

* Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.

* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.

Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Congress during Johnson’s Congress during Johnson’s termterm

Radical reconstructionRadical reconstruction Response to Black CodesResponse to Black Codes Civil Rights Act (1866)Civil Rights Act (1866) 14th Amendment14th Amendment 15th Amendment15th Amendment Tenure of Office ActTenure of Office Act Command of the Army ActCommand of the Army Act

1313thth Amendment: Amendment: Neither slavery nor involuntary Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.—jurisdiction.—Abolishment of slaveryAbolishment of slavery

1414thth Amendment: Amendment: All persons born or naturalized in All persons born or naturalized in the US, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are the US, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the US; nor shall any State deprive any citizens of the US; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny…equal protection of the process of law; nor deny…equal protection of the lawslaws.—Est. African American Citizenship.—Est. African American Citizenship

1515thth Amendment: Amendment: The right of citizens of the United The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, United States or by any State on account of race, color or previous condition of servitudecolor or previous condition of servitude.—The right to .—The right to votevote

Impeachment of the Impeachment of the PresidentPresident

Violation of the Tenure of Office ActViolation of the Tenure of Office Act Firing Edwin StantonFiring Edwin Stanton Vote of no-confidence by Senate….Vote of no-confidence by Senate….

Johnson the Martyr / Samson

Johnson the Martyr / SamsonIf my blood is to be shed If my blood is to be shed

because I vindicate the because I vindicate the Union and the preservation Union and the preservation of this government in its of this government in its original purity and original purity and character, let it be shed; character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union be let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the lay me upon it, and the blood that now warms and blood that now warms and animates my existence animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union.libation to the Union. (February 1866) (February 1866)

Radical Plan for Readmission

Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were

subject to military supervision.

Required new state constitutions, includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

The South under Radical The South under Radical ReconstructionReconstruction

Carpetbaggers & ScalawagsCarpetbaggers & Scalawags Education reformEducation reform Shift in landownershipShift in landownership

TenantryTenantry SharecroppingSharecropping Crop-lien systemCrop-lien system Cash cropsCash crops

Negroes in the SouthNegroes in the South Rebuilding family structuresRebuilding family structures Freedmen’s schoolsFreedmen’s schools Political gainsPolitical gains

General Oliver Otis General Oliver Otis HowardHoward

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant (1871-18(1871-187777))

Grant’s PresidencyGrant’s Presidency

ScandalsScandals Panic of 1873Panic of 1873

National Greenback PartyNational Greenback Party

Seward’s FollySeward’s Folly Treaty of WashingtonTreaty of Washington