The Egyptian Legal System

Presented by/ Hind Al-HelalyAUC Law Library Cataloger

Egyptian Legal SystemEgyptian Legal System

Historical Development.Historical Development. Egypt Modern Judicial SystemEgypt Modern Judicial System ConstitutionConstitution Codes.Codes. Legal EducationLegal Education Legal Professional.Legal Professional. Law Libraries in EgyptLaw Libraries in Egypt

..

Historical DevelopmentHistorical Development Based on Islamic Law & civil Law Based on Islamic Law & civil Law

French codes).French codes). 1919thth Century . Century . - reorganization & Development.- reorganization & Development. Ottoman Government.Ottoman Government. French Occupation (1798-French Occupation (1798-

1801).1801). Mohammad Ali Reign.Mohammad Ali Reign.

CourtsCourts

Shari' a Courts (Muslim religious court).. Shari' a Courts (Muslim religious court).. to consular courts – capitulations system.to consular courts – capitulations system.

Specialized Judicial Council- 1845 - Specialized Judicial Council- 1845 - Legal, administrative & military matters.Legal, administrative & military matters.

community councils -1856 - personal community councils -1856 - personal status of non-Muslims.status of non-Muslims.

National Court-1883-Egyptian Nationals.National Court-1883-Egyptian Nationals. Mixed Courts-1875-Foreign Nationals- 2 Mixed Courts-1875-Foreign Nationals- 2

levels.levels.

Courts of AppealCourts of Appeal Cairo.Cairo. Asyut-1926.Asyut-1926. 4 Courts-1949(Cairo, Alex, Mansura and 4 Courts-1949(Cairo, Alex, Mansura and

Asyut).Asyut). Tanta-1951.Tanta-1951. Bani Suwayf-1963.Bani Suwayf-1963. Ismaaiyya-1976.Ismaaiyya-1976. Qina-1985.Qina-1985. Jurisdiction (Civil & Criminal).Jurisdiction (Civil & Criminal). Challenged before court of cassation.Challenged before court of cassation.

Consular courts -1937.Consular courts -1937. Nationals Courts –replaced Mixed Courts.Nationals Courts –replaced Mixed Courts. Court of Cassation.Court of Cassation. - Created in 1931.- Created in 1931. - Two Chambers:- Two Chambers: 1. Civil.1. Civil. 2. Criminal.2. Criminal. - Judicial Power-Law 46-1972.- Judicial Power-Law 46-1972.

Egyptian Modern Judicial Egyptian Modern Judicial SystemSystem

Independent branch of the Independent branch of the government ,Includes:government ,Includes:

- Secular Courts.- Secular Courts.

- common Court System ( Ordinary Courts)- common Court System ( Ordinary Courts) - Administrative Courts.- Administrative Courts. - Supreme Constitutional Court.- Supreme Constitutional Court. - Specialized Courts.- Specialized Courts.

- Religious courts.- Religious courts.

Common Court SystemCommon Court System

Ordinary Courts:Ordinary Courts: -Summary courts.-Summary courts. -Courts of First Degree ( Primary -Courts of First Degree ( Primary

Court)Court) -Courts of Appeal.-Courts of Appeal. -Supreme Court ( Court of -Supreme Court ( Court of

Cassation).Cassation).

Ordinary CourtsOrdinary Courts

Established – 1955.Established – 1955. ruled on personals matters .ruled on personals matters . - Muslims- Muslims - Orthodox Churches, Catholics, - Orthodox Churches, Catholics,

Protestants and Jews.Protestants and Jews.

Competent in ( civil, Commercial, criminal Competent in ( civil, Commercial, criminal & personal.& personal.

Lower level -are the Court of first Lower level -are the Court of first Instance ( also called Plenary or Primary Instance ( also called Plenary or Primary courts .courts .

Chambers - three judges.Chambers - three judges. One court of first instance - governorates One court of first instance - governorates

Capitals/ Cairo- two.Capitals/ Cairo- two. total - 24 courts.total - 24 courts.

Summary CourtsSummary Courts

one-Judge Summary Courts - within the one-Judge Summary Courts - within the jurisdiction of each court of first instance. jurisdiction of each court of first instance.

More than More than 200200 summary courts. summary courts. competent for :competent for : - Minor litigations in criminal matters - Minor litigations in criminal matters

( mahakim al-mukhallafat)( mahakim al-mukhallafat) - Misdemeanors ( mahakim al-Junah).- Misdemeanors ( mahakim al-Junah).Do not exceed 5,000 L.EDo not exceed 5,000 L.E

Courts of first DegreeCourts of first Degree

Jurisdiction :Jurisdiction : all cases- exceeds 5000 LE.all cases- exceeds 5000 LE. Hear appeals of summary courts Hear appeals of summary courts

– civil, commercial and – civil, commercial and misdemeanor cases.misdemeanor cases.

Courts of AppealCourts of Appeal

Located –major cities –Cairo.Located –major cities –Cairo. Jurisdiction :Jurisdiction : - Hear Appeal – civil, commercial and - Hear Appeal – civil, commercial and

personal –decided by the court of the personal –decided by the court of the first degree.first degree.

Supreme CourtSupreme Court( Court of Cassation)( Court of Cassation)

Jurisdiction:Jurisdiction: - Hears appeals – final Judgments of - Hears appeals – final Judgments of

Court of Appeal.Court of Appeal. - Available – Breach of law is claimed - Available – Breach of law is claimed

as basis for appeal.as basis for appeal.

Revolution of July 1952Revolution of July 1952(Specialized Courts)(Specialized Courts)

Military CourtsMilitary Courts- Law 25-1966.- Law 25-1966. Courts of State SecurityCourts of State Security / Emergency/ Emergency - -

Law 162-1958.Law 162-1958. Courts of State SecurityCourts of State Security -Law 105-1980. -Law 105-1980. Courts of ValuesCourts of Values -Law 95-1980. -Law 95-1980.

The Supreme Constitutional The Supreme Constitutional Court Court

Created – Created – 1969. 1969. independent - autonomous independent - autonomous judicial body/Law Art.174.judicial body/Law Art.174.

Introduced -Introduced -Constitution of 1971.Constitution of 1971. Organized -Organized - Law 48-1979.Law 48-1979. Responsibility :Responsibility : - judicial control of constitutional issues - laws& - judicial control of constitutional issues - laws&

regulations .regulations . - interpretation of the legislative texts- Law Art - interpretation of the legislative texts- Law Art

175.175. Law 48-1979 Law 48-1979 - guaranteed irrevocability- members, named for life.- guaranteed irrevocability- members, named for life. - Recognized its quality as judicial body.- Recognized its quality as judicial body.

Members :Members : -Did not fixed -number of the members.-Did not fixed -number of the members. -chosen - senior law professional.-chosen - senior law professional. The president:- The president:- named by decree of the named by decree of the

President President The QuorumThe Quorum - seven Judges- irrevocable. - seven Judges- irrevocable. ExperienceExperience : 45 years of age. : 45 years of age. RetirementRetirement :64 years. :64 years. RightsRights :the court of cassation counselors :the court of cassation counselors Supervision: Supervision: independent . independent . Budget Budget : autonomous annual: autonomous annual

Family CourtsFamily Courts establishedestablished – 2004. – 2004. motivatedmotivated - differentiate between family - differentiate between family

litigations and other disputeslitigations and other disputes Intended Intended - provide a specialized judiciary tool.- provide a specialized judiciary tool. Aims Aims - secure psychological peace for the - secure psychological peace for the

children.children. cases cases -tutelage, divorce, alimony, custody, etc.-tutelage, divorce, alimony, custody, etc. ultimate objectiveultimate objective -hammer out an amicable -hammer out an amicable

settlement - family problems through settlement - family problems through specialized guidance bureaus.specialized guidance bureaus.

Administrative CourtsAdministrative Courts

Historical Development.Historical Development.

The Structure.The Structure.

Administrative Courts Administrative Courts Historical DevelopmentHistorical Development

The Council of the State created - 1946 The Council of the State created - 1946 -Law 112-1946.-Law 112-1946. competent in:competent in: - Administrative matters.- Administrative matters. - Give legal opinions – Government laws & - Give legal opinions – Government laws &

regulations.regulations. Organization & competence - Organization & competence - law 47-1972law 47-1972.. Amended by Amended by law 136-1984.law 136-1984. Judiciary section - litigation:Judiciary section - litigation: -- Administrative litigation.Administrative litigation. - Disciplinary litigation.- Disciplinary litigation.

Administrative Courts Administrative Courts StructureStructure

Structured - three levels of jurisdiction :Structured - three levels of jurisdiction : 1.Administrative Courts – 1954:1.Administrative Courts – 1954:competent competent

administrative matters - first instance -appealsadministrative matters - first instance -appeals . . 2.Disciplinary Courts- 19462.Disciplinary Courts- 1946 : divided into two : divided into two

levels ( law & high).levels ( law & high). 3.Supreme Administrative Court -1955.:3.Supreme Administrative Court -1955.: judges judges

appeals taken by both categories of disciplinary appeals taken by both categories of disciplinary courts.courts.

CodesCodes

Derived largely - Derived largely - Napoleonic Code.Napoleonic Code. Marriage and personal status -Marriage and personal status -religious law. religious law.

Three formsThree forms - Islamic.- Islamic. - Christian- Christian - secular - French Family Laws.- secular - French Family Laws.

ConstitutionConstitution

Represented -Supreme law of Egypt. Represented -Supreme law of Egypt. Adopted - September 11, 1971 – public Adopted - September 11, 1971 – public

referendum.referendum. Amended - 1980 and 2005. Amended - 1980 and 2005. Proclaimed to update -democratic Proclaimed to update -democratic

representative system – rule of law.representative system – rule of law. Independence of Judiciary & party plurality.Independence of Judiciary & party plurality.

Criminal CodesCriminal Codes Three main categories : Three main categories : - - ContraventionsContraventions - minor offenses. - minor offenses. - - MisdemeanorsMisdemeanors - offenses punishable - - offenses punishable -

imprisonment /fines.imprisonment /fines. - - Felonies - Felonies - offenses - penal servitude or death.offenses - penal servitude or death.

Accused Rights:Accused Rights: - brought before a magistrate - formally - brought before a magistrate - formally

charged within forty-eight hours / released. charged within forty-eight hours / released. - post bail - right to be defended by legal - post bail - right to be defended by legal

counsel. counsel. - - The Emergency Law - 1958The Emergency Law - 1958. .

Civil CodesCivil Codes First version written – First version written – 19491949- -

Abdel-Razzak Al-SanhuriAbdel-Razzak Al-Sanhuri, ,

Adapted - 1949 -French civil law model. Adapted - 1949 -French civil law model. Focus - regulation of business and commerce.Focus - regulation of business and commerce. Does not include -provisions regarding Does not include -provisions regarding

family lawfamily law. . Islamic lawIslamic law - enforcement and interpretation . - enforcement and interpretation . Model for other Middle Eastern jurisdictions -Model for other Middle Eastern jurisdictions -

LibyaLibya , ,IraqIraq & & QatarQatar..

Family LawFamily Law

Deals with Family issues - domestic relation:Deals with Family issues - domestic relation: - marriage, civil unions, and domestic - marriage, civil unions, and domestic

partnerships.partnerships. -spousal abuse, legitimacy, adoption, -spousal abuse, legitimacy, adoption,

surrogacy, child abuse - child abduction.surrogacy, child abuse - child abduction.

Relationship termination- ancillary matters- Relationship termination- ancillary matters- divorce, annulment, property settlements, divorce, annulment, property settlements, alimony- parental responsibility orders- child alimony- parental responsibility orders- child custody.custody.

Islamic LawIslamic Law Sharī‘ahSharī‘ah.. Sharia governs - aspects of day-to-day life; Sharia governs - aspects of day-to-day life;

politics, economics, banking, business law, politics, economics, banking, business law, contract law, and social issues. contract law, and social issues.

The term The term ShariaSharia - body of Islamic law. - body of Islamic law.

. Most . Most SunniSunni Muslims follow Muslims follow HanafiHanafi, , HanbaliHanbali, , MalikiMaliki or or ShafiiShafii , while most , while most ShiaShia Muslims Muslims follow Jaafari (Hallaq 1997, Brown 1996, follow Jaafari (Hallaq 1997, Brown 1996, Aslan 2006).Aslan 2006).

Legal Education in EgyptLegal Education in Egypt Under Graduate & Graduate Programs.( Faculties Of Law)Under Graduate & Graduate Programs.( Faculties Of Law) - Cairo University.- Cairo University. - Ain Shams University.- Ain Shams University. - Al-azhar University.- Al-azhar University. - Mansoura University.- Mansoura University. - Alexandria University.- Alexandria University. - Munufiyya University.- Munufiyya University. - Helwan University.- Helwan University. The American university in Cairo -The American university in Cairo -Graduate Program / LLM Graduate Program / LLM

ProgramProgram . . - - International & Comparative Law.International & Comparative Law. - Human Rights Law.- Human Rights Law. Cairo’s national Center for Judicial Studies (Judicial Cairo’s national Center for Judicial Studies (Judicial

Education):Education): - - Leading Judicial bodies – region – Arab Countries.Leading Judicial bodies – region – Arab Countries. -Role- Preparing Judges .-Role- Preparing Judges . - Two Years Program.- Two Years Program. - Continuing Education – Judges.- Continuing Education – Judges. - -

Legal ProfessionalLegal Professional

Judges. Judges. Members of the Public Members of the Public

Prosecution.Prosecution. Lawyers.Lawyers.

JudgesJudges

SelectionSelection DutiesDuties Guarantees.Guarantees.

Judges SelectionJudges Selection Appointed:Appointed: -Executive Authority – decree – President of the -Executive Authority – decree – President of the

Republic (Article 38 – Judicial Authority Law).Republic (Article 38 – Judicial Authority Law). - Approval- Approval –Supreme Judiciary Council. –Supreme Judiciary Council. Qualification:Qualification: EgyptianEgyptian Women marginalized from judiciary (Tehany al-Women marginalized from judiciary (Tehany al-

Gebaly- Egypt’s only female judge ).Gebaly- Egypt’s only female judge ). Age:Age: - Court of First instance-30 years.- Court of First instance-30 years. - Court of appeal-38 Years.- Court of appeal-38 Years. - Court of Cassation- 43 Years.- Court of Cassation- 43 Years. EducationEducation-B.A. –law –equivalent foreign degree.-B.A. –law –equivalent foreign degree. Commendable Behavior –Good reputation.Commendable Behavior –Good reputation.

Judges DutiesJudges Duties

Article 72-77 –Judicial Authority Law.Article 72-77 –Judicial Authority Law. Can’t work-Trade-politics & other field Can’t work-Trade-politics & other field

–affect –dignity.–affect –dignity. Residence-Near work- keep regularity Residence-Near work- keep regularity

of work.of work. Respect- confidentiality-deliberations.Respect- confidentiality-deliberations.

Judges GuaranteesJudges Guarantees Irrevocable:Irrevocable: - not be dismissed-suspended-sent to - not be dismissed-suspended-sent to

retirement-age 65. retirement-age 65. - Not be transferred – no Judicial Function.- Not be transferred – no Judicial Function. Special Rules- Transfer, delegating, Special Rules- Transfer, delegating,

Promotion, salaryPromotion, salary - Secure – independence .- Secure – independence . - Protect-threat-Pressure.- Protect-threat-Pressure. Access any information –their files.Access any information –their files. Supreme Authority Law -entrusted Supreme Authority Law -entrusted

disciplinary Council –disciplinary sanction –disciplinary Council –disciplinary sanction –Judges.Judges.

Members of Public Members of Public ProsecutionProsecution

Legal Status.Legal Status. Competencies.Competencies. Disciplinary Sanctions.Disciplinary Sanctions.

Legal StatusLegal Status Civil ServantsCivil Servants Belong-Executive Power.Belong-Executive Power. Protect general interest –Public order-ensure-law Protect general interest –Public order-ensure-law

enforced properly.enforced properly. Law professional – not judges.Law professional – not judges. Enjoy –special legal status.Enjoy –special legal status. Can’t be dismissed .Can’t be dismissed . Independent from JudiciaryIndependent from Judiciary Heads of Courts-no right-give orders.Heads of Courts-no right-give orders. Ranked by grades – up to Minister of Judges.Ranked by grades – up to Minister of Judges.( Article 26/ Judicial Authority Law).( Article 26/ Judicial Authority Law). Integral Unit-any member represent it.Integral Unit-any member represent it.

Competencies of Public Competencies of Public ProsecutionProsecution

Judicial CompetenciesJudicial Competencies - Right to file –penal case –Follow up.- Right to file –penal case –Follow up. - Right to file-Civil Case-intervene - Right to file-Civil Case-intervene

procedures.procedures. Not Judicial CompetenciesNot Judicial Competencies - Supervising Prisons.- Supervising Prisons.

LawyersLawyers

Organized – Single Egyptian Bar – Organized – Single Egyptian Bar – Cairo.Cairo.

Headed-President –elected 2 year Headed-President –elected 2 year terms.terms.

Board members – elected 4 year Board members – elected 4 year termsterms

Disciplinary Sanctions.Disciplinary Sanctions. Regulated –Article 125-128 / Judicial Regulated –Article 125-128 / Judicial

Authority law:Authority law: - Subordinated to the Minister of Justice.- Subordinated to the Minister of Justice. - Minister-right-monitor-supervise-Public - Minister-right-monitor-supervise-Public

prosecution.prosecution. - Public attorneys -right-monitor-supervise-- Public attorneys -right-monitor-supervise-

Public prosecution.Public prosecution. - Minister of Judges- Public attorneys –right-- Minister of Judges- Public attorneys –right-

give warning-fall short –performing duties.give warning-fall short –performing duties.Member-may object.Member-may object. - Supreme Council Community –investigate.- Supreme Council Community –investigate.

Law Libraries in EgyptLaw Libraries in Egypt

Importance of Law Libraries.Importance of Law Libraries. Law Libraries in Egypt ( kinds).Law Libraries in Egypt ( kinds). Law librarianship in Egypt.Law librarianship in Egypt. Online databasesOnline databases

Importance of Law Importance of Law LibrariesLibraries..

Rule: Rule: - Deposit Law resources - Acquisition & selection – Law - Deposit Law resources - Acquisition & selection – Law

materials.materials. - Organizing & analysis legal information resources .- Organizing & analysis legal information resources . - Services – Reference Services / Help Law professionals – - Services – Reference Services / Help Law professionals –

rules.rules.

Law information Resources Problems.Law information Resources Problems. - Hug quantities of laws ,legislation & decrees.- Hug quantities of laws ,legislation & decrees. - Expensive – law references & materials.- Expensive – law references & materials. - Differences – law apply- different Countries.- Differences – law apply- different Countries.

Law Libraries in EgyptLaw Libraries in Egypt

Governmental Law Libraries.Governmental Law Libraries. Courts Libraries.Courts Libraries. Professional Law Libraries.Professional Law Libraries. Research Law Libraries.Research Law Libraries. Academic Law Libraries.Academic Law Libraries.

Governmental Law Libraries. Governmental Law Libraries. - Justice ministry Library -1895 (Abasiyya) - Justice ministry Library -1895 (Abasiyya)

1979 ( Lazughli) - Executive Power - 1979 ( Lazughli) - Executive Power - Important-Primary Courts.Important-Primary Courts.

- Egyptian Parliament Library.- Egyptian Parliament Library. Courts Libraries : Courts Libraries : - Cassation Court Library-1931.- Cassation Court Library-1931. - Cairo Court of Appeal Library.- Cairo Court of Appeal Library. - Giza Primary Court Library-1985.- Giza Primary Court Library-1985. - The Public Notary Library (Al-Shahr Al-- The Public Notary Library (Al-Shahr Al-

Akary). Akary). - Information & decision support Center-- Information & decision support Center-

Ministries council-1947(Giza) – 1994( Kasr Ministries council-1947(Giza) – 1994( Kasr el-Aini).el-Aini).

- Supreme Court Library.1980- Supreme Court Library.1980

Professional Law LibrariesProfessional Law Libraries - Cairo Lawyers Corporation - Cairo Lawyers Corporation

(syndicate) Library – Center library – (syndicate) Library – Center library – branches.branches.

Research Law Libraries.Research Law Libraries. - Legal Studies National Center - Legal Studies National Center

Library.Library. - The information Center of Social & - The information Center of Social &

Criminal Research Center-1955 – Criminal Research Center-1955 – developed -1981 – decree 627/ 1981.developed -1981 – decree 627/ 1981.

Academic Law LibrariesAcademic Law Libraries

Cairo University Library.Cairo University Library. American University in Cairo Law American University in Cairo Law

Library.Library. Other Law Faculty Libraries.Other Law Faculty Libraries.

Cairo University Law Cairo University Law LibraryLibrary

Undergraduate Library.Undergraduate Library. Post –Graduate Library.Post –Graduate Library. French Business Administration Council French Business Administration Council

Library.Library. Specialized Halls:Specialized Halls: - Al-Sanhouusy Hall.- Al-Sanhouusy Hall. - Rare books Library.- Rare books Library. - International Public & Private Law - International Public & Private Law

Library.Library. - Political Science & Taxes Law Library.- Political Science & Taxes Law Library.

Undergraduate Library Undergraduate Library - Copies - Courses – Internal Reading.- Copies - Courses – Internal Reading.

Post – Graduate Library.Post – Graduate Library. - 114 000 Arabic- 100 000 Eng.- 114 000 Arabic- 100 000 Eng. - All Languages.- All Languages. - Laws & decrees in English.- Laws & decrees in English. - Egyptian Legislation Databases.- Egyptian Legislation Databases. - Online Catalog- ALIS System.- Online Catalog- ALIS System.

French Business Administration French Business Administration Council Library.Council Library.

- Teaching Law – French Language – - Teaching Law – French Language – Egyptian & international Students.Egyptian & international Students.

- BA Degree.- BA Degree. - Recent French References .- Recent French References .

American University in Cairo American University in Cairo Law Library.Law Library.

Established- 2004 - serve AUC LL.M program .Established- 2004 - serve AUC LL.M program . mission -support curricular, scholarship -AUC mission -support curricular, scholarship -AUC

LL.M. program -new Law Department- AUC LL.M. program -new Law Department- AUC community. community.

largest English-language academic legal largest English-language academic legal research collection – Egypt.research collection – Egypt.

Internet legal resources and legal research Internet legal resources and legal research databases databases

Wi-Fi access is now available throughout the Wi-Fi access is now available throughout the Law Dept.Law Dept.

Law Librarianship in Law Librarianship in Egypt.Egypt.

Law librarians -professionally trained Law librarians -professionally trained people - legal settings- law schools private people - legal settings- law schools private law firms- government libraries.law firms- government libraries.

85% -library science/ 30% - -JD or LLB degree / 20% -both. -both.

Egypt – Law librarian – BA. library Science.Egypt – Law librarian – BA. library Science. No Educational .No Educational . No schools - joint JD/MLS degree where a - No schools - joint JD/MLS degree where a -

earn a law degree and a library degree .earn a law degree and a library degree . No Specialized Association – the Egyptian No Specialized Association – the Egyptian

Library Association.Library Association.

Legal Online databasesLegal Online databases Egyptian Legislation.Egyptian Legislation. - Search laws – decrees database.-High Supreme Court Judgments.- Search laws – decrees database.-High Supreme Court Judgments. - Egyptian Gazette .- Egyptian Gazette . - http://www.tashreaat.com/- http://www.tashreaat.com/ East Laws.East Laws. - http://www.eastlaws.com/iglc/home-en.php- http://www.eastlaws.com/iglc/home-en.php The Middle East Library for Economic Services.The Middle East Library for Economic Services. - http://www.egyptlaws.com/index.html.- http://www.egyptlaws.com/index.html. LADIS :LADIS : Legislation And Development Information Systems Legislation And Development Information Systems . . - http://www.ladis.com/vision.html- http://www.ladis.com/vision.html Egypt’s Information Portal ( IDSC).Egypt’s Information Portal ( IDSC). http://www.idsc.gov.eg/Docs/DocsLawsList.asphttp://www.idsc.gov.eg/Docs/DocsLawsList.asp

LADIS ProjectsLADIS Projects

LADISLADIS ProjectsProjects The Public Notary Authority The Public Notary Authority ( Al-Shahr Al-Akary ).( Al-Shahr Al-Akary ).   Egyptian Legislation Information System .Egyptian Legislation Information System .   Company’s Authority Integrated IS .Company’s Authority Integrated IS .   Automation of Cassation court . Automation of Cassation court . ( Mahkamet El Nakd ).( Mahkamet El Nakd ).   Commercial Rep's Integrated IS . Commercial Rep's Integrated IS .   A PC For Every Judge .A PC For Every Judge .   ISP For Foreign Trade Sector.ISP For Foreign Trade Sector. High Constitutional Court’s Integrated Information High Constitutional Court’s Integrated Information

System.System. Computerization of the Safaga city council.Computerization of the Safaga city council. Computerization of the Egyptian National Archives (Pilot).Computerization of the Egyptian National Archives (Pilot).

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