The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1914

Ch 28

Pg 622

Age of Revolution

• Intellectual change + commercial growth+ population pressure = shattering of placid politics, series of revolutions

Forces of Change

• Enlightenment thinkers challenged the existing regimes.

• Cultural change + commercialization stirred the economy

• Population revolution – 50-100% increases! – Effects on aristocracy– protoindustrialization

American Revolution

French Revolution - 1789

Napoleon BonaparteEmperor

Directory5 people

Radical phaseMaximilien Robespierre

Reign of Terror

Absolute monarchy Louis XVI

limited monarchy

Conservative Settlement & the Revolutionary Legacy

– Congress of Vienna (1815) – peace settlement between Bonaparte & surrounding countries

• Conservatives – wanted a restoration of monarchy

• Liberals focused on issues of the political structure

• Radicals – accepted most liberal demands, but also wanted wider voting rights– Democracy!– Socialism!

• Nationalists allied with liberalism or radicalism – urged the importance of national unity & glory

• Greek revolution – 1820 – against the Ottoman rule– Key to eventual fall of Ottoman Empire in

Balkans

• Rebellion in Spain – 1820

• Revolution in France – 1830

• Belgian Revolution – 1830

Reform (not revolution)

• Britain – Reform Bill of 1832, gave parliamentary vote to most middle-class men

• United States – Universal male suffrage (except for slaves)

• 1830s – many European nations had– solid parliaments– guarantees for individual rights against arbitrary state

action– religious freedom– democratic voting system

Consolidation of the Industrial Order

• Railroads & canals linked cities industrialization & urbanization– Majority living in cities (1st time in history)– Sanitation improved– Death rates fell below birth rates– Efficient police forces

• Social control … more disciplined population

Industrial Life• Majority living above subsistence level

• Revolution in children’s health– Infant mortality rates dropped– Better hygiene

• Corporations increased in western Europe– Stock-holder – Unions & strikes– Peasant protests declined

• Cooperatives• Isolation of village life declines

Political Trends, New Nations

• Political leaders worked to reduce the need for political revolution– Compromise on both sides (liberal / conservative)

• Disraeli, di Cavour, von Bismarck

– Force of nationalism … no longer radical• Italy united reduce the political power of the Pope• Prussia expands, leading to outright German unity• American Civil War

– Parlimentary systems, democracies (of sorts)

Social Questions, New Gov’t Functions

• Schooling expanded• Civil service systems expanded• Schools encouraged social agendas,

nationalism, superiority of one’s language/history

• Wider welfare measures• Socialism, Karl Marx – vilifies capitalism,

socialism seen as ideological purity• Feminism – legal & economic gains

Cultural transformations

• Consumption! Leisure! (western)– Growth of white collar labor force– Newspapers, theatres, revues, etc.– Team sports

• More impulsive side to popular outlook – display of passion!

Science & Arts

• New activity was secular• Rationalism continues

– Practical application of sci / tech– Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, Sigmund

Freud

• Romanticism in art – emphasis of artistic value, glorified the irrational; emotion & impression, not reason & generalization– Seurat (sci applied to art)

Western Settler Societies

• Production of goods, need new markets, need raw materials

• Industrialization & practical application – military tech

• Rapid Western expansion through Africa, SE Asia, China, MidEast.

Rise of US

• 1823: Monroe Doctrine• 1803: LA purchase• 1840s “new” immigration• 1861-65: Civil War – turning point

– Dichotomy between N/S, values, national unity– Accelerated industrialization, RR, canals, agricultural

productivity

• Diplomacy not particularly influential outside of the Western Hemisphere

Canada, Australia, NZ

• Immigration filled these places• Parliamentary legislatures • Commercial economies• Modeled after West, not nec unique in

culture– Canada: French / English

• Economies more dependent on Europe than US’

• Same basic patterns of civilization, politics, culture, leisure.

WW1: war of ism’s

• Nationalism, Militarism, Imperialism

• Entangling Alliances

• Diplomatic tensions– Triple Alliance: Germany, Austial-Hungary,

Italy– Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France

– Balkan nationalism