The Effects of Parental Self Disclosure and Connection on Relationship Satisfaction, Social...
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Transcript of The Effects of Parental Self Disclosure and Connection on Relationship Satisfaction, Social...
The Effects of Parental Self Disclosure and Connection on
Relationship Satisfaction, Social Initiative and Self Esteem.
Introduction • As children approach adolescence they will face
the difficult challenges of identity development and the formation of interpersonal relationships.
• Success in meeting these challenges will depend in part on their self-esteem and social competencies.
• Empirical evidence suggests that children with low self-esteem are more likely to struggle with depression, anxiety, academic performance, delinquency, and other problems which negatively impact interpersonal and identity development .
• Similarly, deficits in social competencies in children have been related to illegal drug use, academic performance, depression, and other psychological and social problems.
Introduction II
• As primary socializers of children, fathers and mothers are most influential in the formation of a child’s identity and development of interpersonal relationship skills.
• Within the parent-child relationship children have their first opportunities and experiences relative to their identity and social development.
• Positive experiences within healthy and functional parent-child relationships prepare children for the eventual broadening of their interpersonal relationships and self concept development.
Parenting Factors Impacting Child Development
• Connection. The child’s sense of a positive, consistent, and stable interpersonal bond between himself and his parent that is based on the parent’s behaviors towards him. (social & confidence)
• Parental Self-Disclosure. Parent’s communications about themselves to their children that are not generally known and are not available to the children. (unknown)
• Relationship Satisfaction. In this study it refers to the child’s overall rating of how satisfied they are in their relationship with their parent. (social skills)
Child Outcome Measures
• Self-Esteem. The child’s global evaluative sense of self. This variable is often referred to as self-acceptance, self-worth, or self-image in the literature.
• Social Initiative. The extend to which the child seeks out relationships or social interaction with other individuals including peers and adults.
Hypotheses:1. Mothers would self-disclosing more than fathers.2. Mothers would self-disclose more to daughters while fathers
would self-disclose more to their sons. 3. Parental self-disclosure and parental connection would have
a positive and significant relationship.4. Parental self-disclosure would have a positive effect on
relationship satisfaction, child self-esteem, and child social initiative.
5. Parental self-disclosure would have an indirect and positive effect on child self-esteem and child social initiative by way of relationship satisfaction.
6. Parental connection would have a positive effect on relationship satisfaction, child self-esteem, and child social initiative.
7. Parental connection would have an indirect and positive effect on child self-esteem and child social initiative by way of relationship satisfaction
8. Parent-child relationship satisfaction would have a positive and direct effect on child self-esteem and social initiative.
FatherConnection
Father Self- Disclosure
Mother Self-Disclosure
Mother-ChildConnection
Father-ChildRelationshipSatisfaction
Mother-ChildRelationshipSatisfaction
Self-Esteem
SocialInitiative
Figure 1. Hypothesized Model of Parenting and Youth Outcomes
Demographics
Demographics of Subjects
Description Fifth Grade(N= 294)
Eighth Grade(N=306)
Age Mean= 10.75SD= .59Range= 9-13
Mean= 13.66SD= .59Range= 9-15
GenderMale Female
54.4% (n=160)45.6% (n= 134)
44.4% (n=136)55.6% (n=170)
RaceAmerican IndianBlackMexicanLatin AmericanAsian AmericanWhiteOther
4.8% 1.7%16.2% 1.0% 1.4%65.3% 9.6%
2.3% 1.0%13.7% 1.0% .7%78.1% 3.3%
Religious PreferenceProtestantRoman CatholicLDS (Mormon)JewishOther No preference
5.1%14.6%47.3% .3% 8.8%17.0%
3.0%13.4%54.4% .7% 8.7%19.8%
IncomeUnder $9000$9000 to $14900$15000 to $18999$19000 to $24999$25000 to $34900$35000 to $49000$50000 and OverNot Employed
8.3% 9.9% 7.5%16.1%25.2%15.3%11.6% 6.2%
8.7% 7.5% 4.8% 9.4%32.6%19.5%13.1% 4.5%
Parental Self-Disclosure
Parental Self-Disclosure assessment
How much has your father told you about the experiences and feelings he had when he was ateenager (ages 12-18)?1 Almost nothing.2 Very little.3 Some.4 Quite a bit.
How much has your mother told you about the experiences and feelings she had when she was ateenager (ages 12-18)?1 Almost nothing.2 Very little.3 Some.4 Quite a bit.
Connection assessment
1= not like her/him2=somewhat like her/him3=a lot like her/him
My Mother or Father is a person who.....
1. makes me feel better after talking over my worries with her/him.
2. smiles at me very often.
3. is able to make me feel better when I am upset.
4. enjoys doing things with me.
5. cheers me up when I am sad.
6. gives me a lot of care and attention.
7. makes me feel like the most important person in her/his life.
8. believes in showing her/his love for me.
9. often praises me.
10. is easy to talk to.
Quality of Parent-Child Relationship
Parent Child Relationship Satisfaction assessment
How would you rate your relationship with your mother? (Circle the number that best describesyour relationship).
Poor Excellent1 2 3 4 5 6 7
How would you rate your relationship with your father? (Circle the number that best describesyour relationship).
Poor Excellent1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Communication Openness Assessment
1= strongly agree2= agree3= neither agree nor disagree4= disagree5= strongly disagree
How much do you agree with the following statements: (Leave it blank if you do not have amother or father you have regular contact with).
1. I can discuss my beliefs with my father/mother without feeling restrained or embarrassed.
2. I am very satisfied with how my father/mother and I talk together.
3. If I were in trouble, I could tell my father/mother
Self-Esteem assessment
1=strongly agree2=agree3=neither agree or disagree4=disagree5=strongly disagree
Below are some statements that describe how people feel about themselves. Please circlethe number that best describes how you feel about yourself.
1. I am able to do things as well as most people.
2. I certainly feel useless at times.
3. At times I think I am no good at all.
4. On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.
5. I feel I do not have much to be proud of.
6. I wish I could have more respect for myself
7. I take a positive attitude toward myself.
8. I feel that I have a number of good qualities.
9. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure.
10. I feel that I’m a person of worth at least on an equal plane with others.
Social Initiative assessment
1= never/almost never true2=a little3=sometimes4=quite often5=very often/always true
1. I enjoy doing things and talking with peers.
2. I share feelings and ideas with peers.
3. I am comfortable joking with teachers and staff.
4. I help other students in need.
5. I join in classroom discussions.
6. I talk with adults at school.
7. I ask questions when I don’t understand someone.
Table 3. Means, Standard Deviations, and Ranges for all Variables by Age
FIFTH (N) = 294 EIGHTH (N) = 306
SD RANGE SD RANGE
FDISC * 2.57 1.08 1 - 4 2.68 1.01 1 - 4
FCON *** 2.44 .44 1 - 3 2.20 .54 1 - 3
FSAT ** 6.04 1.48 1 - 7 5.05 1.74 1 - 7
MDISC * 2.78 1.04 1 - 4 2.95 .97 1 - 4
MCON *** 2.59 .36 1 - 3 2.42 .48 1 - 3
MSAT 6.32 1.16 1 - 7 5.75 1.27 1 - 7
ESTM 3.54 .65 1.50-5.0 3.64 .68 1.60-5.00
SOCI ** 3.30 .84 1 - 5 3.08 .69 1 - 5FDISC= father self-disclosure, FCON= father connection, FSAT= father-child relationshipsatisfaction, MDISC= mother self-disclosure, MCON= mother-child connection, MSAT=mother-child relationship satisfaction, ESTM= child self-esteem, SOCI= child social intiative. *p< .05; ** p< .01; *** p< .001.
Table 2. Means, Standard Deviations, and Ranges for all Variables by Child Gender
SONS (N) = 296 DAUGHTERS (N) = 304
SD RANGE SD RANGE
FDISC 2.60 1.04 1 - 4 2.65 1.04 1 - 4
FCON 2.35 .50 1 - 3 2.29 .52 1 - 3
FSAT * 5.80 1.56 1 - 7 5.28 1.76 1 - 7
MDISC ** 2.57 1.01 1 - 4 3.15 .92 1 - 4
MCON 2.50 .44 1 - 3 2.51 .43 1 - 3
MSAT 6.04 1.25 1 - 7 6.01 1.25 1 - 7
ESTM 3.62 .67 1.50-5.0 3.57 .67 1.60-5.00
SOCI 3.11 .82 1 - 5 3.26 .73 1 - 5FDISC= father self-disclosure, FCON= father connection, FSAT= father-child relationshipsatisfaction, MCON= mother-child connection, MDISC= mother self-disclosure, MSAT=mother-child relationship satisfaction, ESTM= child self-esteem, SOCI= child social intiative. *p< .05; ** p< .01; *** p< .001.
Table 4. Bivariate Correlations among Parenting and Youth Outcome Variables by Gender ofChild
FDISC FCON FSAT MDISC MCON MSAT ESTM SOCI
FDISC .35** .28** .32** .10 .01 .14** .14**
FCON .24** .60** .08 .50** .23** .22** .27**
FSAT .29** .68* .04 .30** .49** .23** .13*
MDISC .20** .01 -.04 .30** .14* .12* .04
MCON .11 .55** .33** .26** .56** .24** .22**
MSAT .13* .36** .48** .24** .61** .17** .12*
ESTM .03 .38** .26** .10 .38** .27** .22**
SOCI .13* .24** .23** .02 .16** .22** .18**NOTE: Correlation for males are above the diagonal; correlations for females are below thediagonal; * p < .05, ** p < .01; FDISC= father disclosure, FCON= father connection, FSAT=father-child relationship satisfaction, MCON= mother-child connection, MDISC= motherdisclosure, MSAT= mother-child relationship satisfaction, ESTM= child self-esteem, SOCI=child social esteem.
FatherConnection
Father Self- Disclosure
Mother Self-Disclosure
Mother-ChildConnection
Father-ChildRelationshipSatisfaction
Mother-ChildRelationshipSatisfaction
Self-Esteem
SocialInitiative
.05
.10
-.04
.08
.24**
-.08
.17**
.05
.06
-.06
.03
-.05
.10
.55***
.30***
.60***
-.03 -.03
.02
.32***
.35***
.10
.08
.50***
.15
Figure 2. Model of Parenting and Youth Outcomes for Sons
-.01
FatherConnection
Father Self- Disclosure
Mother Self-Disclosure
Mother-ChildConnection
Father-ChildRelationshipSatisfaction
Mother-ChildRelationshipSatisfaction
Self-Esteem
SocialInitiative
.16*
-.04
-.02
.07 .17
.03
.02
.20**
.05
-.08
.05
-.03
-.06
.14**
.67***
.25***
.55***
.09 .04
.26**
.20***
.24***
.11
.01
.55***
.02
Figure 3. Model of Parenting and Youth Outcomes for Daughters
N= 304*p< .05**p< .01***p < .001
FatherConnection
Father Self- Disclosure
Mother Self-Disclosure
Mother-ChildConnection
Father-ChildRelationshipSatisfaction
Mother-ChildRelationshipSatisfaction
Self-Esteem
SocialInitiative
.04
.09
.03
.05
.22**
.01
.07
.09
-.07
-.02
.01
-.07
.17***
.46***
.27**
.42***
-.03 .08
.24**
.25***
.27***
.07
.04
.56***
.01
Figure 4. Model of Parenting and Youth Outcomes for Fifth
N= 294*p< .05**p< .01***p < .001
.10
FatherConnection
Father Self- Disclosure
Mother Self-Disclosure
Mother-ChildConnection
Father-ChildRelationshipSatisfaction
Mother-ChildRelationshipSatisfaction
Self-Esteem
SocialInitiative
.18*
-.08
-.01
.15*
.21**
-.15
.32***
-.03
-.01
-.02
-.01
-.10*
.13**
.65***
.40***
.65***
.09 -.06
.05
.25***
.36***
.16**
.05
.47***
.25**
Figure 5. Model of Parenting and Youth Outcomes for eighth
N= 306*p< .05**p< .01***p< .001
-.02
Conclusions
• Mother’s disclose more
• Father disclosure is predictive
• Absence of literature on parental-disclosure
• Connection with father influences self-esteem and social initiative. Connection with mother only impacts self-esteem.