The Emergence of Rome

The Emergence of Rome1

Greek Culture BorrowedGreeks arrive in large #s during colonization(750-550 B.C.)Planned permanent communitiesSecured coastal plains for agricultureBuilt walled cities with harbors for trade

Alphabet, art, sculpture, architecture and literature2GeographyApennine Mountains divided east from westFertile plainsPo Valley in northLatium which Rome was built onCampania to the southPeninsulaTiber RiverSurrounded by islandsCorsicaSardiniaSicily3

The EtruscansCity-dwellers who fortified their cities and placed them in commanding positionsOrigins unclear but expanded in 650 B.C.Came in contact with Greek colonists in 6th century B.C.By 400 B.C. had been invaded by Gauls and then conquered by RomansRome was their most famous creation5Early Romans

Transition from Monarchy to RepublicUnder the Etruscans the rulers has been monarchsRomans consider the end of monarchy and Etruscan rule to coincide with the rape of Lucretia (likely a myth)Noble Roman woman raped by son of a kingCommitted suicide rather than be example of non-virtuous RomanIn revenge, Romans drove Etruscan king out of Rome and set up a RepublicThe Roman Republic 509-44 B.C.Political Forum

Death of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.

8Political Institutions Two ConsulsPraetors (Judges)DictatorAediles (Grain supply)CensorsSenate: advisory only to the magistrateAssembly of aristocrats9

Social OrganizationsFamily basis of Roman SocietyPaterfamiliasClients (worked around the home, performed military service, voted for patron: all in return for $)Patricians: Wealthy, land-owning, aristocrats, who served in govt. and received special rightsPlebeians: Typically poorer, a much larger class who did no possess the same rights as Patricians (could vote but not serve in govt.)11Paterfamilias

Patricians and Plebeians

Internal Social StrugglesPlebeians wanted political equality and right of intermarriagePlebeians withdrew from the statePatricians needed them so set up Twelve TablesThis eventually led to more equality and the allowance of intermarriage 14Twelve Tables

Conquest of ItalyRomans felt they were surrounded by enemiesThey were constantly attacked and involved in war for their first hundred yearsThey began defeating all of the peoples around them16Roman Expansion

Roman DiplomacyRomans were very good diplomatsAfter conquering their neighbors, they were made citizens or promised the right to become citizens if behaved as alliesAll conquered states had to supply Rome with militaryConquest of Mediterranean

19Romans Build Roads for CommunicationRomans settled in newly conquered areas creating communities Built roads between colonial conquests to maintain communication

Punic WarsCarthage controlled coast of N. Africa, Corsica, Sardinia, W. Sicily, and Southern SpainItaly feared their desires for the Italian coast

First Punic War 264-241 B.C.Second Punic War 218-201 B.C.Third Punic War 149-146 B.C.22

First Punic WarItaly attempted to gain control of all of SicilyCarthage fought back, believing Sicily was in their sphere of influenceRome quickly organized a naval fleet, believing it to be there only chanceCarthage had trouble getting mercenariesCarthage gave up Sicily and paid a feeThree years later, Rome took Sardinia & CorsicaHamilcar vowed revenge

Second Punic WarCarthage rebuilt and focused on SpainCarthage and Rome had agreed to split SpainRome began making alliances with the Carthaginian parts of Spain angering Carthage and Hannibal (Hamilcars son)Hannibal decided to fight this war on Roman soilHannibalHannibal won many battlesHe had 30-40,000 menHe had 6000 elephants and horses and crossed through the Alps

Scipio Africanus the ElderScipio focused on Spain and regaining controlScipio, actually too young to be named commander of Roman army in Spain, but brilliant generalHe pushed from Spain back to CarthageThis forced Carthaginians to recall Hannibal from RomeScipio defeated Hannibal at Battle of Zama

2nd War Peace TreatyCarthaginians lost Spain which became another Roman provinceHad to pay an indemnityCould not go to war without Romes permission

Rome was now dominant power in Mediterranean!

Third Punic WarMany Romans called for complete destruction of CarthageCarthage broke peace treaty by going to war with a Romes N. African allies that had been encroaching on CarthageRome, led by Scipio Africanus the Younger, destroyed Carthage for good

Religion & Philosophy in the RepublicThe gods and goddesses were borrowed from Greece, though renamed(Greco-Roman Religion)Religious festivals played a big part in RomeStoicism: Most popular; Happiness through virtueEpicureanism: Pursuit of happiness, through personal pleasure, should be only motivating source

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EducationPrivate education provided by familyBoysFarmingMilitary and physical trainingTraditions of the statePublic AffairsGirlsCare for the familyUpper-class boys and girls were to readLater learning Greek Rhetoric became highly valued

33Family & WomenDominant male (Paterfamilias)Romans believed women were weak and needed male guardiansMale could sell or kill his childrenFather arranged marriage for daughters (12-14 yrs. Old)Women appreciated as enjoyable and center of household social life different from AthensWomen shopped and visited in public but could not participate in politics

34Result of Punic WarsDecline of Roman ValuesConquered peoples had to pay taxes and were enslavedPoliticians more concerned with getting rich (from taxes) than governingLatifundias took over small farmsNo work on farms so people moved to cities which became highly corruptGap between rich and poor expanded (95-98% poor)Reasons for the change?Defeat of Carthage, now no enemiesAffluence changed people35SlaverySlavery a result of Punic WarsRomans had more slaves and relied on slave labor more than any other societyMany worked on the latifundia (large farming estates)It is cheaper to work the slaves to death and replace them than treat them well. ~Cato the ElderTotal # of slaves estimates between - of free people Constant fear of revolt

36Social, Political, and Economic Problems Arise (133-31 B.C.)Senate now had most controlAdvice to Consuls now had weight of lawLandowners had fought in warsWars lasted so long their land had been over-run or taken (to become part of large latifundia) by the time they returnedNeed to make $ caused many landless to move to cities (mostly Rome)Not a lot of work so cities very unstable with potential for much trouble in depressed timesLatifundia

Reforms of Tiberius & Gaius GracchusTiberius believes major problem for Rome is lack of small farmers due to latifundiaHe went around the Senate and had law passed by Council of the PlebsLatifundias were to be divided among the landless citizensSenators (many latifundia owners) were furious and killed Tiberius39Tiberius & Gaius

Enter GaiusGaius continues brothers push for redistribution of landGaius found support from others against the senateThe senate however became fearful of his popularity and killed him and many of his followersMarius Changes Senates PowerRome was fighting a war in Africa and losingMarius, assistant to the General, disagreed with way the Senate and General were running the warHe returned to Rome and ran for Consul with slogan, Win the WarCouncil of Plebs voted to give Marius command of armyGenerals no longer had to be loyal to the senate

42Marius Addresses Romans

Mariuss New ArmyHe wins the war in AfricaHe is named consul for 5 years, 104-100 B.C.Raises a new army type of army to defeat a new enemy, the CeltsOpened army to non-landholdersThey swore an oath to the General, not the senateNow a professional army not subject to the stateGenerals promised land to vets so generals had to play politics to get this landSoldiers more loyal to general than stateRome was now Italy, and Italy RomeItalian Allies fought Rome for citizenship (90-88 B.C.)They finally wonNow huge influx of new voters into the assemblies, giving power to the populous

SullaConsul in 88 B.C. and led many winning military campaigns82 B.C. Marched his army on Rome, defeating MariusMarius for the populous, Sulla for the AristocratsInsisted he be named Dictator to restore RepublicConducted reign of terror to wipe out oppositionThen restored power to the senate, eliminated power of the tribunes and plebeian councilsSulla dies in 79 B.C. leaving a power vacuum

46Death of the RepublicFor next fifty years, Rome faced power struggle and resulting civil warsCrassus & PompeyBoth had fought for SullaPersonal enemies Recognized their power if joined forcesReturned power to the populous

47CaesarCaesar was a great generalHe gained popularity by appealing to the populousThe senate feared his power and tried to prevent his political powerHe made a coalition called the First Triumvirate: Caesar, Pompey & CrassusThe First Triumvirate is powerful and successful

Hail Caesar!Crassus dies in battleCaesar is seen as a threat by the senate because he is too powerful, they now favor PompeyCaesar takes his army and crosses the Rubicon to fight Pompey Caesar winsIn 44 B.C. he is made dictator for lifeRise of OctavianCaesar is assassinated!The Second Triumvirate is formed: Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus LepidusLepidus is pushed asideThe Empire is divided: Octavian the west and Mark Antony the east

50Octavian and Mark Antony

Octavian Reigns SupremeAfter time, the two rulers come into conflictMark Antony divorces Octavia (sister of Octavian) He marries Cleopatra (Caesars former lover)Octavian defeats Mark Antony and his Egyptian wifeThey retreat to Egypt and commit suicide

Augustus the EmperorOctavian ended the civil wars but The Republic is dead in 31 B.C.The Roman Empire Arises

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