The effect of biochar and compost on plant pathogens and ...€¦ · Fertiplus 17 • EU FP7...
Transcript of The effect of biochar and compost on plant pathogens and ...€¦ · Fertiplus 17 • EU FP7...
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07/03/2013@ILVO
The effect of biochar and compost on plant pathogens and the microbial community in soil
Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchPlant Sciences Unit
www.ilvo.vlaanderen.beAgriculture and Fisheries Policy Area
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Compost vs biochar
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Compost BiocharOrganic soil amendments: recycling organic waste
…by composting‐ with oxygen (aerobic
decomposition)‐ phase 1: 50-70°C, phase 2 < 40°C ‐ → full of microbes, but large effect
of high temperature
….by pyrolysis‐ without oxygen‐ 200-600°C (thermal decomposition)‐ → ’sterile’, habitat for microbes
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Compost vs biochar
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Compost BiocharC-source
Source of stable organic matter Long term carbon storage in soil → global warming
Fertiliser”Slow release fertilizer” Slow release or immobilisation
Effect on plant pathogens> 500 publications- Reported levels of disease
suppression = variable- The mechanisms involved not fully
understood
< 10 publications- Research group in Israel (Elad)- Induced resistance on strawberry
and pepper – change in rhizospheremicrobiology
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Research on compost & biochar vs pest & diseases @ ILVO
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• 2003-2004: Resistance to air-born diseases and pests induced by compost in substrate cultivation of strawberry
• 2010-2013: FOD project: Meloidogyne chitwoodi = root knot nematode
• 2011-2015: PhD Negin Ebrahimi: The effects of soil amendments on survival and reproduction rate of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida = potato cyst nematode
• 2012-2016: EU project Fertiplus: reducing mineral fertilizers and agro-chemicals by recycling treated organic waste as compost and biochar
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Strawberry & air-born diseases & pests
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• Treatments:– Peat + mineral fertilizer (F)– Peat + 30% compost 1/ compost 2 (M1/M2)
• Natural infectionsfruit rot (B. cinerea)
powdery mildow (Sphaerothecamaculans f. sp. fragariae)
mites (Tetranychus urticae)
aphids (Chaetosiphonragefolii)
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Strawberry & diseases & pests
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0
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F M1 M2
# pe
r cm
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% d
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se2004
fruit rotpowdery mildowaphidsmites
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Plant
• 4 days
No clustering
• ≈ 1 month
Clustering per object
• 3 months
Clustering per substrate type
Strawberry & diseases & pests
St = pre-sterilized
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Meloidogyne on bean and carrots
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• Less problems with root knot nematodes in soils with high concentrations of organic material
• Treatments (30 ton/ha)─ wood chip compost ─ wood chip compost 80% + biochar
20%─ non-amended soil
─ inoculation with J2 (high Pi and low Pi)
• Why compost + biochar?
Courtesy W. Wesemael
Courtesy W. Wesemael
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Meloidogyne on bean and carrots
9High Pi = 100 J2/100 cm3 soilLow Pi = 10 J2/100 cm3 soil
Soil -
High
Pi
Soil a
nd co
mpos
t - Hig
h Pi
Soil -
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PiSo
il and
comp
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Pi
Mel
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gyne
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Carrot Bean
b
aa a
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Meloidogyne on bean & carrots
10Pi = 40 J2/100 cm3 soilSo
il
Soil +
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post
Soil +
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post
+ Bioc
har
Mel
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gyne
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Carrot Bean
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Meloidoigne on carrots
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Soil (
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Soil +
comp
ost (c
ontro
l)
Soil +
comp
ost +
bioc
har (c
ontro
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Soil +
Mc
Soil +
comp
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Soil +
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bioc
har +
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Wei
ght (
g)
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Above ground plant part Root system
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Meloidogyne on bean
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Soil (
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ol)
Soil +
comp
ost (c
ontro
l)
Soil +
comp
ost +
bioc
har (c
ontro
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Soil +
Mc
Soil +
comp
ost +
Mc
Soil +
comp
ost +
bioc
har +
Mc
Wei
ght (
g)
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Above ground plant part Root system
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Globodera on potato
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• Treatments (30 ton/ha)─ wood chip compost (15g/L)─ wood chip compost (12g/L) + biochar (3g/L)─ non-amended soil
• Visual assessment and the trehalose test to determine the viability of eggs and juveniles after 8, 12 and 16 weeks
• Determination of the reproduction rate after 16 weeks
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Survival of Globodera spp.
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8 12 16% alive eggs and
juveniles
Time (week)
G. rostochiensis
Compost
Compost+Biochar
Non‐amended soil
6065707580859095
100105
8 12 16
% alive eggs and
juveniles
Time (week)
G. pallida
Compost
Compost+Biochar
Non‐amended soil
Courtesy W. Wesemael
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Courtesy W. Wesemael
Reproduction of Globodera spp.
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Non‐amended soil Compost Compost+Biochar
Num
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Amendments
G. pallida
G. rostochiensis
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Non‐amended soil Compost Compost+BiocharNum
ber o
f cysts/100
0g so
il
Amendments
G. pallida
G. rostochiensis
Pi = 3.6 eggs and J2/g soil
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Potato tuber weight
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Fertiplus
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• EU FP7 project: www.fertiplus.be
• Aim = to reduce mineral fertilizers (N,P use) & agrochemicals (pest control)
• How = by recycling organic waste by composting and pyrolysis
• Various feedstocks
• Compost, biochar and biochar-blended compost
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Fertiplus
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• ILVO–part: effect
1. on soil plant pathogens of vegetables (bioassays)• Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus & Globodera• Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum & Verticillium dahliae
2. on soil/rhizosphere microbiology • PLFA• DGGE• NGS
3. On the physico-chemical properties of the soil
4. correlation between 1-3?
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NematologyWim WesemaelNegin EbrahimiNicole Viaene
Maurice MoensCatherine Catillas
Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchPlant Sciences Unit
www.ilvo.vlaanderen.beAgriculture and Fisheries Policy Area
Mycology -Microbiology
Jane DebodeSvetoslav Bobev
Steve Baeyen
Pieter Cremelie
Soil scienceBart Vandecasteele
Tommy D’HoseKoen Willekens
Martine Maes