THE EFFICIENCY OF USING THE ELEMENTS OF SYMMETRY TO PRESENT THE CONCEPT OF EQUALITY IN KJ NET IC ART

Chen Vui Shian

Ijazah Sarjana Muda Seni Gunaan dengan Kepujian (Seni Halus)

2017

THE EFFICIENCY OF USING THE ELEMENTS OF SYMMETRY TO PRESENT

THE CONCEPT OF EQUALITY IN KINETIC ART

CHEN VUI SH IAN

Projek ini merupakan salah sa tu keperluan untuk Ijazah Sarjana Muda Seni Gunaan dan Kepujian

(Seni Halus)

Fakulti Seni Gunaa dan KJ-cat if

UNIVERSlTl MA LAYS IA SARA W AK

2017

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAI

Grade

Ple e tick (-)

Final Year Projeer Report 0 ~aers 0 PhD 0

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaratIOn is made on the

Students Declaration

I Che n Vui Shian (46482) from FACULTY OF APPLIED AND C REATIVE ARTS he1eby declare that the work enLtLIed The Efficiency Of Using The Elements Of Symmetry To Present The Concept Of Equolity In Kineti c Art is my on gma l work r have not cop ied from a ny other studentsmiddot work or from a ny other sourCes except where due n~fere nce or acknowledgement is made explICitly in th e text nor h ls a ny pa r t bee n written for m e by a nother person

~] Chen Vui Shi a n (46482) Date Submitted

Supe rvisors Declaration

I MR HAKIMI BIN HALIM hereby certifies that the work entitled The Effieiency Of Using The Elements Of Symmetry To Present The Coneep l Of Equality In Kinetie Art prep ared by the above named student a nd was submitted to the FACULTY as a partiaVfull fulfrllme nt for the confe rme nt of BACHELOR OF APPLIED ARTS WTTH HONOURS (FINE ARTS) and the aJorementioned work to the bet of my know ledge is the sa id s tudents work

ReC~lved for exa mination bY_~~=_-LJI-o===--shy Qa te din-shy(MR

Halltimi bin Hotlm LLctu

000 ~I I 01 ApPII d 1 c_ ulumiddot Af UHIIJ[RS IU U tiAfSlA 5AaAWA~

THE EFFICIENCY OF USING THE ELEMENTS OF SYMMETRY TO PRESENT

THE CONCEPT OF EQUALITY IN KINETIC ART

CHEN VUI SH IAN

Projek ini merupakan salah sa tu keperluan untuk Ijazah Sarjana Muda Seni Gunaan dan Kepujian

(Seni Halus)

Fakulti Seni Gunaa dan KJ-cat if

UNIVERSlTl MA LAYS IA SARA W AK

2017

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAI

Grade

Ple e tick (-)

Final Year Projeer Report 0 ~aers 0 PhD 0

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaratIOn is made on the

Students Declaration

I Che n Vui Shian (46482) from FACULTY OF APPLIED AND C REATIVE ARTS he1eby declare that the work enLtLIed The Efficiency Of Using The Elements Of Symmetry To Present The Concept Of Equolity In Kineti c Art is my on gma l work r have not cop ied from a ny other studentsmiddot work or from a ny other sourCes except where due n~fere nce or acknowledgement is made explICitly in th e text nor h ls a ny pa r t bee n written for m e by a nother person

~] Chen Vui Shi a n (46482) Date Submitted

Supe rvisors Declaration

I MR HAKIMI BIN HALIM hereby certifies that the work entitled The Effieiency Of Using The Elements Of Symmetry To Present The Coneep l Of Equality In Kinetie Art prep ared by the above named student a nd was submitted to the FACULTY as a partiaVfull fulfrllme nt for the confe rme nt of BACHELOR OF APPLIED ARTS WTTH HONOURS (FINE ARTS) and the aJorementioned work to the bet of my know ledge is the sa id s tudents work

ReC~lved for exa mination bY_~~=_-LJI-o===--shy Qa te din-shy(MR

Halltimi bin Hotlm LLctu

000 ~I I 01 ApPII d 1 c_ ulumiddot Af UHIIJ[RS IU U tiAfSlA 5AaAWA~

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAI

Grade

Ple e tick (-)

Final Year Projeer Report 0 ~aers 0 PhD 0

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaratIOn is made on the

Students Declaration

I Che n Vui Shian (46482) from FACULTY OF APPLIED AND C REATIVE ARTS he1eby declare that the work enLtLIed The Efficiency Of Using The Elements Of Symmetry To Present The Concept Of Equolity In Kineti c Art is my on gma l work r have not cop ied from a ny other studentsmiddot work or from a ny other sourCes except where due n~fere nce or acknowledgement is made explICitly in th e text nor h ls a ny pa r t bee n written for m e by a nother person

~] Chen Vui Shi a n (46482) Date Submitted

Supe rvisors Declaration

I MR HAKIMI BIN HALIM hereby certifies that the work entitled The Effieiency Of Using The Elements Of Symmetry To Present The Coneep l Of Equality In Kinetie Art prep ared by the above named student a nd was submitted to the FACULTY as a partiaVfull fulfrllme nt for the confe rme nt of BACHELOR OF APPLIED ARTS WTTH HONOURS (FINE ARTS) and the aJorementioned work to the bet of my know ledge is the sa id s tudents work

ReC~lved for exa mination bY_~~=_-LJI-o===--shy Qa te din-shy(MR

Halltimi bin Hotlm LLctu

000 ~I I 01 ApPII d 1 c_ ulumiddot Af UHIIJ[RS IU U tiAfSlA 5AaAWA~

J declare that PmjectThesis is classIfied as (Please tick (~

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(llt_Student signature _____--_-_ Supe rvisor s ignature (Date )) -

Iloklml bin Hollrl ~r-cI el

Icr I 1~~Jl1l( I ~At

Current Address t1) I l-~11 I t~middot HImiddot $AAwA I

LOT 5135 KOLO NG 8 SUNGAl TENGAH ~1ATANG 93 050 KUCIIIIG SARAWAlC

Notes If the ProjectJThesis is CONFIDENTIAL Or RESTRICTED please tach together aR annexure a le tter [rom the organizatIOn wlth the period and reasons of confidentiality and

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[The instrument is duly prepared by The Ce nt re for Academic Information ServIces]

the ~ t de with

(Date 0ampw

11

PENGAKUAN

Projck bertajuk The Effici en cy Of Us ing The Elem ents Of Symmetry To Plesent The

Co ncept Of Equality In Kinetic Alt teJah dised iakan oJeh CHEN VlJl SHIAN dan lelah

di serahkan kepada Fakulti Seni Gunaan dan Kreatif sebaga i memenuh syara t untuk Ijazah

Sarjana Muda Sen Gunaan dengan Kepujian (Seni Hains)

(MR HAKIMl BrN HALIM)

TarikJl rn-v(~+ Hakimi bin Hohm

llC1u IUClItyen IIUd I Y Art

rJNIVlltll MAlAn A ~IIUmiddotmiddotI At

III

PE GESAHAN

Adalah ini diakui bahawa saya CHEN vur SJHAN di sertai penulisan yang bertajuk The

Efficiency Of Using The Elements Or Symmetry To Present Th e Concept Of Equality In

Kinetic Art sebaga i sebahagian daripada keperiuan untuk Ij azah Sarjana Muda Seni

Gun aan dan Ksea tif dalam Program Seni Halus di terima

Di sa hkan oleh

(MR HAKIMI BfN HALlM)

Penyelia Hakiml bin Hallm

lee Ivr Joe Ir~ j and CII ~IVI

IJtflV~RSlrll1AlAfSI iAHWAK

IV

ACKNOWLEGEIVlENT

This report was written by one man in order to fulfill ed the requirement for the

qualification of Bachelor of Applied Arts with Honours (Fine Arts) in the Facult y of

Applied and Creative Arts in University Malaysia Sarawak In this column I would like to

acknowledge for those who had given their hanel and ad vices to me throughout the research

that had been conducted which helped me a lots in completing tus project

First of all [ would to give my sincerest thanks to Mr Hakim bin Halim for his

supervised on me that had gave a lots of help in tenns of his kno wledge sharing and

rectification throughout the research and writing Also [ would like to say thank you to

those scho lars who had shared and recorded knowledge whether in the intemet or books

that had given me the chance to explore a tip of the iceberg in the world which allowed me

to quotes in order to complete this academic thesis Other than that ) would like to give my

greatest gratitude to my family my parents for their sacrifice to accept the responsibility of

giving me the economica l supports throughout the project conducted ) am also thankful to

all my friend who had gave me a lots of help in tem1S of moral support and op inions given

from them which were very helpful for me to complete the project

Last but not least thanks to the Urliversity Malaysia Sarawak that provide the

program of Fine Arts in Faculty of Applied and Creative Arts which allowed me to earned

the understanding of arts that not just to beautified the world but also allowed the arts

student to learned the way of critical thinking through arts making especially through

deeper exploration of arts by doing the Final Year Project Thank you

v

CO TE TS

Contents

Borang Pengesawl Status Tesis Lapora

Pengakual1

Pel1gesahan

Acknowledgement

Contents

Abstract

I Introduction

10 Introduclion

11 Resea rch Background

12 Concept

13 Research Objeclives

14 Resea rch Questions

2 Literature Review

20 Kineti c Art

2 1 Visua l Ana lys is

22 Concept of Equalit y

23 Referencing Artworks

24 Conc lusion

3 Methodology

30 Introduc tion

3 1 Primary Resource

32 Secondary Resources

33 Conclusion

Pages

I - 11

111

IV

V

VI- V1 U

LX - x

J - 3

2

2 - 3

3

3

4 - 14

4 - 5

5 -6

6-8

9 - 14

14

15 - 17

15

15 - 16

16 - 17

17

V I

4 Data Analysis 18 - 26

40 Introduction 18

41 Yin Yang 18

42 Form of Artwork 18

43 Kinetic Art 19

44 Proses of Final Artwork 19 - 25

45 Conclusion 26

5 Conclu sion 27 - 29

50 Introduction 27

51 Research Conclusion 27 - 28

52 Recommendation amp Opinion 28 - 29

Bibliography 30 - 32

Vll

List of Figu res

No Title Pages

Figure 23 1 Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (20 15) 9

2 Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16) 10

3 Figure 23 3 Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organica ll y with the Wind (20 13) II

4 Figure 234 Two Trapezoids Eccentric One Up One Dow n ( 1978) 12

5 Figure 235 The Dinner Part y 1974-79 13

6 Figure 44 1 Print out the figure of gear 19

7 Figure 44 2 Marking the size on the pl ywood 19

8 Figure 443 Cut the plywood 20

9 Figure 444 Cut out the shape of gea r 20

10 Figure 445 Us ing the machine to do the fini shing 21

II Figure 446 Fin ishing with sander 2 1

12 Figure 4 47 Makin g an experiment 22

13 Figure 448 Combined the components of each pa11 22

14 Figure 449 Appl y first layer with shellac on the surface of gear 23

15 Figure 4410 Apply first la yer paint on the plywood 23

16 Figure 44 II Ailer apply tirst layer polish aga in with the sander 24

17 Figure 441 2 Us ing a clearly cloth to clear the surface 24

18 Figure 44 13 Find an avai ldb le loca ti on to insta ll th e artwork 25

19 Figure 4 4 14 Install artwork at the location had been chosen 25

Yilt

ABSTRACT

This stud y is about the elements of symmetry and kinetic art in the contex t of contemporary

al1s The research will stud y about the application of both concepts and subject matter

respectively from different art movements in order to convey the concept of equality By

utili ze this approach that had been id entifi ed and analyzed a personal a l1 work has been

crea ted

IX

ABSTRAK

Kojion ini odoah mengewi w sur simelri dan seni kinetik daam konleks seni

konlemporari Kajian ini akan mengkaji mengewi aplikasi kedua-dua konsep dan subjek

kajian tersebuL lerulama dari pandangon seni yang berbeza daam mellvampaikan konsep

kesaksamaan Meaui hasi dapaan yang lelah dikena pasli dan dianalisis sebuah kmya

seni peribadi Ielah dihasikan

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

10 Introduction

This proposa l will foc us o n a resea rch to pro duce an art work that contains the

element of symmetry to represent the equa lity in kinetic art To achieve this goa l the

content are imp0l1an t which are concept research question obj ec ti ves litera ture

review and methodo logy

Definition of equality is means the sta te of being equal It s one of the ideals a

democratic society and so the fi ght to obta in different kinds of equality like rac ial

equality gender equality or equalit y of 0PPOl1unit y between ri ch and poor is oft en

assoc iated wit h progress towards that idea l of everyone being tru y equal Eq uality

doesn t ha ve to be used on ly for soc ial idea ls though There also can be equality in

weight between two banels o f apples or be tween two molecu les

Visual analysi s is the backbone of the art hi story In the process to perfonn a visual

ana lys is some basic visual element s needed to know which are li r co lour shape

fonn and natura lism In add it ion when these elements are put togeth er in compositi ons

wi ll produce the visua l ana lyses which are symm etry ba lance proporton and sca le

rh ythm and compos ition

Kinetic known as rela te to the motion Since th e early twentieth century artis ts have

been incorporating movement into art T his has been partl y to explore the possibi lit ies

of movement part ly to int roduce the element of time pa lt ly to reflect the importance of

1

the machlne and technology in the modem world and partly to explore the nature of

vISion

11 Research Background

a Kinetic Art

According to the The AI1 StOlY Founda ti on (nd) the first experiments with mot ion

begin in year 1913 to 1920 by the construct ive traditions and dadaist al1ist Early

kinetic art was crea ted by Marcel Duchamp Bicycle Wheel in 19 13 was installed by

wheel tha t in verted on a stool Constructive artis ts like Naum Gabo and Antoine

Pevsner had use the word of kinetic art in their Realist ic Manifesto in 1920 in 1930

artist Laszlo Moholy-Nagy used kineti c to dep icted the machine movement in hi s

artwork which was Light Space Mod ulator

Kinetic art can be di vided into two types First which is refer toward to the shape

of the actual movemen t The other is the fOlmat ion is static but will be in the retina of

the motion perception in the formation of illusion Prior to the 20h cenlUlY the main

pUl1lose of kineti c art is to create most convenient and efficient way of life In 20h

century the developmen t of production technology was ongoi ng and increasing which

are tools materials and new mach inery (Guang 20 15)

12 Concept

The statement by TWP Wri ti ng Studio was the goal of visual ana lys is is to identify

and realize the visual chosen by the artist made in creating the artwork (nd) Ot her than

that although visual analysis is important to depict some aspec ts of a work of a11 but

the pUl1lose of a visual analysis naturally is fo und in the analytics (Gemma 20 14)

2

(p 15) Thus the elements in visual analysis are important in process to produce an

artwork and the selecti on of elements in visual anal ysis must discretion

As a resu lt the concept of the proposal is to produce an artwork that contains the

element of symmetry to present the equality in kinetic art

13 Research Objectives

I To identify the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

2 To apply the suitable methods for the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

3 To do an experiment on the findings in order to produce an artwork of kinetic art

that represent the equality

14 Research Questions

I How to crea te the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

2 What are the suitab le methods to app ly the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

3 How to apply the findings into the kinetic art so it will represent the equality

3

CHAPTER 2

LfTERATURE REVIEW

20 Kinetic Art

Ki neti c ali is an art fonn in the contemporary art that relating to the motion or

movement According to Mohol y- agy (1 947) (p 57) technology is the rea lity of

century nowadays such as crea tion construction and retent ion of machines As we can

see 21 51 century fult of high technology such as machines inventi on and etc these

already become one part of life for the people nowadays Mohol y-Nagy ( 1969) (p 60)

also claims that the transcendental spirituali sm of foretime was exchange by machine

Artwork nowadays almost produced by the machine or assist of high technology such as

kinetic art electronic art video art and etc

Duchall1p ( 1999) (p 98) says that the electricity ca nnot be defined by anyone Art

can also be sa id that it is an in tri nsic current in humans or something tilat does not

need to be c1elined Certain of the art works is not more fo cus on th meaning or message

th at wan t to convey to the auc1 iences but Iocused on the ~ltthet i e and the form of

artwork such as kinetic art that relating to the mo vement of the motioll

Besides tbat art ist Ca lder (19-11) claims the movement i the nex t stage or cu lpture

The ea rlier sculpture wa more focus on the technique and the Iorl11 of the artwork but

todays sculp ture comb ine with the kinet ic ali become ki neti c sculpture that rd at ing to

the movement This kind of art form was incl uded in the contemporary art dnd more

interesting according to th e traditional sculptures

4

In conclus ion researcher collec ts the information about th e fea tures of the kinetic

art Consequentl y researcher wil l appl y these data and information in order to produce

the artwork

21 Visual Analysis

Visual ana lysis is the basic unit of the art hi story To identify and rea lize the visual

choices the artist made in crea ting th e artwork is the goa l of a visual a nalys is (TWP

Wnting Studi o Duke University nd ) (p 4) By observing and writing about separate

parts of the art object audience will come ou t a better understand ing to the whole art

object In addition Sma rdon (1986) (p 28) says that a lthough visual ana lysis is

impoliant to depict some aspects of a work of art but the purpose of a visual anal ysis

naturall y is found in the ana lytics Audience may told what did them saw but difficult

for them to realized it from technical and artistic perspective Hence vis ua l ana lysis is

important for reali ze a work in art

i Symmetry

Element symmetry implies a reflection of a picture - one side is the retlect picture

of the other Symmetry is ab le to happen when the picture is si milar on both sides from

the balancing point T he example of fonnal balance is symmetrical balance According

to lirousek (1995) symmetrical ba lance may be defi ned as had the simi lar weight at

the similar sides of the balancing point

ii Types of Symmetry

There had som e types of symmetry wh ich are near symmetry invelied symmetry

and biaxial symmetry

5

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

PENGAKUAN

Projck bertajuk The Effici en cy Of Us ing The Elem ents Of Symmetry To Plesent The

Co ncept Of Equality In Kinetic Alt teJah dised iakan oJeh CHEN VlJl SHIAN dan lelah

di serahkan kepada Fakulti Seni Gunaan dan Kreatif sebaga i memenuh syara t untuk Ijazah

Sarjana Muda Sen Gunaan dengan Kepujian (Seni Hains)

(MR HAKIMl BrN HALIM)

TarikJl rn-v(~+ Hakimi bin Hohm

llC1u IUClItyen IIUd I Y Art

rJNIVlltll MAlAn A ~IIUmiddotmiddotI At

III

PE GESAHAN

Adalah ini diakui bahawa saya CHEN vur SJHAN di sertai penulisan yang bertajuk The

Efficiency Of Using The Elements Or Symmetry To Present Th e Concept Of Equality In

Kinetic Art sebaga i sebahagian daripada keperiuan untuk Ij azah Sarjana Muda Seni

Gun aan dan Ksea tif dalam Program Seni Halus di terima

Di sa hkan oleh

(MR HAKIMI BfN HALlM)

Penyelia Hakiml bin Hallm

lee Ivr Joe Ir~ j and CII ~IVI

IJtflV~RSlrll1AlAfSI iAHWAK

IV

ACKNOWLEGEIVlENT

This report was written by one man in order to fulfill ed the requirement for the

qualification of Bachelor of Applied Arts with Honours (Fine Arts) in the Facult y of

Applied and Creative Arts in University Malaysia Sarawak In this column I would like to

acknowledge for those who had given their hanel and ad vices to me throughout the research

that had been conducted which helped me a lots in completing tus project

First of all [ would to give my sincerest thanks to Mr Hakim bin Halim for his

supervised on me that had gave a lots of help in tenns of his kno wledge sharing and

rectification throughout the research and writing Also [ would like to say thank you to

those scho lars who had shared and recorded knowledge whether in the intemet or books

that had given me the chance to explore a tip of the iceberg in the world which allowed me

to quotes in order to complete this academic thesis Other than that ) would like to give my

greatest gratitude to my family my parents for their sacrifice to accept the responsibility of

giving me the economica l supports throughout the project conducted ) am also thankful to

all my friend who had gave me a lots of help in tem1S of moral support and op inions given

from them which were very helpful for me to complete the project

Last but not least thanks to the Urliversity Malaysia Sarawak that provide the

program of Fine Arts in Faculty of Applied and Creative Arts which allowed me to earned

the understanding of arts that not just to beautified the world but also allowed the arts

student to learned the way of critical thinking through arts making especially through

deeper exploration of arts by doing the Final Year Project Thank you

v

CO TE TS

Contents

Borang Pengesawl Status Tesis Lapora

Pengakual1

Pel1gesahan

Acknowledgement

Contents

Abstract

I Introduction

10 Introduclion

11 Resea rch Background

12 Concept

13 Research Objeclives

14 Resea rch Questions

2 Literature Review

20 Kineti c Art

2 1 Visua l Ana lys is

22 Concept of Equalit y

23 Referencing Artworks

24 Conc lusion

3 Methodology

30 Introduc tion

3 1 Primary Resource

32 Secondary Resources

33 Conclusion

Pages

I - 11

111

IV

V

VI- V1 U

LX - x

J - 3

2

2 - 3

3

3

4 - 14

4 - 5

5 -6

6-8

9 - 14

14

15 - 17

15

15 - 16

16 - 17

17

V I

4 Data Analysis 18 - 26

40 Introduction 18

41 Yin Yang 18

42 Form of Artwork 18

43 Kinetic Art 19

44 Proses of Final Artwork 19 - 25

45 Conclusion 26

5 Conclu sion 27 - 29

50 Introduction 27

51 Research Conclusion 27 - 28

52 Recommendation amp Opinion 28 - 29

Bibliography 30 - 32

Vll

List of Figu res

No Title Pages

Figure 23 1 Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (20 15) 9

2 Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16) 10

3 Figure 23 3 Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organica ll y with the Wind (20 13) II

4 Figure 234 Two Trapezoids Eccentric One Up One Dow n ( 1978) 12

5 Figure 235 The Dinner Part y 1974-79 13

6 Figure 44 1 Print out the figure of gear 19

7 Figure 44 2 Marking the size on the pl ywood 19

8 Figure 443 Cut the plywood 20

9 Figure 444 Cut out the shape of gea r 20

10 Figure 445 Us ing the machine to do the fini shing 21

II Figure 446 Fin ishing with sander 2 1

12 Figure 4 47 Makin g an experiment 22

13 Figure 448 Combined the components of each pa11 22

14 Figure 449 Appl y first layer with shellac on the surface of gear 23

15 Figure 4410 Apply first la yer paint on the plywood 23

16 Figure 44 II Ailer apply tirst layer polish aga in with the sander 24

17 Figure 441 2 Us ing a clearly cloth to clear the surface 24

18 Figure 44 13 Find an avai ldb le loca ti on to insta ll th e artwork 25

19 Figure 4 4 14 Install artwork at the location had been chosen 25

Yilt

ABSTRACT

This stud y is about the elements of symmetry and kinetic art in the contex t of contemporary

al1s The research will stud y about the application of both concepts and subject matter

respectively from different art movements in order to convey the concept of equality By

utili ze this approach that had been id entifi ed and analyzed a personal a l1 work has been

crea ted

IX

ABSTRAK

Kojion ini odoah mengewi w sur simelri dan seni kinetik daam konleks seni

konlemporari Kajian ini akan mengkaji mengewi aplikasi kedua-dua konsep dan subjek

kajian tersebuL lerulama dari pandangon seni yang berbeza daam mellvampaikan konsep

kesaksamaan Meaui hasi dapaan yang lelah dikena pasli dan dianalisis sebuah kmya

seni peribadi Ielah dihasikan

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

10 Introduction

This proposa l will foc us o n a resea rch to pro duce an art work that contains the

element of symmetry to represent the equa lity in kinetic art To achieve this goa l the

content are imp0l1an t which are concept research question obj ec ti ves litera ture

review and methodo logy

Definition of equality is means the sta te of being equal It s one of the ideals a

democratic society and so the fi ght to obta in different kinds of equality like rac ial

equality gender equality or equalit y of 0PPOl1unit y between ri ch and poor is oft en

assoc iated wit h progress towards that idea l of everyone being tru y equal Eq uality

doesn t ha ve to be used on ly for soc ial idea ls though There also can be equality in

weight between two banels o f apples or be tween two molecu les

Visual analysi s is the backbone of the art hi story In the process to perfonn a visual

ana lys is some basic visual element s needed to know which are li r co lour shape

fonn and natura lism In add it ion when these elements are put togeth er in compositi ons

wi ll produce the visua l ana lyses which are symm etry ba lance proporton and sca le

rh ythm and compos ition

Kinetic known as rela te to the motion Since th e early twentieth century artis ts have

been incorporating movement into art T his has been partl y to explore the possibi lit ies

of movement part ly to int roduce the element of time pa lt ly to reflect the importance of

1

the machlne and technology in the modem world and partly to explore the nature of

vISion

11 Research Background

a Kinetic Art

According to the The AI1 StOlY Founda ti on (nd) the first experiments with mot ion

begin in year 1913 to 1920 by the construct ive traditions and dadaist al1ist Early

kinetic art was crea ted by Marcel Duchamp Bicycle Wheel in 19 13 was installed by

wheel tha t in verted on a stool Constructive artis ts like Naum Gabo and Antoine

Pevsner had use the word of kinetic art in their Realist ic Manifesto in 1920 in 1930

artist Laszlo Moholy-Nagy used kineti c to dep icted the machine movement in hi s

artwork which was Light Space Mod ulator

Kinetic art can be di vided into two types First which is refer toward to the shape

of the actual movemen t The other is the fOlmat ion is static but will be in the retina of

the motion perception in the formation of illusion Prior to the 20h cenlUlY the main

pUl1lose of kineti c art is to create most convenient and efficient way of life In 20h

century the developmen t of production technology was ongoi ng and increasing which

are tools materials and new mach inery (Guang 20 15)

12 Concept

The statement by TWP Wri ti ng Studio was the goal of visual ana lys is is to identify

and realize the visual chosen by the artist made in creating the artwork (nd) Ot her than

that although visual analysis is important to depict some aspec ts of a work of a11 but

the pUl1lose of a visual analysis naturally is fo und in the analytics (Gemma 20 14)

2

(p 15) Thus the elements in visual analysis are important in process to produce an

artwork and the selecti on of elements in visual anal ysis must discretion

As a resu lt the concept of the proposal is to produce an artwork that contains the

element of symmetry to present the equality in kinetic art

13 Research Objectives

I To identify the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

2 To apply the suitable methods for the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

3 To do an experiment on the findings in order to produce an artwork of kinetic art

that represent the equality

14 Research Questions

I How to crea te the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

2 What are the suitab le methods to app ly the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

3 How to apply the findings into the kinetic art so it will represent the equality

3

CHAPTER 2

LfTERATURE REVIEW

20 Kinetic Art

Ki neti c ali is an art fonn in the contemporary art that relating to the motion or

movement According to Mohol y- agy (1 947) (p 57) technology is the rea lity of

century nowadays such as crea tion construction and retent ion of machines As we can

see 21 51 century fult of high technology such as machines inventi on and etc these

already become one part of life for the people nowadays Mohol y-Nagy ( 1969) (p 60)

also claims that the transcendental spirituali sm of foretime was exchange by machine

Artwork nowadays almost produced by the machine or assist of high technology such as

kinetic art electronic art video art and etc

Duchall1p ( 1999) (p 98) says that the electricity ca nnot be defined by anyone Art

can also be sa id that it is an in tri nsic current in humans or something tilat does not

need to be c1elined Certain of the art works is not more fo cus on th meaning or message

th at wan t to convey to the auc1 iences but Iocused on the ~ltthet i e and the form of

artwork such as kinetic art that relating to the mo vement of the motioll

Besides tbat art ist Ca lder (19-11) claims the movement i the nex t stage or cu lpture

The ea rlier sculpture wa more focus on the technique and the Iorl11 of the artwork but

todays sculp ture comb ine with the kinet ic ali become ki neti c sculpture that rd at ing to

the movement This kind of art form was incl uded in the contemporary art dnd more

interesting according to th e traditional sculptures

4

In conclus ion researcher collec ts the information about th e fea tures of the kinetic

art Consequentl y researcher wil l appl y these data and information in order to produce

the artwork

21 Visual Analysis

Visual ana lysis is the basic unit of the art hi story To identify and rea lize the visual

choices the artist made in crea ting th e artwork is the goa l of a visual a nalys is (TWP

Wnting Studi o Duke University nd ) (p 4) By observing and writing about separate

parts of the art object audience will come ou t a better understand ing to the whole art

object In addition Sma rdon (1986) (p 28) says that a lthough visual ana lysis is

impoliant to depict some aspects of a work of art but the purpose of a visual anal ysis

naturall y is found in the ana lytics Audience may told what did them saw but difficult

for them to realized it from technical and artistic perspective Hence vis ua l ana lysis is

important for reali ze a work in art

i Symmetry

Element symmetry implies a reflection of a picture - one side is the retlect picture

of the other Symmetry is ab le to happen when the picture is si milar on both sides from

the balancing point T he example of fonnal balance is symmetrical balance According

to lirousek (1995) symmetrical ba lance may be defi ned as had the simi lar weight at

the similar sides of the balancing point

ii Types of Symmetry

There had som e types of symmetry wh ich are near symmetry invelied symmetry

and biaxial symmetry

5

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

PE GESAHAN

Adalah ini diakui bahawa saya CHEN vur SJHAN di sertai penulisan yang bertajuk The

Efficiency Of Using The Elements Or Symmetry To Present Th e Concept Of Equality In

Kinetic Art sebaga i sebahagian daripada keperiuan untuk Ij azah Sarjana Muda Seni

Gun aan dan Ksea tif dalam Program Seni Halus di terima

Di sa hkan oleh

(MR HAKIMI BfN HALlM)

Penyelia Hakiml bin Hallm

lee Ivr Joe Ir~ j and CII ~IVI

IJtflV~RSlrll1AlAfSI iAHWAK

IV

ACKNOWLEGEIVlENT

This report was written by one man in order to fulfill ed the requirement for the

qualification of Bachelor of Applied Arts with Honours (Fine Arts) in the Facult y of

Applied and Creative Arts in University Malaysia Sarawak In this column I would like to

acknowledge for those who had given their hanel and ad vices to me throughout the research

that had been conducted which helped me a lots in completing tus project

First of all [ would to give my sincerest thanks to Mr Hakim bin Halim for his

supervised on me that had gave a lots of help in tenns of his kno wledge sharing and

rectification throughout the research and writing Also [ would like to say thank you to

those scho lars who had shared and recorded knowledge whether in the intemet or books

that had given me the chance to explore a tip of the iceberg in the world which allowed me

to quotes in order to complete this academic thesis Other than that ) would like to give my

greatest gratitude to my family my parents for their sacrifice to accept the responsibility of

giving me the economica l supports throughout the project conducted ) am also thankful to

all my friend who had gave me a lots of help in tem1S of moral support and op inions given

from them which were very helpful for me to complete the project

Last but not least thanks to the Urliversity Malaysia Sarawak that provide the

program of Fine Arts in Faculty of Applied and Creative Arts which allowed me to earned

the understanding of arts that not just to beautified the world but also allowed the arts

student to learned the way of critical thinking through arts making especially through

deeper exploration of arts by doing the Final Year Project Thank you

v

CO TE TS

Contents

Borang Pengesawl Status Tesis Lapora

Pengakual1

Pel1gesahan

Acknowledgement

Contents

Abstract

I Introduction

10 Introduclion

11 Resea rch Background

12 Concept

13 Research Objeclives

14 Resea rch Questions

2 Literature Review

20 Kineti c Art

2 1 Visua l Ana lys is

22 Concept of Equalit y

23 Referencing Artworks

24 Conc lusion

3 Methodology

30 Introduc tion

3 1 Primary Resource

32 Secondary Resources

33 Conclusion

Pages

I - 11

111

IV

V

VI- V1 U

LX - x

J - 3

2

2 - 3

3

3

4 - 14

4 - 5

5 -6

6-8

9 - 14

14

15 - 17

15

15 - 16

16 - 17

17

V I

4 Data Analysis 18 - 26

40 Introduction 18

41 Yin Yang 18

42 Form of Artwork 18

43 Kinetic Art 19

44 Proses of Final Artwork 19 - 25

45 Conclusion 26

5 Conclu sion 27 - 29

50 Introduction 27

51 Research Conclusion 27 - 28

52 Recommendation amp Opinion 28 - 29

Bibliography 30 - 32

Vll

List of Figu res

No Title Pages

Figure 23 1 Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (20 15) 9

2 Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16) 10

3 Figure 23 3 Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organica ll y with the Wind (20 13) II

4 Figure 234 Two Trapezoids Eccentric One Up One Dow n ( 1978) 12

5 Figure 235 The Dinner Part y 1974-79 13

6 Figure 44 1 Print out the figure of gear 19

7 Figure 44 2 Marking the size on the pl ywood 19

8 Figure 443 Cut the plywood 20

9 Figure 444 Cut out the shape of gea r 20

10 Figure 445 Us ing the machine to do the fini shing 21

II Figure 446 Fin ishing with sander 2 1

12 Figure 4 47 Makin g an experiment 22

13 Figure 448 Combined the components of each pa11 22

14 Figure 449 Appl y first layer with shellac on the surface of gear 23

15 Figure 4410 Apply first la yer paint on the plywood 23

16 Figure 44 II Ailer apply tirst layer polish aga in with the sander 24

17 Figure 441 2 Us ing a clearly cloth to clear the surface 24

18 Figure 44 13 Find an avai ldb le loca ti on to insta ll th e artwork 25

19 Figure 4 4 14 Install artwork at the location had been chosen 25

Yilt

ABSTRACT

This stud y is about the elements of symmetry and kinetic art in the contex t of contemporary

al1s The research will stud y about the application of both concepts and subject matter

respectively from different art movements in order to convey the concept of equality By

utili ze this approach that had been id entifi ed and analyzed a personal a l1 work has been

crea ted

IX

ABSTRAK

Kojion ini odoah mengewi w sur simelri dan seni kinetik daam konleks seni

konlemporari Kajian ini akan mengkaji mengewi aplikasi kedua-dua konsep dan subjek

kajian tersebuL lerulama dari pandangon seni yang berbeza daam mellvampaikan konsep

kesaksamaan Meaui hasi dapaan yang lelah dikena pasli dan dianalisis sebuah kmya

seni peribadi Ielah dihasikan

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

10 Introduction

This proposa l will foc us o n a resea rch to pro duce an art work that contains the

element of symmetry to represent the equa lity in kinetic art To achieve this goa l the

content are imp0l1an t which are concept research question obj ec ti ves litera ture

review and methodo logy

Definition of equality is means the sta te of being equal It s one of the ideals a

democratic society and so the fi ght to obta in different kinds of equality like rac ial

equality gender equality or equalit y of 0PPOl1unit y between ri ch and poor is oft en

assoc iated wit h progress towards that idea l of everyone being tru y equal Eq uality

doesn t ha ve to be used on ly for soc ial idea ls though There also can be equality in

weight between two banels o f apples or be tween two molecu les

Visual analysi s is the backbone of the art hi story In the process to perfonn a visual

ana lys is some basic visual element s needed to know which are li r co lour shape

fonn and natura lism In add it ion when these elements are put togeth er in compositi ons

wi ll produce the visua l ana lyses which are symm etry ba lance proporton and sca le

rh ythm and compos ition

Kinetic known as rela te to the motion Since th e early twentieth century artis ts have

been incorporating movement into art T his has been partl y to explore the possibi lit ies

of movement part ly to int roduce the element of time pa lt ly to reflect the importance of

1

the machlne and technology in the modem world and partly to explore the nature of

vISion

11 Research Background

a Kinetic Art

According to the The AI1 StOlY Founda ti on (nd) the first experiments with mot ion

begin in year 1913 to 1920 by the construct ive traditions and dadaist al1ist Early

kinetic art was crea ted by Marcel Duchamp Bicycle Wheel in 19 13 was installed by

wheel tha t in verted on a stool Constructive artis ts like Naum Gabo and Antoine

Pevsner had use the word of kinetic art in their Realist ic Manifesto in 1920 in 1930

artist Laszlo Moholy-Nagy used kineti c to dep icted the machine movement in hi s

artwork which was Light Space Mod ulator

Kinetic art can be di vided into two types First which is refer toward to the shape

of the actual movemen t The other is the fOlmat ion is static but will be in the retina of

the motion perception in the formation of illusion Prior to the 20h cenlUlY the main

pUl1lose of kineti c art is to create most convenient and efficient way of life In 20h

century the developmen t of production technology was ongoi ng and increasing which

are tools materials and new mach inery (Guang 20 15)

12 Concept

The statement by TWP Wri ti ng Studio was the goal of visual ana lys is is to identify

and realize the visual chosen by the artist made in creating the artwork (nd) Ot her than

that although visual analysis is important to depict some aspec ts of a work of a11 but

the pUl1lose of a visual analysis naturally is fo und in the analytics (Gemma 20 14)

2

(p 15) Thus the elements in visual analysis are important in process to produce an

artwork and the selecti on of elements in visual anal ysis must discretion

As a resu lt the concept of the proposal is to produce an artwork that contains the

element of symmetry to present the equality in kinetic art

13 Research Objectives

I To identify the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

2 To apply the suitable methods for the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

3 To do an experiment on the findings in order to produce an artwork of kinetic art

that represent the equality

14 Research Questions

I How to crea te the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

2 What are the suitab le methods to app ly the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

3 How to apply the findings into the kinetic art so it will represent the equality

3

CHAPTER 2

LfTERATURE REVIEW

20 Kinetic Art

Ki neti c ali is an art fonn in the contemporary art that relating to the motion or

movement According to Mohol y- agy (1 947) (p 57) technology is the rea lity of

century nowadays such as crea tion construction and retent ion of machines As we can

see 21 51 century fult of high technology such as machines inventi on and etc these

already become one part of life for the people nowadays Mohol y-Nagy ( 1969) (p 60)

also claims that the transcendental spirituali sm of foretime was exchange by machine

Artwork nowadays almost produced by the machine or assist of high technology such as

kinetic art electronic art video art and etc

Duchall1p ( 1999) (p 98) says that the electricity ca nnot be defined by anyone Art

can also be sa id that it is an in tri nsic current in humans or something tilat does not

need to be c1elined Certain of the art works is not more fo cus on th meaning or message

th at wan t to convey to the auc1 iences but Iocused on the ~ltthet i e and the form of

artwork such as kinetic art that relating to the mo vement of the motioll

Besides tbat art ist Ca lder (19-11) claims the movement i the nex t stage or cu lpture

The ea rlier sculpture wa more focus on the technique and the Iorl11 of the artwork but

todays sculp ture comb ine with the kinet ic ali become ki neti c sculpture that rd at ing to

the movement This kind of art form was incl uded in the contemporary art dnd more

interesting according to th e traditional sculptures

4

In conclus ion researcher collec ts the information about th e fea tures of the kinetic

art Consequentl y researcher wil l appl y these data and information in order to produce

the artwork

21 Visual Analysis

Visual ana lysis is the basic unit of the art hi story To identify and rea lize the visual

choices the artist made in crea ting th e artwork is the goa l of a visual a nalys is (TWP

Wnting Studi o Duke University nd ) (p 4) By observing and writing about separate

parts of the art object audience will come ou t a better understand ing to the whole art

object In addition Sma rdon (1986) (p 28) says that a lthough visual ana lysis is

impoliant to depict some aspects of a work of art but the purpose of a visual anal ysis

naturall y is found in the ana lytics Audience may told what did them saw but difficult

for them to realized it from technical and artistic perspective Hence vis ua l ana lysis is

important for reali ze a work in art

i Symmetry

Element symmetry implies a reflection of a picture - one side is the retlect picture

of the other Symmetry is ab le to happen when the picture is si milar on both sides from

the balancing point T he example of fonnal balance is symmetrical balance According

to lirousek (1995) symmetrical ba lance may be defi ned as had the simi lar weight at

the similar sides of the balancing point

ii Types of Symmetry

There had som e types of symmetry wh ich are near symmetry invelied symmetry

and biaxial symmetry

5

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

ACKNOWLEGEIVlENT

This report was written by one man in order to fulfill ed the requirement for the

qualification of Bachelor of Applied Arts with Honours (Fine Arts) in the Facult y of

Applied and Creative Arts in University Malaysia Sarawak In this column I would like to

acknowledge for those who had given their hanel and ad vices to me throughout the research

that had been conducted which helped me a lots in completing tus project

First of all [ would to give my sincerest thanks to Mr Hakim bin Halim for his

supervised on me that had gave a lots of help in tenns of his kno wledge sharing and

rectification throughout the research and writing Also [ would like to say thank you to

those scho lars who had shared and recorded knowledge whether in the intemet or books

that had given me the chance to explore a tip of the iceberg in the world which allowed me

to quotes in order to complete this academic thesis Other than that ) would like to give my

greatest gratitude to my family my parents for their sacrifice to accept the responsibility of

giving me the economica l supports throughout the project conducted ) am also thankful to

all my friend who had gave me a lots of help in tem1S of moral support and op inions given

from them which were very helpful for me to complete the project

Last but not least thanks to the Urliversity Malaysia Sarawak that provide the

program of Fine Arts in Faculty of Applied and Creative Arts which allowed me to earned

the understanding of arts that not just to beautified the world but also allowed the arts

student to learned the way of critical thinking through arts making especially through

deeper exploration of arts by doing the Final Year Project Thank you

v

CO TE TS

Contents

Borang Pengesawl Status Tesis Lapora

Pengakual1

Pel1gesahan

Acknowledgement

Contents

Abstract

I Introduction

10 Introduclion

11 Resea rch Background

12 Concept

13 Research Objeclives

14 Resea rch Questions

2 Literature Review

20 Kineti c Art

2 1 Visua l Ana lys is

22 Concept of Equalit y

23 Referencing Artworks

24 Conc lusion

3 Methodology

30 Introduc tion

3 1 Primary Resource

32 Secondary Resources

33 Conclusion

Pages

I - 11

111

IV

V

VI- V1 U

LX - x

J - 3

2

2 - 3

3

3

4 - 14

4 - 5

5 -6

6-8

9 - 14

14

15 - 17

15

15 - 16

16 - 17

17

V I

4 Data Analysis 18 - 26

40 Introduction 18

41 Yin Yang 18

42 Form of Artwork 18

43 Kinetic Art 19

44 Proses of Final Artwork 19 - 25

45 Conclusion 26

5 Conclu sion 27 - 29

50 Introduction 27

51 Research Conclusion 27 - 28

52 Recommendation amp Opinion 28 - 29

Bibliography 30 - 32

Vll

List of Figu res

No Title Pages

Figure 23 1 Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (20 15) 9

2 Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16) 10

3 Figure 23 3 Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organica ll y with the Wind (20 13) II

4 Figure 234 Two Trapezoids Eccentric One Up One Dow n ( 1978) 12

5 Figure 235 The Dinner Part y 1974-79 13

6 Figure 44 1 Print out the figure of gear 19

7 Figure 44 2 Marking the size on the pl ywood 19

8 Figure 443 Cut the plywood 20

9 Figure 444 Cut out the shape of gea r 20

10 Figure 445 Us ing the machine to do the fini shing 21

II Figure 446 Fin ishing with sander 2 1

12 Figure 4 47 Makin g an experiment 22

13 Figure 448 Combined the components of each pa11 22

14 Figure 449 Appl y first layer with shellac on the surface of gear 23

15 Figure 4410 Apply first la yer paint on the plywood 23

16 Figure 44 II Ailer apply tirst layer polish aga in with the sander 24

17 Figure 441 2 Us ing a clearly cloth to clear the surface 24

18 Figure 44 13 Find an avai ldb le loca ti on to insta ll th e artwork 25

19 Figure 4 4 14 Install artwork at the location had been chosen 25

Yilt

ABSTRACT

This stud y is about the elements of symmetry and kinetic art in the contex t of contemporary

al1s The research will stud y about the application of both concepts and subject matter

respectively from different art movements in order to convey the concept of equality By

utili ze this approach that had been id entifi ed and analyzed a personal a l1 work has been

crea ted

IX

ABSTRAK

Kojion ini odoah mengewi w sur simelri dan seni kinetik daam konleks seni

konlemporari Kajian ini akan mengkaji mengewi aplikasi kedua-dua konsep dan subjek

kajian tersebuL lerulama dari pandangon seni yang berbeza daam mellvampaikan konsep

kesaksamaan Meaui hasi dapaan yang lelah dikena pasli dan dianalisis sebuah kmya

seni peribadi Ielah dihasikan

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

10 Introduction

This proposa l will foc us o n a resea rch to pro duce an art work that contains the

element of symmetry to represent the equa lity in kinetic art To achieve this goa l the

content are imp0l1an t which are concept research question obj ec ti ves litera ture

review and methodo logy

Definition of equality is means the sta te of being equal It s one of the ideals a

democratic society and so the fi ght to obta in different kinds of equality like rac ial

equality gender equality or equalit y of 0PPOl1unit y between ri ch and poor is oft en

assoc iated wit h progress towards that idea l of everyone being tru y equal Eq uality

doesn t ha ve to be used on ly for soc ial idea ls though There also can be equality in

weight between two banels o f apples or be tween two molecu les

Visual analysi s is the backbone of the art hi story In the process to perfonn a visual

ana lys is some basic visual element s needed to know which are li r co lour shape

fonn and natura lism In add it ion when these elements are put togeth er in compositi ons

wi ll produce the visua l ana lyses which are symm etry ba lance proporton and sca le

rh ythm and compos ition

Kinetic known as rela te to the motion Since th e early twentieth century artis ts have

been incorporating movement into art T his has been partl y to explore the possibi lit ies

of movement part ly to int roduce the element of time pa lt ly to reflect the importance of

1

the machlne and technology in the modem world and partly to explore the nature of

vISion

11 Research Background

a Kinetic Art

According to the The AI1 StOlY Founda ti on (nd) the first experiments with mot ion

begin in year 1913 to 1920 by the construct ive traditions and dadaist al1ist Early

kinetic art was crea ted by Marcel Duchamp Bicycle Wheel in 19 13 was installed by

wheel tha t in verted on a stool Constructive artis ts like Naum Gabo and Antoine

Pevsner had use the word of kinetic art in their Realist ic Manifesto in 1920 in 1930

artist Laszlo Moholy-Nagy used kineti c to dep icted the machine movement in hi s

artwork which was Light Space Mod ulator

Kinetic art can be di vided into two types First which is refer toward to the shape

of the actual movemen t The other is the fOlmat ion is static but will be in the retina of

the motion perception in the formation of illusion Prior to the 20h cenlUlY the main

pUl1lose of kineti c art is to create most convenient and efficient way of life In 20h

century the developmen t of production technology was ongoi ng and increasing which

are tools materials and new mach inery (Guang 20 15)

12 Concept

The statement by TWP Wri ti ng Studio was the goal of visual ana lys is is to identify

and realize the visual chosen by the artist made in creating the artwork (nd) Ot her than

that although visual analysis is important to depict some aspec ts of a work of a11 but

the pUl1lose of a visual analysis naturally is fo und in the analytics (Gemma 20 14)

2

(p 15) Thus the elements in visual analysis are important in process to produce an

artwork and the selecti on of elements in visual anal ysis must discretion

As a resu lt the concept of the proposal is to produce an artwork that contains the

element of symmetry to present the equality in kinetic art

13 Research Objectives

I To identify the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

2 To apply the suitable methods for the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

3 To do an experiment on the findings in order to produce an artwork of kinetic art

that represent the equality

14 Research Questions

I How to crea te the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

2 What are the suitab le methods to app ly the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

3 How to apply the findings into the kinetic art so it will represent the equality

3

CHAPTER 2

LfTERATURE REVIEW

20 Kinetic Art

Ki neti c ali is an art fonn in the contemporary art that relating to the motion or

movement According to Mohol y- agy (1 947) (p 57) technology is the rea lity of

century nowadays such as crea tion construction and retent ion of machines As we can

see 21 51 century fult of high technology such as machines inventi on and etc these

already become one part of life for the people nowadays Mohol y-Nagy ( 1969) (p 60)

also claims that the transcendental spirituali sm of foretime was exchange by machine

Artwork nowadays almost produced by the machine or assist of high technology such as

kinetic art electronic art video art and etc

Duchall1p ( 1999) (p 98) says that the electricity ca nnot be defined by anyone Art

can also be sa id that it is an in tri nsic current in humans or something tilat does not

need to be c1elined Certain of the art works is not more fo cus on th meaning or message

th at wan t to convey to the auc1 iences but Iocused on the ~ltthet i e and the form of

artwork such as kinetic art that relating to the mo vement of the motioll

Besides tbat art ist Ca lder (19-11) claims the movement i the nex t stage or cu lpture

The ea rlier sculpture wa more focus on the technique and the Iorl11 of the artwork but

todays sculp ture comb ine with the kinet ic ali become ki neti c sculpture that rd at ing to

the movement This kind of art form was incl uded in the contemporary art dnd more

interesting according to th e traditional sculptures

4

In conclus ion researcher collec ts the information about th e fea tures of the kinetic

art Consequentl y researcher wil l appl y these data and information in order to produce

the artwork

21 Visual Analysis

Visual ana lysis is the basic unit of the art hi story To identify and rea lize the visual

choices the artist made in crea ting th e artwork is the goa l of a visual a nalys is (TWP

Wnting Studi o Duke University nd ) (p 4) By observing and writing about separate

parts of the art object audience will come ou t a better understand ing to the whole art

object In addition Sma rdon (1986) (p 28) says that a lthough visual ana lysis is

impoliant to depict some aspects of a work of art but the purpose of a visual anal ysis

naturall y is found in the ana lytics Audience may told what did them saw but difficult

for them to realized it from technical and artistic perspective Hence vis ua l ana lysis is

important for reali ze a work in art

i Symmetry

Element symmetry implies a reflection of a picture - one side is the retlect picture

of the other Symmetry is ab le to happen when the picture is si milar on both sides from

the balancing point T he example of fonnal balance is symmetrical balance According

to lirousek (1995) symmetrical ba lance may be defi ned as had the simi lar weight at

the similar sides of the balancing point

ii Types of Symmetry

There had som e types of symmetry wh ich are near symmetry invelied symmetry

and biaxial symmetry

5

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

CO TE TS

Contents

Borang Pengesawl Status Tesis Lapora

Pengakual1

Pel1gesahan

Acknowledgement

Contents

Abstract

I Introduction

10 Introduclion

11 Resea rch Background

12 Concept

13 Research Objeclives

14 Resea rch Questions

2 Literature Review

20 Kineti c Art

2 1 Visua l Ana lys is

22 Concept of Equalit y

23 Referencing Artworks

24 Conc lusion

3 Methodology

30 Introduc tion

3 1 Primary Resource

32 Secondary Resources

33 Conclusion

Pages

I - 11

111

IV

V

VI- V1 U

LX - x

J - 3

2

2 - 3

3

3

4 - 14

4 - 5

5 -6

6-8

9 - 14

14

15 - 17

15

15 - 16

16 - 17

17

V I

4 Data Analysis 18 - 26

40 Introduction 18

41 Yin Yang 18

42 Form of Artwork 18

43 Kinetic Art 19

44 Proses of Final Artwork 19 - 25

45 Conclusion 26

5 Conclu sion 27 - 29

50 Introduction 27

51 Research Conclusion 27 - 28

52 Recommendation amp Opinion 28 - 29

Bibliography 30 - 32

Vll

List of Figu res

No Title Pages

Figure 23 1 Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (20 15) 9

2 Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16) 10

3 Figure 23 3 Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organica ll y with the Wind (20 13) II

4 Figure 234 Two Trapezoids Eccentric One Up One Dow n ( 1978) 12

5 Figure 235 The Dinner Part y 1974-79 13

6 Figure 44 1 Print out the figure of gear 19

7 Figure 44 2 Marking the size on the pl ywood 19

8 Figure 443 Cut the plywood 20

9 Figure 444 Cut out the shape of gea r 20

10 Figure 445 Us ing the machine to do the fini shing 21

II Figure 446 Fin ishing with sander 2 1

12 Figure 4 47 Makin g an experiment 22

13 Figure 448 Combined the components of each pa11 22

14 Figure 449 Appl y first layer with shellac on the surface of gear 23

15 Figure 4410 Apply first la yer paint on the plywood 23

16 Figure 44 II Ailer apply tirst layer polish aga in with the sander 24

17 Figure 441 2 Us ing a clearly cloth to clear the surface 24

18 Figure 44 13 Find an avai ldb le loca ti on to insta ll th e artwork 25

19 Figure 4 4 14 Install artwork at the location had been chosen 25

Yilt

ABSTRACT

This stud y is about the elements of symmetry and kinetic art in the contex t of contemporary

al1s The research will stud y about the application of both concepts and subject matter

respectively from different art movements in order to convey the concept of equality By

utili ze this approach that had been id entifi ed and analyzed a personal a l1 work has been

crea ted

IX

ABSTRAK

Kojion ini odoah mengewi w sur simelri dan seni kinetik daam konleks seni

konlemporari Kajian ini akan mengkaji mengewi aplikasi kedua-dua konsep dan subjek

kajian tersebuL lerulama dari pandangon seni yang berbeza daam mellvampaikan konsep

kesaksamaan Meaui hasi dapaan yang lelah dikena pasli dan dianalisis sebuah kmya

seni peribadi Ielah dihasikan

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

10 Introduction

This proposa l will foc us o n a resea rch to pro duce an art work that contains the

element of symmetry to represent the equa lity in kinetic art To achieve this goa l the

content are imp0l1an t which are concept research question obj ec ti ves litera ture

review and methodo logy

Definition of equality is means the sta te of being equal It s one of the ideals a

democratic society and so the fi ght to obta in different kinds of equality like rac ial

equality gender equality or equalit y of 0PPOl1unit y between ri ch and poor is oft en

assoc iated wit h progress towards that idea l of everyone being tru y equal Eq uality

doesn t ha ve to be used on ly for soc ial idea ls though There also can be equality in

weight between two banels o f apples or be tween two molecu les

Visual analysi s is the backbone of the art hi story In the process to perfonn a visual

ana lys is some basic visual element s needed to know which are li r co lour shape

fonn and natura lism In add it ion when these elements are put togeth er in compositi ons

wi ll produce the visua l ana lyses which are symm etry ba lance proporton and sca le

rh ythm and compos ition

Kinetic known as rela te to the motion Since th e early twentieth century artis ts have

been incorporating movement into art T his has been partl y to explore the possibi lit ies

of movement part ly to int roduce the element of time pa lt ly to reflect the importance of

1

the machlne and technology in the modem world and partly to explore the nature of

vISion

11 Research Background

a Kinetic Art

According to the The AI1 StOlY Founda ti on (nd) the first experiments with mot ion

begin in year 1913 to 1920 by the construct ive traditions and dadaist al1ist Early

kinetic art was crea ted by Marcel Duchamp Bicycle Wheel in 19 13 was installed by

wheel tha t in verted on a stool Constructive artis ts like Naum Gabo and Antoine

Pevsner had use the word of kinetic art in their Realist ic Manifesto in 1920 in 1930

artist Laszlo Moholy-Nagy used kineti c to dep icted the machine movement in hi s

artwork which was Light Space Mod ulator

Kinetic art can be di vided into two types First which is refer toward to the shape

of the actual movemen t The other is the fOlmat ion is static but will be in the retina of

the motion perception in the formation of illusion Prior to the 20h cenlUlY the main

pUl1lose of kineti c art is to create most convenient and efficient way of life In 20h

century the developmen t of production technology was ongoi ng and increasing which

are tools materials and new mach inery (Guang 20 15)

12 Concept

The statement by TWP Wri ti ng Studio was the goal of visual ana lys is is to identify

and realize the visual chosen by the artist made in creating the artwork (nd) Ot her than

that although visual analysis is important to depict some aspec ts of a work of a11 but

the pUl1lose of a visual analysis naturally is fo und in the analytics (Gemma 20 14)

2

(p 15) Thus the elements in visual analysis are important in process to produce an

artwork and the selecti on of elements in visual anal ysis must discretion

As a resu lt the concept of the proposal is to produce an artwork that contains the

element of symmetry to present the equality in kinetic art

13 Research Objectives

I To identify the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

2 To apply the suitable methods for the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

3 To do an experiment on the findings in order to produce an artwork of kinetic art

that represent the equality

14 Research Questions

I How to crea te the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

2 What are the suitab le methods to app ly the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

3 How to apply the findings into the kinetic art so it will represent the equality

3

CHAPTER 2

LfTERATURE REVIEW

20 Kinetic Art

Ki neti c ali is an art fonn in the contemporary art that relating to the motion or

movement According to Mohol y- agy (1 947) (p 57) technology is the rea lity of

century nowadays such as crea tion construction and retent ion of machines As we can

see 21 51 century fult of high technology such as machines inventi on and etc these

already become one part of life for the people nowadays Mohol y-Nagy ( 1969) (p 60)

also claims that the transcendental spirituali sm of foretime was exchange by machine

Artwork nowadays almost produced by the machine or assist of high technology such as

kinetic art electronic art video art and etc

Duchall1p ( 1999) (p 98) says that the electricity ca nnot be defined by anyone Art

can also be sa id that it is an in tri nsic current in humans or something tilat does not

need to be c1elined Certain of the art works is not more fo cus on th meaning or message

th at wan t to convey to the auc1 iences but Iocused on the ~ltthet i e and the form of

artwork such as kinetic art that relating to the mo vement of the motioll

Besides tbat art ist Ca lder (19-11) claims the movement i the nex t stage or cu lpture

The ea rlier sculpture wa more focus on the technique and the Iorl11 of the artwork but

todays sculp ture comb ine with the kinet ic ali become ki neti c sculpture that rd at ing to

the movement This kind of art form was incl uded in the contemporary art dnd more

interesting according to th e traditional sculptures

4

In conclus ion researcher collec ts the information about th e fea tures of the kinetic

art Consequentl y researcher wil l appl y these data and information in order to produce

the artwork

21 Visual Analysis

Visual ana lysis is the basic unit of the art hi story To identify and rea lize the visual

choices the artist made in crea ting th e artwork is the goa l of a visual a nalys is (TWP

Wnting Studi o Duke University nd ) (p 4) By observing and writing about separate

parts of the art object audience will come ou t a better understand ing to the whole art

object In addition Sma rdon (1986) (p 28) says that a lthough visual ana lysis is

impoliant to depict some aspects of a work of art but the purpose of a visual anal ysis

naturall y is found in the ana lytics Audience may told what did them saw but difficult

for them to realized it from technical and artistic perspective Hence vis ua l ana lysis is

important for reali ze a work in art

i Symmetry

Element symmetry implies a reflection of a picture - one side is the retlect picture

of the other Symmetry is ab le to happen when the picture is si milar on both sides from

the balancing point T he example of fonnal balance is symmetrical balance According

to lirousek (1995) symmetrical ba lance may be defi ned as had the simi lar weight at

the similar sides of the balancing point

ii Types of Symmetry

There had som e types of symmetry wh ich are near symmetry invelied symmetry

and biaxial symmetry

5

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

4 Data Analysis 18 - 26

40 Introduction 18

41 Yin Yang 18

42 Form of Artwork 18

43 Kinetic Art 19

44 Proses of Final Artwork 19 - 25

45 Conclusion 26

5 Conclu sion 27 - 29

50 Introduction 27

51 Research Conclusion 27 - 28

52 Recommendation amp Opinion 28 - 29

Bibliography 30 - 32

Vll

List of Figu res

No Title Pages

Figure 23 1 Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (20 15) 9

2 Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16) 10

3 Figure 23 3 Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organica ll y with the Wind (20 13) II

4 Figure 234 Two Trapezoids Eccentric One Up One Dow n ( 1978) 12

5 Figure 235 The Dinner Part y 1974-79 13

6 Figure 44 1 Print out the figure of gear 19

7 Figure 44 2 Marking the size on the pl ywood 19

8 Figure 443 Cut the plywood 20

9 Figure 444 Cut out the shape of gea r 20

10 Figure 445 Us ing the machine to do the fini shing 21

II Figure 446 Fin ishing with sander 2 1

12 Figure 4 47 Makin g an experiment 22

13 Figure 448 Combined the components of each pa11 22

14 Figure 449 Appl y first layer with shellac on the surface of gear 23

15 Figure 4410 Apply first la yer paint on the plywood 23

16 Figure 44 II Ailer apply tirst layer polish aga in with the sander 24

17 Figure 441 2 Us ing a clearly cloth to clear the surface 24

18 Figure 44 13 Find an avai ldb le loca ti on to insta ll th e artwork 25

19 Figure 4 4 14 Install artwork at the location had been chosen 25

Yilt

ABSTRACT

This stud y is about the elements of symmetry and kinetic art in the contex t of contemporary

al1s The research will stud y about the application of both concepts and subject matter

respectively from different art movements in order to convey the concept of equality By

utili ze this approach that had been id entifi ed and analyzed a personal a l1 work has been

crea ted

IX

ABSTRAK

Kojion ini odoah mengewi w sur simelri dan seni kinetik daam konleks seni

konlemporari Kajian ini akan mengkaji mengewi aplikasi kedua-dua konsep dan subjek

kajian tersebuL lerulama dari pandangon seni yang berbeza daam mellvampaikan konsep

kesaksamaan Meaui hasi dapaan yang lelah dikena pasli dan dianalisis sebuah kmya

seni peribadi Ielah dihasikan

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

10 Introduction

This proposa l will foc us o n a resea rch to pro duce an art work that contains the

element of symmetry to represent the equa lity in kinetic art To achieve this goa l the

content are imp0l1an t which are concept research question obj ec ti ves litera ture

review and methodo logy

Definition of equality is means the sta te of being equal It s one of the ideals a

democratic society and so the fi ght to obta in different kinds of equality like rac ial

equality gender equality or equalit y of 0PPOl1unit y between ri ch and poor is oft en

assoc iated wit h progress towards that idea l of everyone being tru y equal Eq uality

doesn t ha ve to be used on ly for soc ial idea ls though There also can be equality in

weight between two banels o f apples or be tween two molecu les

Visual analysi s is the backbone of the art hi story In the process to perfonn a visual

ana lys is some basic visual element s needed to know which are li r co lour shape

fonn and natura lism In add it ion when these elements are put togeth er in compositi ons

wi ll produce the visua l ana lyses which are symm etry ba lance proporton and sca le

rh ythm and compos ition

Kinetic known as rela te to the motion Since th e early twentieth century artis ts have

been incorporating movement into art T his has been partl y to explore the possibi lit ies

of movement part ly to int roduce the element of time pa lt ly to reflect the importance of

1

the machlne and technology in the modem world and partly to explore the nature of

vISion

11 Research Background

a Kinetic Art

According to the The AI1 StOlY Founda ti on (nd) the first experiments with mot ion

begin in year 1913 to 1920 by the construct ive traditions and dadaist al1ist Early

kinetic art was crea ted by Marcel Duchamp Bicycle Wheel in 19 13 was installed by

wheel tha t in verted on a stool Constructive artis ts like Naum Gabo and Antoine

Pevsner had use the word of kinetic art in their Realist ic Manifesto in 1920 in 1930

artist Laszlo Moholy-Nagy used kineti c to dep icted the machine movement in hi s

artwork which was Light Space Mod ulator

Kinetic art can be di vided into two types First which is refer toward to the shape

of the actual movemen t The other is the fOlmat ion is static but will be in the retina of

the motion perception in the formation of illusion Prior to the 20h cenlUlY the main

pUl1lose of kineti c art is to create most convenient and efficient way of life In 20h

century the developmen t of production technology was ongoi ng and increasing which

are tools materials and new mach inery (Guang 20 15)

12 Concept

The statement by TWP Wri ti ng Studio was the goal of visual ana lys is is to identify

and realize the visual chosen by the artist made in creating the artwork (nd) Ot her than

that although visual analysis is important to depict some aspec ts of a work of a11 but

the pUl1lose of a visual analysis naturally is fo und in the analytics (Gemma 20 14)

2

(p 15) Thus the elements in visual analysis are important in process to produce an

artwork and the selecti on of elements in visual anal ysis must discretion

As a resu lt the concept of the proposal is to produce an artwork that contains the

element of symmetry to present the equality in kinetic art

13 Research Objectives

I To identify the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

2 To apply the suitable methods for the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

3 To do an experiment on the findings in order to produce an artwork of kinetic art

that represent the equality

14 Research Questions

I How to crea te the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

2 What are the suitab le methods to app ly the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

3 How to apply the findings into the kinetic art so it will represent the equality

3

CHAPTER 2

LfTERATURE REVIEW

20 Kinetic Art

Ki neti c ali is an art fonn in the contemporary art that relating to the motion or

movement According to Mohol y- agy (1 947) (p 57) technology is the rea lity of

century nowadays such as crea tion construction and retent ion of machines As we can

see 21 51 century fult of high technology such as machines inventi on and etc these

already become one part of life for the people nowadays Mohol y-Nagy ( 1969) (p 60)

also claims that the transcendental spirituali sm of foretime was exchange by machine

Artwork nowadays almost produced by the machine or assist of high technology such as

kinetic art electronic art video art and etc

Duchall1p ( 1999) (p 98) says that the electricity ca nnot be defined by anyone Art

can also be sa id that it is an in tri nsic current in humans or something tilat does not

need to be c1elined Certain of the art works is not more fo cus on th meaning or message

th at wan t to convey to the auc1 iences but Iocused on the ~ltthet i e and the form of

artwork such as kinetic art that relating to the mo vement of the motioll

Besides tbat art ist Ca lder (19-11) claims the movement i the nex t stage or cu lpture

The ea rlier sculpture wa more focus on the technique and the Iorl11 of the artwork but

todays sculp ture comb ine with the kinet ic ali become ki neti c sculpture that rd at ing to

the movement This kind of art form was incl uded in the contemporary art dnd more

interesting according to th e traditional sculptures

4

In conclus ion researcher collec ts the information about th e fea tures of the kinetic

art Consequentl y researcher wil l appl y these data and information in order to produce

the artwork

21 Visual Analysis

Visual ana lysis is the basic unit of the art hi story To identify and rea lize the visual

choices the artist made in crea ting th e artwork is the goa l of a visual a nalys is (TWP

Wnting Studi o Duke University nd ) (p 4) By observing and writing about separate

parts of the art object audience will come ou t a better understand ing to the whole art

object In addition Sma rdon (1986) (p 28) says that a lthough visual ana lysis is

impoliant to depict some aspects of a work of art but the purpose of a visual anal ysis

naturall y is found in the ana lytics Audience may told what did them saw but difficult

for them to realized it from technical and artistic perspective Hence vis ua l ana lysis is

important for reali ze a work in art

i Symmetry

Element symmetry implies a reflection of a picture - one side is the retlect picture

of the other Symmetry is ab le to happen when the picture is si milar on both sides from

the balancing point T he example of fonnal balance is symmetrical balance According

to lirousek (1995) symmetrical ba lance may be defi ned as had the simi lar weight at

the similar sides of the balancing point

ii Types of Symmetry

There had som e types of symmetry wh ich are near symmetry invelied symmetry

and biaxial symmetry

5

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

List of Figu res

No Title Pages

Figure 23 1 Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (20 15) 9

2 Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16) 10

3 Figure 23 3 Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organica ll y with the Wind (20 13) II

4 Figure 234 Two Trapezoids Eccentric One Up One Dow n ( 1978) 12

5 Figure 235 The Dinner Part y 1974-79 13

6 Figure 44 1 Print out the figure of gear 19

7 Figure 44 2 Marking the size on the pl ywood 19

8 Figure 443 Cut the plywood 20

9 Figure 444 Cut out the shape of gea r 20

10 Figure 445 Us ing the machine to do the fini shing 21

II Figure 446 Fin ishing with sander 2 1

12 Figure 4 47 Makin g an experiment 22

13 Figure 448 Combined the components of each pa11 22

14 Figure 449 Appl y first layer with shellac on the surface of gear 23

15 Figure 4410 Apply first la yer paint on the plywood 23

16 Figure 44 II Ailer apply tirst layer polish aga in with the sander 24

17 Figure 441 2 Us ing a clearly cloth to clear the surface 24

18 Figure 44 13 Find an avai ldb le loca ti on to insta ll th e artwork 25

19 Figure 4 4 14 Install artwork at the location had been chosen 25

Yilt

ABSTRACT

This stud y is about the elements of symmetry and kinetic art in the contex t of contemporary

al1s The research will stud y about the application of both concepts and subject matter

respectively from different art movements in order to convey the concept of equality By

utili ze this approach that had been id entifi ed and analyzed a personal a l1 work has been

crea ted

IX

ABSTRAK

Kojion ini odoah mengewi w sur simelri dan seni kinetik daam konleks seni

konlemporari Kajian ini akan mengkaji mengewi aplikasi kedua-dua konsep dan subjek

kajian tersebuL lerulama dari pandangon seni yang berbeza daam mellvampaikan konsep

kesaksamaan Meaui hasi dapaan yang lelah dikena pasli dan dianalisis sebuah kmya

seni peribadi Ielah dihasikan

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

10 Introduction

This proposa l will foc us o n a resea rch to pro duce an art work that contains the

element of symmetry to represent the equa lity in kinetic art To achieve this goa l the

content are imp0l1an t which are concept research question obj ec ti ves litera ture

review and methodo logy

Definition of equality is means the sta te of being equal It s one of the ideals a

democratic society and so the fi ght to obta in different kinds of equality like rac ial

equality gender equality or equalit y of 0PPOl1unit y between ri ch and poor is oft en

assoc iated wit h progress towards that idea l of everyone being tru y equal Eq uality

doesn t ha ve to be used on ly for soc ial idea ls though There also can be equality in

weight between two banels o f apples or be tween two molecu les

Visual analysi s is the backbone of the art hi story In the process to perfonn a visual

ana lys is some basic visual element s needed to know which are li r co lour shape

fonn and natura lism In add it ion when these elements are put togeth er in compositi ons

wi ll produce the visua l ana lyses which are symm etry ba lance proporton and sca le

rh ythm and compos ition

Kinetic known as rela te to the motion Since th e early twentieth century artis ts have

been incorporating movement into art T his has been partl y to explore the possibi lit ies

of movement part ly to int roduce the element of time pa lt ly to reflect the importance of

1

the machlne and technology in the modem world and partly to explore the nature of

vISion

11 Research Background

a Kinetic Art

According to the The AI1 StOlY Founda ti on (nd) the first experiments with mot ion

begin in year 1913 to 1920 by the construct ive traditions and dadaist al1ist Early

kinetic art was crea ted by Marcel Duchamp Bicycle Wheel in 19 13 was installed by

wheel tha t in verted on a stool Constructive artis ts like Naum Gabo and Antoine

Pevsner had use the word of kinetic art in their Realist ic Manifesto in 1920 in 1930

artist Laszlo Moholy-Nagy used kineti c to dep icted the machine movement in hi s

artwork which was Light Space Mod ulator

Kinetic art can be di vided into two types First which is refer toward to the shape

of the actual movemen t The other is the fOlmat ion is static but will be in the retina of

the motion perception in the formation of illusion Prior to the 20h cenlUlY the main

pUl1lose of kineti c art is to create most convenient and efficient way of life In 20h

century the developmen t of production technology was ongoi ng and increasing which

are tools materials and new mach inery (Guang 20 15)

12 Concept

The statement by TWP Wri ti ng Studio was the goal of visual ana lys is is to identify

and realize the visual chosen by the artist made in creating the artwork (nd) Ot her than

that although visual analysis is important to depict some aspec ts of a work of a11 but

the pUl1lose of a visual analysis naturally is fo und in the analytics (Gemma 20 14)

2

(p 15) Thus the elements in visual analysis are important in process to produce an

artwork and the selecti on of elements in visual anal ysis must discretion

As a resu lt the concept of the proposal is to produce an artwork that contains the

element of symmetry to present the equality in kinetic art

13 Research Objectives

I To identify the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

2 To apply the suitable methods for the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

3 To do an experiment on the findings in order to produce an artwork of kinetic art

that represent the equality

14 Research Questions

I How to crea te the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

2 What are the suitab le methods to app ly the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

3 How to apply the findings into the kinetic art so it will represent the equality

3

CHAPTER 2

LfTERATURE REVIEW

20 Kinetic Art

Ki neti c ali is an art fonn in the contemporary art that relating to the motion or

movement According to Mohol y- agy (1 947) (p 57) technology is the rea lity of

century nowadays such as crea tion construction and retent ion of machines As we can

see 21 51 century fult of high technology such as machines inventi on and etc these

already become one part of life for the people nowadays Mohol y-Nagy ( 1969) (p 60)

also claims that the transcendental spirituali sm of foretime was exchange by machine

Artwork nowadays almost produced by the machine or assist of high technology such as

kinetic art electronic art video art and etc

Duchall1p ( 1999) (p 98) says that the electricity ca nnot be defined by anyone Art

can also be sa id that it is an in tri nsic current in humans or something tilat does not

need to be c1elined Certain of the art works is not more fo cus on th meaning or message

th at wan t to convey to the auc1 iences but Iocused on the ~ltthet i e and the form of

artwork such as kinetic art that relating to the mo vement of the motioll

Besides tbat art ist Ca lder (19-11) claims the movement i the nex t stage or cu lpture

The ea rlier sculpture wa more focus on the technique and the Iorl11 of the artwork but

todays sculp ture comb ine with the kinet ic ali become ki neti c sculpture that rd at ing to

the movement This kind of art form was incl uded in the contemporary art dnd more

interesting according to th e traditional sculptures

4

In conclus ion researcher collec ts the information about th e fea tures of the kinetic

art Consequentl y researcher wil l appl y these data and information in order to produce

the artwork

21 Visual Analysis

Visual ana lysis is the basic unit of the art hi story To identify and rea lize the visual

choices the artist made in crea ting th e artwork is the goa l of a visual a nalys is (TWP

Wnting Studi o Duke University nd ) (p 4) By observing and writing about separate

parts of the art object audience will come ou t a better understand ing to the whole art

object In addition Sma rdon (1986) (p 28) says that a lthough visual ana lysis is

impoliant to depict some aspects of a work of art but the purpose of a visual anal ysis

naturall y is found in the ana lytics Audience may told what did them saw but difficult

for them to realized it from technical and artistic perspective Hence vis ua l ana lysis is

important for reali ze a work in art

i Symmetry

Element symmetry implies a reflection of a picture - one side is the retlect picture

of the other Symmetry is ab le to happen when the picture is si milar on both sides from

the balancing point T he example of fonnal balance is symmetrical balance According

to lirousek (1995) symmetrical ba lance may be defi ned as had the simi lar weight at

the similar sides of the balancing point

ii Types of Symmetry

There had som e types of symmetry wh ich are near symmetry invelied symmetry

and biaxial symmetry

5

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

ABSTRACT

This stud y is about the elements of symmetry and kinetic art in the contex t of contemporary

al1s The research will stud y about the application of both concepts and subject matter

respectively from different art movements in order to convey the concept of equality By

utili ze this approach that had been id entifi ed and analyzed a personal a l1 work has been

crea ted

IX

ABSTRAK

Kojion ini odoah mengewi w sur simelri dan seni kinetik daam konleks seni

konlemporari Kajian ini akan mengkaji mengewi aplikasi kedua-dua konsep dan subjek

kajian tersebuL lerulama dari pandangon seni yang berbeza daam mellvampaikan konsep

kesaksamaan Meaui hasi dapaan yang lelah dikena pasli dan dianalisis sebuah kmya

seni peribadi Ielah dihasikan

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

10 Introduction

This proposa l will foc us o n a resea rch to pro duce an art work that contains the

element of symmetry to represent the equa lity in kinetic art To achieve this goa l the

content are imp0l1an t which are concept research question obj ec ti ves litera ture

review and methodo logy

Definition of equality is means the sta te of being equal It s one of the ideals a

democratic society and so the fi ght to obta in different kinds of equality like rac ial

equality gender equality or equalit y of 0PPOl1unit y between ri ch and poor is oft en

assoc iated wit h progress towards that idea l of everyone being tru y equal Eq uality

doesn t ha ve to be used on ly for soc ial idea ls though There also can be equality in

weight between two banels o f apples or be tween two molecu les

Visual analysi s is the backbone of the art hi story In the process to perfonn a visual

ana lys is some basic visual element s needed to know which are li r co lour shape

fonn and natura lism In add it ion when these elements are put togeth er in compositi ons

wi ll produce the visua l ana lyses which are symm etry ba lance proporton and sca le

rh ythm and compos ition

Kinetic known as rela te to the motion Since th e early twentieth century artis ts have

been incorporating movement into art T his has been partl y to explore the possibi lit ies

of movement part ly to int roduce the element of time pa lt ly to reflect the importance of

1

the machlne and technology in the modem world and partly to explore the nature of

vISion

11 Research Background

a Kinetic Art

According to the The AI1 StOlY Founda ti on (nd) the first experiments with mot ion

begin in year 1913 to 1920 by the construct ive traditions and dadaist al1ist Early

kinetic art was crea ted by Marcel Duchamp Bicycle Wheel in 19 13 was installed by

wheel tha t in verted on a stool Constructive artis ts like Naum Gabo and Antoine

Pevsner had use the word of kinetic art in their Realist ic Manifesto in 1920 in 1930

artist Laszlo Moholy-Nagy used kineti c to dep icted the machine movement in hi s

artwork which was Light Space Mod ulator

Kinetic art can be di vided into two types First which is refer toward to the shape

of the actual movemen t The other is the fOlmat ion is static but will be in the retina of

the motion perception in the formation of illusion Prior to the 20h cenlUlY the main

pUl1lose of kineti c art is to create most convenient and efficient way of life In 20h

century the developmen t of production technology was ongoi ng and increasing which

are tools materials and new mach inery (Guang 20 15)

12 Concept

The statement by TWP Wri ti ng Studio was the goal of visual ana lys is is to identify

and realize the visual chosen by the artist made in creating the artwork (nd) Ot her than

that although visual analysis is important to depict some aspec ts of a work of a11 but

the pUl1lose of a visual analysis naturally is fo und in the analytics (Gemma 20 14)

2

(p 15) Thus the elements in visual analysis are important in process to produce an

artwork and the selecti on of elements in visual anal ysis must discretion

As a resu lt the concept of the proposal is to produce an artwork that contains the

element of symmetry to present the equality in kinetic art

13 Research Objectives

I To identify the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

2 To apply the suitable methods for the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

3 To do an experiment on the findings in order to produce an artwork of kinetic art

that represent the equality

14 Research Questions

I How to crea te the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

2 What are the suitab le methods to app ly the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

3 How to apply the findings into the kinetic art so it will represent the equality

3

CHAPTER 2

LfTERATURE REVIEW

20 Kinetic Art

Ki neti c ali is an art fonn in the contemporary art that relating to the motion or

movement According to Mohol y- agy (1 947) (p 57) technology is the rea lity of

century nowadays such as crea tion construction and retent ion of machines As we can

see 21 51 century fult of high technology such as machines inventi on and etc these

already become one part of life for the people nowadays Mohol y-Nagy ( 1969) (p 60)

also claims that the transcendental spirituali sm of foretime was exchange by machine

Artwork nowadays almost produced by the machine or assist of high technology such as

kinetic art electronic art video art and etc

Duchall1p ( 1999) (p 98) says that the electricity ca nnot be defined by anyone Art

can also be sa id that it is an in tri nsic current in humans or something tilat does not

need to be c1elined Certain of the art works is not more fo cus on th meaning or message

th at wan t to convey to the auc1 iences but Iocused on the ~ltthet i e and the form of

artwork such as kinetic art that relating to the mo vement of the motioll

Besides tbat art ist Ca lder (19-11) claims the movement i the nex t stage or cu lpture

The ea rlier sculpture wa more focus on the technique and the Iorl11 of the artwork but

todays sculp ture comb ine with the kinet ic ali become ki neti c sculpture that rd at ing to

the movement This kind of art form was incl uded in the contemporary art dnd more

interesting according to th e traditional sculptures

4

In conclus ion researcher collec ts the information about th e fea tures of the kinetic

art Consequentl y researcher wil l appl y these data and information in order to produce

the artwork

21 Visual Analysis

Visual ana lysis is the basic unit of the art hi story To identify and rea lize the visual

choices the artist made in crea ting th e artwork is the goa l of a visual a nalys is (TWP

Wnting Studi o Duke University nd ) (p 4) By observing and writing about separate

parts of the art object audience will come ou t a better understand ing to the whole art

object In addition Sma rdon (1986) (p 28) says that a lthough visual ana lysis is

impoliant to depict some aspects of a work of art but the purpose of a visual anal ysis

naturall y is found in the ana lytics Audience may told what did them saw but difficult

for them to realized it from technical and artistic perspective Hence vis ua l ana lysis is

important for reali ze a work in art

i Symmetry

Element symmetry implies a reflection of a picture - one side is the retlect picture

of the other Symmetry is ab le to happen when the picture is si milar on both sides from

the balancing point T he example of fonnal balance is symmetrical balance According

to lirousek (1995) symmetrical ba lance may be defi ned as had the simi lar weight at

the similar sides of the balancing point

ii Types of Symmetry

There had som e types of symmetry wh ich are near symmetry invelied symmetry

and biaxial symmetry

5

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

ABSTRAK

Kojion ini odoah mengewi w sur simelri dan seni kinetik daam konleks seni

konlemporari Kajian ini akan mengkaji mengewi aplikasi kedua-dua konsep dan subjek

kajian tersebuL lerulama dari pandangon seni yang berbeza daam mellvampaikan konsep

kesaksamaan Meaui hasi dapaan yang lelah dikena pasli dan dianalisis sebuah kmya

seni peribadi Ielah dihasikan

x

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

10 Introduction

This proposa l will foc us o n a resea rch to pro duce an art work that contains the

element of symmetry to represent the equa lity in kinetic art To achieve this goa l the

content are imp0l1an t which are concept research question obj ec ti ves litera ture

review and methodo logy

Definition of equality is means the sta te of being equal It s one of the ideals a

democratic society and so the fi ght to obta in different kinds of equality like rac ial

equality gender equality or equalit y of 0PPOl1unit y between ri ch and poor is oft en

assoc iated wit h progress towards that idea l of everyone being tru y equal Eq uality

doesn t ha ve to be used on ly for soc ial idea ls though There also can be equality in

weight between two banels o f apples or be tween two molecu les

Visual analysi s is the backbone of the art hi story In the process to perfonn a visual

ana lys is some basic visual element s needed to know which are li r co lour shape

fonn and natura lism In add it ion when these elements are put togeth er in compositi ons

wi ll produce the visua l ana lyses which are symm etry ba lance proporton and sca le

rh ythm and compos ition

Kinetic known as rela te to the motion Since th e early twentieth century artis ts have

been incorporating movement into art T his has been partl y to explore the possibi lit ies

of movement part ly to int roduce the element of time pa lt ly to reflect the importance of

1

the machlne and technology in the modem world and partly to explore the nature of

vISion

11 Research Background

a Kinetic Art

According to the The AI1 StOlY Founda ti on (nd) the first experiments with mot ion

begin in year 1913 to 1920 by the construct ive traditions and dadaist al1ist Early

kinetic art was crea ted by Marcel Duchamp Bicycle Wheel in 19 13 was installed by

wheel tha t in verted on a stool Constructive artis ts like Naum Gabo and Antoine

Pevsner had use the word of kinetic art in their Realist ic Manifesto in 1920 in 1930

artist Laszlo Moholy-Nagy used kineti c to dep icted the machine movement in hi s

artwork which was Light Space Mod ulator

Kinetic art can be di vided into two types First which is refer toward to the shape

of the actual movemen t The other is the fOlmat ion is static but will be in the retina of

the motion perception in the formation of illusion Prior to the 20h cenlUlY the main

pUl1lose of kineti c art is to create most convenient and efficient way of life In 20h

century the developmen t of production technology was ongoi ng and increasing which

are tools materials and new mach inery (Guang 20 15)

12 Concept

The statement by TWP Wri ti ng Studio was the goal of visual ana lys is is to identify

and realize the visual chosen by the artist made in creating the artwork (nd) Ot her than

that although visual analysis is important to depict some aspec ts of a work of a11 but

the pUl1lose of a visual analysis naturally is fo und in the analytics (Gemma 20 14)

2

(p 15) Thus the elements in visual analysis are important in process to produce an

artwork and the selecti on of elements in visual anal ysis must discretion

As a resu lt the concept of the proposal is to produce an artwork that contains the

element of symmetry to present the equality in kinetic art

13 Research Objectives

I To identify the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

2 To apply the suitable methods for the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

3 To do an experiment on the findings in order to produce an artwork of kinetic art

that represent the equality

14 Research Questions

I How to crea te the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

2 What are the suitab le methods to app ly the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

3 How to apply the findings into the kinetic art so it will represent the equality

3

CHAPTER 2

LfTERATURE REVIEW

20 Kinetic Art

Ki neti c ali is an art fonn in the contemporary art that relating to the motion or

movement According to Mohol y- agy (1 947) (p 57) technology is the rea lity of

century nowadays such as crea tion construction and retent ion of machines As we can

see 21 51 century fult of high technology such as machines inventi on and etc these

already become one part of life for the people nowadays Mohol y-Nagy ( 1969) (p 60)

also claims that the transcendental spirituali sm of foretime was exchange by machine

Artwork nowadays almost produced by the machine or assist of high technology such as

kinetic art electronic art video art and etc

Duchall1p ( 1999) (p 98) says that the electricity ca nnot be defined by anyone Art

can also be sa id that it is an in tri nsic current in humans or something tilat does not

need to be c1elined Certain of the art works is not more fo cus on th meaning or message

th at wan t to convey to the auc1 iences but Iocused on the ~ltthet i e and the form of

artwork such as kinetic art that relating to the mo vement of the motioll

Besides tbat art ist Ca lder (19-11) claims the movement i the nex t stage or cu lpture

The ea rlier sculpture wa more focus on the technique and the Iorl11 of the artwork but

todays sculp ture comb ine with the kinet ic ali become ki neti c sculpture that rd at ing to

the movement This kind of art form was incl uded in the contemporary art dnd more

interesting according to th e traditional sculptures

4

In conclus ion researcher collec ts the information about th e fea tures of the kinetic

art Consequentl y researcher wil l appl y these data and information in order to produce

the artwork

21 Visual Analysis

Visual ana lysis is the basic unit of the art hi story To identify and rea lize the visual

choices the artist made in crea ting th e artwork is the goa l of a visual a nalys is (TWP

Wnting Studi o Duke University nd ) (p 4) By observing and writing about separate

parts of the art object audience will come ou t a better understand ing to the whole art

object In addition Sma rdon (1986) (p 28) says that a lthough visual ana lysis is

impoliant to depict some aspects of a work of art but the purpose of a visual anal ysis

naturall y is found in the ana lytics Audience may told what did them saw but difficult

for them to realized it from technical and artistic perspective Hence vis ua l ana lysis is

important for reali ze a work in art

i Symmetry

Element symmetry implies a reflection of a picture - one side is the retlect picture

of the other Symmetry is ab le to happen when the picture is si milar on both sides from

the balancing point T he example of fonnal balance is symmetrical balance According

to lirousek (1995) symmetrical ba lance may be defi ned as had the simi lar weight at

the similar sides of the balancing point

ii Types of Symmetry

There had som e types of symmetry wh ich are near symmetry invelied symmetry

and biaxial symmetry

5

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

10 Introduction

This proposa l will foc us o n a resea rch to pro duce an art work that contains the

element of symmetry to represent the equa lity in kinetic art To achieve this goa l the

content are imp0l1an t which are concept research question obj ec ti ves litera ture

review and methodo logy

Definition of equality is means the sta te of being equal It s one of the ideals a

democratic society and so the fi ght to obta in different kinds of equality like rac ial

equality gender equality or equalit y of 0PPOl1unit y between ri ch and poor is oft en

assoc iated wit h progress towards that idea l of everyone being tru y equal Eq uality

doesn t ha ve to be used on ly for soc ial idea ls though There also can be equality in

weight between two banels o f apples or be tween two molecu les

Visual analysi s is the backbone of the art hi story In the process to perfonn a visual

ana lys is some basic visual element s needed to know which are li r co lour shape

fonn and natura lism In add it ion when these elements are put togeth er in compositi ons

wi ll produce the visua l ana lyses which are symm etry ba lance proporton and sca le

rh ythm and compos ition

Kinetic known as rela te to the motion Since th e early twentieth century artis ts have

been incorporating movement into art T his has been partl y to explore the possibi lit ies

of movement part ly to int roduce the element of time pa lt ly to reflect the importance of

1

the machlne and technology in the modem world and partly to explore the nature of

vISion

11 Research Background

a Kinetic Art

According to the The AI1 StOlY Founda ti on (nd) the first experiments with mot ion

begin in year 1913 to 1920 by the construct ive traditions and dadaist al1ist Early

kinetic art was crea ted by Marcel Duchamp Bicycle Wheel in 19 13 was installed by

wheel tha t in verted on a stool Constructive artis ts like Naum Gabo and Antoine

Pevsner had use the word of kinetic art in their Realist ic Manifesto in 1920 in 1930

artist Laszlo Moholy-Nagy used kineti c to dep icted the machine movement in hi s

artwork which was Light Space Mod ulator

Kinetic art can be di vided into two types First which is refer toward to the shape

of the actual movemen t The other is the fOlmat ion is static but will be in the retina of

the motion perception in the formation of illusion Prior to the 20h cenlUlY the main

pUl1lose of kineti c art is to create most convenient and efficient way of life In 20h

century the developmen t of production technology was ongoi ng and increasing which

are tools materials and new mach inery (Guang 20 15)

12 Concept

The statement by TWP Wri ti ng Studio was the goal of visual ana lys is is to identify

and realize the visual chosen by the artist made in creating the artwork (nd) Ot her than

that although visual analysis is important to depict some aspec ts of a work of a11 but

the pUl1lose of a visual analysis naturally is fo und in the analytics (Gemma 20 14)

2

(p 15) Thus the elements in visual analysis are important in process to produce an

artwork and the selecti on of elements in visual anal ysis must discretion

As a resu lt the concept of the proposal is to produce an artwork that contains the

element of symmetry to present the equality in kinetic art

13 Research Objectives

I To identify the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

2 To apply the suitable methods for the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

3 To do an experiment on the findings in order to produce an artwork of kinetic art

that represent the equality

14 Research Questions

I How to crea te the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

2 What are the suitab le methods to app ly the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

3 How to apply the findings into the kinetic art so it will represent the equality

3

CHAPTER 2

LfTERATURE REVIEW

20 Kinetic Art

Ki neti c ali is an art fonn in the contemporary art that relating to the motion or

movement According to Mohol y- agy (1 947) (p 57) technology is the rea lity of

century nowadays such as crea tion construction and retent ion of machines As we can

see 21 51 century fult of high technology such as machines inventi on and etc these

already become one part of life for the people nowadays Mohol y-Nagy ( 1969) (p 60)

also claims that the transcendental spirituali sm of foretime was exchange by machine

Artwork nowadays almost produced by the machine or assist of high technology such as

kinetic art electronic art video art and etc

Duchall1p ( 1999) (p 98) says that the electricity ca nnot be defined by anyone Art

can also be sa id that it is an in tri nsic current in humans or something tilat does not

need to be c1elined Certain of the art works is not more fo cus on th meaning or message

th at wan t to convey to the auc1 iences but Iocused on the ~ltthet i e and the form of

artwork such as kinetic art that relating to the mo vement of the motioll

Besides tbat art ist Ca lder (19-11) claims the movement i the nex t stage or cu lpture

The ea rlier sculpture wa more focus on the technique and the Iorl11 of the artwork but

todays sculp ture comb ine with the kinet ic ali become ki neti c sculpture that rd at ing to

the movement This kind of art form was incl uded in the contemporary art dnd more

interesting according to th e traditional sculptures

4

In conclus ion researcher collec ts the information about th e fea tures of the kinetic

art Consequentl y researcher wil l appl y these data and information in order to produce

the artwork

21 Visual Analysis

Visual ana lysis is the basic unit of the art hi story To identify and rea lize the visual

choices the artist made in crea ting th e artwork is the goa l of a visual a nalys is (TWP

Wnting Studi o Duke University nd ) (p 4) By observing and writing about separate

parts of the art object audience will come ou t a better understand ing to the whole art

object In addition Sma rdon (1986) (p 28) says that a lthough visual ana lysis is

impoliant to depict some aspects of a work of art but the purpose of a visual anal ysis

naturall y is found in the ana lytics Audience may told what did them saw but difficult

for them to realized it from technical and artistic perspective Hence vis ua l ana lysis is

important for reali ze a work in art

i Symmetry

Element symmetry implies a reflection of a picture - one side is the retlect picture

of the other Symmetry is ab le to happen when the picture is si milar on both sides from

the balancing point T he example of fonnal balance is symmetrical balance According

to lirousek (1995) symmetrical ba lance may be defi ned as had the simi lar weight at

the similar sides of the balancing point

ii Types of Symmetry

There had som e types of symmetry wh ich are near symmetry invelied symmetry

and biaxial symmetry

5

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

the machlne and technology in the modem world and partly to explore the nature of

vISion

11 Research Background

a Kinetic Art

According to the The AI1 StOlY Founda ti on (nd) the first experiments with mot ion

begin in year 1913 to 1920 by the construct ive traditions and dadaist al1ist Early

kinetic art was crea ted by Marcel Duchamp Bicycle Wheel in 19 13 was installed by

wheel tha t in verted on a stool Constructive artis ts like Naum Gabo and Antoine

Pevsner had use the word of kinetic art in their Realist ic Manifesto in 1920 in 1930

artist Laszlo Moholy-Nagy used kineti c to dep icted the machine movement in hi s

artwork which was Light Space Mod ulator

Kinetic art can be di vided into two types First which is refer toward to the shape

of the actual movemen t The other is the fOlmat ion is static but will be in the retina of

the motion perception in the formation of illusion Prior to the 20h cenlUlY the main

pUl1lose of kineti c art is to create most convenient and efficient way of life In 20h

century the developmen t of production technology was ongoi ng and increasing which

are tools materials and new mach inery (Guang 20 15)

12 Concept

The statement by TWP Wri ti ng Studio was the goal of visual ana lys is is to identify

and realize the visual chosen by the artist made in creating the artwork (nd) Ot her than

that although visual analysis is important to depict some aspec ts of a work of a11 but

the pUl1lose of a visual analysis naturally is fo und in the analytics (Gemma 20 14)

2

(p 15) Thus the elements in visual analysis are important in process to produce an

artwork and the selecti on of elements in visual anal ysis must discretion

As a resu lt the concept of the proposal is to produce an artwork that contains the

element of symmetry to present the equality in kinetic art

13 Research Objectives

I To identify the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

2 To apply the suitable methods for the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

3 To do an experiment on the findings in order to produce an artwork of kinetic art

that represent the equality

14 Research Questions

I How to crea te the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

2 What are the suitab le methods to app ly the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

3 How to apply the findings into the kinetic art so it will represent the equality

3

CHAPTER 2

LfTERATURE REVIEW

20 Kinetic Art

Ki neti c ali is an art fonn in the contemporary art that relating to the motion or

movement According to Mohol y- agy (1 947) (p 57) technology is the rea lity of

century nowadays such as crea tion construction and retent ion of machines As we can

see 21 51 century fult of high technology such as machines inventi on and etc these

already become one part of life for the people nowadays Mohol y-Nagy ( 1969) (p 60)

also claims that the transcendental spirituali sm of foretime was exchange by machine

Artwork nowadays almost produced by the machine or assist of high technology such as

kinetic art electronic art video art and etc

Duchall1p ( 1999) (p 98) says that the electricity ca nnot be defined by anyone Art

can also be sa id that it is an in tri nsic current in humans or something tilat does not

need to be c1elined Certain of the art works is not more fo cus on th meaning or message

th at wan t to convey to the auc1 iences but Iocused on the ~ltthet i e and the form of

artwork such as kinetic art that relating to the mo vement of the motioll

Besides tbat art ist Ca lder (19-11) claims the movement i the nex t stage or cu lpture

The ea rlier sculpture wa more focus on the technique and the Iorl11 of the artwork but

todays sculp ture comb ine with the kinet ic ali become ki neti c sculpture that rd at ing to

the movement This kind of art form was incl uded in the contemporary art dnd more

interesting according to th e traditional sculptures

4

In conclus ion researcher collec ts the information about th e fea tures of the kinetic

art Consequentl y researcher wil l appl y these data and information in order to produce

the artwork

21 Visual Analysis

Visual ana lysis is the basic unit of the art hi story To identify and rea lize the visual

choices the artist made in crea ting th e artwork is the goa l of a visual a nalys is (TWP

Wnting Studi o Duke University nd ) (p 4) By observing and writing about separate

parts of the art object audience will come ou t a better understand ing to the whole art

object In addition Sma rdon (1986) (p 28) says that a lthough visual ana lysis is

impoliant to depict some aspects of a work of art but the purpose of a visual anal ysis

naturall y is found in the ana lytics Audience may told what did them saw but difficult

for them to realized it from technical and artistic perspective Hence vis ua l ana lysis is

important for reali ze a work in art

i Symmetry

Element symmetry implies a reflection of a picture - one side is the retlect picture

of the other Symmetry is ab le to happen when the picture is si milar on both sides from

the balancing point T he example of fonnal balance is symmetrical balance According

to lirousek (1995) symmetrical ba lance may be defi ned as had the simi lar weight at

the similar sides of the balancing point

ii Types of Symmetry

There had som e types of symmetry wh ich are near symmetry invelied symmetry

and biaxial symmetry

5

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

(p 15) Thus the elements in visual analysis are important in process to produce an

artwork and the selecti on of elements in visual anal ysis must discretion

As a resu lt the concept of the proposal is to produce an artwork that contains the

element of symmetry to present the equality in kinetic art

13 Research Objectives

I To identify the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

2 To apply the suitable methods for the elements of symmetry in kinetic art

3 To do an experiment on the findings in order to produce an artwork of kinetic art

that represent the equality

14 Research Questions

I How to crea te the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

2 What are the suitab le methods to app ly the element of symmetry in kinetic ali

3 How to apply the findings into the kinetic art so it will represent the equality

3

CHAPTER 2

LfTERATURE REVIEW

20 Kinetic Art

Ki neti c ali is an art fonn in the contemporary art that relating to the motion or

movement According to Mohol y- agy (1 947) (p 57) technology is the rea lity of

century nowadays such as crea tion construction and retent ion of machines As we can

see 21 51 century fult of high technology such as machines inventi on and etc these

already become one part of life for the people nowadays Mohol y-Nagy ( 1969) (p 60)

also claims that the transcendental spirituali sm of foretime was exchange by machine

Artwork nowadays almost produced by the machine or assist of high technology such as

kinetic art electronic art video art and etc

Duchall1p ( 1999) (p 98) says that the electricity ca nnot be defined by anyone Art

can also be sa id that it is an in tri nsic current in humans or something tilat does not

need to be c1elined Certain of the art works is not more fo cus on th meaning or message

th at wan t to convey to the auc1 iences but Iocused on the ~ltthet i e and the form of

artwork such as kinetic art that relating to the mo vement of the motioll

Besides tbat art ist Ca lder (19-11) claims the movement i the nex t stage or cu lpture

The ea rlier sculpture wa more focus on the technique and the Iorl11 of the artwork but

todays sculp ture comb ine with the kinet ic ali become ki neti c sculpture that rd at ing to

the movement This kind of art form was incl uded in the contemporary art dnd more

interesting according to th e traditional sculptures

4

In conclus ion researcher collec ts the information about th e fea tures of the kinetic

art Consequentl y researcher wil l appl y these data and information in order to produce

the artwork

21 Visual Analysis

Visual ana lysis is the basic unit of the art hi story To identify and rea lize the visual

choices the artist made in crea ting th e artwork is the goa l of a visual a nalys is (TWP

Wnting Studi o Duke University nd ) (p 4) By observing and writing about separate

parts of the art object audience will come ou t a better understand ing to the whole art

object In addition Sma rdon (1986) (p 28) says that a lthough visual ana lysis is

impoliant to depict some aspects of a work of art but the purpose of a visual anal ysis

naturall y is found in the ana lytics Audience may told what did them saw but difficult

for them to realized it from technical and artistic perspective Hence vis ua l ana lysis is

important for reali ze a work in art

i Symmetry

Element symmetry implies a reflection of a picture - one side is the retlect picture

of the other Symmetry is ab le to happen when the picture is si milar on both sides from

the balancing point T he example of fonnal balance is symmetrical balance According

to lirousek (1995) symmetrical ba lance may be defi ned as had the simi lar weight at

the similar sides of the balancing point

ii Types of Symmetry

There had som e types of symmetry wh ich are near symmetry invelied symmetry

and biaxial symmetry

5

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

CHAPTER 2

LfTERATURE REVIEW

20 Kinetic Art

Ki neti c ali is an art fonn in the contemporary art that relating to the motion or

movement According to Mohol y- agy (1 947) (p 57) technology is the rea lity of

century nowadays such as crea tion construction and retent ion of machines As we can

see 21 51 century fult of high technology such as machines inventi on and etc these

already become one part of life for the people nowadays Mohol y-Nagy ( 1969) (p 60)

also claims that the transcendental spirituali sm of foretime was exchange by machine

Artwork nowadays almost produced by the machine or assist of high technology such as

kinetic art electronic art video art and etc

Duchall1p ( 1999) (p 98) says that the electricity ca nnot be defined by anyone Art

can also be sa id that it is an in tri nsic current in humans or something tilat does not

need to be c1elined Certain of the art works is not more fo cus on th meaning or message

th at wan t to convey to the auc1 iences but Iocused on the ~ltthet i e and the form of

artwork such as kinetic art that relating to the mo vement of the motioll

Besides tbat art ist Ca lder (19-11) claims the movement i the nex t stage or cu lpture

The ea rlier sculpture wa more focus on the technique and the Iorl11 of the artwork but

todays sculp ture comb ine with the kinet ic ali become ki neti c sculpture that rd at ing to

the movement This kind of art form was incl uded in the contemporary art dnd more

interesting according to th e traditional sculptures

4

In conclus ion researcher collec ts the information about th e fea tures of the kinetic

art Consequentl y researcher wil l appl y these data and information in order to produce

the artwork

21 Visual Analysis

Visual ana lysis is the basic unit of the art hi story To identify and rea lize the visual

choices the artist made in crea ting th e artwork is the goa l of a visual a nalys is (TWP

Wnting Studi o Duke University nd ) (p 4) By observing and writing about separate

parts of the art object audience will come ou t a better understand ing to the whole art

object In addition Sma rdon (1986) (p 28) says that a lthough visual ana lysis is

impoliant to depict some aspects of a work of art but the purpose of a visual anal ysis

naturall y is found in the ana lytics Audience may told what did them saw but difficult

for them to realized it from technical and artistic perspective Hence vis ua l ana lysis is

important for reali ze a work in art

i Symmetry

Element symmetry implies a reflection of a picture - one side is the retlect picture

of the other Symmetry is ab le to happen when the picture is si milar on both sides from

the balancing point T he example of fonnal balance is symmetrical balance According

to lirousek (1995) symmetrical ba lance may be defi ned as had the simi lar weight at

the similar sides of the balancing point

ii Types of Symmetry

There had som e types of symmetry wh ich are near symmetry invelied symmetry

and biaxial symmetry

5

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

In conclus ion researcher collec ts the information about th e fea tures of the kinetic

art Consequentl y researcher wil l appl y these data and information in order to produce

the artwork

21 Visual Analysis

Visual ana lysis is the basic unit of the art hi story To identify and rea lize the visual

choices the artist made in crea ting th e artwork is the goa l of a visual a nalys is (TWP

Wnting Studi o Duke University nd ) (p 4) By observing and writing about separate

parts of the art object audience will come ou t a better understand ing to the whole art

object In addition Sma rdon (1986) (p 28) says that a lthough visual ana lysis is

impoliant to depict some aspects of a work of art but the purpose of a visual anal ysis

naturall y is found in the ana lytics Audience may told what did them saw but difficult

for them to realized it from technical and artistic perspective Hence vis ua l ana lysis is

important for reali ze a work in art

i Symmetry

Element symmetry implies a reflection of a picture - one side is the retlect picture

of the other Symmetry is ab le to happen when the picture is si milar on both sides from

the balancing point T he example of fonnal balance is symmetrical balance According

to lirousek (1995) symmetrical ba lance may be defi ned as had the simi lar weight at

the similar sides of the balancing point

ii Types of Symmetry

There had som e types of symmetry wh ich are near symmetry invelied symmetry

and biaxial symmetry

5

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

a Nea r Symmetry

Near symmetry depends on the sym metry that by two parts are not the sa me Saw

(2002) claims th at the balance may no t be affected by minor changes there had more

diversity po tenti al and therefore more interest Symmetry will disappea r as long as the

edges become too diffe rence the balance had to base on othcr different ideas

b Inverted Symmetry

According to Saw (2002) inve l1ed symmetry create the symmetry by one half that

invel1ed such as the image on the playing card Although th is kind of symmetry had an

interesting changes but it may causes a clumsy balance

c Biaxial Sym metry

A composition of symmetry that ma y conta ins a lo t of ba lanc ing point Biax ial

symmetry utili zes two symmetry axes which are horizontal and vel1 ica l These w ill

ensure the ba lance such as right and left as well as top and boltom They may be the

same between the ri ght and left as well as top and bo ttom or elsc may be di ITerent

When the right and left as well as top and bottom are the same it may create the most

repetiti ve and regular image (Saw 2002 )

22 Concep t of Equa li ty

The s imple defi niti on of equa lit y is the quali ty o r s tate of hav ing the same rights

socia l s tatus etc In addi tion equality may refer to soc ial equality (economic equality

egalitarianism equal opponunity equality before the law equality of outcome Gender

equalit y LGBT equality Rac ia l equality) consociationa li s m equalit y Pa rty

(disambiguation) equa lity Act (disambiguation)

6

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

The principle of the equality means that the same incident shou ld be dealt with in

the same way while different events should be treated differently Otherwise people

may not be trea ted as di scriminatory unless there are reasonable and justifiab le reason s

This is a legal princ iple of the whole world Besides that nations and areas are regards

this rul e as a bas ic legal principle this is because the law must pay a ttention to everyone

since everyone is the same (Le Grand 1989) (p 47)

Equality between men and women gradua lly improved in society nowadays

Accordin g to Abdu l Baha (1982)

There must be an equality of rights between m en and women Women shall

receive an equal privilege of edu ca tion This w ill enable them to qu ali fy and

progress in all degrees of occupa tion and accompli shment For the world of

humanity possesses two w ings man and woman If one wing remains

incapab le and defecti ve it will restrict the power of the other and fu ll flight

will be impossib le Therefore the completeness and perfection of the human

world is dependent upon the equal development o f these two wi ngs (p 318)

Gender equality or sex equality advocated that men and women in th e political

economic social and family should be treated equally and should not discriminate

aga inst a party based on gender (lnglehart 2003) Bes ides that Esslcmont (1980) d a ims

that humanity is li ke a bird with its two wings - the one is ma le the other femal e

Unless both w ings are strong and impelled by some common force the bird cannot fly

heavenwards (p 147) Consequently the equality plays an imp0l1ant role in soc iety

nowadays

bull

7

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

I Symbol that can represent Equali ty

a Chinese Yin Yang

According to Venefica (2007) the symbol of the Chinese Yin Ya ng is represent s

the perfec t ba lance It seems that the concept of Yin Yang crea te th e overa ll Chinese

philosophy stems such as the interacti on of opposites and the seed of everyt hing For

example wicked originates from the d isorde rs of Yin Yang and great originates from

the two being in consonant adjust

In addition Hurley (nd ) mentioned that the symbo l of th e Chinese Yin Yang

defined as include concordance and balance among the universe They are the

foundat ion o f life and ex ist in sUlTounding us For example light and dark day and

night male and female ri ght and wrong and etc

b Libra

T he symbol of L ibra is refers to the sign o f the balance justice and hannony Apart

fro m thi s the symbol or glyph of Libra represent sunsets It may a lso be thought as be

like an equal sym bol or mo re prec isely a roughly equal to symbol Once more the

glyph of Libra rep resents comparison and ba lance (Kalyan i 2009)

8

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

23 Referencing Artworks

The artists that researcher chose was Jeffrey Laudenslager John King and Anthony

Howe George Rickey and Judy Chicago

i Chalice Orpheus and Med usa

Figure 231 Chali ce Orpheus and Medusa (2015)

Researcher chose one of the a11work that had contains the element of the symbol Yin

Yang and symmetrical balance by th e artist Jeffrey Laudenslager Rudi (2015) had

stated Jeffrey Laudenslager with the at1work that consists of symmetrica l balance In

Chalice Orpheus and Medusa (see Figure I) artist Ieffrey Laudenslager used the

stainless steel and titan ium then create a hooks balance on a thin rafter it is 22 - foot

The artwork involved the geomet ri c shapes joined and balanced it act iva te with the

fl ow of w ind He often lIsed the Yin Yang type symbol circle squares bulks-eye and

9

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

etc th e tim e when each of them move th ere convey the different characteri sti c and

form He describes his artwork as benign movers which prefer the slow-wielding with

his larger element different to other kinetic art that usually used rapidly sp inning

secti on with smaller part In addition Laudenslager wan ted to view object move and

floa t his kinetic art currently move like Yin Ya ng

ii Ying Yang

Figure 232 Ying Ya ng (20 16)

Seltzer (20 16) reported a kinet ic art wo rk tha t conta ins the symbol of eastelll Yin

Yang In Yin Ya ng (see Figure 2) arti st l ohn K ing used the symbol of Yin Yang as

the subject matter in his kinetic sculpture artwork T lle kinetic sculpture is 14 feet hi gh

and it s activa ted with the wind power display the ancient eastem Yin and Yang

symbols The movement of the sculpture showcase a symmetry situation that was had

the va lue aesthetic This artwork was loca ted at the Intemati ona l Kinetic Art Exhibition

in Boynton Beach FL at 20 16

10

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

iii Kinetic Sculptures Flow Organically with the Wind

Figure 233 Kine tic Sculptures Flow Organically wi th the Wind (2013)

Hosmer (20 13) repot1ed that certa in kinetic artwork that produced by artist

Anthony Howe Art is t Anthony Howe prod uces kinetic sculptures by using the outdoor

setting which are s tand glistening or suspended (see Figure 3) Howe creates the variety

of symmetrical balance like shape and fOtm by using stainless steel and fib erglass The

movement of the sculpture activa ted by the natural environment that reflected by the

11

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12

sunlight and w ind

The sculpture is 17 fee t hi gh it using the power of w ind to rotate in an organic

ci rcular to create the harmony moti on Th e complex balance of th e three-dim ensional

sculpture produces a fascinating pattern in which audiences can watch for hours Howe

stated that he expect to accompli sh a racket scene when the wind pick up against the

aesthetic value when the condition is still

iv Two Rectangles Eccentric

Figure 234 Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (1978)

YFA (nd) stated a kinetic sculpture by arti st George Rickey that contains the

e lement symmetrical balance In Two Trapezo ids Eccentric One Up One Down (see

12