The Effects of ComputersPervasive in all professionsHow have computers affected my life?InternetComputer Literacyknowing how to use the computerknowing capabilities and limits

computer system overview

History of ComputersFirst Generation computers (1951-1958) vacuum tubes used large amounts of electricity, heat large and expensive1946 - ENIAC - computed trajectories for U.S. Army1951 - UNIVAC - first commercially available computer

computer system overview

Second Generation computers (1959-1963)Transistors,less heat,more reliable, less expensiveThird Generation computers (1964-1970)integrated circuits,less heat, higher speed Fourth Generation computers (1971-?)microprocessor Fifth Generation computers1981 Personal Computer, PCToday - cheaper, smaller, better reasoning?

computer system overview

Computer DifferencesMicrocomputers pcsingle userMinicomputer Systemsmultiuser, typical - 20 terminalsMainframeSupercomputer

computer system overview

HardwareI/O and Storage DevicesProcessor UnitCPU - central processing unitbrain executes the instructions (program) stored in memoryarithmetic logic unit (ALU) - operations and computationscontrol section- executes instructionsprimary storage section - main memory holds data and active programRAM - random access memory

computer system overview

Machine cycleFetch control unit fetches instruction from memoryDecode translate instruction into signalsExecuteALU performs operationStore

computer system overview

SoftwareSystem SoftwareOperating System - software that controls overall operation of computerProgramming EnvironmentEditorCompilerInterpreterLinkerdebuggerApplications Software

computer system overview

Programming LanguageMachine language binary coded instructions operation code - typical machine 50-200operand - data or addressexa: 110011 - add instructionAssembly language symbolic machine languagelow-level, machine dependentRequires assemblerexa: ADD

computer system overview

Assembly Language Exa:COMP$PAYPROC PUBLIC;;COMP$PAY - procedure to compute gross pay ;(PAY = HOURS * RATE)MOVAX,HOURS; multiplicandMULRATE+2; X second word of multiplierMOVPAY+2,AX; store the product in PAY;MOVAX,HOURS; multiplicandMULRATE; times first word of multiplierADDPAY+2,AX; add the product to PAYADDPAY,DX; add the carry, if anyRET; end procedure

computer system overview

programming language cont'dhigh levelmachine independent standardized official description of the language existsEnglish-likecompiler - translates high-level language into machine codeinterpreted - examined one line at a timeportableseparate compiler is required for each language on each computer

computer system overview

LanguagesBASIC FORTRAN COBOLPASCALC,C++ADALISPjava

computer system overview

Computer ScienceScience of information representation and managementTechnology of computersThe way information is structured and managedSystematic study of those algorithms which describe and transform information: the underpinning theory, analysis, planning, efficiency, realization, and applicationComputer is the tool

computer system overview

Software engineeringEngineeringProject managementPersonnel managementProgramming language designComputer ArchitectureArtificial Intelligence

computer system overview

technologyTechnology externalizing human abilities into the things we makeParadigm form or model evidencing a single theme or patternParadigm shiftWhole new ways of thinking emergeNew bodies of knowledge emergeChaosShift in powerChanges in the form of human expression

computer system overview

The Computing PerspectiveAlgorithmic conception of phenomenaSimulation and experimentationAbstraction

computer system overview