THE EFFECT ON THE USE OF RICE HUSK CONCRETE BRICK WALL ... · Witarso reached 21.45 kg/cm2 SNI 03...

THE EFFECT ON THE USE OF RICE HUSK CONCRETE BRICK WALL

AGAINST THE THERMAL CONDITIONS OF HOUSING ROOM

Tri Endangsih, M.Ars, and Hakim, M.Pd

Faculty of Engineering of Universitas Budi Luhur

Jl. Ciledug Raya, Petukangan Utara, Jakarta Selatan-Indonesia

ABSTRACT

External part of building wall is an influencing part to thermal condition, due to

direct contact with its surroundings or its environment. Therefore, material used for wall will

affect thermal condition of building. In this research, Rice Hull Concrete Brick material and

Pure Concrete Brick material are applied to investigate which material is energy efficient in

order to obtain low temperature of building.Rice Hull Concrete Brick hencenforth is called

BBSP which is an alternative material for wall, is a concrete made of cement, sand, water

and additional rice hull. Bandung is one city with tropical temperature and one big rice

supplier in Indonesia. Annual massive harvesting has caused unused material i.e. rice hull in

big amount as well. This residue material can be implemented as wall material of a building

for maintaining low temperature.Experimental method is used to investigate applied

materials in the laboratory and then apply thermodack temperature measurement. The aim of

this research is to compare between temperatures of wall that apply BBSP and BBM. In

order to get this, several parameters are measured include material conductivity value,

measurement point, peak temperature, optimum comfort time and oriented direction. It is

found that thermal condition of BBSP wall is better or lower than wall applied BBM.

Keywords: BBSP wall, BBM wall, Thermal condition, house

I. Background

The primary function of architecture is able to create a better living environment. This

can be done by utilizing the existing climate unsurunsur such as wind, air temperature and the

other, so that eventually people can gain comfort that is expected. One form of comfort that is

needed by the human thermal comfort particularly thermal conditions related to air

temperature.

Thermal comfort is one form of physical comfort that can not be seen but can only be

felt and cause thermal condition factor often overlooked by an architect in the design process.

Though there is a certain comfort area restrictions that must be met in order for the human

body can perform minimally setting mechanism, so people can conduct their activities well in

a container that has been provided. To determine the thermal conditions of a building needs a

certain size that became the benchmark against the elements in architectural design

Thermal comfort is influenced by two factors: physical factors (air temperature,

humidity, wind speed) and non-physical factors (gender, age or age, clothing worn, type of

activity that is being done)1. Basically the most important factor in executing a plan to get the

building thermal comfort of humans and their needs, the influence of climate, and building

materials.

Building shell in this case the wall is a highly influential element in the thermal

conditions of a building, because it is the part that is directly related to the external climate or

outdoor environment around the building. So this type of material used for the walls will

greatly affect the thermal conditions obtained in the building. There are various kinds of

1

Surjatmanto, "Climate and Architecture", Architectural Engineering Department of ITB, Bandung things. 31, 2000

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 116 No. 24 2017, 467-485ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.ijpam.euSpecial Issue ijpam.eu

467

materials that can be used as a wall on a residential building or other buildings, such as red

brick and wood. We do not have to always use the material as the walls, because there are

other alternatives that can be used as a wall of brick concrete houses (conblock). Conblock is

a continuation of the concrete block2. which in Indonesian language means concrete brick

made from a mixture of cement and sand and water without other additives3. A study

conducted at the Center for Materials Research Building Bandung make the development of

concrete bricks by adding rice husks as an additional aggregate concrete blocks called rice

husk.

Concrete brick Rice Husk hereinafter referred BBSP is an alternative building

material for walls, concrete is made from a mixture of cement and sand and water with

additional material rice husk as basic materials. Manufacturing process is the same as brick-

making process that is printed pure concrete, compacted with a vibrating machine and dried

in natural conditions. Type of material used for the walls will greatly affect the thermal

conditions obtained in the building.

So far research on concrete blocks with a mix of new rice hulls at the stage of

structural testing, such as brick concrete compressive strength testing of rice husk by WAS.

Witarso reached 21.45 kg/cm2 SNI 03-6821-2002 which meet the standards of quality class

IV requires at least 20 kg/cm2. In terms of structural BBSP been tested and applied as a wall

of the building and in terms of convenience of use as a wall BBSP (particularly thermal

conditions in buildings) are also important for humans, for its application to the research on

thermal conditions (air tempertaur).

BBSP can be called "local material" because the materials are essentially derived

from the surrounding area. In terms of the potential for almost the entire area of Indonesia has

the technical irrigation rice field with at least two harvests a year. For example the region of

Java island on average per year of waste rice husk can produce approximately 12.5 million

tons per year, one of the rice-producing areas in the island of Java is Bandung regency.

Nearly 20% of the district with an area of 309,207.93 ha Bandung used as paddy fields4. Of

the 42 districts in Bandung regency II, there are 38 districts which are rice farms. With these

data indicate that the potential of rice husk is quite large. Related to the potential of rice husk

that is large enough that can be used as a building wall material that allows people the

convenience aspect (particularly thermal conditions) is very important but until now to test

the direction of comfort (especially the thermal conditions) have not been investigated.

II. RESEARCH ISSUES

Waste is waste rice husks from rice mills. In the district of Bandung waste rice

hulls are relatively abundant. Many products can be produced from waste rice hulls,

particularly for building materials. 5 Based on research at the Center for Research and

Development of Settlements Bandung (Research) of waste rice husks can be used as

building material in the form of concrete bricks. Research conducted during this new

aspect of his power, among others, as the walls of the residence. Aspects of comfort

(thermal conditions, especially air temperature) is also one important aspect in the

residence. The problem is that the effect of the use of thermal conditions BBSP has never

been in meticulous, so need to be investigated how the thermal conditions BBSP when

2

Concrete blocks adalah terbuat dari beton tuang, yaitu semen, agregat, pasir and kerikir berbentuk balok

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_masonry_unit di akses 9 oktober 2010) 3

Center for Research and Technological Development Building Materials' Development of Local Waste for Building Materials in Serdang

Kab.Deli "Cileunyi Bandung 2003 4

BPN Bandung regency 11, 2009

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

468

used as building material. Will be able to compare the use of BBSP is more convenient

than using Pure Concrete Brick hereinafter referred to as fuel.

III. RESEARCH'S BENEFIT AND OBJECTIVE

The goal of research conducted are:

1. To find out about changes in air temperature that occur in space using BBSP wall and

compare it with the use of wall space fuel.

2. To determine the thermal comfort adjusted to the standard MOM research for people of

Indonesia on the wall material and the wall Fuel BBSP.

Benefits of the research conducted is:

1. This research is expected to develop science-related technology building wall materials

related to thermal comfort in buildings.

2. Being a real input in terms of conditioned space by exploiting the potential of natural as

possible and taken into consideration for the use of concrete brick material rice husk as

an alternative wall.

IV. THEORY REVIEW

A. Thermal comfort

The primary function of architecture is able to create a better living environment. This can be

done by utilizing the elements of the existing climate such as wind, air temperature and the

other, so that eventually people can gain comfort that is expected. One form of comfort that is

needed by the human thermal comfort.

1. Moist Tropical Climate Conditions

Climate is one factor that affects the design of the building. A building should

be able to reduce the influence of adverse climatic and take advantage of a favorable

influence for building users. In general, the climate can be divided into two namely:

macro climate and microclimate. Macro climate is the overall incidence

meteorologist in the atmosphere is also influenced by the topography of the earth

and civilization changes dipermukaanya, macro climate associated with a large

room such as the State, continents and oceans. Microclimate associated with the

limited space of buildings, streets, small parks or city5.

Humid tropical characterized by the air humidity is relatively high around 90%,

high rainfall, and temperature annual average of around 23 ⁰C, which can be

increased up to 38 ⁰C in summer, the differences between seasons are relatively

small there is a period of little rain and periods of rain accompanied by strong

winds.Humid tropics lies between north latitude 15 ⁰and 15 ⁰latitude south.

Indonesia lies in the general area where the equator is the hottest area is the area that

receive most of the equatorial solar radiation. The average temperature in Indonesia

ranges between 22 º C to 32 º C with little fariasi each year6.

To be able to design a building that responds to climate change need to know

the pattern of daily, monthly and even yearly climate of the magnitude of the place

where the building will be designed7. The general nature of Indonesia's tropical

climate is humid air temperature is relatively hot, high intensity of solar radiation

5

Kusumawanto wise, "Study On Thermal Comfort Conditions tropical Building

Moist "p. 15, 1996 6

Kusumawanto wise, "Study On Thermal Comfort Conditions tropical Building

Moist "p. 15, 1996 7

Kusumawanto, “Kajian Tentang Kondisi Kenyamanan Termal Bangunan Didaerah Tropis

Lembab” hal 15, 1996


469

and high humidity. More specific information regarding the humid tropical climate

can be stated as follows8:

a. Temperature: Maximum average is between 27 ° C -32 ° C

Minimum average is between 20 ° C -23 ° C

b. Average air humidity was 75% -80%.

c. Yearlong rainfall between 1000mm-5000mm

d. Generally cloudy sky conditions with cloud amount between 60% - 90%

e. Sky luminance for the whole sky covered with thin clouds high enough, is

able to reach more than 7000 kandela / m², while the thick clouds

completely covered about 850 kandela / m².

f. Average wind speed is low about 2-4 m / sec.

2. Thermal conditions in buildings

Thermal conditions that would occur in the building will be determined by the

thermal performance of buildings and climate conditions on which the building is

located. As an example for the climate like in Bandung with air temperature as

shown in Figure 1 is the air temperature at the macro climate.

Figure 1. Average air temperature for 2003-2007 in bandung

(Source: BMG Bandung 2003-2007)

Changes in temperature is 1:16 ° with the maximum temperature in May and minimum

temperature that occurred in July. For the temperature around the building can be higher or

lower depending on the circumstances surrounding buildings are a lot of shade trees and no

grass or lawn surface. As in figure 2 below:

8

Soegijanto, "Buildings in Indonesia with a Moist Tropical Climate in terms of aspects of physics

building "case :8-9, 2000 yr


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Figure 2. (a) air temperature macro climate (b) and (c) ambient air temperature around buildings

(Source: Soegijanto, 2000)

If desired indoor air is relatively constant at approximately the desired

temperature, then this can be achieved by using a system of air or a so-called active

control or mechanical control. But in this study is to be in the meticulous control that

uses the building itself (material) or the so-called passive control.

Air temperature can be achieved with passive control is to reduce the

occurrence time and magnitude of hot temperatures, as shown in Figure 3 below9:

Figure 3. Indoor air temperature compared with outside air temperature t0 (1) without

attention to passive control, (2) with respect to penendalian passive, (3) with active

control

(Source: Soegijanto, 2000).

Passive control effort does not always expectedto produce the desired thermal

conditions throughout the day, because the elements of the building and surrounding

environment has a thermal-control capabilities are limited. Nevertheless it is expected

that the designers of passive control of buildings doing business as closely as

possible, taking advantage of natural events and properties - properties of building

materials.

3. Heat exchange in the building with the surrounding environment.

As a result of solar radiation and the activities therein, buildings receive and

release heat that will affect the condition of the space. In connection with the building

thermal comfort conditions will affect the heat transfer directly to the body of people

inside the building. Building mutually accept and release heat as well as activities inside

the environment and human bodies that are in the building will also receive and release

heat as well as in his own environment.

Acquisition and expenditure can heat the heat transfer occurs through the events

as follows:

9

Soegijanto, "Buildings in Indonesia with a Moist Tropical Climate in terms of aspects of physics

building "year 2000 p. 102


471

Figure 4. Heat transfer in buildings

Sources: Surjamanto, 2000

a. QK conduction heat transfer through the walls and roof of the building with the

entrance and exit buildings also referred to the conduction of heat from the floor.

b. Convection heat transfer, qv which occurs due to air flow in and out through vents

and windows instead.

c. Short-wave radiation heat transfer from solar radiation Qr.

d. Qp heat transfer due to evaporation that occurs because the process of evaporation of

water that wet the surface of the outer walls and roof.

e. Qi internal heat generated by indoor heat sources such as the occupants and

equipment that can produce heat.

Figure 4 shows the process of heat transfer in buildings where the heat in the building

obtained through evaporation, through the walls of the building, through the heat of the sun,

through the use of a mechanical device, or the acquisition of internal heat as well as through

the state with its environment.

Figure 5.Space heating and cooling in buildings.

(Source: surjamanto, 2000).

During the day there is a process of heating and at night the release of heat (cooling)

the cooling process in sequence on a one-story building still effective but not for much-story

building. Radiation inhibits convection air mass, a condition called a thermos effect.

Building form and thickness of materials used can affect the propagation of heat in

the building. Buildings with a thin wall material will deliver a building rather than having a


472

thick wall. Likewise, a large building with a space or k space that small wall will keep a

greater heat, while buildings with r hot and cool more slowly. Hence for a small building

using the wall material with heat capacity (the ability to store heat) is small, and conductivity

(the ability to channel heat) large. Vice versa with a large building.

The amount of heat transfer that occurs in buildings affected by the nature of building

materials. The properties are adalah10:

a. Thermal conductivity of building materials, k (watts / m ° C).

b. Surface conductance, h (watts / m². ° C).

c. Specific heat capacity of building materials, c (joules / kg. ° C).

d. Absorptansi α for long and short wave radiation.

Other properties that affect the magnitude of heat transfer is mass density (kg / m³) and

thickness (m) material.

a. Thermal conductivity.

Thermal conductivity is the nature of the material that determines the heat flow per

time unit by way of conduction through a unit thickness of material with a

temperature difference on both sides 1 ° C, the magnitude of the heat conductivity of

building materials may change with the water content in the material.

b. Surface conductance.

Surface conductance is the flow of heat from one surface to the air or from air to

surface. The amount of surface conductance is influenced by the nature of the surface

roughness and color, and surface wind speed and temperature.

c. Heat capacity.

Specific heat capacity of a material is the heat required to raise the temperature of a

material by 1 ° C. Heat capacity for each material is different, but overall a heavier

material has a higher heat capacity. Heat capacity of building envelope materials

greatly affect the thermal conditions within buildings for buildings using passive

control.

d. Absorption (absorption) is the ability of objects absorb solar radiation.

4. Thermal comfort in the Building.

Thermal comfort is the condition of a person who expresses a sense of satisfaction /

comfort on the thermal environment. Thermal environment is the environmental

characteristics that lead a person to lose heat from its body. Thermal comfort is

influenced by environmental factors and human factors. Environmental factors consist of

air temperature (water temperature), humidity (relative humidity), wind velocity (water

velocity), and mean - mean surface temperature of space (Surface Mean Radiant

Temperature). As for the human factor, namely the metabolic rate (metabolic rate), and

clothing worn (clothing insulation)14

.

Physical factors affecting thermal comfort in buildings include:

a. Temperature (T)

Normal daily air temperature conditions showed that the highest heat is achieved

approximately two hours after noon because of the direct solar radiation when it

joined with the air temperature is already high. Therefore there is the addition of

greatest heat padanfasade west of a building. As a general rule can be considered that

the highest temperature about 2 hours after the position of the sun's highest and lowest

temperatures of about 1 s / d 2 hour before sunrise. The temperature has started rising

again before the sun rises due to the spread of radiation in the sky.

As many as 43% of solar radiation reflected back, 57% is absorbed by the atmosphere

is 14% and 43% by the earth's surface. Most of the absorbed radiation reflected back

into the air, especially after sunset, at night heat loss can be prevented with the use of


473

materials that absorb heat, with the right materials and use of radiation time shift can

be created behind the pleasant conditions in the room.

Heat requirements in a construction mainly depends on the exchange of heat between

the outer wall and the surrounding area, while the direct irradiation of a wall depends

on its orientation to the sun. In the tropics, east and west facade most exposed to solar

radiation but can indirectly affect the radiation from all directions on the building

facade or caused by clouds covering the sky.

Several types of material to absorb a portion of solar radiation, other types of

reflective heat occurs primarily in dindingdinding freshly painted with white chalk

will absorb the heat no more than 20% of solar radiation while the walls are painted

has long been absorbing a lot more. Part of the heat radiation or solar radiation that is

not reflected but absorbed by a material will heat the material. In a building that

received this summer will push into the room through the roof and walls if not

prevented. 80%. If the skin feels very sticky and stale air (heavy pressure), then the

RH above 90%.

b. Air flow (WV).

Air movement occurs due to the different heating. The scale ranges from a gentle

breeze to hurricane, the wind force 0 s / d 12 Beaufort scale. In the comfort zone,

wind speed entering the building must be reduced to 25% (especially for speed of 4 m

/ sec) or 10% (at all speeds). At the effective temperature of high-value and required

speed of 3.5 m / s in wind speed outside the building must achieve a 5.4 m / dt for a

change of 65% and 11 m / dt for a change of 32%. If the wind conditions do not allow

the required additional treatment, ie the cooling effect of wind towers and buoyancy

(buoyant force) by raising the ceiling.

Wind the same as moving air, the wind will flow through the cavity of the heat into

cool. The wind speed can be reduced by vegetation. Measuring wind speeds can be

done with the anemometer. However, except for those whose profession is to measure

wind speed, the tool is often not tersedia.Sedangkan wind direction can be easily seen

with the motion of smoke.

Figure 6. Wind flow with vegetation

(Sources: Prasasto satwiko, 2004)

The top of tall buildings have better air circulation than at the bottom because of the

intensity of greater air movement. Behind the wind-shaped high-rise buildings can

rotate in the opposite direction, only with a distance of seven times the height of the

building the wind speed will be back as before and will again surface.


474

Figure 7. The airflow is obstructed by high buildings

Sources: Nobert Iecher, 2000

Most important factors that affect comfort in buildings are:

a. Air temperature.

b. Air humidity.

c. Average radiation temperature - the average of the walls and roof.

d. Speed of air movement.

e. Lighting levels and light distribution on the wall of a building.

To determine the limits - limits the convenience needs to be researched a number of

people react to changes in factors - factors above. Initial research conducted by Houghton

and Yahlou which produces the term "effective temperature" or abbreviated TE. TE is

determined by air temperature, humidity and air movement. TE diagrams show the

practical usefulness with the help of Psychrometric chart.

Effective Temperature (Effective Temperature / ET *) is the temperature uniformity of

the emission of black sheaths on the air humidity of 50%, where a resident will express

the same comfort, tension and physiological changes such as heat stress on physiological

and environmental changes as hot as in the actual environment with the same air

movement. Comfort zone (comfort zones) in the summer of adalah22.8 º C <ET * <26.1 º

C, while the 20.0 º C <ET * <23.9 º C for the rainy season10

.

Some results of studies of thermal comfort limits stated in the effective temperature can

be seen in table 1 below:

Table 1.comfort limits in effective temperature

B. Wall Building Materials

Aspects of thermal comfort for building design includes building exterior,

building interior and the building envelope, these three aspects affect each other in

building planning, matters relating to the third aspect is one of them is a wall. Side wall

part (insulating) outer space and space in a building, can be a thermal insulator at home.

The outer walls of buildings with a certain thickness is very influential to the heat

10

See: http://www.personal.cityu. Accessed on December 20, 2009


475

transmitted into space in the building, the material will be relatively thin wall heat faster

than a thicker material (time lag is large). The material used for walls can affect the

comfort that is achieved, by knowing the resistance of a material, we can predict how

much heat will flowing.

Resistance by the material and air space to the flow of heat by conduction,

convection, and radiation is called thermal resistance. By knowing the resistance of a

material we can predict how much heat will flowing and compare materials. Most of the

thermal resistance of building materials is a function of the number and size of air space

it has.

If a material increases the temperature difference is high then the material will behave

as if having a large thermal resistance. As seen in Figure 11 below which describes a

massive wall that is seen in three different times in one day11

.

Figure 8. The temperature of the wall material in three different time

Sources: Nobert Iechner, 2000

a. At 11 am in room temperature lower than room temperature outside so the heat

will flow into, however most of this heat in the switch to raise the temperature

of the wall.

b. At 4 pm the temperature of outer space is very high, although some had entered

the room temperature is in, some of the heat is still transferred untuki increase

the temperature of the wall.

c. at 9 pm the temperature outside has enough space below the temperature

dropped to room temperature and in particular in the wall. Now most of the

heat stored in the wall to flow out without ever entering the room in the house.

In this situation, time lag of this massive building material separates the

building from the outside temperature is high.

The advantage is if the lag time increased drastically at room temperature. The greater

the movement the greater the daily temperature separation effect on the masses, thus

separating the effects of the mass is more beneficial in hot and dry climate during the

summer. According to Rosenlund (2000) the ability of the material against the heat

that affects the building, called the thermal properties, consisting of:

a. Density (density / specific gravity): the unit has kg/m3, the ratio between

weight and volume, density plays an important role for thermal properties, the

material has a light density insulation has a power greater than the material that

had a large density.

11

Nobert Lechner "heating, cooling, lighting design methods for architecture, 2nd ed,

Sandrina translation siti, ss, ST, PT Persada Grafindo King 2000, p. 86-89


476

b. Thermal conductivity (Conductivity) units have W / mK, is the ability to

berkonduksi hot material. The material has low thermal conductivity has a

power of good insulator, otherwise the material that has high thermal

conductivity material is a good conductor of heat.

c. Specific heat: the unit has Wh / CCC, is indicating the material has the ability to

store large amounts of energy. High specific heat means that the material has

the ability to store lots of heat (heat storage).

The combination of these three thermal properties of the material above produces

what is called Time lag is the maximum time used by the walls to remove heat from

the outer surface of the wall to the inside wall. Characteristics of the remaining

material is admittance, Milbank and Harrington-Lynn (1974) stated, admittance is the

thermal resistance (thermal resistance) associated with reaction to heat flow (heat

flow) has a unit like the U-Value. According to Mark T.A,. Moris EN (1980), The

larger the admittance, the lower the temperature swing. Dense material that has a

larger thermal resistance, Materials also has a thermal capacity (thermal capacity), the

amount of heat stored by the material, then release it12

.

Opinion of all experts above shows that the thermal properties and characteristics of

the material is closely related to:

a. thermal storage;

b. insulation against heat;

c. peak temperature;

d. high and low temperatures of the wall materials of buildings

All this is theoretical support of these findings are consistent with the purpose of

research.

2. Variety of Wall Material Building shell in this case the wall is a highly

influential element in thermal comfort, since it is the part that is directly

related to the external climate or outdoor environment around the building. So

this type of material used for the walls will greatly affect the thermal comfort

in buildings acquired. There are various kinds of materials that can be used as

a wall on a residential building or other buildings, among which13

:

a. Grass, Leaf, Palm 1. Favorable for warm-humid climate 2.good aeration 3. absorbs heat 4. Easily damaged by wind and storm 5. Pematulan average about 20%

b. Bamboo and Reed 1. The surface is highly resistant to water 2. good aeration 3. Absorbs little heat 4. The ability of reflectance around 20%

12

V. Totok Noerwasito and Mas Santosa "Influence" Thermal Properties "Red Brick Materials" Department of Architecture, Faculty of

Civil Engineering and Planning - http://www.petra.ac.id/ ~ Petra Christian University Research Center / journals / dir.php? DepartmentId

= ARS 13

Agung Ari Primary, "thermal properties of roofing materials and wall thermal engineering of buildings"

majoring in civil engineering faculty of architecture and planning of Indonesian Islamic universities,

yogyakarta, 2006


477

c. Wood 1. The ability to isolate the heat is 2. Small heat absorption 3. Reflecting an average of 50%

d. Natural stone 1. Resistant to weather 2.High heat absorption capability 3. Porous material has a thermal insulating ability (volcanic rock and

coral)

e. Concrete block 1. Ability to lead the small heat 2. Heat absorption is 3. windproof 4. Little reflection on the surface of the untreated

f. Brick and tile fuel 1. Good heat absorption 2. Ability distribution of low heat 3. Hollow brick (25-50%) have penyeapan power and heat transmission

smaller 4. Suitable for warm-humid areas 5. The ability of the average reflectance of about 30-40%

C. Rice Husk

Bran (husk) is one of the waste material from the processing of rice that had

been considered as waste. The amount of rice as a staple food consumption and

increased national rice production can provide an estimate of the macro will be the

amount of material from year to year. Based on data from the Central Bureau of

Statistics (BPS), rice production in Indonesia in 2004 reached 53.67 million tons of

dry milled grain (MPD), which can produce rice husks as much as 20% -25% of

overall weight.

Rice husks are generally only used as a primary or supplementary fuel in

brick-making industry or taboo, decoration materials, growing media for ornamental

plants, or even discarded in animal cages. Various studies have been done indicate

that the waste rice husks can be used for various needs. The following will explain the

benefits of waste rice husks:

1. Rice Husk Silica amorphous mengadung many were burned when the

temperature reaches 500-700 ° C in about 1 to 2 hours. Reactivity between

silica in Rice Husk Ash with calcium hydroxide in cement paste can be

influential in improving the quality of concrete [HRC Priyosulistyo, 2001]. the

use of Rice Husk Ash (ASP) as a partial replacement for cement in masonry

mortar.

2. Chaff can be used in the manufacture of hard board or soft board. Hard board

husks have a nature water resistant, fire resistant, termite resistant and can

therefore be used for the inside and the outside of the house.

3. Rubber reinforcing material can be made mixing 50-100 parts chaff with 100

parts of rubber synthetic rubber that can produce good compared with the use

of rubber clay.

Utilization of Rice Husk Ash (waste burning rice husk) in various fields

ranging in developing one of them is the construction field. A breakthrough has been

successfully developed by utilizing waste as a base for the manufacture of building


478

meterial. This material became known as ecological building materials. Building

materials are formed from leftovers or waste by using the methods and processes that

are environmentally friendly and safe for human health is the definition given for the

term ecological building materials. Meterial development of this environmentally

friendly building materials aims to reduce or even eliminate the negative impact of

waste on the environment.

From the Center for Bandung, waste rice hulls can be used as mixtures in the

manufacture of concrete for the wall panels and batabeton, either in the form of fresh

rice hulls or in the form of rice husk ash in concrete and mortar.

So far research on concrete blocks with a mix of new rice hulls at the stage of

structural testing, such as brick concrete compressive strength testing of rice husk by

WAS. Witarso reached 21.45 kg / cm ² SNI 03-6821-2002 standards regarding

specifications for lightweight aggregate concrete print stone wall that requires pairs of

quality class IV is at least 20 kg / cm ² Judging from the manner of manufacture,

concrete brick there are 2 kinds14

:

1. Handmade concrete bricks (manual) is a concrete brick made by printing a moist

mixture of sand and portland cement in a mold by hand lapped. After going

through the process of maintenance (in room air for about 4 weeks), concrete

brick is ready for use.

2. Machine-made concrete bricks (vibrated) is a concrete brick made by printing a

moist mixture of sand and portland cement in a print engine vibration, in order

to obtain maximum compression. After going through the process of around 4

weeks of maintenance, concrete brick is ready for use.

Concrete Brick Size Rice Husk (BBSP) used in this study is the thickness = 10 cm x

20 cm x width = length = 40 cm. BBSP is an alternative building material for walls of

buildings, concrete is made from a mixture of cement and sand and water with

additional material rice husk as basic materials, the manufacturing process similar to

the process of making concrete bricks yaitudicetak pure, compacted with a vibrating

machine and dried in natural conditions.

Properties & BBSP technical specifications:

a.BBSPsni 03-6821-2002 standard requirements of the specifications for

lightweight aggregate concrete print stone wall plug.

b.Thermal conductivity / thermal conductivity or thermal conductivity BBSP have

the ability to dissipate heat by conduction is low, ie K = 0213 W / m ° C. This

means that BBSP having heat insulating power or otherwise has the power of

detention high heat. The nature of this ability to inhibit the beneficial once the

sun's heat from outside into the room.

c.Compressive strength / compressive strength BBSP Strong press has an average

of 21.45 kg / cm ².

Comparison and fuel mixture on BBSP

a.Comparison of pure mixture of concrete bricks, cement: sand for concrete bricks

commonly used ranged between 1: 8 to 1: 10, with a water cement ratio.

b.Comparison of slurry composition used in the utilization waste rice husks that is

1 pc: 8 ps + 20% rice husk.

From the aspect of strength BBSP been tested and applied as the walls of houses, in

addition to aspects of the power aspects of comfort (thermal conditions) is also one

important aspect in the residence. Thus need to be researched whether BBSP thermal

14

Building materials Sand Module Utilization http://www.pu.go.id/balitbang/puskim


479

conditions will be more convenient to use when compared to using Pure Concrete

Brick (BBM). The size of pure concrete bricks used in this study is the thickness = 10

cm x 20 cm x width = length = 40 cm.

Properties & Specifications Mechanical fuel are:

a.Fuel meets the standard requirements of the specifications sni 03-6821-2002

lightweight aggregate for concrete print stone wall plug.

b.Thermal conductivity / thermal conductivity of fuel has a thermal conductivity

or the ability to dissipate heat conduction higher than BBSP ie K = 1 W / M ° C.

This means means the fuel has the power of heat to high and low thermal

insulating power.

III. Analysis AndDiscussion

A. Residential BBSP

BBSP homes are houses built using concrete brick walls of rice husk. BBSP is the result of

the development of building materials by utilizing waste as a mixture of rice husks in the

manufacture of concrete bricks are applied as a building wall. As a concrete brick building

materials other than rice husk meet the standards in terms of power must also be able to

meet the needs in terms of comfort, so in this study the authors tried to analyze the thermal

conditions (air temperature) that residential uses Rice Husk Concrete Brick wall, which is

one part of the convenience. Before performing measurements on BBSP residence, first in

describing the data that support in this study.

Location dibandung research conducted, with a height of ± 768 meters above sea level and

according to climatological data from the meteorology and geophysics referred into the

zone of tropical humid microclimate. Thus the city of Bandung has a tropical humid

microclimate indicators are quite clear and is a condition of thermal comfort parameters.

BBSP houses can be seen in figure 13. The house consists of 7 rooms is a living room, a

family room, 3 bedrooms, a kitchen, and 1 km / wc. Overall building area of 54 m².

Figure 13. Front view homes BBSP

(source: research data, 2010)

B. Conductivity Measurement

Data Before performing measurements on residential first researchers to test the

conductivity of materials and fuel BBSP to know the value of the conductivity of the

material. BBSP has a thermal conductivity or the ability to dissipate heat is low at K =

0213 W / M ° C. This means that rice husk has a concrete brick thermal insulating

power or otherwise has a high heat retaining power. The nature of this ability to drive

profitable solar heat from outside into the room. Compared with a fuel that has a

thermal conductivity or the ability to conduct heat higher than BBSP ie K = 1 W / M °

C. This means the heat insulation or heat retaining BBSP power better than gasoline.

Can be seen in table 2 below the results of conductivity measurements on BBSP

material and fuel:


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Table 2. Thermal measurement data conduktivity

(Source: Research data, 2010)

C. Measurement results

Comparison of Effect of the use of a wall with the wall Fuel BBSP of the overall

condition can result in stacking as follows:

1. Based on the value of the conductivity of materials

a. BBSP has a thermal conductivity or the ability to dissipate heat is low at K =

0213 W / M ° C. This means that rice husk has a concrete brick thermal

insulating power or otherwise to high heat. The nature of this ability to drive

profitable solar heat from outside into the room.

b. Fuel which has a thermal conductivity or the ability to conduct heat higher

than BBSP yaituK = 1 W / M ° C. This means the fuel has a high thermal

conductive power and thermal insulating power is low, when compared with

BBSP, BBSP better than gasoline.

2. Based on the Measure Point

a. In general, ET on BBSP always in the optimum comfort zone and do not

always follow the condition that the average OT is in the uncomfortable

zone. This indicated that the material BBSP can inhibit heat from the outside

wall of the building to go into space. Although dindingBBSP can store heat

but did not increase ET in the extreme at night, because of the graphics

shown that the resulting temperature when night still remain in the comfort

zone.

b. In general, at each measuring point at the same time fuel consumption is

outside the optimum comfort zone, comfort zone only occurs only at 21.00

tonight. This indicated that the fuel material can’t inhibit the heat from the

outside wall of the building during the day. Bolehdikatakan fuel if the

material does not store heat, such as during the measurements at night where

the current condition of the material fuel temperature decreases OT also

decreased almost always followthe conditions in the vicinity. Fuel material

quickly becomes hot and too fast to be cool. During the day the fuel material

has always been outside the comfort zone.

3. Time Optimal Based Comfort

a. Optimal convenient time indicated by the measuring point is placed inside the

space on the building walls BBSP (TU1, TU2, TU4, TU6, TU8, TU10) are

given a blue color was always longer than the optimal time outside comfortably.

Convenient time at the measuring point is placed outside the building walled

BBSP (TU3, TU5, TU7, TU9) who were given color is faster than the optimal

time outside comfortably. When OT longer with optimal time outside

comfortably, ET showed precisely the optimal time is longer convenient. This

can be caused due to the influence of wall heat BBSP yangdapat menghamba t

from outside the building (timelag or delays in BBSP slow heat) so as to make


481

ET remain in the optimum comfort zone even though OT BBSP outside the

optimum comfort zone.

b. While the optimal convenient time indicated by the measuring point placed

inside the chamber on the fuel-walled building (TU1, TU2, TU4, TU5, TU7,

TU9) which are colored blue and time convenient to the measuring point is

placed outside the building walled fuel (TU3, TU6, TU8, TU10) which are

colored red is always faster than the time beyond the optimum comfort, this

could be due to the influence of the wall of the fuel which can’t inhibit the OT

(timelag or delays in the fuel heat quickly) so make the ET is outside the

comfort zone optimal follow OT fuel.

4. Based on the Average Peak Temperature

a. Tmax residential BBSP 27.1 º c which is in the warm comfort zone

b. Tmax residential fuel oil is 29.2 º C is outside the comfort zone by the standards

of research for the Indonesian Mom.

5. Under the Direction of Orientation

a. It can be concluded that the orientation of the four buildings that are placed

measuring point, it appears that the 4-way before the building was the best, which

produced visible low ET of the OT. Western orientation is unfavorable direction

for the orientation of the building but with the use of the material can be a good

BBSP because these materials can inhibit heat from outside the building and make

ET remain in the comfort zone.

b. It can be concluded that the temperature of the wall to the 4-way building

orientation on fuel usage is always outside the comfort zone. Material fuel can’t

make 4-way orientation to be better than OT because the material is not to inhibit

heat from outside the building also can’t store heat so that makes the ET always

follow the OT and are beyond the comfort zone.

Based on the results obtained by the five declared BBSP material having a good

influence on thermal conditions in space. According to Arif kusumawanto, the largest

addition of heat contained in the western facade of a building facade and the worst of

the orientation of the building, but this does not happen on the use of materials BBSP

where despite temperatures outside the building (OT) increased and reached Tmax,

the temperature of the walls in buildings (ET ) remain in the comfort zone in other

words increasing the temperature of the wall outside the building does not affect the

temperature inside the walls of the building so west facade buildings remain a good

orientation and not the addition of heat in the building. While the perceived human

thermal comfort (based on research standards Mom) from the influence of the use

BBSP and fuel is obtained results showed that the material included in the standard

research BBSP Mom is almost entirely located in an optimal comfort zone whilst for

the use of fuel when adjusted to the standard Mom overall optimum is outside your

comfort zone and only in a certain time at night could be in the zone that is

convenient at 21:00.

V. Conclusion

From research and data processing are done then the results can be summarized as

follows:


482

1.When compared with the effect of fuel material, material BBSP have a good

influence on the optimal comfort, the conductivity, the average Tmax, and the

orientation of buildings on the temperature in the room where always being in

the optimum comfort zone.

2. Human thermal comfort that is felt from the effects of use BBSP BBSP showed

that the material included in the research standards that Mom is in the optimal

comfort zone whilst for the use of fuel does not meet the standards of comfort as

a whole has always been outside the comfort zone.

V. Reference

A. Kusumawanto, "Study On Thermal Comfort Conditions in the Tropics Building Damp"

Thesis Research, Department of Architecture ITB FT, Page 15-27, 1996

A. A. Husin, "Utilization of Waste for Building Materials", Module 1-3

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20Bangunan material) / Module% 20C1_3% 20Pemanfaatan% 20Limbah.pdf? Cache

accessed 9 October 2007)

A.A. Primary, "Nature Materials Thermal Roof And Wall Thermal Engineering Building"

majoring in civil engineering faculty of architecture and planning of the Islamic

University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 2006

Ansrul muktafi, 2006, Final Report: Thermal Comfort Workspace with bioclimatic-Chart

Approach: A Case Study at PT. Astra International Tbk. Honda Yogyakarta, p.4.

Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.

E. Allen, "Basics of Building Construction, Materials and methods are" Edition Three,

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Building materials Sand Module Utilization http://www.pu.go.id/balitbang/puskim

N. Lechner, "Heating Cooling Lighting, Architectural Design Method for" Edition Two,

translation Siti Sandriana, PT. King Grafindo Persada, 2007

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Physics Review of" faculty of the Industrial Technology Institute of Technology

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Aspects of Thermal Occupancy" presented at a technical discussion of residential thermal

comfort in Indonesia that support energy conservation programs, faculty of Industrial

Technology Institute of Technology Bandung, 2006

WAS. Witarso, "the development of waste-based building materials" Central Building

Materials, Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure of Research and

Development Infrastructure And PengembanganPermukiman Research Center, New York

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