The The Eisenhower Eisenhower

YearsYears1952-19601952-1960

26.326.3

The Global The Global Cold WarCold War

Sec of StateSec of State John Foster Dulles John Foster Dulles Conservative & Conservative &

religious Cold religious Cold WarriorWarrior

Advised Advised Eisenhower on Eisenhower on foreign policy foreign policy

Aggressive against Aggressive against communism!communism!

Ike’s Cold War StrategyIke’s Cold War Strategy RollbackRollback: : attempt to liberate attempt to liberate

communist countries communist countries

Form more anti-communist Form more anti-communist alliance systems (SEATO, alliance systems (SEATO, CENTO)CENTO)

Covert-OpsCovert-Ops: : secret political & secret political & military actions done by CIAmilitary actions done by CIA

Massive RetaliationMassive Retaliation: : threaten Soviets with nuclear threaten Soviets with nuclear attack to halt their attack to halt their aggression.aggression. a.k.a. “Brinkmanship”a.k.a. “Brinkmanship”

Ike & Dulles’ strategy was Ike & Dulles’ strategy was risky, but less-expensive & risky, but less-expensive &

mutually frightening.mutually frightening.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/MGR-1_Honest_John_rocket.jpg

Nikita Khrushchev Becomes Nikita Khrushchev Becomes Soviet Premier (1954)Soviet Premier (1954)

Rise of Rise of Third WorldThird World Nationalism Nationalism Poor, agrarian, former Poor, agrarian, former

colonies of western nations.colonies of western nations.

Began to gain independence Began to gain independence after WWIIafter WWII

Wanted to control own Wanted to control own destiny, became destiny, became battleground of Cold Warbattleground of Cold War

Trouble in the Middle EastTrouble in the Middle East Coveted by USA & USSR for Coveted by USA & USSR for

its strategic location & oil its strategic location & oil reserves reserves

1948: Arab-Israeli War1948: Arab-Israeli War Jews in Palestine found State of Jews in Palestine found State of

IsraelIsrael US befriends Israel (Jewish vote)US befriends Israel (Jewish vote) War creates refugee problemWar creates refugee problem Arabs felt cheated by the West Arabs felt cheated by the West

Purple State of Israel

Green Palestinian state

Jerusalem UN City until 1949

Lt Purple annexed by Israel

CIA Stages Coups in the Third CIA Stages Coups in the Third WorldWorld

Both staged to protect private Both staged to protect private business interestsbusiness interests

Both overthrew democratic Both overthrew democratic leaders and installed dictatorsleaders and installed dictators

Both led to US losing prestige Both led to US losing prestige in Third World.in Third World.

1953: Iranian Prime Minister 1953: Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq is Mohammad Mossadeq is overthrown for overthrown for nationalizingnationalizing Iran’s Oil at expense of Anglo-Iran’s Oil at expense of Anglo-Iranian Oil CoIranian Oil Co Shah Reza Pahlevi installed as kingShah Reza Pahlevi installed as king

1954: Guatemalan President 1954: Guatemalan President Arbenz overthrown for seizing Arbenz overthrown for seizing land owned by United Fruit land owned by United Fruit Company.Company. Series of Military dictators are Series of Military dictators are

installed installed

The Suez Crisis (1956)The Suez Crisis (1956) 1954: Egypt independent, but 1954: Egypt independent, but

Brits & French still own Canal.Brits & French still own Canal.

Egyptian Pres. Nasser wants Egyptian Pres. Nasser wants $$$ for Aswan Dam = Dulles $$$ for Aswan Dam = Dulles only agreed to pay $45 only agreed to pay $45 millionmillion

Nasser asked Soviets for $ = Nasser asked Soviets for $ = so Dulles withdrew his offer!so Dulles withdrew his offer!

Nasser seized Suez to pay for Nasser seized Suez to pay for dam.dam.

Britain, France, Israel attack Britain, France, Israel attack Egypt w/out US approvalEgypt w/out US approval

Soviets threaten west with Soviets threaten west with NukesNukes

Ike & UN reprimanded our Ike & UN reprimanded our allies and forced them to leave allies and forced them to leave EgyptEgypt

Hungarian Uprising (1956)Hungarian Uprising (1956) Anti-Soviet Hungarians revolt Anti-Soviet Hungarians revolt

& demand democracy!& demand democracy!

Khrushchev sends tanks to Khrushchev sends tanks to brutally crush the revolt.brutally crush the revolt.

US powerless to help at timeUS powerless to help at time

Negotiations with the SovietsNegotiations with the Soviets 1959: Nixon visited USSR & then 1959: Nixon visited USSR & then

Khrushchev visited USA Khrushchev visited USA Tensions were high, but they Tensions were high, but they

planned a peace summit for 1960.planned a peace summit for 1960.

May 1960: Khrushchev cancelled May 1960: Khrushchev cancelled summit after Soviets shoot down summit after Soviets shoot down American American U2 spy-planeU2 spy-plane over over Russia.Russia. Chance for peace is ruined!Chance for peace is ruined!