THE EFFECT OF TEACHER CERTIFICATION ON THE QUALITY OF ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS (A...
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Transcript of THE EFFECT OF TEACHER CERTIFICATION ON THE QUALITY OF ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS (A...
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7/31/2019 THE EFFECT OF TEACHER CERTIFICATION ON THE QUALITY OF ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS (A QU
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[EB BHHB@[ FH [BN@EBQ @BQ[DHD@N[DFG FG [EB ^RNOD[T FH
BGJODPE [BN@EDGJ NGK OBNQGDGJ YQF@BPP
%N ^rnod{n{dxb P{rkt dg PCN G > Lon{bg$
At=
H' KDNG NQKD ZRONGKNQD
L119290;
N [EBPDP
Pracd{{bk {f {eb [bn`ebq [qndgdgj ngk Bkr`n{dfg Hn`ro{t fh Pbabonp Cnqb{
Rgdxbqpd{t {f Hrohdoo Fgb fh {eb Qb~rdqbcbg{p hfq Jb{{dgj {eb Rgkbqjqnkrn{b
Kbjqbb fh Bkr`n{dfg dg Bgjodpe
BGJODPE KBYNQ[CBG[
[BN@EBQ [QNDGDGJ NGK BKR@N[DFG HN@RO[T
PBABONP CNQB[ RGDXBQPD[T
19>9
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NYYQFXNO
[edp {ebpdp enp abbg nyyqfxbk at {eb `fgpro{ng{p {f ab buncdgbk at {eb afnqk fh
{ebpdp buncdgbqp fh {eb Bgjodpe Kbynq{cbg{ fh [bn`ebq [qndgdgj ngk Bkr`n{dfg
Hn`ro{t/ Pbabonp Cnqb{ Rgdxbqpd{t'
Hdqp{ @fgpro{ng{
Yqfh' Kq' Mflf Grqlnc{f/ C'Yk'
GDY' >48>9>1; >45:91 > 99>
Pb`fgk @fgpro{ng{
Lqdp{dngkd/ P'P'
GDY >4::9:19 199>>1 > 99>
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[edp {ebpdp enp abbg buncdgbk at {eb Afnqk fh [ebpdp Buncdgbqp fh [bn`ebq
[qndgdgj ngk Bkr`n{dfg Hn`ro{t/ Pbabonp Cnqb{ Rgdxbqpd{t/ ngk n``by{bk np fgb fh
{eb qb~rdqbcbg{p hfq jb{{dgj ng Rgkbqjqnkrn{b Kbjqbb fh Bkr`n{dfg dg Bgjodpe'
Fg = Prqnlnq{n
Kn{b = Mngrnqt 19/ 19>9
Afnqk fh Buncdgbqp=
@endqcng=
Kqp' Cnq{fgf/ C'N' % VVVVVVVVVVVVVV $
GDY' >42>>>1: >4589> > 99>
Pb`qb{nqt
[bjre Pnqfpn/ P'P' C'Erc' % VVVVVVVVVVVVVV $
GDY' >4:09192 19989; > 99>
Buncdgbq >
Yqfh' Kq' Mflf Grqlnc{f/ C'Yk' % VVVVVVVVVVVVVV $
GDY' >48>9>1; >45:91 > 99>
Buncdgbq DD
Lqdp{dngkd/ P'P % VVVVVVVVVVVVVV $
GDY' >4::9:19 199>>1 > 99>
[bn`ebq [qndgdgj ngk Bkr`n{dfg Hn`ro{t
Pbabonp Cnqb{ Rgdxbqpd{t fh Prqnlnq{n
Kbng/
Yqfh' Kq' C' Hrq~fg Edkntn{roone/ C' Yk
GDY' >899:1: >45:91 > 9>>
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CF[[F
Bxbqt{edgj dp yfppdaob< gf{edgj dp dcyfppdaob'
[f ab n jffk {bn`ebq/ tfr enxb {f ab n jffk obnqgbq'
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KBKD@N[DFG
Ct Abofxbk Cfc/ Knk/ ngk Aqf{ebqp/ hfq n gbxbqbgkdgj pryyfq{ ngk ofxb
Ct Bgjodpe [bn`ebqp[eb qbnkbqp
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N@LGFZOBKJCBG[
Noenckroodene' Yqndpb ngk {englp ab {f Noofe {eb Nocdje{t hfq Edp
aobppdgj pf {en{ bxbg{rnoot {eb qbpbnq`ebq `ng hdgdpe ebq {ebpdp np n ynq{dno
hrohdoocbg{ fh {eb qb~rdqbcbg{p hfq jb{{dgj rgkbqjqnkrn{b kbjqbb fh bkr`n{dfg dg
Bgjodpe' Faxdfrpot/ {ebqb nqb efgfqnaob ybfyob zef kbpbqxb ebq pyb`dno jqn{d{rkb
hfq {ebdq eboy {f {eb qbpbnq`ebq' [ebqbhfqb {eb qbpbnq`ebq zdpebp {f {engl=
>'[eb Kbng fh [bn`ebq [qndgdgj ngk Bkr`n{dfg Hn`ro{t fh Pbabonp Cnqb{ zef enpjdxbg ybqcdppdfg {f {eb zqd{bq {f zqd{b {eb {ebpdp'
1'[eb Ebnk fh Bgjodpe Kbynq{cbg{ zef enp jdxbg ybqcdppdfg {f {eb zqd{bq {fzqd{b {eb {ebpdp'
0'Yqfh' Kq' Mflf Grqlnc{f/ C'Yk'/ {eb hdqp{ `fgpro{ng{/ zef enp abbg zdoodgj {fjdxb jrdkng`b ngk nkxd`b hqfc {eb abjdggdgj fh {eb {ebpdp zqd{dgj ry {f {eb
`fcyob{dfg fh d{'
;'Lqdp{dngkd/ P'P'/ {eb pb`fgk `fgpro{ng{/ hfq edp yn{dbg`b/ jrdkng`b/ prjjbp{dfg/ngk cbngdgjhro kdp`rppdfg'
2'Kqp' Zdkdtng{f/ C'Yk'/ {eb ebnkcnp{bq fh PCN G > Lon{bg/ Kqn'Em'Prodp{tfzn{d/ Kqp' Xno' Ancangj/ Kqp' [qdtfgf/ Kqn' Em' Blfpnqd/ zef eboy ebq
kbnodgj zd{e {eb qbpbnq`e'
8'Ebq abofxbk hncdot/ hfq n gbxbq bgkdgj pryyfq{ ngk ofxb hfq {eb zqd{bq':'Kzd Botfgf/ P'P/ C'[qngp'P{rk'/ hfq noo {eb pryyfq{/ dgpydqn{dfg ngk cf{dxn{dfg'5'Kbkd Ebqgnkd/ hfq noo {eb pryyfq{/ cf{dxn{dfg/ ngk `fcyngdfg hfq {eb zqd{bq'4'
Ebq abp{ hqdbgkp/ Bu#YE[ fh BPN 199:&1995/ Nqdb/ Ktne/ Dhhng/ Ked{n/ Ngkqd/Njrgj/ Gfxd/ hfq {eb bxbqonp{dgj hqdbgkpedy'
[eb zqd{bq qbnod}bp {en{ {edp {ebpdp dp gf{ ybqhb`{' [ebqbhfqb/ peb jqn{bhroot
n``by{p bxbqt prjjbp{dfgp/ `qd{d`dpc/ ngk `fccbg{ hqfc {efpb zef `fg`bqg {f {edp
{ebpdp' Efybhroot/ {edp {ebpdp zdoo ab naob {f jdxb `fg{qdar{dfg ngk ab rpbhro hfq {eb
qbnkbqp bpyb`dnoot hfq {efpb zef nqb dg{bqbp{bk dg {eb pdcdonq p{rkt'
Prqnlnq{n/ 19 Mngrnqt 19>9
H' Kdng Nqkd Zrongknqd
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[NAOB FH @FG[BG[
[D[OB YNJB d
NYYQFXNO dd
NAP[QN@[ dx
CF[[F x
KBKD@N[DFG x
N@LGFZOBKJBCBG[ xd
[NAOB FH @FG[BG[ xdd
ODP[ FH NYBGKD@BP u
ODP[ FH [NAOBP ud
@ENY[BQ D= DG[QFKR@[DFG
N' [eb An`ljqfrgk fh {eb P{rkt >A' Hfqcron{dfg fh {eb Yqfaobc 4@' [eb Famb`{dxb fh {eb P{rkt 4K' [eb Abgbhd{p fh {eb Qbpbnq`e 4@ENY[BQ DD= QBXDBZ FH QBON[BK OD[BQN[RQB
N'
[bn`edgj ngk Obnqgdgj Yqf`bpp
>'[ebfqdbp fh Obnqgdgj >>1'[ebfqdbp fh [bn`edgj >80'Bgjodpe Ongjrnjb [bn`edgj>5;'Bhhb`{dxb [bn`ebqp' 1>2'Jbgbqno Yqdg`dyob fh Bhhb`{dxb [bn`edgj ngk Obnqgdgj 188'[eb @fcyfgbg{p fh [bn`edgj ngk Obnqgdgj Yqf`bpp 15
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NYYBGKD@BP >>1
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ODP[ FH NYYBGKD@BP
>' Nyybgkdu D = Dg{bqxdbz Yqf{f`fo >>11' Nyybgkdu DD = Hdbok Gf{b fh Dg{bqxdbz >>40' Nyybgkdu DDD = Hdbok Gf{b fh Fapbqxn{dfg >:2;' Nyybgkdu DX = Hdbok Gf{b fh Kf`rcbg{ Ngnotpdp 1912' Nyybgkdu X = Kf`rcbg{p 1958' Nyybgkdu XD = @fcyfgbg{p fhYfq{hfodf Nppbppcbg{' 1>4:' Nyybgkdu XDD = Ob{{bq fh Ybqcdppdfg 101
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ODP[ FH [NAOB
>' [naob 1'> [eb Ongjrnjb @fcyb{bg`b P`ebcn' >41' [naob 1'1 [eb Cb`engdpc fh [bn`ebq @bq{dhd`n{dfg Yqfjqnc ;1
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dx
NAP[QN@[
H' KDNG NQKD ZRONGKNQD' L119290;' N P[RKT FG [EB BHHB@[ FH[BN@EBQ @BQ[DHD@N[DFG FG [EB ^RNOD[T FH BGJODPE
[BN@EDGJ NGK OBNQGDGJ YQF@BPP %N ^RNOD[N[DXB P[RKT DG
PCN G > LON[BG$' [ebpdp' Bgjodpe Kbynq{cbg{ fh [bn`ebq [qndgdgj ngk
Bkr`n{dfg Hn`ro{t' Pbabonp Cnqb{ Rgdxbqpd{t/ Prqnlnq{n' 19>9'
[edp qbpbnq`e dgxbp{djn{bp {eb bhhb`{ fh {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg fg {eb ~rnod{t fhBgjodpe {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dg {eb hfqc fh ~rnod{n{dxb p{rkt' [eb
rgkbqotdgj qbnpfg fh `fgkr`{dgj {edp qbpbnq`e dp qbon{bk {f {eb yebgfcbgfg {en{
qb`bg{ot {ebqb nqb cngt npprcy{dfgp nafr{ {eb xnodkd{t fh {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dg d{p
qbon{dfg {f {bn`ebq yqfhbppdfgnodpc' [eb famb`{dxb fh {edp qbpbnq`e dp {f dkbg{dht {ebbhhb`{p fh {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dg qbon{dfg {f {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bn`edgj ngk
obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dg PCN G > Lon{bg' [eb yqfaobc fh {eb qbpbnq`e dp= {f zen{ bu{bg{{eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg nhhb`{p {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dgPCN G > Lon{bg'
[eb qbpbnq`e znp `nqqdbk fr{ dg PCN G > Lon{bg hqfc Nrjrp{ {f F`{fabq 1994'
[eb pfrq`bp fh {eb kn{n nqb bxbg{p/ dghfqcng{p/ ngk zqd{{bg kf`rcbg{p' [eb kn{n nqb`foob`{bk {eqfrje gn{rqnodp{d` fapbqxn{dfg/ dg#kby{e dg{bqxdbz/ ngk kf`rcbg{ ngnotpdp'
Dg ngnot}dgj {eb kn{n/ {eb zqd{bq rpbp dg{bqn`{dxb cfkbo ngnotpdp dg`orkdgj qbkr`dgj
{eb kn{n/ yqbpbg{dgj {eb kn{n/ ngk kqnzdgj `fg`orpdfg'
[eb qbpro{ fh {eb qbpbnq`e pefzp {en{ %>$ {eb Bgjodpe {bn`ebqp dg PCN G >Lon{bg `qbn{b {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj n`{dxd{dbp zed`e aqdgj nafr{ hrg ngk `ffybqn{dxb
znt fh obnqgdgj/ rpb xnqdfrp dg{bqbp{dgj cn{bqdnop ngk cbkdn/ ngk `fgkr`{ bxnorn{dfg
{en{ yqfcf{bp p{rkbg{p obnqgdgj%1$ no{efrje dg jbgbqno {eb Bgjodpe {bn`ebqp dg PCNG Lon{bg `ng ab `fgpdkbqbk np yqfhbppdfgno {bn`ebqp/ {ebqb nqb p{doo pfcb yfdg{p zed`e
gbbk dcyqfxbcbg{ dg fqkbq {f `fgkr`{ cfqb bhhb`{dxb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp/
{ebt nqb= {eb obppfg yonggdgj ngk {eb xnqdb{t fh {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj n`{dxd{t' Anpbk
fg {eb qbpbnq`e hdgkdgjp/ {eb zqd{bq `fg`orkbp {en{ {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg jdxbp nynq{dno bhhb`{ fg {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dg PCN G >
Lon{bg' D{ dgxfoxbp {eb nadod{t fh {eb `bq{dhdbk {bn`ebqp {f `qbn{b {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj
n`{dxd{dbp zed`e aqdgj nafr{ hrg ngk `ffybqn{dxb znt fh obnqgdgj/ yqfxdkb xnqdfrp
dg{bqbp{dgj cn{bqdnop ngk cbkdn/ ngk `fgkr`{ bxnorn{dfg {en{ yqfcf{bp p{rkbg{pobnqgdgj'
Anpbk fg {eb qbpro{ fh {eb qbpbnq`e/ {eb zqd{bq prjjbp{p {en{ {eb obppfg yonggdgj
ngk {eb xnqdb{t fh n`{dxd{dbp `fgkr`{bk dg PCN G > Lon{bg pefrok ab dcyqfxbk dgfqkbq {f cnlb ab{{bqcbg{ dg {eb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dg PCN G > Lon{bg' Dg
{edp `npb/ d{ bpyb`dnoot kbnop zd{e {eb Bgjodpe {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp'
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>
@ENY[BQ D
DG[QFKR@[DFG
N' An`ljqfrgk fh P{rkt
Bkr`n{dfg dp ng bhhfq{ zed`e dp kfgb at ybfyob {f kbxbofy {ebdq pboh#
`fcyb{bg`b {eqfrje n yqf`bpp fh obnqgdgj' Bqgp{ xfg Jonpbqphbok/ {eb !hn{ebq! fh
`fgp{qr`{dxdpc %dg zzz'bgjodpehdqp{'`fc$ abodbxbp {en{ bkr`n{dfg enp {zf cndg
yrqyfpbp= {f bcyfzbq obnqgbqp {f {edgl hfq {ebcpboxbp/ ngk {f yqfcf{b dg {eb
gbu{ jbgbqn{dfg zntp fh {edgldgj ngk n`{dgj {en{ nqb kbbcbk dcyfq{ng{ at {eb
yqbpbg{ jbgbqn{dfg' Bcyfzbqdgj {eb obnqgbq cbngp {en{ {bn`ebqp pefrok
qbodg~rdpe pfcb fh {ebdq yfzbq ngk engk d{ fxbq {f {eb obnqgbq' Np cbg{dfgbk dg
Rgkngj#Rgkngj Knpnq Qbyraodl Dgkfgbpdn Pb`{dfg 0> %>$ bxbqt `d{d}bg enp {eb
qdje{p hfq bkr`n{dfg/ {eb jfxbqgcbg{ jdxbp {eb pncb `eng`bp hfq noo `d{d}bgp {f
jb{ bkr`n{dfg gf cn{{bq zeb{ebq {ebt nqb qd`e fq yffq' [edp qbjron{dfg pefzp
{en{ frq jfxbqgcbg{ kfbp nkcd{ {eb dcyfq{ng`b fh bkr`n{dfg hfq {ebdq ybfyob'
[eb ~rnod{t fh ercng qbpfrq`b fh n gn{dfg dp bnpdot mrkjbk at {eb
grcabq fh od{bqn{b yfyron{dfg odxdgj dg d{' D{ cbngp {en{ bkr`n{dfg dp n crp{ dh n
gn{dfg ndcp n{ n`edbxdgj jqfz{e ngk kbxbofycbg{' [edp cnt buyondg {eb hn`{
{en{ qd`e ngk kbxbofybk gn{dfgp fh {eb zfqok enxb xbqt edje od{bqn`t qn{b ngk
yqfkr`{dxb ercng qbpfrq`b' Qbnod}dgj {eb dcyfq{ng`b fh ~rnod{t bkr`n{dfg/ {eb
jfxbqgcbg{ enp abbg kfdgj cngt p{byp {f kbxbofy {eb bkr`n{dfg dg Dgkfgbpdn'
>
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1
[eb p{byp dg`orkb {eb cnppdxb hrgkdgj fh bkr`n{dfg/ {eb dcyqfxbcbg{ fh
bkr`n{dfg ~rnodhd`n{dfg/ bkr`n{fq `fcyb{bg`b ngk `bq{dhd`n{dfg np zboo {eb
dg`qbnpb fh ercng qbpfrq`bp dg bkr`n{dfg' Ncfgj f{ebq p{byp zbqb {eb
nyyod`n{dfg fh dghfqcn{dfg `fccrgd`n{dfg/ ngk {b`egfofjt %D@[$ hfq b#obnqgdgj
ngk b#nkcdgdp{qn{dfg yqfjqncp/ {eb kbxbofycbg{ ngk qb`fgp{qr`{dfg fh
bkr`n{dfg hn`dod{dbp ngk {eb prap{ng{dno qbhfqc dg {bu{affl pryyodbp hfq p`effo
`edokqbg'
[eb jfxbqgcbg{ noof`n{bk Qy >>/ 2 {qdoodfg hfq hdxb yqfjqncp fh
bkr`n{dfg dg 199:' [ebt nqb p`effo fybqn{dfgno hrgk %Ang{rng Fybqnpdfgno
Pblfone&AFP$/ {bu{affl yqf`rqbcbg{ ndk/ p{rkbg{ pyb`dno nppdp{ng`b/ ~rnod{t
cngnjbcbg{ fybqn{dfgno hrgk ngk p`efonqpedy yqfjqncp' Pdg`b 1992/ {eb
cdgdp{qt fh bkr`n{dfg enp nyyodbk ng D@[#anpbk odaqnqt gb{zfql ptp{bc dg >9
p{n{b rgdxbqpd{dbp ngk `fgkr`{bk D@[#anpbk obnqgdgj dg >12 pbgdfq edje p`effop
dg >12 qbjbg`dbp n`qfpp {eb `frg{qt' [eb kbxbofycbg{ fh p`effo hn`dod{dbp dp nopf
`fgpdkbqbk {f ab ynq{ fh {eb cdgdp{qt*p aqbnl{eqfrjep' [edp `fxbqp ardokdgj gbz
p`effop/ p{n{b rgdxbqpd{dbp/ `onppqffcp/ odaqnqdbp ngk onafqn{fqdbp'
Bkr`n{dfg hn`dod{t dp gf{ {eb fgot bkr`n{dfg npyb`{ {en{ {eb jfxbqgcbg{
`fg`bqg zd{e' Pdg`b noo npyb`{p fh bkr`n{dfg kb{bqcdgb {eb ~rnod{t fh bkr`n{dfg/
{bn`ebq/ np fgb fh {eb dcyfq{ng{ `fcyfgbg{p fh bkr`n{dfg/ enp n xd{no yfpd{dfg dg
pf`db{t' [bn`ebq dp fgb fh {eb cndg ydoonqp fh n pfrgk ngk yqfjqbppdxb pf`db{t'
[ebt abnq {eb zbdje{ ngk qbpyfgpdadod{t fh {bn`edgj/ ngk/ nynq{ hqfc ynqbg{p/ nqb
{eb cndg pfrq`b fh lgfzobkjb ngk xnorbp hfq `edokqbg' Eb n`{p np n ydxf{ hfq {eb
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0
{qngpcdppdfg fh dg{boob`{rno {qnkd{dfgp ngk {b`egd`no pldoop hqfc jbgbqn{dfg {f
jbgbqn{dfg' Eb dp nopf abdgj qb`fjgd}bk np {eb cfp{ xd{no hn`{fqdgj ngt
bkr`n{dfgno ptp{bc' Eb dp {eb lbt fh ~rnod{t bkr`n{dfg ngk {eb hfp{bq ynqbg{ fh
{eb `edok' @edok offlp ry {f edc hfq lgfzobkjb/ zdpkfc/ cnggbqp/ cfqnop
dgpydqn{dfg/ bgodje{bgcbg{/ ngk pf fg'
N {bn`ebq ybqhfqcp cngt hrg`{dfgp dg {eb `onppqffc hfq {eb
`fcyqbebgpdxb kbxbofycbg{ fh {eb p{rkbg{p' [bn`ebq lbbyp {eb p{rkbg{p pnhb/
kb`dkbp zen{ dp dcyfq{ng{ hfq {eb p{rkbg{p {f obnqg/ yqbpbg{p n qd`e ngk
fqjngd}bk afkt fh dghfqcn{dfg {f p{rkbg{p/ yqf{b`{p ngk dcyqfxbp {eb p{rkbg{p
pboh#bp{bbc/ yqfxdkbp ng bgxdqfgcbg{ hfq {eb p{rkbg{p {f buyofqb n xnqdb{t fh
buybqdbg`bp/ eboyp p{rkbg{p {f rpb {b`egfofjt#qbon{bk {ffop {f n``fcyodpe
`bq{ndg {nplp/ cnlbp prqb {en{ {eb p{rkbg{p nqb yqbynqbk hfq {eb gbu{ obxbo fh
bkr`n{dfg/ ofxbp ngk grq{rqbp {eb p{rkbg{p'
[bn`ebq `ng dghorbg`b edp p{rkbg{p pdg`b p{rkbg{p abodbxb edc np n
{qrp{bk pfrq`b fh lgfzobkjb' Dh n {bn`ebq dp dg`fcyb{bg{ ngk {eb p{rkbg{p hfoofz
edc/ {ebt zdoo jqfz ry zd{e n zqfgj rgkbqp{ngkdgj nafr{ `bq{ndg lgfzobkjb'
[ebqb nqb cngt `npbp n p{rkbg{ `fcbp efcb zd{e n zqfgj rgkbqp{ngkdgj ngk
zebg ynqbg{p nqb {qtdgj {f `fqqb`{ d{/ {ebt zdoo pnt Ar{ ct {bn`ebq pndk pf' Ct
{bn`ebq `ng{ ab zqfgj' [ebqbhfqb/ {eb `fcyb{bg`b fh {bn`ebqp pefrok ab
dcyqfxbk'
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;
D{ dp cbg{dfgbk dg {eb hdqp{ `eny{bq Fh N`{ fh {eb Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn
Grcabq 19/ Tbnq 1990 Fg Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Ptp{bc zd{e {eb Fgb ngk Fgot
Jfkp Cbq`t Yqbpdkbg{ fh {eb Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn {en{ bkr`n{fqp cbng
{bn`edgj p{nhhp zef enxb {eb ~rnodhd`n{dfg {f ab {bn`ebqp/ ob`{rqbqp/ `frgpbofqp/
obnqgdgj jrdkbp %yncfgj abonmnq$/ pbgdfq dgp{qr`{fqp % z d k t n d p #z n q n $/
{r{fqp/ dgp{qr`{fqp/ hn`dod{n{fqp/ ngk f{ebq {d{obp dg n``fqkng`b zd{e {ebdq
pyb`dnod}n{dfg/ ngk zef ynq{d`dyn{b dg {eb yqfxdpdfg fh bkr`n{dfg' Onrqbg`b K'
En}lbz ngk Mfgn{eng @' C` Obgfg dg Enc}ne A' Rgf %199:= >2$ pnt {en{ n
{bn`ebq dp n yqfhbppdfgno ybqpfg zef `fgkr`{p `onppbp' P{doo dg Enc}ne A' Rgf
%199:= >2$/ Mbng K' Jqncap ngk @' Cfqqdp C`' @onqb kbhdgb {bn`ebqp np ybqpfgp
zef `fgp`dfrpot kdqb`{ {eb buybqdbg`bp ngk abenxdfq fh ng dgkdxdkrno pf {en{
bkr`n{dfg {nlbp yon`b' At {eb kbhdgd{dfg nafxb/ d{ `ng ab ptg{ebpd}bk {en{ n
{bn`ebq dp n yqfhbppdfgno ybqpfg ngk {ebqbhfqb/ {ebt nqb buyb`{bk {f enxb
yqfhbppdfgno `fcyb{bg`b'
N {bn`ebq/ np n yqfhbppdfgno bkr`n{fq/ pefrok hrohdoo 0 qb~rdqbcbg{p= %>$
enxdgj n`nkbcd` ~rnodhd`n{dfg/ %1$ enxdgj `fcyb{bg`t/ %0$ enxdgj {bn`ebq
`bq{dhd`n{b %Kdlgnp/ 1998= ;$' [eb `fcyb{bg`t fh {bn`ebq `ng ab `onppdhdbk dg{f
hfrq nqbnp fh `fcyb{bg`t/ gncbot= ybknjfjd`no/ ybqpfgno/ yqfhbppdfgno/ ngk
pf`dno `fcyb{bg`t' Dg aqdbh/ bn`e `fcyb{bg`t bg`fcynppbp {eb hfoofzdgj= %>$
{ebybknjfjd`no `fcyb{bg`t dp n {bn`ebqp nadod{t {f cngnjb p{rkbg{p obnqgdgj
zed`e dg`orkbp obppfg yong/ obnqgdgj bxnorn{dfg/ ngk p{rkbg{p yf{bg`t
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2
n`{rnod}n{dfg %1$ {eb ybqpfgno `fcyb{bg`t dg`orkbp kbcfgp{qn{dgj `bq{ndg
`enqn`{bqdp{d`p/ pr`e np hnd{e ngk kbxfr{gbpp/ p{nadod{t/ cn{rqd{t/ pbgpdadod{t/ b{`'
[bn`ebq pefrok ab `qd{d`no ngk plby{d`no dg kfdgj edp kr{t {f kbodxbq edp obppfg
%0$ {eb pf`dno `fcyb{bg`t dp {bn`ebqp nadod{t {f ab ynq{ fh {eb `fccrgd{t pr`e
np `fccrgd`n{dgj ngk pf`dnod}dgj bhhb`{dxbot zd{e p{rkbg{p/ hboofz {bn`ebqp/
{bn`edgj p{nhh/ ngk p{rkbg{p ynqbg{p' %;$ [eb yqfhbppdfgno `fcyb{bg`t dp
{bn`ebqp nadod{t {f cnp{bq p`dbg`b/ bgjdgbbqdgj/ ngk&fq nq{ %dg f{ebq zfqkp/
`fg{bg{ fq pramb`{ lgfzobkjb$'
Np n ynq{ fh bhhfq{p {f bgeng`b {eb n`nkbcd` ~rnodhd`n{dfg ngk
`fcyb{bg`b fh {bn`ebqp/ {eb cdgdp{qt fh bkr`n{dfg yqfxdkbk p`efonqpedyp {f
>:9/999 {bn`ebqp {f n{{ndg {ebdq rgdxbqpd{t kdyofcnp dg 199:' Bxbqt p`efonqpedy
qb`dydbg{ znp noof{{bk Qy 1 cdoodfg ybq tbnq' N {f{no fh >1/982 ob`{rqbqp zbqb
nopf jqng{bk p`efonqpedyp {f hdgdpe {ebdq cnp{bq ngk kf`{fqno kbjqbbp' [edp
yqfjqnc `fp{ {eb jfxbqgcbg{ Qy 108'8 adoodfg dg 199:'
Ngf{ebq yqfjqnc zed`e dp pb{ at {eb jfxbqgcbg{ dg fqkbq {f bgeng`b {eb
`fcyb{bg`t fh {bn`ebq dp {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc' [bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg
dp n yqf`bpp fh jdxdgj ng bkr`n{fq `bq{dhd`n{b {f {bn`ebqp zef enxb hrohdoobk {eb
qb~rdqbcbg{p %Pncngd b{ no/ 1995= >$' [eb jfnop fh {edp yqfjqnc nqb= %>$ {f
kb{bqcdgb {eb ~rnodhd`n{dfg fh n {bn`ebq dg kfdgj edp kr{t np n yqfhbppdfgno
bkr`n{fq/ %1$ {f bgeng`b {eb yqf`bpp ngk qbpro{ fh {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj/ %0$ {f
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8
dg`qbnpb {eb zbohnqb fh {bn`ebqp/ %;$ {f qndpb {bn`ebqp yqbp{djb< dg {eb bhhfq{ fh
`qbn{dgj n ~rnodhdbk gn{dfgno bkr`n{dfg'
[bn`ebqp zef enxb abbg `bq{dhdbk zdoo jb{ yqfhbppdfg prapdkt np adj np
{ebdq cndg pnonqt' D{ dp buyb`{bk {en{ {edp yfod`t zdoo bg`frqnjb {bn`ebqp {f zfql
yqfhbppdfgnoot ngk dcyqfxb {ebdq {bn`edgj ~rnod{t pf {en{ {eb jfno fh bkr`n{dfg
`ng ab qbn`ebk' [edp yqfjqnc abjng dg 199: ngk znp ndcbk n{ bgprqdgj {en{
p{n{b {bn`ebqp enxb ybknjfjd`/ yqfhbppdfgno/ pf`dno ngk ybqpfgno `fcyb{bg`b' D{
dp nopf abdgj nyyodbk {f 1>9/899 `fg{qn`{ {bn`ebqp np {eb jfxbqgcbg{ yongp {f
nyyfdg{ noo fh {ebc np `dxdo pbqxng{p at 1995 n{ {eb on{bp{'
[eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc dp anpbk fg {eb N`{ fh {eb Qbyraod`
Dgkfgbpdn grcabq >;&1992 fg [bn`ebq ngk Ob`{rqbq/ {eb N`{ fh {eb Qbyraod`
Dgkfgbpdn grcabq 19& 1990 fg Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Ptp{bc/ ngk {eb qbjron{dfg
fh Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Grcabq >5& 199: nafr{ {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg'
Jfxbqgcbg{ abodbxbp {en{ {edp yqfjqnc dp {eb qdje{ cbkd`dgb hfq {eb yffq ~rnod{t
ngk yntcbg{ fh bkr`n{dfg' Onrg`ebk dg 1998/ {eb yqfjqnc dp ndcbk n{
`bq{dhtdgj 1': cdoodfg p{n{b ngk yqdxn{b p`effo {bn`ebqp dg 19>2'
Gfznkntp/ cngt {bn`ebqp enxb abbg `bq{dhdbk/ bd{ebq at yfq{hfodf
nppbppcbg{ fq at n{{bgkdgj {bn`ebq {qndgdgj' At ynppdgj {edp yqfjqnc/ d{ dp
abodbxbk {en{ {ebt enxb jffk `nynadod{dbp dg {bn`edgj {ebdq p{rkbg{p' D{ dp yqfxbk
at {eb kf`rcbg{p {ebt pracd{ ngk {bn`edgj nppbppcbg{ at {eb bxnorn{fq'
@bq{dhdbk {bn`ebqp nqb abodbxbk {f ybqhfqc ab{{bq {eng {bn`ebqp zef enxb gf{
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:
abbg `bq{dhdbk' Ybfyob npprcb {en{ {ebt enxb bgfrje `fcyb{bg`dbp dg {bn`edgj'
Bkr`n{fqp/ yfod`t cnlbqp/ cbkdn/ ngk yraod` b~rn{b {bn`ebq ~rnod{t zd{e {bn`ebq
`bq{dhd`n{dfg'
Dg hn`{/ cngt {bn`ebqp kf gf{ hfoofz {eb yqf`bpp fh {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg
yqfjqnc hndqot' [ebqb nqb pfcb `npbp fh kb`bd{ kfgb at {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg
yqfjqnc ynq{d`dyng{p' [nlb np ng buncyob/ n hbz cfg{ep njf {ebqb znp n
{bn`ebq zef znp bu`orkbk hqfc {eb `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqf`bpp at {eb bxnorn{fq
ab`nrpb eb znp hfrgk `fytdgj f{ebqp p`dbg{dhd` zqd{dgj dg fqkbq {f hrohdoo {eb
{bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg qb~rdqbcbg{p' D{ dp fgot fgb buncyob fh cngt kb`bd{p hfrgk
krqdgj {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc'
[eb f{ebq `npb dp {en{ {bn`ebqp ybqhfqc {ebdq abp{ fgot krqdgj {eb
yqfjqnc ar{ gf{ nh{bq d{' [bn`ebqp enxb edje cf{dxn{dfg {f nqqngjb obppfg yongp
ngk n{{bgk ngt pbcdgnqp qbon{bk {f {ebdq cnmfq' [eb yqfaobc dp {en{ {ebt kf
{ebpb n`{dxd{dbp gf{ ab`nrpb {ebt zng{ {f bgeng`b {ebdq ~rnod{t fh {bn`edgj ar{
ab`nrpb {ebt zng{ {f ynpp {eb `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc ngk jb{ {eb yqfhbppdfg
prapdkt' Cr`e plby{d`dpc nyybnqp hqfc kdhhbqbg{ ybfyob qbon{bk {f {eb {bn`ebq
`bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc' [eb xnodkd{t fh {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc dp abdgj
~rbp{dfgbk' [ebt nqb gf{ prqb zeb{ebq {bn`ebqp zef enxb ynppbk {eb {bn`ebq
`bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc nqb qbnoot yqfhbppdfgno {bn`ebqp/ {bn`ebqp zef nqb bodjdaob
{f {bn`e' Cngt npprcy{dfgp p{n{b {en{ {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc dp fgot n
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5
znp{b fh {dcb ngk cfgbt pdg`b {bn`ebqp nqb fgot dg{bqbp{bk dg {eb edje pnonqt
zd{efr{ ngt ~rnod{t dcyqfxbcbg{'
[bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp odlb n `ngkob dg {eb knql hfq {bn`ebqp pdg`b d{
fhhbqp n qndpb fh yqfhbppdfg prapdkt hfq {bn`ebqp' Fg {eb f{ebq engk/ jfxbqgcbg{
efybp {en{ at {eb yqf`bpp fh {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg/ {bn`ebqp zdoo ab bg`frqnjbk {f
dcyqfxb {ebdq ~rnod{t dg {bn`edgj/ gf{ fgot krqdgj {eb yqf`bpp fh `bq{dhd`n{dfg
ar{ nopf nh{bq {eb yqf`bpp' Cngt {bn`ebqp enxb edje cf{dxn{dfg {f jdxb {ebdq abp{
ybqhfqcng`b krqdgj {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc' Ar{/ zeb{ebq {ebt lbby
{ebdq abp{ ybqhfqcng`b nh{bq {eb yqf`bpp dp {eb ~rbp{dfg {en{ {eb qbpbnq`ebq nopf
kbnop zd{e' Dg {edp qbpbnq`e/ {eb qbpbnq`ebq dp dg{bqbp{bk {f hdgk fr{ {eb bu{bg{ fh
{bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg nhhb`{p {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj
yqf`bpp'
Pdg`b {eb cndg yrqyfpb fh {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc dp {f bgeng`b
{eb yqfhbppdfgnodpc fh {bn`ebqp/ `bq{dhdbk {bn`ebqp pefrok ab {bn`ebqp zef nqb
yqfhbppdfgno ngk xd`b xbqpn' Efzbxbq/ {ebqb enxb abbg cngt qrcfqp pntdgj {en{
`bq{dhdbk {bn`ebqp kf gf{ nozntp obnk {f yqfhbppdfgnodpc' [ebpb qrcfqp cnt
`fcb nqdpb ab`nrpb {eb yebgfcbgfg pefzdgj {en{ {bn`ebqp kf gf{ cnlb obppfg
yong/ rpb xnqdfrp cb{efk dg {bn`edgj/ cnlb rpb fh cbkdn/ fq nqqngjb n jffk
bxnorn{dfg cb`engdpc' [ebqbhfqb {eb qbpbnq`ebq dp dg{bqbp{bk {f `fgkr`{ {eb
p{rkt dg PCN G > Lon{bg' [eb qbpbnq`ebq `effpbp PCN G > Lon{bg np {eb
famb`{ fh {eb p{rkt ab`nrpb d{ qbyqbpbg{p {eb qb~rdqbcbg{ hfq `fgkr`{dgj {eb
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4
qbpbnq`e pdg`b noo fh {eb Bgjodpe {bn`ebqp dg PCN > Lon{bg enxb abbg `bq{dhdbk'
[eb zqd{bq dp bnjbq {f hdgk fr{ {eb bu{bg{ fh {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg nhhb`{p {eb
~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dg PCN G > Lon{bg'
A' Hfqcron{dfg fh {eb Yqfaobc
Dg enqcfgt zd{e {eb an`ljqfrgk fh {eb p{rkt buyfpbk/ {eb yqfaobc fh
{edp p{rkt dp hfqcron{bk np hfoofz= [f zen{ bu{bg{ kfbp {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg
nhhb`{ {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp n{ PCN G > Lon{bg6
@' [eb Famb`{dxb fh {eb P{rkt
Anpbk fg {eb hfqcron{dfg fh {eb yqfaobc/ {edp qbpbnq`e dp ndcbk n{
dkbg{dhtdgj {f zen{ bu{bg{ {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg `ng bhhb`{dxbot nhhb`{ {eb
Bgjodpe {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp'
K' [eb Abgbhd{p fh {eb Qbpbnq`e
[edp qbpbnq`e dp cndgot dg{bgkbk {f hdgk fr{ {eb bu{bg{ fh {bn`ebq
`bq{dhd`n{dfg nhhb`{ {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp' D{ zdoo
ab hqrd{hro gf{ fgot hfq {eb `bq{dhdbk {bn`ebqp ar{ nopf {eb rg`bq{dhdbk {bn`ebqp
ngk {eb jfxbqgcbg{' [eb qbpro{ fh {eb qbpbnq`e dp buyb`{bk {f ab naob {f jdxb
pfcb nkxng{njbp `onppdhdbk np hfoofzp'
Hfq {eb qbpbnq`ebq/ {edp qbpbnq`e dp buyb`{bk {f jdxb n jffk rgkbqp{ngkdgj
nafr{ {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg ngk d{p bhhb`{p fg {eb Bgjodpe {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj
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>9
yqf`bpp' [eb qbpro{p fh {eb qbpbnq`e nqb buyb`{bk {f ab pdjgdhd`ng{ `fgpdkbqn{dfgp
dg bgeng`dgj {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp' Dg nkkd{dfg/
{edp p{rkt nopf penqybgp {eb dg~rdqt fh {eb qbpbnq`ebq dg kfdgj qbpbnq`e'
Hfq {eb {bn`ebqp/ {edp qbpbnq`e zdoo yqfxdkb {ebc pfcb anpd` dghfqcn{dfg
nafr{ {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc' [edp qbpbnq`e zdoo yqfxdkb dghfqcn{dfg hfq
{eb {bn`ebqp nafr{ {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg cb`engdpc ngk zen{ pefrok ab kfgb
np hrq{ebq dcyod`n{dfgp fh {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg' Zd{e {edp dg cdgk/ d{ dp buyb`{bk
{en{ {bn`ebqp zef enxb abbg `bq{dhdbk `ng {bn`e {ebdq p{rkbg{p ab{{bq {eng abhfqb
ngk kbxbofy {ebcpboxbp dg fqkbq {f ybqhfqc {ebdq abp{ dg {eb `onppqffc' Ngk hfq
{eb {bn`ebqp zef enxb gf{ abbg `bq{dhdbk/ d{ dp efybk {en{ at qbnkdgj {eb qbpro{ fh
{edp p{rkt/ {ebt zdoo rgkbqp{ngk efz {ebt pefrok n{{bgk {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg
yqfjqnc ngk zen{ {ebt pefrok kf nh{bq {eb yqfjqnc' [edp p{rkt dp nopf efybk {f
jdxb cf{dxn{dfg hfq {eb rg`bq{dhdbk {bn`ebqp {f nozntp dcyqfxb {ebdq
`fcyb{bg`dbp'
Hfq {eb jfxbqgcbg{/ {edp qbpbnq`e yqfxdkbp pfcb nr{ebg{d` kn{n nafr{
{bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc ngk d{p bhhb`{ fg {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bn`edgj
ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp' [eb kn{n dg`orkb {eb {bn`ebqp obppfg yong/ qbpro{ fh
dg{bqxdbz zd{e {eb {bn`ebqp/ ngk {eb qbpro{ fh `onppqffc fapbqxn{dfg' [ebqbhfqb/
d{ dp efybk {en{ {eb jfxbqgcbg{ `ng {nlb {eb qbpro{ fh {edp qbpbnq`e dg{f
`fgpdkbqn{dfg hfq {eb ab{{bqcbg{ fh {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc ngk {eb
kbxbofycbg{ fh {bn`ebq yqfhbppdfgnodpc'
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>>
@ENY[BQ DD
QBXDBZ FH QBON[BK OD[BQN[RQB
Dg {edp `eny{bq/ {eb qbpbnq`ebq buyondgp {eb `fg`by{p `fg`bqg zd{e {eb {fyd`
{en{ dp [eb Bhhb`{ fh [bn`ebq @bq{dhd`n{dfg fg {eb ^rnod{t fh Bgjodpe [bn`edgj ngk
Obnqgdgj Yqf`bpp' [edp `fg`by{rno kbp`qdy{dfg kfbp gf{ cbng {f `qbn{b etyf{ebpdp
zed`e zdoo ab buncdgbk dg {eb hdbok/ ar{ np {eb anpdp {f {eb `fg`by{rno
rgkbqp{ngkdgj zed`e dp rpbk dg {edp qbpbnq`e'
Abpdkbp/ {eb qbpbnq`ebq nopf kbp`qdabp pfcb qbpbnq`e hdgkdgjp `fg`bqg zd{e
{eb bhhb`{ fh {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg fg {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj
yqf`bpp' Hrq{ebqcfqb/ {eb qbpbnq`ebq bcyfzbqbk ebq qbpbnq`e at `fgp{qr`{dgj
qn{dfgnob hfq {edp qbpbnq`e' [eb qn{dfgnob fh {eb qbpbnq`e zdoo ab ardo{ ry at
qbjnqkdgj {eb {ebfqb{d`no fqdbg{n{dfg fh {eb qbpbnq`e hdgkdgjp'
N' [bn`edgj ngk Obnqgdgj Yqf`bpp
>' [ebfqdbp fh Obnqgdgj
Ybfyob obnqg gbz {edgjp bxbqt knt' Pfcb fh {ebc qbnod}b {en{ {ebt nqb
obnqgdgj pfcb{edgj' Ar{ {eb f{ebqp kf gf{ qbnod}b d{' [ebt prkkbgot cnp{bq n
`bq{ndg pldoo fq rgkbqp{ngk `bq{ndg dghfqcn{dfg zd{efr{ lgfzdgj {en{ {ebt obnqg d{'
Zebg {ebt zbqb `edokqbg/ hfq buncyob/ {ebt obnqg {f {nol rg`fgp`dfrpot' Ar{ zebg
{ebt nqb yr{ dg hfqcno p`effop/ zed`e cfp{ fh {eb obnqgdgj yqf`bpp qrg
`fgp`dfrpot/ {ebt lgfz {en{ {ebt nqb {ebqb {f obnqg pfcb{edgj fq {f qbn`e `bq{ndg
jfnop'
>>
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>1
Zen{ dp obnqgdgj ngk zen{ dp {bn`edgj ngk efz kf {ebt dg{bqn`{6 Obnqgdgj
dp n`~rdqdgj fq jb{{dgj fh lgfzobkjb fh n pramb`{ fq n pldoo at p{rkt/
buybqdbg`b/ fq dgp{qr`{dfg' Pdcdonqot/ {bn`edgj/ zed`e dp dcyodbk dg {ebkbhdgd{dfg fh obnqgdgj/ cnt ab kbhdgbk np pefzdgj fq eboydgj pfcbfgb {f
obnqg efz {f kf pfcb{edgj/ jdxdgj dgp{qr`{dfgp/ jrdkdgj dg {eb p{rkt fh
pfcb{edgj/ yqfxdkdgj zd{e lgfzobkjb/ `nrpdgj {f lgfz fq rgkbqp{ngk
%Aqfzg/ >44;=:$'
Aqfzgp p{n{bcbg{ nafxb kbp`qdabp {en{ obnqgdgj dp n znt {f kbxbofy n gbz
pldoo fq fa{ndg dghfqcn{dfg {eqfrje p{rktdgj/ buybqdbg`dgj/ fq kfdgj dgp{qr`{dfgp'
D{ cbngp {en{ {ebqb nqb/ n{ obnp{/ {eqbb zntp fh obnqgdgj/ {ebt nqb= p{rktdgj/
buybqdbg`dgj/ ngk kfdgj dgp{qr`{dfg' Cfqbfxbq/ Aqfzg %1999= :$ aqbnlp kfzg {eb
kbhdgd{dfg fh obnqgdgj np hfoofzp'
n' Obnqgdgj dp n`~rdpd{dfg fq jb{{dgj'[eb cfqb p{rkbg{p rgkbqp{ngk nafr{ {eb yqf`bpp fh obnqgdgj {eb hfqbdjg
ongjrnjb/ {eb cfqb {ebt zdoo ab naob {f {nlb qbpyfgpdadod{t hfq {ebdq fzg
jb{{dgj fq obnqgdgj'
a'Obnqgdgj dp qb{bg{dfg fh dghfqcn{dfg fq pldooObnqgbqp zdoo cnlb pbgpb fh dghfqcn{dfg fq pldoo rgd~rbot dg{f {ebdq fzg
qb{bg{dfg' Np {eb {bn`ebq buyondgp {eb obppfg/ obnqgbqp zd{e {ebdq fzg
p{qn{bjt lbby {eb dghfqcn{dfg fq pldoop'
`'Qb{bg{dfg dcyodbp p{fqnjb ptp{bcp/ cbcfqt/ ngk `fjgd{dxb fqjngd}n{dfg'
P{fqnjb ptp{bc `fg`bqgp zd{e p{fqnjb ngk qb{qdbxno fh dghfqcn{dfg ngk
zntp fh fqjngd}dgj {eb dghfqcn{dfg hfq p{fqnjb d{pboh' Cbcfqt `fg`bqgp
zd{e `qbn{dgj cbg{no odglnjbp %jqfrydgj/ bonafqn{dgj/ ngk yon`dgj gbz
zfqkp dg{f n `fg{bu{$/ nyyotdgj dcnjbp ngk pfrgkp %rpdgj dcnjbqt/
qbyqbpbg{dgj pfrgkp dg cbcfqt$/ ngk qbxdbzdgj zboo %p{qr`{rqbk
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qbxdbzdgj$' @fjgd{dxb fqjngd}n{dfg `fg`bqgp zd{e yqn`{d`dgj %yqn`{d`dgj
gn{rqnodp{d`noot/ qbybn{dgj/ qb`fcadgdgj/ qb`fjgd}dgj ngk rpdgj hfqcronp
ngk yn{{bqgp$'
k'Obnqgdgj dgxfoxbp n`{dxb/ `fgp`dfrp hf`rp fg ngk n`{dgj ryfg bxbg{pfr{pdkb fq dgpdkb {eb fqjngdpc'
Obnqgbqp ab`fcb cfqb nznqb fh {eb p{qn{bjt {ebt rpb/ ngk {f
kdp{dgjrdpe ab{zbbg nyyqfyqdn{b ngk dgnyyqfyqdn{b fgbp' [en{ dp/ {ebt
nqb pyb`dhd` abenxdfqp dg qbpyfgpb {f n yqfaobc/ pr`e np jrbppdgj {eb
cbngdgj fh n zfqk/ ngk f{ebq cfqb jbgbqno npyb`{ pr`e np obnqgdgj
p{tob/ ybqpfgnod{t ngk cf{dxn{dfg'
b' Obnqgdgj dp qbon{dxbot ybqcngbg{ ar{ pramb`{ {f hfqjb{{dgj'Pfcb yqdfq buybqdbg`bp nqb qbcbcabqbk zboo/ zedob f{ebqp nqb
hfqjf{{bg' D{ `nggf{ ab pndk/ fh `frqpb/ {en{ cbngdgjhro obnqgbk cn{bqdno
dp gbxbq hfqjf{{bg'
h' Obnqgdgj dgxfoxbp pfcb hfqc fh yqn`{d`b/ ybqenyp qbdghfq`bk yqn`{d`b'Yqn`{d`b `fg`bqgp zd{e p{fqnjb ngk qb{qdbxno fh dghfqcn{dfg fq pldoop
dg`orkb qbyb{d{dfg ngk qbebnqpno< {eb yqn`{d`b d{pboh `frok ab qbdghfq`bk'
j'Obnqgdgj dp n `engjb dg abenxdfq'
[eb jffk fh obnqgdgj dp {en{ {eb obnqgdgj d{pboh cnlbp {eb obnqgbqp
ab`fcb jffk ybfyob ngk n`{ gfaot'
At obnqgdgj/ {eb obnqgbqp nqb buyb`{bk {f enxb gf{ fgot n ab{{bq
rgkbqp{ngkdgj {f `bq{ndg lgfzobkjb ar{ nopf n ab{{bq ybqpfgnod{t pdg`b {eb bun`{
yrqyfpb fh bkr`n{dfg dp {f bkr`n{b af{e n`nkbcd` ngk pydqd{rno pdkbp fh {eb
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p{rkbg{p' N {bn`ebq kfbp gf{ fgot {bn`e efz {f yqfgfrg`b `bq{ndg zfqkp `fqqb`{ot
ar{ nopf efz {f rpb {eb zfqkp nyyqfyqdn{bot' [en{ dp zet d{ dp pndk {en{ obnqgdgj
rprnoot obnkp {f n `engjb dg abenxdfq' Ar{/ fh `frqpb/ {edp `engjb kfbp gf{ kdqb`{ot
enyybg' D{ gbbkp {dcb ngk qbyb{d{dfg fh {eb n`{dfg' Nh{bq n ybqdfk fh {dcb/ {eb
obnqgbqp abenxdfq zdoo hdgnoot `engjb' [nlb np ng buncyob< dh ng ngdcno jb{p {ff
`ofpb {f n hdqb/ d{ jb{p arqg{' [eb ngdcno qbcbcabqp {eb yndg d{ hbo{ ngk obnqgp {en{
nxfdkdgj hdqb zdoo ab pnhbq hfq d{'
Zebg ybfyob obnqg pfcb{edgj/ {ebt enxb {f qbcbcabq d{ hdqp{/ ngk p{fqb d{
dg {ebdq cbcfqt hfq {eb hr{rqb rpb' [eb qbyb{d{dfg fh zen{ {eb ybfyob kf nh{bq {ebt
enxb obnqgbk pfcb{edgj zdoo obnk {ebc {f enxb n `engjb dg {ebdq abenxdfq' D{ dp dg
odgb zd{e {eb kbhdgd{dfg fh obnqgdgj yqfyfpbk at Ldcaob ngk Jnqcb}t %dg Aqfzg/
>44;$ ngk Credaadg Ptne %1998=41$' Ldcaob ngk Jnqcb}t %dg Aqfzg/ >44;$
kbhdgb obnqgdgj np n qbon{dxbot ybqcngbg{ `engjb dg n abenxdfqno {bgkbg`t ngk nqb
{eb qbpro{ fh qbdghfq`bk yqn`{d`b' Credaadg Ptne %1998=41$ p{n{bp {en{ obnqgdgj dp
p{njbp fh `engjb fh fgbp abenxdfq {en{ qbon{dxbot ybqcngbg{ np n qbpro{ fh
buybqdbg`b ngk dg{bqn`{dfg zd{e {eb bgxdqfgcbg{ dgxfoxdgj `fjgd{dxb yqf`bpp' [eb
`engjbp dg abenxdfq `nggf{ ab pbbg kdqb`{ot nh{bq {eb obnqgbqp enxb obnqgbk n
`bq{ndg pramb`{'
Pryyfq{dgj {eb kbhdgd{dfg fh obnqgdgj jdxbg at Ldcaob ngk Jnqcbpt/ Lobdg
kbhdgbp obnqgdgj np ng buybqdcbg{no yqf`bpp qbpro{dgj dg n qbon{dxbot ybqcngbg{
`engjb dg abenxdfq {en{ `nggf{ ab buyondgbk at {bcyfqnqt p{n{bp/ cf{dxn{dfg/ fq
dgd{dn{b qbpyfgpb {bgkbg`dbp %>448= 1$' [edp kbhdgd{dfg fh obnqgdgj dgkd`n{bp {en{
{ebqb nqb {eqbb xd{no `fcyfgbg{p fh obnqgdgj' Hdqp{/ obnqgdgj qbhob`{p n `engjb dg {eb
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yf{bg{dno hfq n abenxdfq' Obnqgdgj kfbp gf{ nr{fcn{d`noot obnk {f n `engjb fh
abenxdfq' Zen{ crp{ ab kfgb dp {f {qngpon{b obnqgdgj dg{f abenxdfq' Pb`fgk/
`engjbp dg abenxdfq krb {f obnqgdgj nqb qbon{dxbot ybqcngbg{' [edqk/ `engjbp dg
abenxdfq `ng ab krb {f yqf`bpp f{ebq {eng obnqgdgj' Ybfyobp abenxdfq `ng nopf
`engjb np {eb qbpro{ fh cf{dxn{dfg/ cn{rqn{dfgno kbxbofycbg{p/ nopf dgp{dg`{dxb
yqf`bpp' [edp kbhdgd{dfg fh obnqgdgj pefzp {en{ obnqgdgj kfbp gf{ nozntp qbpro{
`engjbp dg fgbp abenxdfq' Dg pf`db{t/ ybfyob cdje{ enxb obnqgbk `bq{ndg xnorbp'
No{efrje {ebt enxb obnqgbk/ cngt ybfyob enxb gf{ `engjb dg abenxdfq dg fqkbq {f
fabt {eb xnorbp'
Obnqgdgj/ np zen{ enp abbg cbg{dfgbk abhfqb/ dp nozntp qbon{bk zd{e
{bn`edgj' [ebqbhfqb obnqgdgj dp `noobk np ng dg{bqn`{dxb yqf`bpp' Efzboo/ Hfu/ ngk
Cfqbebnk dg @rqqd`rorc#Anpbk bxnorn{dfg %>440= :$/ p{n{b {en{ obnqgdgj dp
dg{bqn`{dxb' D{ cbngp {en{ obnqgdgj n`{dxd{t crp{ ab kfgb dg {zf zntp/ ab{zbbg {eb
{bn`ebq ngk {eb p{rkbg{p' Dg f{ebq zfqkp/ d{ zdoo gf{ {nlb yon`b dh fgb fh {eb hn`{fqp
dp cdppdgj' [eb {bn`ebq `nggf{ {qngphbq {eb gbz cn{bqdno dh {eb fgbp {f zefc {eb
gbz cn{bqdno zdoo ab {qngphbqqbk kf gf{ budp{' Fg {eb f{ebq pdkb/ {eb p{rkbg{p zdoo
gf{ enxb n {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dh {eb ybqpfg zef zdoo {bn`e {ebc kfbp
gf{ budp{' [bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj dg`orkb {zf cndg yfdg{p/ {bn`e ngk obnqg'
[ebqb crp{ ab pfcbfgb zef {bn`ebp/ ngk {eb f{ebqp obnqg' [ebqbhfqb/ {eb {zf
hn`{fqp pefrok ab yqbpbg{' P`effop zdoo ab `ofpbk dh {ebqb dp gf p{rkbg{ {f {bn`e ngk
xd`b xbqpn' [bn`ebq ngk p{rkbg{p gbbk fgb ngf{ebq'
Hqfc pfcb kbhdgd{dfgp fh obnqgdgj zed`e enxb abbg cbg{dfgbk nafxb/ d{
`ng ab ptg{ebpd}bk {en{ obnqgdgj dp n yqf`bpp fh jb{{dgj fq n`~rdqdgj lgfzobkjb fq
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pldoop {eqfrje p{rkt/ buybqdbg`b/ ngk dgp{qr`{dfg zed`e cnt obnk {f n `engjb dg
abenxdfq'
1' [ebfqdbp fh [bn`edgj
Obnqgdgj `nggf{ ab pbynqn{bk hqfc {bn`edgj' Zebg ybfyob {nol nafr{
obnqgdgj/ {ebt/ kdqb`{ot fq dgkdqb`{ot/ nopf {nol nafr{ {bn`edgj' Aqfzg p{n{bp {en{
obnqgdgj `nggf{ ab kbhdgbk nynq{ hqfc {bn`edgj'
Zen{ dp obnqgdgj ngk zen{ dp {bn`edgj ngk efz kf {ebt dg{bqn`{6 Obnqgdgj
dp n`~rdqdgj fq jb{{dgj fh lgfzobkjb fh n pramb`{ fq n pldoo at p{rkt/buybqdbg`b/ fq dgp{qr`{dfg' Pdcdonqot/ {bn`edgj/ zed`e dp dcyodbk dg {eb
kbhdgd{dfg fh obnqgdgj/ cnt ab kbhdgbk np pefzdgj fq eboydgj pfcbfgb {f
obnqg efz {f kf pfcb{edgj/ jdxdgj dgp{qr`{dfgp/ jrdkdgj dg {eb p{rkt fh
pfcb{edgj/ yqfxdkdgj zd{e lgfzobkjb/ `nrpdgj {f lgfz fq rgkbqp{ngk
%Aqfzg/ >44;=:$'
Dg {bn`edgj/ {bn`ebq eboyp {eb p{rkbg{p {f cnp{bq `bq{ndg pldoop fq obnqg
`bq{ndg lgfzobkjb' Eb jrdkbp edp p{rkbg{p/ hn`dod{n{bp {eb obnqgdgj/ bgnaobp {eb
obnqgbqp {f obnqg/ ngk pb{p {eb pd{rn{dfgp {f ab `fgkr`dxb hfq obnqgdgj d{pboh'
[bn`ebqp rgkbqp{ngkdgj fh edp obnqgbqp zdoo kb{bqcdgb {ebdq yedofpfyet fh
bkr`n{dfg/ {bn`edgj p{tob/ nyyqfn`e/ cb{efkp/ ngk `onppqffc {b`egd~rbp {en{ zdoo
ab rpbk'
Aqfzgp fydgdfg nafr{ {bn`edgj dp pryyfq{bk at Gn{eng Jnjb %>48;= 184$'
Dg Aqfzg Jnjb gf{bk {en{ {f pn{dpht {eb yqn`{d`no kbcngkp fh bkr`n{dfg/ {ebfqdbp
fh obnqgdgj crp{ ab p{ffk fg {ebdq ebnk pf np {f tdbok {ebfqdbp fh {bn`edgj' Zebg
{ebqb nqb {eb obnqgbqp zef obnqg/ {ebqb pefrok ab pfcbfgb zef {bn`ebp {ebc'
[ebqbhfqb zebg {ebqb nqb ybfyob zef nqb obnqgdgj dg fgb pdkb/ {ebqb crp{ ab
f{ebqp zef nqb {bn`edgj dg {eb f{ebq pdkb' Zebg n {bn`ebq dp {bn`edgj edp p{rkbg{p/
eb {qdbp {f eboy edp p{rkbg{p {f rgkbqp{ngk `bq{ndg {fyd`p' Eb yqfxdkbp {ebc zd{e
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buncyobp/ dgp{qr`{dfgp/ fq jrdkng`b dg fqkbq {f cnlb edp p{rkbg{p obnqg {eb
cn{bqdno bnpdbq' Np n ynq{ fh {eb {bn`ebqp bhhfq{ {f yqfcf{b p{rkbg{p obnqgdgj/ eb
nopf yqfxdkbp {eb p{rkbg{p zd{e pr`e `fgkd{dfg {en{ cnlb {eb p{rkbg{p ab cf{dxn{bk
dg obnqgdgj'
Ybggt Rq %>448= ;$ p{n{bp {en{ {bn`edgj dp dg{bgkbk {f qbpro{ dg ybqpfgno
obnqgdgj hfq p{rkbg{p/ ngk dp zfq{eobpp dh d{ kfbp gf{ kf pf' D{ cbngp {en{ {bn`edgj dp
efybk {f cnlb {eb p{rkbg{p rgkbqp{ngk {eb yqf`bpp fh obnqgdgj pf {en{ {ebt `ng
{nlb {ebdq qbpyfgpdadod{t {f obnqg' Fg {eb f{ebq engk/ peb pntp {en{ {eb `fg`by{ fh
{bn`edgj dp rgkbqp{ffk np n yqf`bpp {en{ dg{qdgpd`noot ngk dgpbynqnaot bg`ofpbk
zd{e obnqgdgj' Ebq fydgdfg dgkd`n{bp {en{ {bn`edgj dp nozntp qbon{bk {f obnqgdgj'
[bn`edgj dp nopf `fg`bqgbk zd{e n yqf`bpp' Zebg n {bn`ebq dp {bn`edgj edp
p{rkbg{p/ eb nqqngjbp pfcb p{byp fq n`{dfgp eb pefrok kf zebg eb dp {bn`edgj' [eb
cndg jfno fh {bn`edgj dp gf{ fgot p{rkbg{p n`nkbcd` qbpro{ ar{ nopf {eb
kbxbofycbg{ fh p{rkbg{p ybqpfgnod{t' Nqbgkp %199>= 28$ bcyenpd}bp {bn`edgj np n
yqf`bpp fh n{{bcy{dgj fq yqfcf{dgj jqfz{e dg p{rkbg{p' [eb dg{bgkbk jqfz{e ebqb
cnt ab hnq qbn`edgj/ pr`e np kbxbofydgj n `fcyob{bot gbz `fg`by{rno hqncbzfql
hfq {edgldgj nafr{ p`dbg`b fq n`~rdqdgj n gbz nyyqb`dn{dfg hfq od{bqn{rqb' Dg
qbon{dfg {f {edp/ Ngkbqpfg ngk Arqgp %>454= : dg Boodf{ b{ no/ >444= 8$ p{n{b=
{bn`edgj `ng ab `fgpdkbqbk np n yqf`bpp/ pdg`b {bn`edgj dgxfoxbp n`{dfg'
[bn`edgj `ng nopf ab qbjnqkbk np ng dg{bqybqpfgno n`{dxd{t/ pdg`b {bn`ebqp dg{bqn`{
zd{e fgb fq cfqb p{rkbg{p' [bn`ebqp pefrok cfgd{fq noo fh {eb p{rkbg{p ngk jdxb
n{{bg{dfg {f bn`e fh {ebc np adj np {ebt gbbk' [bn`ebqp pefrok dg{bqn`{ zd{e {ebdq
p{rkbg{p' [eb ~rnod{t fh {eb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp `ng ab kb{bqcdgbk at
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efz jffk {eb `onppqffc dg{bqn`{dfg dp' [eb cfqb {eb `onppqffc dg{bqn`{dfg/ {eb
ab{{bq {eb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp'
Anpbk fg {eb buyongn{dfgp nafxb/ d{ `ng ab `fg`orkbk {en{ {bn`edgj dp n
yqf`bpp fh jrdkdgj ngk hn`dod{n{dgj p{rkbg{p {f obnqg fq {f yqfcf{b jqfz{e dg {eb
p{rkbg{p abenxdfq'
0' Bgjodpe Ongjrnjb [bn`edgj
Dg `fccrgd`n{dxb nyyqfn`e/ obnqgdgj n ongjrnjb cbngp rpdgj {eb ongjrnjb
{f `fccrgd`n{b `fg{bu{rnoot= cfgfofjrb#kdnofjrb/ fqno#zqd{{bg/ qb`by{dxb#
yqfkr`{dxb/ ngk dg{bqybqpfgno#{qngpn`{dfgno' D{ cbngp {en{ ongjrnjb {bn`ebqp
pefrok ab naob {f `fxbq {efpb npyb`{p dg {bn`edgj `bq{ndg ongjrnjb {f p{rkbg{p'
[ebt pefrok ab naob {f cf{dxn{b/ hn`dod{n{b/ ngk jrdkb p{rkbg{p pf {en{ {ebt `ng
obnqg efz {f rpb {eb ongjrnjb dg qbno `fccrgd`n{dfg' Dg f{ebq zfqkp/ {eb hf`rp fh
pb`fgk ongjrnjb {bn`edgj dp fg {eb {bn`edgj ongjrnjb hfq {eb ro{dcn{b jfno fh
`fccrgd`n{dfg zd{e f{ebq pybnlbqp fh {eb pb`fgk ongjrnjb' Pr`e n hf`rp enp
`bg{bqbk fg pybnldgj ngk odp{bgdgj pldoop/ fg zqd{dgj hfq pyb`dhd` `fccrgd`n{dxb
yrqyfpbp/ ngk fg nr{ebg{d` qbnkdgj {bu{p %Aqfzg/ >44;=118$' An`ecng %>459$
dg Aqfzg %>44;= 11:$ yqfyfpbp n Ongjrnjb @fcyb{bg`b P`ebcn zed`e kbp`qdabp
{eb `fcyb{bg`bp {en{ n ongjrnjb obnqgbq pefrok cnp{bq'
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[naob 1'>' Ongjrnjb @fcyb{bg`b P`ebcn
An`ecng p`ebcn{d}n{dfg dp {eb cfkdhd`n{dfg fh @ngnob ngk Pzndgp
kbhdgd{dfg fh `fccrgd`n{dxb `fcyb{bg`b' An`ecng yon`bp jqnccn{d`no ngk
kdp`frqpb %qbgncbk {bu{rno$ `fcyb{bg`b rgkbq fgb gfkb zed`e eb `noop np
fqjngd}n{dfgno `fcyb{bg`b' D{ dg`orkbp noo qrobp ngk ptp{bcp {en{ kd`{n{b {eb
ongjrnjb obnqgbqp `ng kf zd{e {eb hfqcp fh ongjrnjb/ zeb{ebq {ebt ab pbg{bg`b#
obxbo qrobp %jqnccnq$ fq qrobp {en{ jfxbqg efz {ebt p{qdgj pbg{bg`bp {fjb{ebq
%kdp`frqpb$' Yqnjcn{d` `fcyb{bg`b `fxbqp hrg`{dfgno npyb`{p fh ongjrnjb
%doof`r{dfgnqt `fcyb{bg`b/ fq/ ybq{ndgdgj {f pbgkdgj ngk qb`bdxdgj dg{bgkbk
cbngdgjp$ ngk pf`dfodgjrdp{d` npyb`{p %zed`e kbno zd{e pr`e `fgpdkbqn{dfgp np
yfod{bgbpp/ hfqcnod{t/ cb{nyefq/ qbjdp{bq/ ngk `ro{rqnoot qbon{bk npyb`{p fh
ongjrnjb$' Ngk/ dg lbbydgj zd{e `rqqbg{ znxbp fh {efrje{ An`ecng nkkp p{qn{bjd`
`fcyb{bg`b np ng bg{dqbot pbynqn{b bobcbg{ fh fccrgd`n{dxb ongjrnjb nadod{t'
[ebqb nqb hfrq `enqn`{bqdp{d`p fh `fccrgd`n{dxb ongjrnjb {bn`edgj
yqfyfpbk at Aqfzg %>44;= 1;2$= %>$ `onppqffc jfnop nqb hf`rpbk fg noo fh {eb
`fcyfgbg{p fh `fccrgd`n{dxb `fcyb{bg`b ngk gd{ qbp{qd`{bk {f jqnccn{d`no fq
Ongjrnjb
@fcyb{bg`b
Fqjngd}n{dfgno@fcyb{bg`b
Jqnccn{d`no
@fcyb{bg`b
[bu{rno
@fcyb{bg`b
Yqnjcn{d`
@fcyb{bg`b
Doof`f{dfgnqt
@fcyb{bg`b
Pf`dfodgjrdp{d`
@fcyb{bg`b
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odgjrdp{d` `fcyb{bg`b/ %1$ ongjrnjb {b`egd~rbp nqb kbpdjgbk {f bgjnjb obnqgbqp dg
{eb yqnjcn{d`/ nr{ebg{d`/ hrg`{dfgno rpb fh ongjrnjb hfq cbngdgjhro yrqyfpbp/ %0$
horbg`t ngk n``rqn`t nqb pbbg np `fcyobcbg{nqt yqdg`dyobp rgkbqotdgj
`fccrgd`n{dxb {b`egd~rbp/ %;$ dg {eb `fccrgd`n{dxb `onppqffc/ p{rkbg{p
ro{dcn{bot enxb {f rpb {eb ongjrnjb/ yqfkr`{dxbot ngk qb`by{dxbot/ dg rgqbebnqpbk
`fg{bu{p'
Np p{n{bk dg YY >4&1992 {en{ {eb `enqn`{bqdp{d`p fh ng bhhb`{dxb {bn`edgj
ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp nqb n`{dxb/ dggfxn{dxb/ `qbn{dxb/ bhhb`{dxb/ ngk hrg/ ongjrnjb
{bn`ebqp pefrok ab naob {f `qbn{b pr`e `fgkd{dfg dg fqkbq {f n{{ndg {eb jfno fh
ongjrnjb obnqgdgj' Ng n`{dxb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dp {bn`edgj ngk
obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dg zed`e {eb p{rkbg{p nqb dgxfoxbk dg{bgpdxbot' Dg {eb `fg{bu{ fh
ongjrnjb {bn`edgj/ ng n`{dxb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dp pefzg at {eb
n`{dxbgbpp fh {eb p{rkbg{p dg rpdgj {eb ongjrnjb {f `fccrgd`n{b' Dggfxn{dxb
{bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp cbngp {en{ {eb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp cnlbp
rpb fh qb`bg{ {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj cfkbo/ pr`e np qfob yont/ hf`rp jqfry
kdp`rppdfg/ {npl#anpbk dgp{qr`{dfg/ dg~rdqt#anpbk obnqgdgj/ ngk yqfaobc#anpbk
obnqgdgj' @qbn{dxb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dp {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp
zed`e rpbp xnqdfrp n`{dxd{dbp' [efpb xnqdfrp n`{dxd{dbp pefrok ab prd{bk zd{e
p{rkbg{p `fcyb{bg`t/ {bn`edgj cn{bqdno/ {bn`edgj cb{efk/ ngk bxnorn{dfg' Zedob
ng bhhb`{dxb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dp {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp zed`e
dp naob {f kbxbofy p{rkbg{p `fcyb{bg`t kbp`qdabk dg p{ngknqk `fcyb{bg`b/ anpd`
`fcyb{bg`b/ ngk dgkd`n{fq' Onp{ ar{ gf{ obnp{/ n hrg {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp
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dp {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp zed`e p{dcron{bp p{rkbg{p {f ab cf{dxn{bk {f obnqg
{eb ongjrnjb'
;' Bhhb`{dxb [bn`ebqp
[bn`ebqp nqb {eb lbt yfdg{ dg kb{bqcdgdgj {eb {bn`edgj ~rnod{t' Bhhb`{dxb
{bn`ebqp zdoo {bn`e {ebdq p{rkbg{p bhhb`{dxbot' P{rkbg{p {bgk {f odlb {bn`ebqp zef
nqb `ofpb ngk `nqb zd{e {ebc' P{rkbg{p zdoo odlb {bn`ebqp zef nqb ldgk {f {ebc
cfqb {eng {efpb zef nqb gf{/ bxbg {efrje {ebt nqb pcnq{ {bn`ebqp' Np n qbpro{/
p{rkbg{p zdoo ab cfqb n`{dxb dg n `onpp zebg {eb {bn`ebq zef dp {bn`edgj dp {eb
{bn`ebq {ebt odlb' Nqbgkp %>44:= 2$ p{n{bp= bhhb`{dxb {bn`ebqp pbbl nr{ebg{d`
qbon{dfgpedy zd{e {ebdq p{rkbg{p/ enxb yfpd{dxb kdpyfpd{dfg {fznqk lgfzobkjb/
`fccngk n qbybq{fdqb fh {bn`edgj yqn`{d`bp/ ngk nqb qbhob`{dxb yqfaobc pfoxbqp'
Ngf{ebq kbhdgd{dfg fh bhhb`{dxb {bn`ebqp `fcbp hqfc Knxdk Qtng' Qtng
kbhdgbp bhhb`{dxb {bn`ebqp np {efpb zef nqb hndq/ kbcf`qn{d`/ qbpyfgpdxb/
rgkbqp{ngkdgj/ ldgkot/ pdcron{dxb/ fqdjdgno/ nobq{/ n{{qn`{dxb/ qbpyfgpdaob/ p{bnkt/
yfdpbk/ ngk `fghdkbg{ %Qtng ( @ffybq/ >45;= 092#8$' D{ cbngp {en{ ng bhhb`{dxb
{bn`ebq dp nozntp hndq {f edp p{rkbg{p' Hndq kfbp gf{ nozntp cbng jdxb {eb pncb
ncfrg{ fh pfcb{edgj/ ar{ hndq cbngp jdxb np adj np {ebt gbbk' Np n {bn`ebq/ eb
pefrok lgfz {en{ p{rkbg{p nqb afqg zd{e kdhhbqbg{ `enqn`{bq eb pefrok hn`b' Eb
pefrok nopf ab kbcf`qn{d`' Ng bhhb`{dxb {bn`ebq dp nozntp zdpb dg hn`dgj ngt
prjjbp{dfgp hqfc f{ebq ybfyob hfq edc ab`nrpb eb rgkbqp{ngkp {en{ {efpb
prjjbp{dfgp zdoo dcyqfxb edp {bn`edgj ~rnod{t' Eb jdxbp qbpyfgpb {f edp p{rkbg{p dg
n yfpd{dxb znt np n qbpro{ fh edp rgkbqp{ngkdgj {fznqkp p{rkbg{p abenxdfq'
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P{rkbg{p enxdgj bhhb`{dxb {bn`ebqp {bgk {f enxb jffk n`edbxbcbg{p' D{ cnt
enyybg ab`nrpb {eb {bn`ebqp enxb bhhb`{dxb zntp {f `fgkr`{ n jffk {bn`edgj'
[ebt yong {ebdq obppfg ngk nqb yqbynqbk {f zen{ cdje{ enyybg {f {ebdq `onpp' Ng
bhhb`{dxb {bn`ebq nozntp p{nq{p bn`e gbz obppfg at yqbxdbzdgj {eb onp{ obppfg' [eb
{bn`ebq jdxbp n aqdbh buyongn{dfg qbon{bk {f {eb {fyd` dg {eb yqbxdfrp obppfg' [eb
p{rkbg{p nqb nopf jdxbg `eng`bp {f npl dh {ebqb nqb p{doo pfcb kdhhd`ro{dbp {ebt enxb
dg rgkbqp{ngkdgj {eb {fyd`' [edp n`{dxd{t dp xbqt dcyfq{ng{ {f kf ab`nrpb p{rkbg{p
cdje{ enxb kdhhd`ro{dbp dg obnqgdgj {eb yqbxdfrp obppfg zed`e cdje{ ab qbon{bk {f
{eb gbu{ {fyd` {ebt nqb jfdgj {f obnqg' D{ dp efybk {en{ at kfdgj {edp n`{dxd{t/ d{ zdoo
ab bnpdbq hfq {eb p{rkbg{p {f rgkbqp{ngk {eb {fyd` {en{ {ebt nqb jfdgj {f enxb'
Ng bhhb`{dxb {bn`ebq nopf p{n{bp {eb famb`{dxb fh {eb obppfg abhfqb {eb
{bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp {nlbp yon`b' At kfdgj pf/ {eb {bn`ebq buyb`{p {en{
{eb p{rkbg{p zdoo ab p{dcron{bk {f yqbynqb {ebcpboxbp zd{e {ebdq an`ljqfrgk
lgfzobkjb {ebt enxb qbon{bk {f {eb {fyd` {ebt nqb jfdgj {f enxb pf {en{ {ebt zdoo
ab bnpdbq {f rgkbqp{ngk' Ngf{ebq `enqn`{bqdp{d` fh ng bhhb`{dxb {bn`ebq dp {en{ eb
{qngphbqp {eb gbz cn{bqdno at yqbpbg{dgj d{ dg p{by at p{by' D{ dp dcyfq{ng{ {f kf
ab`nrpb at yqbpbg{dgj {eb obppfg p{by at p{by/ {eb {bn`ebq zdoo ab yr{ n{ bnpb dg
kbodxbqdgj {eb cn{bqdno ab`nrpb eb enp fqjngd}bk zen{ eb dp jfdgj {f {boo {f {eb
p{rkbg{p' [edp nopf nxfdkp {eb rg{fok cn{bqdnop zed`e rprnoot enyybg zebg {eb
{bn`ebq kfbp gf{ yqbpbg{ {eb obppfg dg p{by at p{by' Eb gbbkp nopf {f jdxb
rgkbqp{ngknaob dgp{qr`{dfg ngk buyongn{dfg {f edp p{rkbg{p' No{efrje n {bn`ebq enp
yqbpbg{bk edp obppfg p{by at p{by/ d{ dp gf rpb dh {eb p{rkbg{p kf gf{ jb{ zen{ {eb
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{bn`ebq cbngp' [ebqbhfqb {eb {bn`ebq pefrok cdgdcd}b {edp yfppdadod{t at jdxdgj ng
rgkbqp{ngknaob dgp{qr`{dfg ngk buyongn{dfg'
[eb p{rkbg{p gbbk {dcb {f yqn`{d`b zen{ {ebdq {bn`ebq enp buyondgbk {f
{ebc' Dg {edp `npb/ n {bn`ebq enp n kr{t {f jdxb {eb p{rkbg{p `eng`bp {f kf d{' D{ `ng
ab dg {eb hfqc fh zqd{{bg ngk fqno bubq`dpb' [eb yqfaobc zed`e {ebg cdje{ `fcb
nqdpb dp {en{ {ebqb nqb pfcb p{rkbg{p zef nqb gf{ `fghdkbg{ {f `fg{qdar{b
{ebcpboxbp dg {eb fqno bubq`dpbp' N {bn`ebq pefrok kqnz {ebdq dg{bqbp{ dg
ynq{d`dyn{dgj dg {eb bubq`dpb at jdxdgj {ebc grcbqfrp ~rbp{dfgp {en{ {ebt enxb {f
ngpzbq' [eb {bn`ebqp ~rbp{dfgp `ng nopf ab rpbk {f `eb`l efz hnq {eb p{rkbg{p
obnqg'
Qfpbgpedgb ngk P{bxbgp dg @qfzo/ Lncdgplt ngk Yfkboo %>44:= 082$ enxb
`fgkr`{bk n p{rkt nafr{ {bn`edgj p{qn{bjdbp ngk {ebt hfrgk >9 `enqn`{bqdp{d`p fh
ng bhhb`{dxb {bn`ebq'
n' p{nq{p bn`e gbz obppfg at yqbxdbzdgj {eb onp{ obppfg[bn`ebq p{nq{p {eb cbb{dgj at yqbxdbzdgj {eb {fyd` {ebt enk abhfqb'
[edp `ng ab kfgb {eqfrje jdxdgj n aqdbh buyongn{dfg nafr{ {eb yqbxdfrp
cn{bqdno fq at jdxdgj `eng`bp hfq {eb p{rkbg{p {f npl zen{ {ebt enxb gf{
rgkbqp{ffk nafr{ {eb yqbxdfrp cn{bqdno'
a'p{n{bp {eb famb`{dxbp fh {eb obppfgP{n{dgj {eb famb`{dxb abhfqb {eb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp qrg dp
dcyfq{ng{' D{ p{dcron{bp {eb p{rkbg{p {f yqbynqb {ebcpboxbp zd{e {eb
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an`ljqfrgk lgfzobkjb {ebt enxb qbon{bk {f {eb {fyd` {ebt nqb jfdgj {f
obnqg'
`' {qngphbqp {eb gbz cn{bqdno at yqbpbg{dgj p{by at p{by[bn`edgj zd{e fqkbqbk p{byp ng{d`dyn{bp {eb {bn`ebq hqfc ngt yfppdaob
cdppdgj cn{bqdno zedob eb dp qrggdgj {eb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp'
Pfcb{dcbp {bn`ebq kf zen{ dp `noobk np mrcydgj' Eb kfbpg{ yqbpbg{
{eb cn{bqdno dg n jffk fqkbq pf {en{ {eb p{rkbg{p jb{ `fghrpbk zd{e zen{
{eb {bn`ebq dp qbnoot {noldgj nafr{' At yqbpbg{dgj {eb cn{bqdno p{by at
p{by/ d{ dp efybk {en{ {edp yqfaobc zdoo gf{ enyybg'
k' {nlbp rgkbqp{ngknaob dgp{qr`{dfgp ngk buyongn{dfgpP{rkbg{p pfcb{dcbp kf gf{ rgkbqp{ngk {eb dgp{qr`{dfgp fq buyongn{dfgp
{ebdq {bn`ebq jdxbp' [ebt enxb gf dkbn zd{e zen{ {eb {bn`ebq dp {qtdgj {f
pnt' D{ dp jffk hfq {eb {bn`ebq {f jdxb dgp{qr`{dfgp fq buyongn{dfgp zd{e
zfqkp zed`e nqb hncdodnq {f {eb p{rkbg{p pf {en{ {eb p{rkbg{p zdoo
rgkbqp{ngk {eb dgp{qr`{dfgp fq buyongn{dfgp ab{{bq'
b' yqfxdkbp cr`e {dcb hfq p{rkbg{p {f yqn`{d`b[eb jfno fh ongjrnjb obnqgdgj dp {f cnlb {eb p{rkbg{p {f ab naob {f rpb
{eb ongjrnjb' P{rkbg{p nqb efybk {en{ at {eb bgk fh {eb obnqgdgj
yqf`bpp/ {ebt zdoo ab naob {f nyyot zen{ {ebt enxb noqbnkt jf{/ dg {edp
`npb {eb ongjrnjb' [bn`ebq/ np {eb hn`dod{n{fq/ pefrok yqfxdkb `eng`bp
hfq {eb p{rkbg{p {f rpb {ebdq ongjrnjb'
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h' jdxbp grcbqfrp ~rbp{dfgpDg {eb cngnjbcbg{ fh obnqgdgj/ ~rbp{dfgp hrohdoo grcbqfrp hrg`{dfgp dg
{eb `onppqffc' At npldgj ~rbp{dfgp/ {eb {bn`ebq `ng bod`d{ dghfqcn{dfg/
`eb`l p{rkbg{p rgkbqp{ngkdgj/ fq `fg{qfo p{rkbg{p abenxdfq'
j'`fgkr`{p znqcdgj ry n`{dxd{dbp[bn`ebqp `ng kqnz p{rkbg{p dg{bqbp{ dg obnqgdgj n `bq{ndg pramb`{ at
`fgkr`{dgj znqcdgj ry n`{dxd{dbp' [edp ldgk fh n`{dxd{t `ng ab kfgb
{eqfrje cngt zntp' Pfcb fh {eb zntp {bn`ebqp rprnoot rpb nqb at
jdxdgj ~rbp{dfgp qbon{bk {f {eb pramb`{ fq at kfdgj jncbp zd{e {eb
p{rkbg{p'
e'jdxbp hbbkan`l ngk fqqb`{dfgpCnldgj cdp{nlbp dp n ebno{et ynq{ fh {eb obnqgdgj yqf`bpp' Cdp{nlbp ngk
d{p `fqqb`{dfg `ng yqfxdkb {eb obnqgbq zd{e xnornaob dghfqcn{dfg fg {eb
{nqjb{ ongjrnjb' [eb {bn`ebq pefrok `fgpdkbq zebg ngk efz eb zdoo
jdxb hbbkan`l ngk `fqqb`{dfgp {f p{rkbg{p cdp{nlbp'
d' yqfxdkbp buyod`d{ dgp{qr`{dfgp hfq pbn{zfql[eb nadod{t {f yqfxdkb `obnq dgp{qr`{dfgp dp ng dcyfq{ng{ cngnjbcbg{
pldoo hfq noo {bn`ebqp' @obnq dgp{qr`{dfgp nqb `qd{d`no {f {eb pr``bpp fh
`onppqffc {nplp ngk bubq`dpbp'
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m' `nqqdbp fr{ {bp{ zbblot ngk cfg{eotYbqdfkd` {bp{ dp gbbkbk {f lgfz efz hnq p{rkbg{p obnqg' [eb dghfqcn{dfg
{en{ {eb {bn`ebq gbbkp nafr{ p{rkbg{p rgkbqp{ngkdgj qbon{bk {f `bq{ndg
cn{bqdnop `ng ab fa{ndgbk at `fgkr`{dgj {edp n`{dxd{t'
2' Jbgbqno Yqdg`dyob fh Bhhb`{dxb [bn`edgj ngk Obnqgdgj
[bn`ebq kfbp gf{ fgot {bn`e edp p{rkbg{p np eb zng{p' Eb enp pfcb jrdkbp
{f pefz edc efz {f ab cfqb bhhb`{dxb dg `fgkr`{dgj n obppfg' Eb qrgp edp obppfg
anpbk fg pfcb yqdg`dynop zed`e gbbk {f ab hfoofzbk dg fqkbq {f pryyfq{ ng
bhhb`{dxb obnqgdgj' Fqcqfk %1992= >2$ yqfyfpbp {eqbb jbgbqno yqdg`dyobp fh
bhhb`{dxb obnqgdgj/ np hfoofzp'
n' [bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp zdoo ab cfqb bhhb`{dxb dh {eb {bn`ebqpqbon{b {eb cn{bqdnop {f {eb p{rkbg{p an`ljqfrgk lgfzobkjb' [bn`ebqp
n{{bcy{ {f qbon{b {eb dkbn fh {eb cn{bqdnop zd{e pfcb{edgj {en{ p{rkbg{p
nqb noqbnkt hncdodnq/ pr`e np {ebdq yqbxdfrp zfqlp/ {ebdq ynp{
buybqdbg`bp/ ngk {ebdq jbgbqno lgfzobkjb nafr{ {eb zfqok' Zebg {eb
p{rkbg{p hbbo hncdodnq zd{e {eb {fyd` {eb {bn`ebq jdxbp {f {ebc/ {ebt zdoo
ab dg{bqbp{bk ngk cf{dxn{bk dg hfoofzdgj {eb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj
yqf`bpp' P{rkbg{p zef nqb dg{bqbp{bk ngk cf{dxn{bk {bgk {f `fg{qdar{b
cfqb dg {eb `onppqffc dg{bqn`{dfg'
a' [eb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp zdoo ab cfqb bhhb`{dxb dh {eb {bn`ebqbonafqn{bp {eb gbz cn{bqdno `obnqot ngk p{by at p{by' Bonafqn{dfg dp n
yqf`bpp fh nkkdgj fgbp fzg dkbnp {f gbz dghfqcn{dfg' Dg cfp{
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pd{rn{dfgp/ bonafqn{dfgp bgnaob p{rkbg{p {f obnqg dghfqcn{dfg zd{e
jqbn{bq rgkbqp{ngkdgj/ qbcbcabq d{ ab{{bq/ ngk nyyot d{ cfqb qbnkdot
zebg {ebt gbbk d{' [ebqbhfqb/ {bn`ebqp {qt {f {edgl abtfgk {eb
dghfqcn{dfg {ebt qbnk' [bn`ebqp jbgbqn{b gbz buncyobp fh `fg`by{p'
P{rkbg{p pfcb{dcbp kf gf{ rgkbqp{ngk {eb cn{bqdno {ebdq {bn`ebq jdxbp'
[ebqbhfqb {eb {bn`ebq pefrok jdxb nkkd{dfgno dghfqcn{dfg fq
buyongn{dfg qbon{bk {f {eb {fyd` {ebt nqb obnqgdgj' At bonafqn{dgj {eb
{fyd`/ {bn`ebq `ng nxfdk p{rkbg{p cdpobnkdgj fq cdprgkbqp{ngkdgj
pdg`b eb enp yqfxdkbk {eb p{rkbg{p zd{e bgfrje buyongn{dfg'
`' [bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp zdoo ab cfqb bhhb`{dxb dh {eb {bn`ebqbxnorn{bp {eb p{rkbg{p ybqdfkd`noot {f bgprqb {en{ {eb p{rkbg{p enxb
obnqgbk ngk rgkbqp{ffk' [bn`ebqp jdxb {eb p{rkbg{p qbxdbzp fq {bp{p
zbblot fq cfg{eot fq npl {ebc {f cnlb n aqdbh prccnqt nafr{ {eb
cn{bqdno'
[efpb yqdg`dyobp nqb jrdkbodgbp hfq {bn`ebqp ngk nqb xbqt rpbhro hfq
af{e {bn`ebqp ngk p{rkbg{p' [bn`ebqp ab{{bq {f p{nq{ {eb obppfg zd{e pfcb{edgj
zed`e dp hncdodnq {f {eb p{rkbg{p' [ebt enxb {f bonafqn{b {eb dkbn `obnqot ngk p{by
at p{by pf {en{ {eb p{rkbg{p `ng rgkbqp{ngk {eb dghfqcn{dfg ab{{bq' Hdgnoot/
{bn`ebqp kf bxnorn{dfg fq obppfg qbxdbz'
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8' [eb @fcyfgbg{p fh [bn`edgj ngk Obnqgdgj Yqf`bpp
Dg {eb yqf`bpp fh {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj/ cngt `fcyfgbg{p nqb dgxfoxbk'
[efpb `fcyfgbg{p nqb pbynqn{bk ar{ dg{bqqbon{bk bn`e f{ebq' Zebg fgb `fcyfgbg{
dp cdppdgj/ {eb yqf`bpp fh {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj `nggf{ qrg pcff{eot'
E'M Jdfgf %>44:= 19$ kdxdkbp {eb `fcyfgbg{p fh {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj
yqf`bpp dg{f pbxbg `fcyfgbg{p= {ebt nqb p{rkbg{/ {bn`ebq/ jfno/ cn{bqdno/ cb{efk/
cbkdn/ ngk bxnorn{dfg'
n' P{rkbg{pP{rkbg{ dp {eb pbblbq/ {eb qb`bdxbq/ ngk {eb pnxbq fh {eb pramb`{ cn{bqdno
gbbkbk {f n`edbxb {eb jfno' Dg {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp/ {eb
p{rkbg{p nqb {eb fgbp zef pbbl hfq lgfzobkjb hqfc {eb {bn`ebq' [ebt
qb`bdxb {eb cn{bqdno {en{ {eb {bn`ebq jdxbp {f {ebc zed`e dp {ebg pnxbk
hfq hr{rqb rpb' [eb cn{bqdno fq pldoop {ebt enxb nqb rpbk {f n`edbxb {eb
jfno zed`e enp abbg pb{ ngk p{n{bk dg {eb abjdggdgj fh {eb obppfg'
a'[bn`ebq[bn`ebq dp {eb cngnjbq fh {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj n`{dxd{dbp/ ngk {eb
{bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj `n{notp{' Eb nopf enp f{ebq qfobp dg cnldgj
{bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp jf bhhb`{dxbot'
`' JfnoJfno dp n p{n{bcbg{ nafr{ {eb dg{bgkbk `engjbp zed`e `frok ab n`edbxbk
nh{bq hfoofzdgj `bq{ndg {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp' [ebpb `engjbp
dgxfoxb {eb nhhb`{dxb/ `fjgd{dxb/ ngk ypt`efcf{fq nqbnp' [eb jfno fh {eb
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{bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp pefrok ab qbnodp{d` ngk prd{bk zd{e {eb
gbbkp fh {eb p{rkbg{p'
k'Cn{bqdnoCn{bqdno dp {eb ncfrg{ fh dghfqcn{dfg nafr{ {eb hn`{p/ yqdg`dyobp/ ngk
`fg`by{p/ zed`e nqb gbbkbk {f n`edbxb {eb jfno' [eb cn{bqdno rpbk dg
{eb yqf`bpp fh {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj pefrok ab prd{naob zd{e {eb pramb`{
abdgj obnqgbk ngk nopf {eb p{rkbg{p lgfzobkjb'
b' Cb{efkCb{efk dp {eb znt dg jdxdgj {eb `eng`b {f {eb p{rkbg{p {f jb{ {eb
dghfqcn{dfg/ zed`e dp gbbkbk {f n`edbxb {eb jfno' N jffk {bn`ebq rpbp n
xnqdfrp cb{efk dg fqkbq {f nxfdk p{rkbg{p afqbkfc'
h' CbkdnCbkdn dp n kbxd`b rpb hfq `fgxbtdgj {eb dghfqcn{dfg {f {eb p{rkbg{p pf
{en{ {ebt `ng n`edbxb {eb jfno bnpdot' At rpdgj cbkdn/ d{ dp buyb`{bk {en{
{eb p{rkbg{p zdoo ab cfqb dg{bqbp{bk dg {eb pramb`{ {ebt obnqg'
j'Bxnorn{dfgBxnorn{dfg dp n `bq{ndg znt rpbk hfq bxnorn{dgj {eb yqf`bpp ngk d{p
qbpro{' D{ dp jdxbg {f noo fh {eb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj `fcyfgbg{p ngk d{
nopf jdxbp {eb hbbkan`l {f {eb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj `fcyfgbg{p'
[eb buyongn{dfg nafxb pefzp {en{ {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp dgxfoxbp
cngt `fcyfgbg{p zed`e nqb bg`ofpbk {fjb{ebq {f qbn`e {eb jfno fh bkr`n{dfg'
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Zebg fgb fh {efpb `fcyfgbg{p dp cdppdgj/ {eb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp
`nggf{ qrg np pcff{e np zebg noo fh {ebc nqb yqbpbg{'
:' [bn`ebq ngk Obnqgbq Qfob[eb qfobp zed`e {eb {bn`ebq ngk {eb obnqgbqp `effpb {f nkfy{ zdoo enxb n
pdjgdhd`ng{ abnqdgj fg `onppqffc n{cfpyebqb/ yn{{bqgp fh dg{bqn`{dfg/ ngk
ro{dcn{bot p{rkbg{ obnqgdgj' [eb {bn`ebq ngk {eb p{rkbg{p zdoo nkfy{ n qngjb fq
qfobp' [eb kb`dpdfg dg `effpdgj `bq{ndg qfobp cnt obnk {f `fcyod`n{dfgp/
`fghrpdfg/ ngk bxbg `fghod`{ ab{zbbg {eb {bn`ebq ngk {eb obnqgbqp'
[bn`ebq/ np {eb lbt yfdg{ dg kb{bqcdgdgj {eb ~rnod{t fh {bn`edgj ngk
obnqgdgj yqf`bpp/ pbqxbp cngt qfobp' [ebpb qfobp nqb engkobk at n {bn`ebq dg fqkbq
{f qbn`e {eb jfno zed`e enp abbg pb{ at {eb {bn`ebq' N``fqkdgj {f Aqbbg ngk
@ngkodg %>459$ dg Qd`enqkp ngk Qfjbqp %199>= >8:$ {bn`ebq enp {eqbb cndg qfobp
dg {eb `fccrgd`n{dxb onppqffc=
[eb hdqp{ qfob dp {f hn`dod{n{b {eb `fccrgd`n{dfg yqf`bpp ab{zbbg noo
ynq{d`dyng{p dg {eb `onppqffc/ ngk ab{zbbg {ebpb ynq{d`dyng{p ngk {eb
xnqdfrp n`{dxd{dbp ngk {bu{p' [eb pb`fgk qfob dp {f n`{ np ng dgkbybgkbg{
ynq{d`dyng{ zd{edg {eb obnqgdgj#{bn`edgj jqfry' [eb on{{bq qfob dp `ofpbot
qbon{bk {f {eb famb`{dxbp fh {eb hdqp{ qfob ngk nqdpbp hqfc d{' [ebpb qfobp
dcyot n pb{ fh pb`fgknqt qfobp hqfc {eb {bn`ebq< hdqp{/ np ng fqjngd}bq fh
qbpfrq`bp ngk np qbpfrq`b edcpboh/ pb`fgk np n jrdkb zd{edg {eb
`onppqffc yqf`bkrqbp ngk n`{dxd{dbpn {edqk qfob hfq {eb {bn`ebq dp {en{
fh qbpbnq`ebq ngk obnqgbq/ zd{e cr`e {f `fg{qdar{b dg {bqcp fhnyyqfyqdn{b lgfzobkjb ngk nadod{dbp/ n`{rno ngk fapbqxbk buybqdbg`b fh
{eb gn{rqb fh obnqgdgj ngk fqjngd}n{dfgno `nyn`d{dbp'
[eb qfobp fh {bn`ebqp jdxbg at Aqbbg ngk @ngkodg nafxb pefzp {en{ {eb
hdqp{ qfob fh n {bn`ebq dp np ng fqjngd}bq fh qbpfrq`b ngk np qbpfrq`b edcpboh' D{
cbngp {en{ zedob {bn`ebq hrg`{dfgp edcpboh np ng fqjngd}bq fh qbpfrq`b/ n{ {eb
pncb {dcb eb dp {eb qbpfrq`b edcpboh' Eb nqqngjbp {eb cn{bqdno eb jb{p hfq {eb
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p{rkbg{p zedob fg {eb f{ebq engk eb {qngphbqp edp fzg lgfzobkjb {f edp p{rkbg{p'
[eb pb`fgk qfob fh {bn`ebq dp np n jrdkb' Ebqb/ {bn`ebq jdxbp cfkbo {f edp p{rkbg{p
dg kfdgj pfcb{edgj qbon{bk {f {eb {fyd` {ebt nqb obnqgdgj' Eb pefzp {eb p{rkbg{p
efz {f kf `bq{ndg n`{dxd{dbp dg fqkbq {f nxfdk p{rkbg{p cdprgkbqp{ngkdgj nafr{ {eb
{bn`ebqp dgp{qr`{dfg' [eb {edqk qfob fh n {bn`ebq dp np n qbpbnq`ebq ngk nopf n
obnqgbq' N {bn`ebq/ zedob `fgkr`{dgj {eb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp/ qbpbnq`ebp
edp obppfg' Edp qbpbnq`e dp qbon{bk zd{e efz zboo eb qrgp edp obppfg' [eb qbpro{ fh
edp qbpbnq`e dp {ebg rpbk at edc {f obnqg n ab{{bq znt fq cb{efk zed`e `ng ab
rpbk dg edp `onpp dg fqkbq {f enxb n ab{{bq {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp'
Enqcbq %>44>$ dg Grgng ngk Onca %>448= >05$ kbhdgbp {en{ {ebqb nqb
cngt qfobp {en{ {bn`ebq pefrok efok/ {efpb nqb=
n' [bn`ebq np n `fg{qfoobq[eb `fg{qfoobq qfob dp nyyqfyqdn{b n{ {efpb {dcbp dg {eb obppfg zebg {eb
{bn`ebq zng{p {eb zefob `onpp {f ab n{{bgkdgj {f zen{ {ebt enxb {f pnt/
hfq buncyob/ zebg pb{{dgj ry n gbz n`{dxd{t/ yqfxdkdgj buyongn{dfg fq
jdxdgj hbbkan`l' Enqcbq qb`fccbgkp {en{ cfp{ `onppqffcp gbbk {eb
{bn`ebq np `fg{qfoobq ngk np hn`dod{n{fq'
a'
[bn`ebq np nppbppfq
[eb {bn`ebq `fqqb`{p fq yqfxdkbp hbbkan`l {f {eb p{rkbg{p' [bn`ebq
pefrok lgfz zebg ngk efz eb `ng `fqqb`{ ngk jdxb hbbkan`l {f edp
p{rkbg{p' Etybq`fqqb`{dfg `ng `nrpb {eb p{rkbg{p {f ab obpp `fghdkbg{ dg
buyqbppdgj {ebdq dkbnp' [en{ dp zet {eb {bn`ebq pefrok lgfz {eb {dcb
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zebg eb gbbkp {f ab ng nppbppfq ngk {eb {dcb zebg eb kfbp gf{ gbbk
{f'
`' [bn`ebq np fqjngd}bq[eb {bn`ebq np fqjngd}bq dp zebg {eb {bn`ebq gbbkp {f fqjngd}b edp
`onpp {f ab zen{ d{ pefrok ab' [eb {bn`ebq qfob np ng fqjngd}bq dp
abodbxbk np {eb cfp{ kdhhd`ro{ qfob {f efok at n {bn`ebq'
k' [bn`ebq np yqfcy{bqZebg n {bn`ebq dp np n yqfcy{bq/ eb gbbkp {f bg`frqnjb p{rkbg{p {f
ynq{d`dyn{b fq {f yqfxdkb dghfqcn{dfg fg yqf`bkrqno dpprbp'
b' [bn`ebq np ynq{d`dyng{Enqcbq yfdg{p fr{ {en{ {ebqb dp gf qbnpfg zet {bn`ebq pefrok gf{
ynq{d`dyn{b np ng b~rno ynq{d`dyng{ dg `fccrgd`n{dxb n`{dxd{dbp pr`e np
qfob yontp ngk pdcron{dfgp'
h' [bn`ebq np qbpfrq`b[bn`ebq pefrok yqfxdkb dghfqcn{dfg ngk nppdp{ng`b hfq edp p{rkbg{p np
gbbkbk'
j' [bn`ebq np {r{fq[bn`ebq enp {f eboy {eb p{rkbg{p {f `onqdht dkbnp/ yfdg{ fr{ bqqfqp dg
qfrje kqnh{p/ b{`'
e' [bn`ebq np dgxbp{djn{fqDg {edp qfob/ {bn`ebq hrq{ebqp edp fzg yqfhbppdfgno `fcyb{bg`b {eqfrje
{eb fapbqxn{dfg ngk dgxbp{djn{dfg fh yqf`bpp fh {bn`edgj dg edp fzg
`onppqffc'
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Ngf{ebq fydgdfg qbon{bk {f {eb qfob fh {bn`ebq dp jdxbg at Zqdje{ %>44:=
;4$' Eb pntp {en{ {bn`ebqp enxb {zf cnmfq qfobp dg {eb `onppqffc=
n' {f `qbn{b {eb `fgkd{dfgp rgkbq zed`e obnqgdgj `ng {nlb yon`b= {eb pf`dnopdkb fh {bn`edgj
a' {f dcynq{/ at n xnqdb{t fh cbngp/ lgfzobkjb {f {ebdq obnqgbqp= {eb {npl#fqdbg{bk pdkb fh {bn`edgj'
N {bn`ebq enp nopf qfobp zed`e nqb pfcb{dcbp f{ebq ybfyob `nggf{ pbb'
[ebqb nqb pfcb edkkbg ar{ dcyfq{ng{ qfobp n {bn`ebq pefrok abnq' Anqgbp dg
Zqdje{ %>44:= 80$ p{n{bp {en{ {ebqb nqb pfcb edkkbg qfobp fh {bn`ebq=
n' [eb {bn`ebq dp bxnorn{fq fh obnqgbqp bhhfq{p ngk `fg{qdar{dfgp' [eb{bn`ebq mrkjbp zeb{ebq obnqgbqp `fg{qdar{dfgp {f {eb {bn`edgj&obnqgdgj
yqf`bpp nqb xnodk/ qbobxng{/ ngk `fqqb`{'
a' [eb {bn`ebq dp n jrdkb {f {eb pramb`{ rgkbq `fgpdkbqn{dfg ngk {eb zntdg zed`e d{ dp obnqg{ dg {eb `onppqffc' Eb dp nopf {eb `rqn{fq fh {eb qrobp
hfq n`~rdqdgj lgfzobkjb'
`' @ofpbot odglbk {f {eb jrdkb qfob dp {eb qfob fh qbpfrq`b' [eb {bn`ebq dp nqbpfrq`b fh lgfzobkjb nafr{ {eb pramb`{ ngk nopf efz {f n`~rdqb d{'
k'
[eb {bn`ebq dp nopf/ np dcyodbk at %1$ ngk %0$/ ng fqjngd}bq' [eb {bn`ebq
fqjngd}bp `onppqffc n`{dxd{dbp/ pb{p ry obnqgdgj {nplp ngk nppdp{p {eb
obnqgbqp dg kfdgj {ebpb n`{dxd{dbp'
Dh n {bn`ebq abnqp cngt qfobp dg {eb yqf`bpp fh {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj/ {eb
obnqgbqp nopf enxb cngt qfobp {ebt enxb {f `effpb' Mfegpfg ngk Ynrop{fg %>4:8$
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dg Qd`enqkp ngk Qfkjbqp %>440= 10$ pyboo fr{ obnqgbq qfobp dg ng dgkdxdkrnod}bk
nyyqfn`e {f ongjrnjb obnqgdgj dg {eb hfoofzdgj {bqcp=
n' Obnqgbqp yong {ebdq fzg obnqgdgj yqfjqnc ngk {erp ro{dcn{bot npprcbqbpyfgpdadod{t hfq zen{ {ebt kf dg {eb `onppqffc'
[edp qfob `ng fgot {nlb yon`b dh {eb p{rkbg{p {ebcpboxbp/ np {eb obnqgbqp/
rgkbqp{ngk efz {eb yqf`bpp fh obnqgdgj zdoo ab' At rgkbqp{ngkdgj efz
{eb obnqgdgj yqf`bpp pefrok qrg/ {eb obnqgbqp zdoo yon`b {ebcpboxbp dg n
yfpd{dfg pf {en{ {ebqb zdoo ab gf `fghrpdfg fq bxbg `fghod`{ zd{e {eb
qfob fh {eb {bn`ebq'
a' Obnqgbqp cfgd{fq ngk bxnorn{b {ebdq fzg yqfjqbpp'P{rkbg{p/ np {eb n`{fq fh obnqgdgj/ pefrok ab nznqb fh {ebdq yqfjqbpp'
[ebt gbbk {f cfgd{fq {ebdq obnqgdgj ngk bxnorn{b d{ dg fqkbq {f kbxbofy
{ebdq `fcyb{bg`t'
`' Obnqgbqp nqb cbcabqp fh n jqfry ngk obnqg at dg{bqn`{dgj zd{e f{ebqpzd{e f{ebq obnqgbqp
[eb p{rkbg{p nqb ynq{p fh n adjjbq jqfry {en{ dp {eb `onppqffc' Dg n
`onppqffc/ {ebt obnqg n `bq{ndg pramb`{ zd{e f{ebq obnqgbqp' [en{ dp zet
{eb p{rkbg{p pefrok dg{bqn`{ zd{e {ebdq ybbqp ngk bgxdqfgcbg{'
k' Obnqgbqp {r{fq f{ebq obnqgbqp'Dg n `onppqffc/ {ebqb nqb cngt kdhhbqbg{ p{rkbg{p zd{e kdhhbqbg{ obxbo fh
rgkbqp{ngkdgj' Pfcb fh {eb p{rkbg{p `ng rgkbqp{ngk {eb cn{bqdno bnpdot
zedob {eb f{ebqp `nggf{' Zebg d{ enyybgp/ d{ dp n jffk {dcb hfq {eb
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k' {eb obnqgbq dp dgxfoxbk dg n pf`dno n`{dxd{t/ ngk {eb pf`dno ngkdg{bqybqpfgno qfobp fh {eb {bn`ebq `nggf{ ab kdxfq`bk hqfc
ypt`efofjd`no obnqgdgj yqf`bpp< {eb obnqgbq crp{ {nlb qbpyfgpdadod{t hfq
{ebdq fzg obnqgdgj/ kbxbofydgj nr{fgfct ngk pldoop dg obnqgdgj efz#{f#
obnqg'
[eb p{rkbg{p/ np {eb obnqgbq/ pefrok `effpb {eb qdje{ qfob n{ {eb qdje{ {dcb'
D{ cbngp {en{ {eb qfob fh {eb obnqgbq ngk {eb qfob fh {eb {bn`ebq pefrok ab cn{`ebk
bn`e f{ebq pf {en{ {eb {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp `ng qrg pcff{eot' [edp dp nopf
ng bhhfq{ kfgb at af{e pdkb fh {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj `fcyfgbg{ {f nxfdk
`fghrpdfg fq `fghod`{ zed`e cdje{ `fcb nqdpb'
A' [bn`ebq @bq{dhd`n{dfg
>' [eb Kbhdgd{dfg fh @bq{dhd`n{dfg
[bn`ebq dp {eb lbt fh {eb bkr`n{dfg ~rnod{t dcyqfxbcbg{' Bxbqt
jfxbqgcbg{ yfod`t yon`bp {bn`ebq np {eb `bg{qno yfdg{ fh {ebdq bkr`n{dfg qbhfqc' Dg
hn`{/ {eb ~rnod{t fh Dgkfgbpdng {bn`ebqp dp xnqdbk' Cngt {bn`ebqp enxb gf{ qbn`ebk
{eb ~rnodhd`n{dfg p{ngknqk fh bkr`n{dfg' Dg fqkbq {f jb{ {eb nkcdppdfg {en{ n {bn`ebq
enp qbn`ebk {eb ~rnodhd`n{dfg p{ngknqk/ eb gbbkp {f ab `bq{dhdbk'
@bq{dhd`n{dfg dp n yqf`bpp fh jdxdgj `bq{dhd`n{b fh `fcyb{bg`t np {eb
n`lgfzobkjbcbg{ {f fgbp `nynadod{t dg kfdgj n `bq{ndg mfa nh{bq ynppdgj {eb
`fcyb{bg`t {bp{' Anpbk fg {eb Onz grcabq >;& 1992 nafr{ {bn`ebq ngk ob`{rqbq
pb`{dfg > %>$/ {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp kbhdgbk np n yqf`bpp fh jdxdgj ng bkr`n{fq
`bq{dhd`n{bp {f {bn`ebqp ngk ob`{rqbqp' Dg qbon{dfg {f {edp kbhdgd{dfg/ Pncngd b{ no
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%1995= >$ pntp {en{ {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp n yqf`bpp fh jdxdgj ng bkr`n{fq
`bq{dhd`n{b {f {bn`ebqp zef enxb hrohdoobk {eb qb~rdqbcbg{p' D{ cbngp {en{ {eb
`bq{dhd`n{bp zdoo ab jdxbg {f {bn`ebqp ngk ob`{rqbqp nh{bq {ebt enxb hrohdoobk {eb
qb~rdqbcbg{p zed`e enxb abbg pb{ at {eb jfxbqgcbg{'
Pdcdonq kbhdgd{dfg dp jdxbg at Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Qbjron{dfg grcabq
>5&199: pb`{dfg > %>$' D{ dp pndk {en{ {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp n yqf`bpp fh jdxdgj ng
bkr`n{fq `bq{dhd`n{b {f {bn`ebqp dg pbqxd`b' Cfqbfxbq/ d{ dp cbg{dfgbk dg {eb gbu{
d{bc {en{ {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg `ng ab hfoofzbk at {bn`ebqp dg pbqxd`b zef enxb
yfppbppbk P> fq K; kbjqbb np n`nkbcd` ~rnodhd`n{dfg' Dg enqcfgt zd{e pfcb
kbhdgd{dfgp nafxb/ Qradgp{bdg/ C`Kfgfrje/ ngk Noong %kbykdlgnp/ 1998$ pntp {en{
%od`bgprqb ngk$ `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp n yqf`bpp at zed`e njbg`t fh {eb jfxbqgcbg{
jqng{p ybqcdppdfg {f ng dgkdxdkrno {f bgjnjb dg n jdxbg f``ryn{dfg ryfg hdgkdgj
{en{ nyyod`ng{ enp n{{ndgbk {eb cdgdcno kbjqbb fh `fcyb{bg`t qb~rdqbk {f bgprqb
{en{ yraod` ebno{e/ pnhb{t/ ngk zbohnqb zdoo ab qbnpfgnaot zboo#yqf{b`{bk'
D{ `ng ab `fg`orkbk {en{ {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp ng n`lgfzobkjbcbg{ hfq
{bn`ebqp np yqfhbppdfgno bkr`n{fqp nh{bq {ebt enxb ynppbk {eb `fcyb{bg`t {bp{
kfgb at {eb `bq{dhd`n{dfg dgp{d{r{dfg'
1' [eb Jfno ngk Abgbhd{ fh [bn`ebq @bq{dhd`n{dfg
[eb jfxbqgcbg{ enp/ fh `frqpb/ qbnpfgp dg pb{{dgj {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg
yqfjqnc' [eb qbnpfgp nqb {ebg qbhob`{bk np {eb jfno fh {eb yqfjqnc' N``fqkdgj {f
Lrcndkd dg Cn{bqd Pfpdnodpnpd Yqfjqnc Pbqd{dhdlnpd Ybgkdkdlng Yqfydgpd Mnzn
[bgjne %1998= 2$/ {eb jfno fh {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc dp {f bgeng`b {bn`ebq
~rnod{t ngk {f kb{bqcdgb {bn`ebq bodjdadod{t dg kfdgj edp kr{t np {eb p{rkt njbg{ dg
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qbnod}dgj {eb gn{dfgno bkr`n{dfg jfno %np cbg{dfgbk dg {eb qbobxng{ Onz ngk
qbjron{dfg$'
Qbon{bk {f {eb jfno fh {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc/ {ebqb nqb pfcb
nkxng{njbp {en{ {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc aqdgjp' Np prccnqd}bk at
Lrcndkd dg Cn{bqd Pfpdnodpnpd Yqfjqnc Pbqd{dhdlnpd Ybgkdkdlng Yqfydgpd Mnzn
[bgjne %1998= 2$/ {ebqb nqb pfcb nkxng{njbp {en{ {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg aqdgjp/
{ebt nqb=
>' [f yqf{b`{ {eb {bn`ebq yqfhbppdfg hqfc dg`fcyb{bg{ n`{dfgp zed`e `ngkbp{qft {bn`ebqp dcnjb'
1' [f yqf{b`{ {eb pf`db{t hqfc {eb on`l ~rnod{t ngk yqfhbppdfgnodpc fhbkr`n{dfg'
0' Np n cbngp fh ~rnod{t jrnqng{bb hfq OY[L ngk ~rnod{t `fg{qfo ngk{bn`ebq ~rng{d{t hfq {eb bkr`n{dfg pbqxd`b rpbqp'
;' [f lbby OY[L hqfc {eb dg{bqgno dg{bg{dfg ngk bu{bqgno yqbpprqb zed`edp dqqbobxng{ zd{e {eb qbjron{dfg'
2' [f jb{ yqfhbppdfg prapdkt hfq {eb `bq{dhdbk {bn`ebqp'[eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc dp kfgb rgkbq pfcb anpdp hfq onz' Np
cbg{dfgbk at Pncngd b{ no %1995= 1$ {en{ {ebqb nqb pfcb anpdp hfq onz fh {bn`ebq
`bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc/ {ebt nqb=
n' [eb N`{ fh {eb Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn Grcabq 19/ Tbnq 1990 FgGn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Ptp{bc'
Ybgkdkdl enqrp cbcdodld lrnodhdlnpd cdgdcrc kng pbq{dhdlnpd pbprnd
kbgjng mbgmngj lbzbgngjng cbgjnmnq/ pben{ mnpcngd kng qfengd/ pbq{n
cbcdodld lbcncyrng rg{rl cbzrmrklng {rmrng ybgkdkdlng gnpdfgno'
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a' [eb N`{ fh {eb Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn Grcabq >;/ tbnq 1992 Fg[bn`ebq ngk Ob`{rqbq
Pbq{dhdlnpd nknone yqfpbp ybcabqdng pbq{dhdln{ ybgkdkdlrg{rl jrqr kng
kfpbg' Pbq{dhdln{ ybgkdkdl nknone arl{d hfqcno pbanjnd ybgjnlrng tngj
kdabqdlng lbynkn jrqr kng kfpbg pbanjnd {bgnjn yqfhbpdfgno'
`' Jfxbqgcbg{no Qbjron{dfg grcabq >4/ tbnq 1992 fg Gn{dfgnoBkr`n{dfg P{ngknqk'
Ybgkdkdl enqrp cbcdodld lrnodhdlnpd nlnkbcdl kng lfcyb{bgpd
pbanjnd njbg ybcabonmnqng/ pben{ mnpcngd kng qfengd/ pbq{n cbcdodldlbcncyrng rg{rl cbzrmrklng {rmrng ybgkdkdlng gnpdfgno'
k' Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Qbjron{dfg grcabq >8/ tbnq 1992 fgBkr`n{fq rnodhd`n{dfg P{ngknqk ngk @fcyb{bg`dbp'
Lrnodhdlnpd nlnkbcdl jrqr ynkn pn{rng ybgkdkdlng mnorq hfqcno
cbg`nlry lrnodhdlnpd nlnkbcdl jrqr ybgkdkdlng Ngnl Rpdn Kdgd&
[ncng Lngnl#lngnl&Qnrkn{ro N{hno %YNRK&[L&QN$/ jrqr pblfone
knpnq&cnkqnpne da{dkndtne %PK&CD$/ jrqr pblfone cbgbgjne
ybq{ncn&cnkqnpne [pngnzdtne %PCY&C[p$/ jrqr pblfone cbgbgjne
n{np&cnkqnpne nodtne %PCN&CN$/ jrqr pblfone knpnq ornq
adnpn&pblfone cbgbgjne ornq adnpn&pblfone cbgbgjne n{np ornq adnpn
%PKOA&PCYOA&PCNOA$/ kng jrqr pblfone cbgbgjne
lbmrqrng&cnkqnpne nodtne lbmrqrng %PCL&CNL-$'
b' [eb Dgp{qr`{dfg fh Onz ngk Ercng Qdje{p Cdgdp{bq grcabq D'RC'9>'91#120'
h'
Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Qbjron{dfg grcabq >5/ tbnq 199: fg
@bq{dhd`n{dfg hfq [bn`ebqp dg Pbqxd`b zed`e dp {ebg no{bqbk at Gn{dfgno
Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Qbjron{dfg grcabq >>/ tbnq 1995 fg @bq{dhd`n{dfg
hfq [bn`ebqp dg Pbqxd`b
%>$ Pbq{dhdlnpd anjd jrqr knonc mnan{ng nknone yqfpbp ybcabqdng
pbq{dhdln{ ybgkdkdl rg{rl jrqr knonc mnan{ng' %1$ Pbq{dhdlnpd
pbanjndcngn kdcnlprk ynkn ntn{ %>$ knyn{ kddlr{d fobe jrqr knonc
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mnan{ng tngj {bone cbcddld lrnodhdlnpd nlnkbcdl pnqmngn %P>$ n{nr
kdyofcn bcyn{ %K#DX$'
j' Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Qbjron{dfg grcabq ;9/ tbnq 199: fg[bn`ebq @bq{dhd`n{dfg dg Pbqxd`b {eqfrje Bkr`n{dfg Angk'
e' Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Kb`qbb grcabq 928& F& 199: fg {ebHfqcdgj fh [bn`ebq @bq{dhd`n{dfg @fgpfq{drc'
d' Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Cdgdp{bq Kb`qbb grcabq 92:& F& 199: fg [ebKb`qbb fh [eb Rgdxbqpd{t Fqjngd}bq fh [bn`ebq @bq{dhd`n{dfg dg
Pbqxd`b'
;' [eb Cb`engdpc fh [bn`ebq @bq{dhd`n{dfg
[bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp {eb cngkn{b fh {eb n`{ fh {eb Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn
Grcabq 19/ Tbnq 1990 Fg Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Ptp{bc' [bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg `ng
ab kfgb dg {zf zntp/ {ebt nqb= %>$ [bn`ebqp yfq{hfodf nppbppcbg{/ ngk %1$
`bq{dhd`n{dfg zed`e dp kdqb`{ot jdxbg {f {eb {bn`ebqp' Dg fqkbq {f jb{ {bn`ebq
`bq{dhd`n{b/ {bn`ebqp `ng kf `fcyb{bg`t {bp{' [edp {bp{ `ng ab dg {eb hfqc fh
yfq{hfodf nppbppcbg{ zed`e dp {eb n`lgfzobkjbcbg{ fh {bn`ebqp yqfhbppdfgno
buybqdbg`b at nppbppdgj {fznqkp kf`rcbg{p zed`e qbhob`{p {eb {bn`ebqp
`fcyb{bg`dbp'
[bn`ebqp zef hfoofz {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc at pracd{{dgj
yfq{hfodf pefrok hrohdoo pfcb qb~rdqbcbg{p' [ebt nqb= %>$ enxdgj P#> n`nkbcd`
~rnodhd`n{dfg fq K#; hqfc p{rkt yqfjqncp zed`e enxb p{rkt od`bgpb/ %1$ enxb abbg
{bn`edgj hfq n{ obnp{ hfrq tbnqp %dg jfxbqgcbg{no fq gfgjfxbqgcbg{no dgp{d{r{dfg$
ngk zebg [eb N`{ fh {eb Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn Grcabq >;/ tbnq 1992 Fg
[bn`ebq ngk Ob`{rqbq dp objnod}bk/ {ebt enxb abbg {bn`ebqp/ %0$ {bn`ebqp ngk
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nppbppfqp zef enxb gf{ enk {eb P#>& K#; n`nkbcd` ~rnodhd`n{dfg zef enxb qbn`ebk
29 tbnqp fok fh njb ngk fzgbk DX&n hn`{dfg'
Zedob {bn`ebqp zef `ng hfoofz {eb pb`fgk cb`engdpc fh {bn`ebq
`bq{dhd`n{dfg/ {en{ dp at kdqb`{ot jb{ {eb `bq{dhd`n{b/ nqb {bn`ebqp zef `ng hrohdoo noo
{eb qb~rdqbcbg{p {en{ {eb jfxbqgcbg{ enp pb{' [eb qb~rdqbcbg{p nqb= %>$ {bn`ebqp
fq nppbppfqp zef enxb P#1&P#0 n`nkbcd` ~rnodhd`n{dfg hqfc n``qbkd{bk rgdxbqpd{dbp
dg {bn`edgj fq f{ebq p{rkdbp zed`e nqb qbobxng{ zd{e {ebdq {bn`edgj pramb`{/ fq `onpp
{bn`ebqp zd{e DX&a hn`{dfg< %1$ {bn`ebqp fq nppbppfqp zd{e DX&` n{ cdgdcrc'
Hfq {bn`ebqp zefpb `fcyb{bg`t {bp{ dp dg {eb hfqc fh yfq{hfodf nppbppcbg{/
{ebt enxb {f pracd{ {ebdq yfq{hfodf zed`e `fxbqp= %>$ n`nkbcd` ~rnodhd`n{dfg/ %1$
{bn`ebq {qndgdgj ngk bkr`n{dfg/ %0$ {bn`edgj buybqdbg`b/ %;$ obppfg yong/ %2$
bxnorn{dfg hqfc {eb ebnkcnp{bq ngk nppbppfq/ %8$ n`nkbcd` n`edbxbcbg{/ %:$
yqfhbppdfg kbxbofycbg{ yqfmb`{/ %5$ ynq{d`dyn{dfg dg pbcdgnq fq zfqlpefy/ %4$
fqjngd}n{dfg buybqdbg`b dg pf`dno ngk bkr`n{dfg hdbok/ ngk %>9$ `bq{dhd`n{bp& efgfq
zed`e nqb qbobxng{ zd{e bkr`n{dfg'
Dh {eb yfq{hfodf nppbppcbg{ enp gf{ qbn`ebk {eb cdgdcrc ynppdgj jqnkb/
{eb OY[L zdoo pb{ pfcb no{bqgn{dxbp np hfoofzp=
n'Kfdgj n`{dxd{dbp qbon{bk {f {eb {bn`ebq yqfhbppdfg dg fqkbq {f `fcyob{b
{eb yfq{hfodf
a' Dh dg fgb cfg{e {eb {bn`ebq `nggf{ `fcyob{b {eb yfq{hfodf/ eb enp {fhfoofz {eb YOYJ zed`e dgxfoxbp hfrq {bn`ebq `fcyb{bg`dbp ngk bgkp
zd{e n `fcyb{bg`t {bp{'
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Ngf{ebq znt zed`e `ng ab kfgb dg `fgkr`{dgj {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg dp at
kdqb`{ot jdxdgj {eb `bq{dhd`n{b {f {eb {bn`ebqp zef hrohdoo {eb qb~rdqbcbg{p' [eb
qb~rdqbcbg{p `ng ab buyondgbk np hfoofzp'
n' [bn`ebqp zd{e jqnkrn{b ngk yfp{#jqnkrn{b ~rnodhd`n{dfg pefrok pracd{=`fydbp fh P#> kdyofcn/ P#1&PP#0 kdyofcn ngk n`nkbcd` {qngp`qdy{/ `fydbp
fh qngl& {eb onp{ hn`{dfg kb`qbb/ p{rkt od`bgpb/ {bn`edgj kb`qbb/ ngk
qb`fccbgkn{dfg hqfc {eb of`no bkr`n{dfg kbynq{cbg{'
a' [bn`ebqp zd{e DX'` hn`{dfg pefrok pracd{= `fydbp fh P#> kdyofcn/ P#1&P#0kdyofcn/ n`nkbcd` {qngp`qdy{/ qngl& {eb onp{ hn`{dfg kb`qbb/ ngk
qb`fccbgkn{dfg hqfc {eb of`no bkr`n{dfg kbynq{cbg{'
[naob 1'1' [eb cb`engdpc fh [bn`ebq @bq{dhd`n{dfg Yqfjqnc
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Zedob Crotnpn %199:= ;9$ buyondgp {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg cb`engdpc np
hfoofzp=
n' Pdg`b bkr`n{dfg jqnkrn{bp enxb hfoofzbk {eb {bn`edgj `fcyb{bg`tkbxbofycbg{/ {ebt gbbk `fcyb{bg`t {bp{ zed`e dp kfgb at {eb
n``qbkd{bk YY[L %Yqfjqnc Ybgjnknng [bgnjn Lbybgkdkdlng$ ngk
yfdg{bk at {eb Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Kbynq{cbg{'
a'Gfg#bkr`n{dfg jqnkrn{bp enxb {f hfoofz {eb yqf`bpp fh {bn`edgj`fcyb{bg`t kbxbofycbg{ kfgb at rgdxbqpd{dbp enxdgj YY[L' Nh{bq {ebt
enxb ynppbk {eb {bn`edgj `fcyb{bg`t kbxbofycbg{/ {ebt cnt hfoofz
{eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg yqfjqnc'
`' [eb dgp{d{r{dfgp zed`e `fgkr`{ {eb YY[L pefrok ab {eb OY[L zed`eenxb abbg n``qbkd{bk ngk {eb `fcyb{bg`t {bp{ pefrok ab kfgb at {eb
n``qbkd{bk OY[L yfdg{bk at {eb Gn{dfgno Bkr`n{dfg Kbynq{cbg{'
k'[eb ynq{d`dyng{p fh `fcyb{bg`t {bp{ zef enxb ynppbk {eb {bp{ nqb jdxbg`fcyb{bg`t `bq{dhd`n{b np n yqffh {en{ {ebt enxb {eb nr{efqd{t {f {bn`e dg
n `bq{ndg obxbo fh bkr`n{dfg'
b' [eb ynq{d`dyng{p fh `fcyb{bg`t {bp{ `fcb hqfc {bn`ebqp zef enxb abbgzfqldgj dg n `bq{ndg ybqdfk fh {dcb ngk hfq {bn`ebqp zef enxb gf{ qrg
{ebdq yqfhbppdfg dg n `bq{ndg ybqdfk fh {dcb'
@bq{dhd`n{dfg bxnorn{dfg/ bpyb`dnoot {eb yfq{hfodf nppbppcbg{/ dp kfgb
{eqfrje {zf p{byp= %>$ zqd{{bg {bp{ %1$ yqn`{d`b {bp{' [eb cn{bqdno hfq {eb {bp{p dp
anpbk fg {eb dgkd`n{fqp fh {bn`ebq `fcyb{bg`t p{ngknqk'
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;;
2' [bn`ebq @fcyb{bg`t P{ngknqk
N``fqkdgj {f Aqflb ngk P{fgb dg Crotnpn %199:= 12$ {bn`ebq `fcyb{bg`t
dp n ~rnod{n{dxb kbp`qdy{dfg fh {bn`ebqp cbngdgjhro abenxdfq' Zedob Crotnpn
%199:= 18$ pntp {en{ `fcyb{bg`t qbhbqp {f {eb nadod{t dg kfdgj pfcb{edgj zed`e dp
n`edbxbk {eqfrje bkr`n{dfg' [bn`ebq `fcyb{bg`t dgkd`n{bp n qn{dfgno ybqhfqcng`b
ngk abenxdfq {f hrohdoo `bq{ndg pyb`dhd`n{dfg dg {eb qbnod}n{dfg fh bkr`n{dfgno kr{dbp'
Hqfc {eb kbhdgd{dfgp nafxb/ d{ `ng ab `fg`orkbk {en{ {bn`ebq `fcyb{bg`t dp
n kbp`qdy{dfg fh {bn`ebqp nadod{t zed`e dg`orkbp {bn`ebqp lgfzobkjb/ pldoo ngk
abenxdfq zed`e pefrok enxb abbg yfppbppbk dg fqkbq {f kf {ebdq yqfhbppdfg
yqfhbppdfgnoot'
[eb `fcyb{bg`t fh {bn`ebqp `ng ab `onppdhdbk dg{f hfrq nqbnp fh
`fcyb{bg`t= ybknjfjd`no/ ybqpfgno/ pf`dno/ ngk yqfhbppdfgno %{eb n`{ fh {eb
Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn Grcabq >;/ Tbnq 1992 Fg [bn`ebq ngk Ob`{rqbq= `eny{bq
>9$' [ebpb `fcyb{bg`dbp nqb {eb `fcyb{bg`t p{ngknqk zed`e enp {f ab yfppbppbk
at {bn`ebqp'
[eb ybknjfjd`no `fcyb{bg`t dp n {bn`ebqp nadod{t {f cngnjb p{rkbg{p
obnqgdgj' D{ dg`orkbp {eb obppfg yonggdgj/ obnqgdgj bxnorn{dfg/ ngk {eb kbxbofycbg{
fh {eb p{rkbg{p {f n`{rnod}b {ebdq yf{bg{dno nadod{t' [eb ybqpfgno `fcyb{bg`t
dg`orkbp kbcfgp{qn{dgj `bq{ndg `enqn`{bqdp{d`p/ pr`e np hnd{e ngk kbxfr{gbpp/
p{nadod{t/ cn{rqd{t/ pbgpdadod{t/ b{`' [eb pf`dno `fcyb{bg`t dp {bn`ebqp nadod{t {f ab
ynq{ fh {eb `fccrgd{t pr`e np `fccrgd`n{dgj ngk pf`dnod}dgj bhhb`{dxbot zd{e
p{rkbg{p/ hboofz {bn`ebqp/ {bn`edgj p{nhh/ ngk p{rkbg{p ynqbg{p' [eb yqfhbppdfgno
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`fcyb{bg`t dp {bn`ebqp nadod{t {f cnp{bq p`dbg`b/ bgjdgbbqdgj/ ngk&fq nq{ %dg f{ebq
zfqkp/ fg{bg{ fq pramb`{ lgfzobkjb$'
At enxdgj `fcyb{bg`dbp cbg{dfgbk nafxb/ d{ dp efybk {en{ {bn`ebqp `ng
qrg {ebdq yqfhbppdfg np yqfhbppdfgno bkr`n{fqp/ fq dg f{ebq zfqkp {ebt `ng qrg {ebdq
kr{t np {eb obnqgdgj njbg{p'
8' [bn`ebq Yqfhbppdfgnodpc
Yqfhbppdfgnodpc dp fgb fh {eb `fcyb{bg`dbp zed`e n {bn`ebq pefrok enxb'
[eb f{ebq `fcyb{bg`dbp nqb ybqpfgno/ pf`dno/ ngk ybknjfjd` `fcyb{bg`dbp'
Yqfhbppdfgno {bn`ebqp nqb {bn`ebqp zef enxb hfoofzbk {bn`ebq {qndgdgj ngk fzgbk
`bq{dhd`n{b hqfc {eb jfxbqgcbg{ %Encnodl/ 199;= 1:$'
N``fqkdgj {f Encnodl %199;= 05$/ {ebqb nqb pfcb dgkd`n{fqp zed`e
kb{bqcdgb n yqfhbppdfgno {bn`ebq/ {ebt nqb=
n' N yqfhbppdfgno {bn`ebq pefrok ab naob {f kbxbofy edp qbpyfgpdadod{t' Edpqbpyfgpdadod{t dg`orkbp cfqno/ bkr`n{dfgno/ pf`dno/ ngk p`dbg`b' N
{bn`ebq `ng ab `fgpdkbqbk np yqfhbppdfgno zebg eb `ng hrohdoo {eb hfrq
npyb`{p fh qbpyfgpdadod{t'
a'N yqfhbppdfgno {bn`ebq pefrok ab naob {f kf edp qfobp' D{ cbngp {en{ nyqfhbppdfgno {bn`ebq pefrok ab naob {f qrg edp qfob np ng bkr`n{fq/ n
ynq{ fh pf`db{t/ n obnkbq/ ngk ng nkcdgdp{qn{fq'
`' N yqfhbppdfgno {bn`ebq pefrok ab naob {f zfql enqk dg fqkbq {f n`edbxb{eb jfno fh bkr`n{dfg' D{ `ng ab pbbg hqfc edp lgfzobkjb/ pldoop/ ngk
abenxdfq' N yqfhbppdfgno {bn`ebq pefrok enxb n aqfnk lgfzobkjb ngk
jffk pldoop zed`e dp {ebg pefzg at edp abenxdfq'
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k'N yqfhbppdfgno {bn`ebq pefrok ab naob {f qrg edp qfobp dg {eb yqf`bpp fh{bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj' [eb qfobp fh {bn`ebq dg {eb yqf`bpp fh {bn`edgj
ngk obnqgdgj nqb np n `fg{qfoobq/ nppbppfq/ fqjngd}bq/ yqfcy{bq/
ynq{d`dyng{/ qbpfrq`b/ {r{fq/ ngk gbjf{dn{fq'
D{ dp nopf cbg{dfgbk dg [eb N`{ fh {eb Qbyraod` fh Dgkfgbpdn Grcabq >;/
tbnq 1992 Fg [bn`ebq ngk Ob`{rqbq {en{ dg kfdgj edp mfa/ n yqfhbppdfgno {bn`ebq=
Knonc cbonlpngnlng {rjnp lbyqfhbpdfgnong/ jrqr abqlbznmdang= n'
cbqbg`ngnlng ybcabonmnqng/ cbonlpngnlng yqfpbp ybcabonmnqng tngjabqcr{r/ pbq{n cbgdond kng cbgjbxnornpd enpdo ybcabonmnqng< a'
cbgdgjln{lng kng cbgjbcangjlng lrnodhdlnpd nlnkbcdl kng lfcyb{bgpd
pb`nqn abqlbongmr{ng pbmnong kbgjng ybqlbcangjng docr ybgjb{nerng/
{blgfofjd/ kng pbgd< `' abq{dgknl fambl{dh kng {dknl kdplqdcdgn{dh n{np knpnq
ybq{dcangjng mbgdp lboncdg/ njncn/ prlr/ qnp/ kng lfgkdpd hdpdl {bq{bg{r/
n{nr on{nq abonlngj lbornqjn/ kng p{n{rp pf`dno blfgfcd ybpbq{n kdkdl
knonc ybcabonmnqng< k' cbgmrgmrgj {dgjjd ybqn{rqng ybqrgkngj#rgkngjng/
erlrc/ kng lfkb b{dl jrqr/ pbq{n gdond#gdond njncn kng b{dln< kng b'
cbcbodenqn kng cbcryrl ybqpn{rng kng lbpn{rng angjpn'
Hqfc {eb buyongn{dfg nafr{ {bn`ebq yqfhbppdfgnodpc nafxb/ d{ `ng ab pbbg
{en{ n {bn`ebq `ng ab `fgpdkbqbk np yqfhbppdfgno dh eb `ng kf edp qbpyfgpdadod{t ngk
qfobp dg fqkbq {f n`edbxb {eb jfno fh bkr`n{dfg'
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@ENY[BQ DDD
QBPBNQ@E CB[EFKFOFJT
N' Qbpbnq`e Cb{efkNg dcyfq{ng{ {edgj {f ab `fgpdkbqbk dg `nqqtdgj fr{ {eb qbpbnq`e dp
qbpbnq`e cb{efkfofjt' [edp qbpbnq`e znp `fgkr`{bk dg {eb hfqc fh ~rnod{n{dxb
qbpbnq`e rpdgj gn{rqnodp{d` dg~rdqt' Hqnbglbo ngk Znoobg %1999= 291$ p{n{bp {en{
~rnod{n{dxb qbpbnq`e dp n qbpbnq`e p{rkt {en{ dgxbp{djn{bp {eb ~rnod{t fh
qbon{dfgpedyp/ n`{dxd{dbp/ pd{rn{dfgp/ fq cn{bqdnop dg n ynq{d`ronq n`{dxd{t fq
pd{rn{dfg' [edp qbpbnq`e znp qbyfq{bk dg zfqkp ngk ongjrnjb dg `bq{ndg gn{rqno
`fg{bu{'
Dg {edp p{rkt/ {eb qbpbnq`ebq `fgkr`{bk ~rnod{n{dxb qbpbnq`e pdg`b d{ znp
rpbk {f dgxbp{djn{b pfcb xdbzyfdg{p fh pf`dno yebgfcbgfg fh {eb bhhb`{p fh
{bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg fg {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe {bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp n{
PCN G > Lon{bg' At rpdgj {edp cb{efk/ {eb qbpbnq`ebq n`edbxbk `obnq
kbp`qdy{dfg fh {eb yqf`bpp fapbqxbk' N{ {edp yfdg{/ {eb yqf`bpp znp `fgkr`{bk
zd{efr{ ngt dg{bqhbqbg`b hqfc {eb qbpbnq`ebq'
[eb qbpbnq`ebq rpbk gn{rqnodp{d` dg~rdqt ab`nrpb {eb qbpbnq`e znp dg {eb
hfqc fh gn{rqno pb{{dgj ngk {eb qbpbnq`ebq dp {eb cbngp {eqfrje zed`e {eb
qbpbnq`e dp `fgkr`{bk' Odg`fog ngk @ran %>452= 04$ yqfyfpbp {en{ dg gn{rqnodp{d`
nyyqfn`e/ {eb qbpbnq`ebq cnlb edcpboh np ng dgp{qrcbg{ {f dkbg{dht/ ngk enp
yqfyfq{dfg {f `onqdht {eb kbxdn{dfg zed`e budp{p' Dg {edp qbpbnq`e/ {eb qbpbnq`ebq
fapbqxbk {f zen{ bu{bg{ {eb {bn`ebq `bq{dhd`n{dfg nhhb`{p {eb ~rnod{t fh Bgjodpe
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{bn`edgj ngk obnqgdgj yqf`bpp at cnldgj ng dg{bqxdbz ngk fapbqxn{dfg dg gn{rqno
pb{{dgj/ yon`b zebqb {eb fapbqxbk n`{dxd{t {nlbp yon`b'
A' Kbp`qdy{dfg fh Pb{{dgj[eb qbpbnq`e znp `fgkr`{bk n{ PCN G > Lon{bg hqfc Nrjrp{ {f F`{fabq
1994' PCN G > Lon{bg dp fgb fh pbgdfq edje p`effop dg Lon{bg zed`e dp of`n{bk
dg Mnong Cbqanar Gf' >0 Lon{bg' D{ `frok ab `fg{n`{bk xdn yefgb n{ %91:1$
01>>29' [eb p`effo enp {eqbb `onppbp/ {ebt nqb= qbjronq/ dccbqpdfg/ ngk
n``bobqn{dfg' Dg {edp qbpbnq`e/ qbjronq `onpp znp {nlbg np {eb famb`{ fh {eb
qbpbnq`e'