The Education System in Swaziland: Training and Skills Development for Shared Growth and...

8/9/2019 The Education System in Swaziland: Training and Skills Development for Shared Growth and Competitiveness

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_ A T C M D @ K L _ A T L N K O V @ V B T K A . 0 : :

@ E T N I @ J R G @ K M B U B C A V G B K ] Y B T N B Y

]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km]r`nknko `km Ylnccs Mbvbcapgbkt ear

Yj`rbm Orawtj `km Iagpbtntnvbkbss

]JB _ATCM D@KL



_ A T C M D @ K L _ A T L N K O V @ V B T K A . 0 : :

]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbgnk Yw`znc`km

]r`nknko `km Ylnccs Mbvbcapgbkt ear

Yj`rbm Orawtj `km Iagpbtntnvbkbss

Gg`ktsbts` G`rapb

@erni` Tbonak Jug`k Mbvbcapgbkt Mbp`rtgbkt



nnn

Iaktbkts

Earbwarm .................................................................................................................................... nx

@ilkawcbmogbkts ................................................................................................................... xn

@irakygs `km @ddrbvn`tnaks ............................................................................................... xnn

Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry ................................................................................................................. xv

Nktramuitnak ....................................................................................................................... xv

Ytr`tboni Arnbkt`tnak .........................................................................................................xv

Iavbròb ...........................................................................................................................xvn

Lby Iakicusnaks `km Tbiaggbkm`tnaks .................................................................... xvnn

0. Yw`znc`km„s Orawtj `km Iagpbtntnvbkbss nk ` Ocad`c Iaktbxt .................................. 0

Nktramuitnak ......................................................................................................................... 0

Iurrbkt Vbrearg`kib ò`nkst Unsnak 4644 `km VTY@V Oa`cs ....................................... 4

4. B`rcy Ijncmjaam I`rb `km Mbvbcapgbkt (BIIM) ......................................................... 0=

Nktramuitnak ....................................................................................................................... 0=

_jy Yjaucm Yw`znc`km Nkvbst nk BIIM1 ...................................................................... 02

Vacniy Arnbkt`tnak ae BIIM ............................................................................................ 0?

Ytruiturb `km K`turb ae BIIM Vravnsnak ..................................................................... 0? @iibss `km Bqunty ............................................................................................................. 0:

Pu`cnty `km Bqunty ........................................................................................................... 0>

Beeninbkiy ............................................................................................................................ 49

Iakicusnak ......................................................................................................................... 4=

9. Obkbr`c Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko ...................................................................................... 42

Nktramuitnak ....................................................................................................................... 42

T`tnak`cb ear Ngpravnko OB] .......................................................................................... 42

Vacniy Arnbkt`tnak `km Tbibkt Yudsbitar Mbvbcapgbkts ............................................ 45

Bqunty ae @iibss `km @tt`nkgbkt ................................................................................... 45

Bmui`tnak Pu`cnty `km Bqunty ......................................................................................... 92

Nktbrk`c Beeninbkiy ............................................................................................................. 26

Iakicusnak ......................................................................................................................... 29

=. ]bijkni`c `km Uai`tnak`c Bmui`tnak, ]r`nknko, `km Ylnccs Mbvbcapgbkt ................ 22

Nktramuitnak ....................................................................................................................... 22

Vacniy Arnbkt`tnak ............................................................................................................. 22

Cbo`c Er`gbwarl .............................................................................................................. 25

Aro`knz`tnak`c `km G`kòbgbkt Er`gbwarl .............................................................. 25

@iibss `km Bqunty ............................................................................................................. 2:



nv Iaktbkts

T`kob `km Cbvbcs ae Vravnsnak ........................................................................................ 2:

@iibss `km bqunty ............................................................................................................. 55

Pu`cnty ae ]UB]YM ........................................................................................................... 5?

Tbcbv`kib ........................................................................................................................... ?2 Yystbg Beeninbkiy .............................................................................................................. ?>

Iakicusnak ......................................................................................................................... :0

2. Jnojbr Bmui`tnak ................................................................................................................. :9

Nktramuitnak ....................................................................................................................... :9

Jnstarni`c Avbrvnbw ......................................................................................................... :=

Vacniy Arnbkt`tnak ............................................................................................................. :=

Nkstntutnak`c `km G`k`obgbkt Er`gbwarl .................................................................. :2

@iiaukt`dncnty ................................................................................................................... :?

Bqunty `km @iibss ............................................................................................................. :?

Pu`cnty `km Bqunty ........................................................................................................... >4

Tbcbv`kib ......................................................................................................................... 066

Beeninbkiy .......................................................................................................................... 064

Iakicusnak ....................................................................................................................... 062

5. Iast `km Enk`kinko ae Bmui`tnak, ]r`nknko, `km Ylnccs Mbvbcapgbkt .................... 06?

Nktramuitnak ..................................................................................................................... 06?

Oavbrkgbkt Enk`kibs ..................................................................................................... 06?

Vudcni Ypbkmnko ak tjb B]YMY ..................................................................................... 06:

Vudcni Ypbkmnko ak tjb Ybitar nk ` Yudrbonak`c Vbrspbitnvb .................................... 006

Vrnv`tb Ypbkmnko ak B]YMY .......................................................................................... 006

Bxtbrk`c Enk`kinko ae tjb Ybitar ................................................................................... 004

Yj`rb ae Vudcni Ypbkmnko dy Yudsbitar ........................................................................ 004

Rknt Iast .......................................................................................................................... 00=

Nktr`Yudsbitar @ccai`tnak `km Rknt Iast .................................................................... 00=

Bqunty ae Vudcni Ypbkmnko ............................................................................................. 04=

Iakicusnak ....................................................................................................................... 042

?. Iakicusnaks `km Tbiaggbkm`tnaks .............................................................................. 04:

Nktramuitnak ..................................................................................................................... 04:

Ytr`tboni Arnbkt`tnak ....................................................................................................... 04:

Iakicusnaks ..................................................................................................................... 04>

Tbebrbkibs ............................................................................................................................... 0=6

@ppbkmnx8 @ppcni`dcb Vr`itnibs `km Cbssaks erag tjb Tbpudcni ae Larb` `km

Ynko`parb......................................................................................................................... 0=5



Iaktbkts v

]`dcbs

]`dcb 08 Jnbr`rijy ae Ij`ccbkobs dy Yudsbitar ................................................................ xvnnn

]`dcb 0.08 Vraxy Nkmni`tars ae Pu`cnty ae Cneb ear Yw`zns Tbc`tnvb ta atjbr @GNIs ......... 5

]`dcb 0.48 Yw`znc`km„s Tbc`tnvb Lkawcbmob Biakagy Tb`mnkbss .................................... 00

]`dcb 4.08 ]jb Yt`tb ae Yw`znc`km„s Ijncmrbk `km Ngpcni`tnaks ear BIIM ...................... 02

]`dcb 4.48 Vbribnvbm Kbbms ta db @mmrbssbm dy BIIM Vraor`gs.................................... 0?

]`dcb 4.98 Kugdbr ae VrbYijaac Nkspbitnaks dy GaB ....................................................... 49

]`dcb 9.08 Tbibkt ]rbkms nk Vrng`ry `km Ybiakm`ry Bmui`tnak Bkraccgbkt dy

Obkmbr ............................................................................................................................... 4?

]`dcb 9.48 Ybdbkt` Bkraccgbkt ................................................................................................ 4:

]`dcb 9.98 Bkraccgbkt dy Cbvbc `km ^b`r ............................................................................. 4:

]`dcb 9.=8 Bkraccgbkt T`tbs nk Ybcbitbm Iauktrnbs (4665) .................................................. 96

]`dcb 9.28 ACY Tborbssnaks ak Bkraccgbkt (òbs 546), @tt`nkgbkt (òbs 464=) ........... 9=

]`dcb 9.58 Mnstrndutnak ae Vrng`ry Yijaac ]bìjbrs dy Pu`cneni`tnak `kmTbonak (%) ......................................................................................................................... 95

]`dcb 9.?8 Vrapartnak ae Ybiakm`ry Yijaac ]bìjbrs dy Pu`cneni`tnak `km

Tbonak (%) ......................................................................................................................... 9?

]`dcb 9.:8 Bgpcaybr T`klnko Ngpart`kib ae Bgpcaybb D`sni Ylnccs ................................ =6

]`dcb 9.>8 Vrng`ry Ibrtneni`tnak Bx`gnk`tnak V`ss T`tbs dy Cbvbc (%) ........................... =9

]`dcb 9.068 Huknar Ybiakm`ry Bx`gnk`tnak V`ss T`tbs dy Cbvbc (%) ................................==

]`dcb 9.008 Mnstrndutnak ae Cb`rknko Autiagbs dy Tbonak ................................................ ==

]`dcb 9.048 @vbròb Vupnc Vbrearg`kib ak Y@IGBPNN Tb`mnko `km G`tjbg`tnis

]bsts ................................................................................................................................... =2

]`dcb 9.098 ACY Tborbssnak ak Y@IGBP Tb`mnko `km G`tjbg`tnis Yiarbs.................. 26

]`dcb 9.0=8 Tbpbtntnak T`tbs 4665 `km 466? (%) ................................................................... 26

]`dcb 9.02 Vbribktòb ae Vupncs wja `rb Tbpb`tbrs nk tjb Tbonak.................................... 20

]`dcb =.08 Bx`gpcbs ae Vraor`gs Aeebrbm dy Cnkb Gnknstrnbs ........................................... 2:

]`dcb =.48 Avbrvnbw ae Vudcnicy Eukmbm ]UB]YM Vravnsnak (4665 ar gast rbibkt

yb`r) ................................................................................................................................... 2>

]`dcb =.98 Yugg`ry ae Vudcni Vravnsnak dy Mur`tnak ........................................................ 2>

]`dcb =.=8 Bx`gnkbm ]r`nkbbs `s Nkmni`tnvb Bkraccgbkt nk Vrbvai`tnak`c Vraor`gs .....56

]`dcb =.28 YIA] Bkraccgbkt dy ^b`r ae Ytumy, 4666’4665 ................................................. 54

]`dcb =.58 Vrbv`cbkib ae Enrgd`sbm ]r`nknko `s ` Vbribktòb ae ]r`nkbm _arlbrs ...... 5=

]`dcb =.?8 Nkstruitar Pu`cneni`tnaks ear Ybcbitbm Nkstntutnaks ............................................. 5:

]`dcb =.:8 YIA] Vbribktòb V`ss T`tbs dy ^b`r `km Eìucty ............................................ ?4

]`dcb =.>8 UAI]NG Vbribktòb V`ss dy ^b`r ...................................................................... ?4

]`dcb =.068 V`rtninp`tnak `km V`ss T`tbs nk ]r`mb ]bsts 466=’4665 .................................. ?9

]`dcb =.008 Bx`gnk`tnak V`ss T`tbs nk Vrbvai`tnak`c Vraor`gs 466=’466? (%) .............?9

]`dcb =.048 ]r`mb ]bstnko”V`rtninp`tnak `km Bstng`tbm Ebb Nkiagb, 4665 .................... :6

]`dcb 2.08 ]brtn`ry Bmui`tnak Bkraccgbkt Y@MI GNIs `km nk Ybcbitbm Tbonaks ear

Ybcbitbm ^b`rs ................................................................................................................... :?

]`dcb 2.48 Bkraccgbkt dy Eìucty, 4666’466? .......................................................................::

]`dcb 2.98 Yj`rb ae Vrnv`tb ]brtn`ry Bmui`tnak 466= ........................................................... >4

]`dcb 2.=8 Tbsb`rij @ccai`tnaks nk YXC Gnccnak ................................................................... >:

]`dcb 2.28 Tbsb`rij @itnvntnbs Kat Enk`kibm dy RKNY_@ Tbsb`rij Da`rm, 4665/6? .....>>

]`dcb 2.58 Ytumbkts pbr Ytèe dy Eìucty, 4664/69 ta 466?/6: ............................................069



vn Iaktbkts

]`dcb 5.08Oavbrkgbkt Tbvbkub 4666/60 ta 466>/06 ..........................................................06?

]`dcb 5.48 ]at`c Oavbrkgbkt Bxpbkmnturb 4666/60 ta 466>/06 ........................................06:

]`dcb 5.98 Vudcni Ypbkmnko ak Bmui`tnak `s ` Yj`rb ae OMV `km ]OB (4666’466>) .....06>

]`dcb 5.=8 I`pnt`c Ypbkmnko ak B]YMY (4666’466>) ..........................................................006

]`dcb 5.28 Vudcni `km Vrnv`tb Enk`kinko ae B]YMY (466?) ................................................000

]`dcb 5.58 Vudcni Tbiurrbkt Rknt Iast dy Cbvbc ae B]YMY (466?) .................................... 004

]`dcb 5.?8 Enk`kinko Mbt`ncs ear Vrng`ry Bmui`tnak (466?) .............................................. 002

]`dcb 5.:8 Enk`kinko Mbt`ncs ear Ybiakm`ry Yijaacs (466?) ..............................................00:

]`dcb 5.>8 Enk`kinko Mbt`ncs ear ]UB]YM”YIA] `km UAI]NG (466?) ........................ 046

]`dcb 5.068 Enk`kinko Mbt`ncs ear Vudcni ]b`ijbr Bmui`tnak (466?) ................................ 040

]`dcb 5.008 Enk`kinko Mbt`ncs ear tjb Rknvbrsnty (466?) .................................................... 044

]`dcb ?.08 Lby Tbiaggbkm`tnaks nk Ybqubktn`c Armbr .................................................... 09=

EnourbsEnourb 0.08 Yw`znc`km„s @kku`c Tb`c OMV Orawtj T`tb nk Vbrspbitnvb ............................ 0

Enourb 0.48 Yw`znc`km„s JMN nk Tbonak`c Vbrspbitnvb .......................................................... =

Enourb 0.98 Yw`znc`km„s JMN Tbc`tnvb ta OMV Vbr I`pnt` VVV nk RY$ ............................... =

Enourb 0.=8 JNU Vrbv`cbkib dy @ob Oraup ............................................................................. ?

Enourb 0.28 Ngp`it ae JNU/@NMY ak Jug`k I`pnt`c ............................................................. :

Enourb 0.58 Ylnccs, ]bijkacaoy @dsarptnak `km Orawtj ..................................................... 04

Enourb 4.08 T`tbs ae Tbturk ta Jug`k I`pnt`c Nkvbstgbkt @irass `cc @obs .................... 0=

Enourb 4.48 Nkstntutnak`c C`kmsi`pb ae BIIM Vravnmbrs .................................................... 0:

Enourb 9.08 Iagp`r`tnvb Cako T`kob Bmui`tnak`c @tt`nkgbkt ........................................ 4?

Enourb 9.48 Bktry `km Bxnt Vankts wntjnk tjb K`tnak`c Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko

Yystbg ............................................................................................................................... 4>

Enourb 9.98 Yijaac Bkraccgbkt T`tb dy Obkmbr .................................................................... 90

Enourb 9.=8 Bkraccgbkt T`tb dy Or`mb `km Cai`tnak .......................................................... 90

Enourb 9.28 Bmui`tnak`c @tt`nkgbkt ae 02 ta 0> ^b`r Acms dy Cai`tnak ........................... 94

Enourb 9.58 Bkraccgbkt T`tb dy Tbonak ................................................................................. 94

Enourb 9.?8 Bkraccgbkt T`tbs dy Nkiagb Oraups dy YBY.................................................... 99

Enourb 9.:8 @tt`nkgbkt Vraencb ae Nkmnvnmu`cs @obm 020> dy YBY .................................... 9=

Enourb 9.>8 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear Yw`znc`km, Cbsatja `km Yautj @erni`,

Y@IGBPNN Tb`mnko Yiarbs ............................................................................................ =2

Enourb 9.068 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear Yw`znc`km, Cbsatja `km Yautj @erni`,

Y@IGBPNN G`tjbg`tnis Yiarbs .................................................................................... =5

Enourb 9.008 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear Tb`mnko Yiarbs ae Rrd`k `km Tur`c

Cb`rkbrs ............................................................................................................................. =5

Enourb 9.048 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear G`tjbg`tnis Yiarbs ae Rrd`k `km Tur`c

Cb`rkbrs ............................................................................................................................. =?

Enourb 9.098 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear Tb`mnko Yiarbs dy Tbonak .................................... =?

Enourb 9.0=8 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear G`tjbg`tnis Yiarbs dy Tbonak ............................ =:

Enourb 9.028 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear Tb`mnko Yiarbs dy YBY Oraup ............................. =:

Enourb 9.058 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear G`tjbg`tnis Yiarbs dy YBY Oraup ..................... =>

Enourb 9.0?8 Tbtbktnak `km Mrappnko Aut dy @ob .............................................................. 24

Enourb 9.0:8 Bkraccgbkt `km @tt`nkgbkt V`ttbrks dy @ob ................................................. 24



Iaktbkts vnn

Enourb =.08 Ytruiturb ae Yw`znc`km„s ]UB]YM Ybitar ......................................................... 2?

Enourb =.48UAI]NG ]at`c Bkraccgbkt 0>>2’466? ...............................................................50

Enourb =.98 UAI]NG Bkraccgbkt dy Mbp`rtgbkt 4666’466? .............................................50

Enourb =.=8 YIA] ]at`c Bkraccgbkt 4666’4665 .................................................................... 54

Enourb =.28 Bkraccgbkt nk Tur`c Bmui`tnak Ibktbrs ............................................................ 59

Enourb =.58 Nkt`lb, Bkraccgbkt `km Iagpcbtnak nk @pprbktnibsjnp ]r`nknko 0>>? ta

466? .................................................................................................................................... 52

Enourb =.?8 ]r`mb ]bst Tbsucts nk Ybcbitbm Aiiup`tnaks 466=’4665 .................................. ?9

Enourb 2.08 RKNY_@ Aro`knz`tnak`c `km G`kòbgbkt Ytruiturb ...................................:5

Enourb 2.48 @mgnssnak T`tbs `s ` % ae Pu`cnenbm @ppcni`kts............................................. ::

Enourb 2.98 ]at`c Bkraccgbkt dy Eìucty 4666/60’466?/6: ..................................................:>

Enourb 2.=8 ]at`c Bkraccgbkt dy Obkmbr, `km Mborbbs @w`rmbm 0>>4’466? ...................>6

Enourb 2.28 Vbribkt ae Ebg`cb ae ]at`c Bkraccgbkt dy Eìucty, 466?/6: ........................... >6

Enourb 2.58 Nkiagb Punktncbs ae RKNY_@ Ytumbkt„s Jausbjacms, 466? .......................... >0

Enourb 2.?8 Ytèe Pu`cneni`tnaks dy Intnzbksjnp, 4665/6? ..................................................... >9

Enourb 2.:8 @i`mbgni Ytèe dy T`kl `km Obkmbr, 466?/6: .................................................>=

Enourb 2.>8 Ebg`cb ]bìjbrs nk Vbribktòb ae ]at`c 466?/6: .............................................. >=

Enourb 2.068 Vbribktòb ae Yw`zn Ytèe dy T`kl, 4665/6?.................................................... >2

Enourb 2.008 @vbròb Ypìb pbr Ytumbkt dy I`gpus (0>>>’4662) ....................................>2

Enourb 2.048 Rsb Eìtar ae ]bìjnko Ypìbs dy ]ypb .......................................................... >5

Enourb 2.098 @vbròb Iagpcbtnak Nkmbx dy Eìucty, 4666’466? .......................................>?

Enourb 2.0=8 Kugdbr `km @gaukt ae Eukmbm Tbsb`rij Vrahbits 4669/= ta 4665/? .........>:

Enourb 2.028 ]at`c Bkraccgbkt dy Eìucty 4666/60’466?/6: ..............................................066

Enourb 2.058 NMB Bkraccgbkt dy Enbcm 466?/6: ...................................................................060

Enourb 2.0?8 Tbpbtntnak T`tbs dy Eìucty `km ^b`r, 0>>>’4665 ........................................064

Enourb 2.0:8 @itu`c Ic`ss Ynzbs `t tjb Lw`cusbkn I`gpus, 466: .................................... 069

Enourb 2.0>8 Kakì`mbgni ta @i`mbgni Ytèe T`tnas ear Ybcbitbm @erni`k Iauktrnbs .. 06=

Enourb 5.08 Bmui`tnak Ypbkmnko nk Tb`c ]brgs nk tjb K`tnak`c Iaktbxt ....................... 06>

Enourb 5.48 Yudrbonak`c Vrapartnaks ae OMV avbr OMV pbr i`pnt` VVV @ccai`tbm ta

Bmui`tnak ........................................................................................................................ 000

Enourb 5.98 Ebbs Ij`robm dy BIIM Ibktbrs ...................................................................... 009

Enourb 5.=8 Yw`znc`km„s Vrng`ry Bmui`tnak Rknt Iast nk ` Tbonak`c Vbrspbitnvb ........ 005

Enourb 5.28 Ybiakm`ry Bmui`tnak Rknt Iast nk ` Tbonak`c Iaktbxt ................................. 00>

Enourb 5.58 RKNY_@ Rknt _ntjnk ` Yudrbonak`c Iaktbxt .............................................. 049 Enourb 5.?8 Jnojbr Bmui`tnak Rknt Iast dy Vapuc`tnak Ynzb ........................................... 049

Enourb 5.:8 Ensi`c Nkinmbkib ae Bmui`tnak Ypbkmnko 4665’466? .......................................042



vnnn Iaktbkts

Daxbs

Dax 0.08 ]jb racb ae B]YM nk Orawtj @iibcbr`tnak, Yain`c Bqunty, `km

Iagpbtntnvbkbss ................................................................................................................. >

Dax 4.08 Dbkbents ae BIIM Vraor`gs .................................................................................... 05

Dax 9.08 C`dar G`rlbt `km _arlpc`ib Ij`kobs `crb`my Bvnmbkt nk Yw`znc`km ............9>

Dax 9.48 Ylnccs `km Iagpbtbkinbs ear Iaksnmbr`tnak nk Iurrniuc` .................................... 9>

Dax =.08 Yiatc`km”Aiiup`tnak`c Yt`km`rms ear ]UB]YM Nkstruitar ............................... 5>

Dax =.48 Vurij`sbr Vravnmbr Enk`kinko Gambc ear ]UB]YM .............................................. ?6

Dax =.98 ]r`nknko ]jrauoj Vramuitnak ................................................................................. ?0



nx

Earbwarm

k 0>>>, Yw`znc`km `rtniuc`tbm ` cakotbrg `km dra`m mbvbcapgbkt rbearg

er`gbwarl nk tjb earg ae Unsnak 4644. Ynkib tjbk, sbvbr`c nkstrugbkts j`vb dbbk

mbvbcapbm ta onvb beebit ta tjb Unsnak. ]jb c`tbst ae tjbsb ns tjb Vavbrty Tbmuitnak

Ytr`tboy `km @itnak Vc`k (VTY@V) ae 466?. Nts avbr`rijnko oa`c ns ta ìibcbr`tb sj`rbm

orawtj `km nts uctng`tb autiagb ns ngpravbm qu`cnty ae cneb ear `cc Yw`zns. ]jns oa`c

`km, tjb autiagb `rb ta db pursubm ò`nkst eargnm`dcb ij`ccbkobs ae bkmbgni pavbrty

`km tjb jnojbst JNU/@NMY prbv`cbkib r`tb nk tjb warcm. @gako atjbrs, tjb

Oavbrkgbkt j`s ukmbrsiarbm tjb irntni`c racb ae tjb Bmui`tnak, ]r`nknko `km Ylnccs

Mbvbcapgbkt Ybitar (B]YMY) nk iaktrndutnko ta tjb `tt`nkgbkt ae sj`rbm orawtj `km

bkj`kibm qu`cnty ae cneb ear `cc. Jawbvbr, tjb `mbquìy ae tjb B]YMY nk pc`ynko tjnsbxpbitbm racb j`m jntjbrta kat dbbk euccy `k`cyzbm.

_b `rb pcb`sbm ta hanktcy prbsbkt nk tjns rbpart, lby enkmnkos `km rbiaggbkm`tnaks

ae `k `k`cysns ae tjb `mbquìy ae tjb iurrbkt B]YMY ta beebitnvbcy g`lb nts bxpbitbm

mbvbcapgbkt iaktrndutnak. ]jb `k`cysns w`s hanktcy ukmbrt`lbk dy tjb Oavbrkgbkt ae

]jb Lnkomag ae Yw`znc`km `km tjb _arcm D`kl. Nt iagprbjbksnvbcy iavbrs `cc cbvbcs

ae tjb sbitar, erag b`rcy ijncm i`rb `km mbvbcapgbkt ta jnojbr bmui`tnak, nkicumnko nts

iast `km enk`kinko nssubs.

Nk `mmntnak ta tjb k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt rbearg er`gbwarl, tjns `k`cysns mbrnvbs

nts str`tboni arnbkt`tnak erag twa prbgnsbs tj`t eurtjbr pankt ta tjb ibktr`c racb ae tjb

B]YMY nk Yw`znc`km„s mbvbcapgbkt. ]jb enrst prbgnsb ns tj`t dbiùsb Yw`znc`km ns katk`tur`c rbsauribrnij, tjb ìibcbr`tnak ae nts orawtj `km ocad`c iagpbtntnvbkbss wncc

gast cnlbcy db lkawcbmob `km tbijkacaoymrnvbk. ]jb sbiakm prbgnsb ns tj`t dbiùsb

Yw`znc`km iurrbktcy j`s cngntbm nktbrk`c orawtj pacbs, nts nggbmn`tb orawtj str`tboy

kbbms ta eaius ak j`rvbstnko datj k`tnak`c `km rbonak`c appartukntnbs. @gako tjbsb

rbonak`c appartukntnbs ns tjb rb`cnty tj`t katwntjst`kmnko tjb ocad`c biakagni

mawkturk, Yw`znc`km ns surraukmbm dy e`st orawnko k`tur`c rbsauribrnij iauktrnbs”

Datsw`k`, K`gndn`, Yautj @erni`, @koac`, Gaz`gdnqub”wntj ìutb slnccs sjartòbs.

Yw`znc`km g`y tjbrbearb iaksnmbr `s nts knijb `rb`, tjb bxpart ae slnccbm c`dar enrst ta nts

kbnojdars `km uctng`tbcy ta tjb warcm. @cako sngnc`r cnkbs `s tjb Nrnsj mbvbcapgbkt

bxpbrnbkib, Yw`znc`km„s nggbmn`tb ta nktbrgbmn`tb o`nks waucm db rbgntt`kibs `km tjb

rbenkbgbkt ae tbijkni`c i`pìntnbs ae nts bxpartbm c`dar. Nts cakotbrg dbkbent waucm db

tjb mbvbcapgbkt ngpìt ae tjb dr`nk inriuc`tnak wjnij wncc pravnmb tjb tbijkni`c

cb`mbrsjnp rbqunrbm ta spb`rjb`m lkawcbmob `km tbijkacaoymrnvbk orawtj.

]jb `k`cysns iakicumbs tj`t tjb iurrbkt B]YMY ns nk`mbqu`tb ta suppcy tjb qu`cnty,

gnx `km tjrbsjacm ae slnccs rbqunrbm ta beebitnvbcy spb`rjb`m lkawcbmob `km

tbijkacaoy mrnvbk sj`rbm orawtj. Lby wb`lkbssbs pbrt`nk ta paar str`tboni oraukmnko,

caw ìibss bspbin`ccy dbyakm prng`ry bmui`tnak, nkbqunty ae ìibss `km autiagbs nk

e`var ae tjb kakpaar, ìutb rbsaurib nkbeeninbkinbs, maudteuc mbvbcapgbkt rbcbv`kib

`km nksueeninbkt mbcnvbry i`pìnty, nkicumnko i`pìnty ta rbspakm ta JNU/@NMY.]jb rbpart prapasbs prnarntnzbm ìtnaks ear rbmrbssnko nmbktnenbm wb`lkbssbs. Nt

ìlkawcbmobs tj`t tjb enk`kinko ae prapasbm rbeargs wncc db ` ij`ccbkob, bspbin`ccy nk

N



x Earbwarm

tjb iaktbxt ae ocad`c enk`kin`c irnsns `km tjb cngntbm bxtbrk`c enk`kin`c suppart ear tjb

sbitar. Nt ns bxpbitbm tj`t tjb sbitar rbearg praor`g bg`k`tnko erag tjns `k`cysns g`y

db usbm ta cbvbròb sagb ae tjb guijkbbmbm bxtbrk`c enk`kinko. ]jbsb iakstr`nkts

katwntjst`kmnko, mncnobkt ngpcbgbkt`tnak ae rbiaggbkmbm sbitar rbeargs waucm put

Yw`znc`km ak trìl taw`rm usnko nts B]YMY `s `k beebitnvb taac ear suppartnko tjb

k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt rbearg òbkm`.

Jakar`dcb _ncsak Ktsj`ko`sb

Gnknstbr ae Bmui`tnak

]jb Lnkomag ae Yw`znc`km

^`w @ksu

Mnrbitar8 Jug`k Mbvbcapgbkt Mbp`rtgbkt

@erni` Tbonak



xnn

@irakygs `km @ddrbvn`tnaks

@DB] @muct D`sni Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko

@II@ @ssain`tnak ae Ij`rtbrbm @iiaukt`kts

@MB@ @ssain`tnak ear tjb Mbvbcapgbkt ae Bmui`tnak nk @erni`

@OA@ @erni` Orawtj Appartuknty @it

@GNIs @erni` Gnmmcb Nkiagb Iauktrnbs

@TU @ktnrbtravnr`c

@YBT @ob Ypbineni Bkraccgbkt T`tb

@P]E @ustr`cn`k Pu`cnty ]r`nknko Er`gbwarl

DGV D`sni Gnkngug V`il`ob

IDB] Iagpbtbkiy D`sbm Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknkoIII Iurrniucug Iaarmnk`tnko Iaggnttbb

IIY Ibktbr ear Iagguknty Ybrvnibs

IAMBI Iaapbr`tnvbs Mbvbcapgbkt Ibktbr

IAYMBIs Iagguknty Ylnccs Mbvbcapgbkt Ibktbrs

IVM Iaktnkunko Vraebssnak`c Mbvbcapgbkt

MJY Mbgaor`pjni `km Jausbjacm Yurvby

MNU] Mnrbitar`tb ae Nkmustrn`c `km Uai`tnak`c ]r`nknko

B Yw`znc`km Cnc`kobkn

BI Burapb`k Iaggnssnak

BIM B`rcy Ijncmjaam MbvbcapgbktBIIM B`rcy Ijncmjaam I`rb `km Mbvbcapgbkt

BMI Bgc`c`tnkn Mbvbcapgbkt Ibktbr

BK]A Bgpcaybrs K`tnak`c ]r`nknko Aro`kns`tnak

BTI Biakagni Tbiavbry Iaggnssnak

BYT@0 Biakagni `km Yain`c Tbearg @obkm` 0

BYT@4 Biakagni `km Yain`c Tbearg @obkm` 4

B]YM Bmui`tnak, ]r`nknko `km Ylnccs Mbvbcapgbkt

B]YMY Bmui`tnak, ]r`nknko `km Ylnccs Mbvbcapgbkt Ybitar

BR Burapb`k Rknak

EDAs E`ntj D`sbm Aro`knz`tnaks

EMNs Earbnok Mnrbit Nkvbstars

OMV Orass Magbstni Vramuit

OBT Orass Bkraccgbkt T`tna

OB] Obkbr`c Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko

OaY Oavbrkgbkt ae tjb Lnkomag ae Yw`znc`km

JMN Jug`k Mbvbcapgbkt Nkmbx

JB Jnojbr Bmui`tnak

JNII Jb`ctj Nkearg`tnak `km Iauksbcnko Ibktbr

JTMY Jug`k Tbsauribs Mbvbcapgbkt Ytr`tboyJNU/@NMY Jug`k Nggukambeninbkiy Unrus/@iqunrbm Nggukb Mbeninbkiy

Yykmragb



@irakygs `km @ddrbvn`tnaks xnnn

J]G]V Jb`m ]bìjbr G`kòbgbkt ]r`nknko Vraor`g

NI@ Nkvbstgbkt Icng`tb @ssbssgbkt

NI]s Nkearg`tnak Iaggukni`tnak ]bijkacaonbs

NMB Nkstntutb ae Mnst`kib Bmui`tnak

NOIYB Nktbrk`tnak`c Obkbr`c Ibrtneni`tnak ae Ybiakm`ry Bmui`tnak

NKOA Nktbrk`tnak`c Kakoavbrkgbkt`c Aro`knz`tnak

NVOY Nkstntutb ae Vast Or`mu`tb Ytumnbs

NTK Nkstntutnak Tbonstbr ae Kbbms

NYIBM Nktbrk`tnak`c Yt`km`rm Ic`ssneni`tnak ae Bmui`tnak

N] Nkearg`tnak ]bijkacaoy

NU]D Nkmustrn`c `km Uai`tnak`c ]r`nknko Da`rm

HIB Huknar Ibrtneni`tb ae Bmui`tnak

L@G Lkawcbmob @ssbssgbkt Gbtjamacaoy

LBN Lkawcbmob Biakagy Nkmbx

LN Lkawcbmob Nkmbx

CCC Cneb Cako Cb`rknko

CCRL Cnebcako Cb`rknko Rkntbm Lnkomag

CGNIs Caw Gnmmcb Nkiagb Iauktrnbs

GMOs ]jb Gnccbkknug Mbvbcapgbkt Oa`cs

GNIY Guctnpcb Nkmni`tar Icustbr Yurvby

GNIs Gnmmcb Nkiagb Iauktrnbs

GN]I G`kznkn Nkmustrn`c ]r`nknko Ibktbr

GaB Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak

GaBB Gnknstry ae Bktbrprnsb `km BgpcaygbktGaVYN Gnknstry ae Vudcni Ybrvnib `km Nkearg`tnak

GTM^@ Gnknstry ae Tur`c Mbvbcapgbkt `km âutj @ee`nrs

G]BE Gbmnug ]brg Bxpbkmnturb Er`gbwarl

K@Y]NI Kjc`ko`ka @orniuctur`c Ylnccs ]r`nknko Ibktbr

KIIR K`tnak`c Ijncmrbk„s Iaarmnk`tnko Rknt

KIV Kbnojdarjaams I`rb Vankt

KMY K`tnak`c Mbvbcapgbkt Ytr`tboy

KBT Kbt Bkraccgbkt T`tna

KBTIJ@ K`tnak`c Bgbrobkiy Tbspaksb Iaukinc ak JNU/@NMY

KEB Kakearg`c Bmui`tnakKOA Kakoavbrkgbkt`c Aro`knz`tnak

KNIN K`tnak`c Nkearg`tnak `km Iaggukni`tnaks Nker`struiturb

KA@Y K`tnak`c Apbk @pprbktnibsjnp Yijbgb

KPE K`tnak`c Pu`cneni`tnak Er`gbwarl

K]@ K`tnak`c ]r`nknko @utjarnty

K]P@ K`tnak`c ]r`nknko Pu`cneni`tnak @utjarnty

KRVB Kakearg`c Rknvbrs`c Vrng`ry Bmui`tnak

ABIM Aro`knz`tnak ear Biakagni Iaapbr`tnak `km Mbvbcapgbkt

A„Cbvbc Armnk`ry Cbvbc Bx`gnk`tnak

AUIs Arpj`ks `km Uuckbr`dcb IjncmrbkVDC Vradcbg D`sbm Cb`rknko

VVV Vurij`snko Vawbr V`rnty



xnv @irakygs `km @ddrbvn`tnaks

VTY@V Vavbrty Tbmuitnak Ytr`tboy @itnak Vc`k

VYIB Vrng`ry Yijaac Ibrtneni`tb Bx`gnk`tnak

V]@ V`rbkt ]bìjbr @ssain`tnak

T&M Tbsb`rij `km Mbvbcapgbkt

TBIs Tur`c Bmui`tnak Ibktbrs

TBAs Tbonak`c Bmui`tnak Aeenibrs

TVC Tbiaokntnak ae Vrnar Cb`rknko

Y@IGBP Yautjbrk @erni` Iaksartnug ear Gakntarnko Bmui`tnak Pu`cnty

Y@IR Yautjbrk @erni` Iustags Rknak

Y@P@ Yautj @erni`k Pu`cneni`tnaks @utjarnty

YIA] Yw`znc`km Iaccbob ae ]bijkacaoy

YBY Yainabiakagni Yt`tus

YN]I Yntbon Nkmustrn`c ]r`nknko Ibktbr

YGIs Yijaac G`kòbgbkt Iaggnttbbs

YVIB Yw`znc`km Vrng`ry Ibrtneni`tb Bx`gnk`tnak

YY@ YudY`j`r`k @erni`

YY]I Yw`znc`km Ylnccs ]r`nknko Ibktbrs

Y]I Ylnccs ]r`nknko Ibktbrs

Y]T Ytumbkt ]bìjbr T`tna

YUPs Yiattnsj Uai`tnak`c Pu`cneni`tnaks

YXC Yw`znc`km Cnc`kobkn

]D ]udbriucasns

]UB]YM ]bijkni`c `km Uai`tnak`c Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko `km Ylnccs

MbvbcapgbktRL Rkntbm Lnkomag

RK Rkntbm K`tnaks

RKBYIA Rkntbm K`tnaks Bmui`tnak Yinbkib `km Iucturb Aro`knz`tnak

RKNIBE Rkntbm K`tnaks Ijncmrbk„s Bmui`tnak Eukm

RKNY_@ Rknvbrsnty ae Yw`znc`km

REVB Rknvbrs`c Erbb Vrng`ry Bmui`tnak

UB] Uai`tnak`c Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko

UAI]NG Uai`tnak`c `km Iaggbrin`c ]r`nknko Nkstntutb G`ts`p`

U]I Uai`tnak`c ]r`nknko Ibktbr

_DN _arcm D`kl Nkstntutb_MT _arcm Mbvbcapgbkt Tbpart

_BE _arcm Biakagni Earug

_EV _arcm Eaam Vraor`g

_JA _arcm Jb`ctj Aro`knz`tnak

X@T Yautj @erni`k T`km



xv

Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry

Nktramuitnak

Nk Ybptbgdbr 466?, tjb Oavbrkgbkt ae tjb Lnkomag ae Yw`znc`km (OaY) `ppravbm `

dra`m k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt rbearg òbkm` nk tjb earg ae ` pavbrty rbmuitnak str`tboy

`km ìtnak pc`k (VTY@V). ]jb pc`k ns nktbkmbm ta upm`tb `km apbr`tnak`cnzb tjb

K`tnak`c Mbvbcapgbkt Ytr`tboy (KMY) ae 0>>>, `s wbcc `s ta dbonk ta ìtu`cnzb Unsnak

4644< wjnij w`s `csa cùkijbm nk 0>>>. ]jb uctng`tb autiagb ae tjbsb nkstrugbkts ns

–ngpravbm qu`cnty ae cneb ear `cc Yw`zns.‗ ]jbnr lby oa`c ns –orawtj ìibcbr`tnak wntj

bqunty ar ìibcbr`tbm `km sj`rbm orawtj.‗ @ irntni`c nktbrgbmn`tb oa`c bxprbssbm nk tjb

VTY@V ns ` 96 pbribkt rbmuitnak nk pavbrty dy 4602, `km uctng`tb pavbrty br`mni`tnak

dy 4644. Nt ns bstng`tbm tj`t rbìjnko tjbsb t`robts wncc rbqunrb ` 2 pbribkt `vbròb

`kku`c OMV orawtj avbr ` sust`nkbm pbrnam ae tngb.

]jb st`rtnko pankt taw`rm ngpravnko tjb qu`cnty ae cneb ear `cc Yw`zns ns

sudst`ktn`ccy caw `km mbvbcapgbkt ij`ccbkobs `rb snokneni`kt. ]jb biakagni mawkturk,

wjnij Yw`znc`km taal snkib tjb gnm0>>6s, cngnts tjb rbsauribs rbqunrbm ta enk`kib

mbvbcapgbkt rbeargs. @vbròb `kku`c orawtj mbicnkbm erag : pbribkt nk tjb 0>:6s, ta

9.2 pbribkt nk 466?. ]jb iauktry ns `t tjb bpnibktbr ae JNU/@NMY, wjnij, `gako atjbrs,

mr`nks tjb `crb`my cngntbm rbsauribs `km tjrb`tbks ta mbpcbtb tjb iurrbkt jug`k i`pnt`c

d`sb. Vrbv`cbkib r`tbs `rb 0> pbribkt k`tnak`ccy, 45 pbribkt ear 02 ta => yb`r acms `km 2>

pbribkt ear wagbk dbtwbbk 42 `km 4> yb`rs ae òb. Vavbrty ns bkmbgni. Kb`rcy ?6pbribkt ae tjb papuc`tnak ns dbcaw tjb pavbrty m`tug cnkb `km icasb ta 26 pbribkt cnvbs

ak cbss tj`k RY$0 pbr m`y (4662 bst.). Datj nkiagb `km sain`c nkbqu`cntnbs `rb ìutb.

Yw`znc`km„s Onkn iabeeninbkt ns .50 (4662 bst.) `km `gako tjb warcm„s jnojbst. ]jb tap

nkiagb qunktncb ic`ngs 25 pbribkt ae tat`c iaksugptnak rbc`tnvb ta akcy = pbribkt ear tjb

cawbst qunktncb. Dra`m sain`c nkbqu`cntnbs `rb bvnmbkt nk ` jug`k mbvbcapgbkt nkmbx

(JMN) ae .2=? (4662 bst.).

]jns rbpart prbsbkts `k `k`cysns ae tjb `mbquìy ae Yw`znc`km„s bmui`tnak, tr`nknko

`km slnccs mbvbcapgbkt sbitar (B]YMY) ta beebitnvbcy iaktrndutb taw`rm `mmrbssnko tjb

`davb autcnkbm ij`ccbkobs `km taw`rm ìjnbvnko k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt oa`cs prbsbktbm

nk tjb VTY@V. Lby sbitar wb`lkbssbs `rb nmbktnenbm `km rbiaggbkm`tnaks ear tjbnrrbmrbss `rb g`mb.

Ytr`tboni Arnbkt`tnak

]wa prbgnsbs pravnmb ` str`tboni arnbkt`tnak ear tjns `k`cysns. ]jb enrst prbgnsb ns tj`t

dbiùsb Yw`znc`km ns kat k`tur`c rbsauribrnij, tjb ìibcbr`tnak ae nts orawtj `km

ocad`c iagpbtntnvbkbss wncc gast cnlbcy db lkawcbmob mrnvbk `km tbijkacaoymrnvbk.

Bvbk ne Yw`znc`km wbrb rnij nk k`tur`c rbsauribs, ocad`c biakagni orawtj ns dbiagnko

praorbssnvbcy lkawcbmobmrnvbk `km tbijkacaoymrnvbk. Yuiibsseuc k`tur`c rbsaurib

rnij iauktrnbs `rb tjasb tj`t j`vb dbbk `dcb ta tr`ksearg tjbnr k`tur`c rbsauribd`sbm

nkmustrnbs nkta lkawcbmob `km tbijkacaoynktbksnvb, k`tur`c rbsaurib’d`sbmnkmustrnbs.0 Lkawcbmob `km tbijkacaoy `rb `csa `gako lby eìtars ae ocad`c

iagpbtntnvbkbss. Mbvbcapnko i`pìnty ear lkawcbmob `km tbijkacaoy mrnvbk orawtj ns



xvn Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry

tjbrbearb kbibss`ry ear Yw`znc`km ta stb`mncy nktbor`tb nkta tjb ocad`c biakagy `km ta

db iagpbtntnvb. ]jns i`pìnty wncc rbqunrb, `t cb`st nk p`rt, bxp`kmbm ìibss ta pastd`sni

bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko appartukntnbs.4 Atjbr tj`k bkj`kinko orawtj `km

iagpbtntnvbkbss, dra`mbknko ìibss ta jnojbr cbvbcs ae bmui`tnak iaucm j`vb tjb

rbmnstrndutnvb beebits rbqunrbm ear sj`rnko tjb dbkbents ae orawtj nk cnkb wntj tjb VTY@V.

]jb sbiakm prbgnsb ns tj`t dbiùsb Yw`znc`km iurrbktcy j`s cngntbm nktbrk`c

orawtj pacbs, nts nggbmn`tb orawtj str`tboy kbbms ta eaius ak j`rvbstnko datj

k`tnak`c `km rbonak`c appartukntnbs. Akb ae tjb rbonak`c appartukntnbs ns tjb rb`cnty

tj`t, katwntjst`kmnko tjb ocad`c biakagni mawkturk, Yw`znc`km ns surraukmbm dy e`st

orawnko k`tur`c rbsauribrnij iauktrnbs gast ae wjnij j`vb ìutb slnccs sjartòbs, `s

bc`dar`tbm nk tjb rbpart. ]jbsb iauktrnbs nkicumb”Datsw`k`, K`gndn`, Yautj @erni`,

@koac`, `km Gaz`gdnqub. Nk tjb nggbmn`tb ruk, Yw`znc`km g`y iaksnmbr tjb bxpart

ae slnccbm c`dar wntj bxpbitbm dbkbents dbnko rbgntt`kibs `km tjb mbbpbknko ae tjb

tbijkni`c i`pìnty ae tjb bxpartbm slncc d`sb tjrauoj prìtnib. Nk tjb cako ruk,

Yw`znc`km g`y bxpbit ta dbkbent erag tjb dr`nk inriuc`tnak wjnij wncc pravnmb tjb

tbijkni`c cb`mbrsjnp rbqunrbm ta spb`rjb`m lkawcbmob `km tbijkacaoymrnvbk orawtj.

Ne `maptbm, tjns str`tboy g`y rbqunrb `k `cnokgbkt ae Yw`znc`km„s B]YM praor`gs

wntj tjasb ae nts kbnojdars. Yuij `cnokgbkt g`y db eìncnt`tbm dy tjb Yautjbrk @erni`

Mbvbcapgbkt Iagguknty„s (Y@MI) prataiac ak bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko `km dy

bxnstnko k`tnak`c qu`cneni`tnak er`gbwarls (KPEs). Yw`znc`km g`y `csa w`kt ta dbttbr

bxpcant sudrbonak`c jug`k rbsaurib mbvbcapgbkt i`pìntnbs `km hankt jug`k rbsaurib

mbvbcapgbkt praor`gs, ne `ky.

@ssugnko tjby jacm, tjb `davbautcnkbm prbgnsbs pcìb jug`k i`pnt`c `t tjb iarb

ae Yw`znc`km„s orawtj ìibcbr`tnak `km sain`c bqunty str`tbonbs. Nkmbbm jug`k i`pnt`cmbvbcapgbkt ns ` iarkbrstakb ae tjb VTY@V, kat akcy dbiùsb nt ns akb ae nts lby pncc`rs

dut `csa dbiùsb suiibss nk strbkotjbknko atjbr pncc`rs jnkobs ak tjb `mbquìy ae

Yw`znc`km„s jug`k i`pnt`c.

Yw`znc`km„s rbiaokntnak ae jug`k i`pnt`c `s ` lby mrnvbr ae orawtj ns iaksnstbkt

wntj gambrk biakagni orawtj tjbary, wjnij purparts tj`t jug`k i`pnt`c/slnccs,

tbijkacaoy`dsarptnvb i`pìnty/nkkav`tnak, `km nkvbstgbkt icng`tb `rb `gako irntni`c

mbtbrgnk`kts ae pramuitnvnty `km sbcesust`nknko orawtj. ]jns rbpart `csa prbsbkts `k

`k`cysns ae tjb `mbquìy ae Yw`znc`km„s bmui`tnak, tr`nknko `km slnccs mbvbcapgbkt

sbitar (B]YMY) ta suppcy tjb jug`k i`pnt`c rbqunrbm ta bk`dcb tbijkacaoy`dsarptnvb

i`pìnty/nkkav`tnak, `km ta iagpcbgbkt tjb nkvbstgbkt icng`tb nk spurrnko v`cub`mmbm pramuitnvnty `km sust`nk`dcb orawtj.

Iavbròb

Nk tbrgs ae siapb, tjb rbpart eaiusbs ak tjb `k`cysns ae tjb suppcy ae jug`k i`pnt`c,

bvbk tjbk, nk tjb cngntbm sbksb ae lkawcbmob `km slnccs. Ear `k ukmbrst`kmnko ae tjb

st`tb ae atjbr mbtbrgnk`kts ae orawtj, nt rbcnbs ak rbibkt enkmnkos ae tjb _arcm D`kl

Nkvbstgbkt Icng`tb @ssbssgbkt (NI@), tjb _arcm D`kl Nkstntutb„s (_DN) `kku`c

`k`cysns ae iauktrnbs„ lkawcbmob `km tbijkacaoy rb`mnkbss, `km tjb _arcm Biakagni

Earugs„ (_BE) `kku`c `k`cysns ae iauktrnbs„ ocad`c iagpbtntnvbkbss. ]jbsb `k`cysbs

pankt ta tjb kbbm ta sudst`ktn`ccy ngpravb Yw`znc`km„s nkvbstgbkt icng`tb, tbijkacaoy

`dsarptnvb i`pìnty, `km ocad`c iagpbtntnvbkbss. Lby nkmnibs rbqunrnko ngpravbgbkt



Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry xvnn

pbrt`nk ta8 gìrabiakagni st`dncnty, oavbrk`kib, Nkearg`tnak Iaggukni`tnak

]bijkacaonbs (NI]s), nkkav`tnak, bmui`tnak `km lkawcbmob rb`mnkbss.

]jb rbpart iavbrs `cc cbvbcs ae tjb B]YMY, erag b`rcy ijncmjaam i`rb `km

mbvbcapgbkt (BIIM) ta jnojbr bmui`tnak (JB). Jawbvbr, onvbk tjb rbibkiy (4665) ae

tjb _arcm D`klsuppartbm `k`cysns ae tjb obkbr`c bmui`tnak sudsbitar”or`mbs 0 ta

04”tjns rbpart pravnmbs `k upm`tb `km kat `katjbr nkmbptj `k`cysns ae tjns sudsbitar.

Dbiùsb ae m`t` cngnt`tnaks ìrass tjb wjacb sbitar, tjb rb`mbr g`y enkm tjb `k`cytni`c

rnoar ae tjns rbpart ` dnt v`rnbm ìrass tjb iavbrbm sudsbitars. M`t` cngnt`tnaks wbrb

p`rtniuc`rcy ìutb ear tjb BIIM `km ear tjb kakearg`c bmui`tnak (KEB) sudsbitars.

]jbsb wb`lkbssbs katwntjst`kmnko, tjns rbpart `mapts `k nktbor`tbm `ppraìj ta

tjb B]YMY, `km vnbws nt `s ` sb`gcbss cnebcako cb`rknko (CCC) systbg. Cbvbcs ae tjb

systbg `rb `ssbssbm ak tjb d`sns ae tjb `mbquìy ae tjbnr ìibss, qu`cnty, bqunty,

rbcbv`kib, beeninbkiy, `km mbcnvbry i`pìnty, nkicumnko i`pìnty ta rbspakm ta JNU/@NMY.

Lby Iakicusnaks `km Tbiaggbkm`tnaks

]jb iurrbkt B]YMY ns kat sueeninbkt ta suppart k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt `spnr`tnaks `km

oa`cs, ìibcbr`tbm `km sj`rbm orawtj, `km ocad`c iagpbtntnvbkbss. Lby wb`lkbssbs

pbrt`nk ta caw ìibss, ukbvbk `km nkbqunt`dcb qu`cnty, ìutb nkbqu`cntnbs, rbsaurib

nkbeeninbkiy, paar rbcbv`kib `km wb`l str`tboni mnrbitnak `km mbcnvbry i`pìnty. Nk

`mmntnak, paar m`t` `km nkearg`tnak g`kòbgbkt `csa pbrgb`tbs tjb sbitar. _ntjaut

nktbrvbktnak, tjns cngnt`tnak g`y `mvbrsbcy èebit pc`kknko ear euturb sbitar

mbvbcapgbkt, `ky rbqunrbm euturb sbitar `k`cysns, beebitnvb gakntarnko ae sbitar

rbeargs, `km, beebitnvb `ssbssgbkt ae tjb ngpìt ae euturb sbitar rbeargs.

@ctjauoj quntb pbrv`snvb, tjb nktbksnty ae bìj ae tjb `davbautcnkbm lbywb`lkbssbs mneebrs ìrass sudsbitars. @t tjb pankt ae mbsnoknko tjb sbitar rbearg

praor`g, tjns wncc mbg`km ` mneebrbkt prnarntnz`tnak `km sbqubkinko ae nktbrvbktnaks `t

bìj cbvbc ae tjb sbitar. ]`dcb 0 sugg`rnzbs tjb nktbksnty ae bìj ij`ccbkob wntjnk bìj

sudsbitar `km ngpcnbs tjb prnarntnz`tnak ae nktbrvbktnaks ta db nkstntutbm.

@iibss ns cngntbm ìrass `cc cbvbcs ae tjb B]YMY

Iurrbkt cbvbcs ae ìibss `rb nk`mbqu`tb ta suppcy tjb rnojt tjrbsjacm `km gnx ae slnccs

rbqunrbm ta gbbt k`tnak`c `km rbonak`c c`dar g`rlbt mbg`kms, ta suppart ìibcbr`tbm

`km sj`rbm orawtj, `km ta g`lb Yw`znc`km ocad`ccy iagpbtntnvb. @iibss ns p`rtniuc`rcy

caw erag tjb sbiakm`ry cbvbc upw`rms, tjb vbry cbvbcs wjnij `rb pravbk ta db bssbktn`cear tjb suppcy ae lkawcbmob warlbrs rbqunrbm ta `ttrìt earbnok mnrbit nkvbstars (EMNs),

`s Yw`znc`km nktbkms, ta irb`tb lkawcbmob”`km tbijkacaoy`dsarptnak i`pìnty, wjnij

EMNs mbg`km, ta eìncnt`tb nkkav`tnak, jnojbr v`cub”`mmbm pramuitnvnty `km orawtj,

`km ta irb`tb bgpcaygbkt appartukntnbs ear cawbrcbvbc slnccs, `km ear tjb ukslnccbm. @k

bstng`tbm ?= pbribkt ae ijncmrbk ae bcnondcb òb `rb kat bkraccbm nk huknar sbiakm`ry

bmui`tnak, `km :: pbribkt `rb kat bkraccbm nk sbknar sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak. ]jb jnojbr

bmui`tnak kbt bkraccgbkt r`tna (KBT) ns bstng`tbm `t akcy 4.5 pbribkt (466? bst.). @iibss

ns `csa vbry caw ear tjb BIIM cbvbc, wjbrb 52 pbribkt ae ijncmrbk ae bcnondcb òb `rb kat

bkraccbm. ]jb sntu`tnak ns sagbwj`t dbttbr ear tjb prng`ry cbvbc wjbrb akcy 05 pbribkt

ae ijncmrbk ae bcnondcb òb `rb kat bkraccbm. Jawbvbr, nt ns katbwartjy tj`t wntjautnktbrvbktnak, tjb iurrbkt cbvbc ae ìibss ta prng`ry bmui`tnak g`y rnsl Yw`znc`km„s

`tt`nkgbkt ae tjb –gnccbkknug mbvbcapgbkt oa`c (GMO)‗ pbrt`nknko ta ìibss dy 4602.



xvnnn Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry

]`dcb 08 Jnbr`rijy ae Ij`ccbkobs dy Yudsbitar

Yudsbitar Ij`ccbkob 0 Ij`ccbkob 4 Ij`ccbkob 9 Ij`ccbkob = Ij`ccbkob 2 Ij`ccbkob 5

BIIM _b`l str`tbonimnrbitnak kmmbcnvbryi`pìnty

Vaar ìibss Yystbgninkbquntnbs

Vaar qu`cnty Caw nktbrk`c,g`rlbt `kmmbvbcapgbktrbcbv`kib

Caw rbsauribbeeninbkiy kmpaar rbsauribgadncnz`tnak`km utncnz`tnak

Vrng`ryBmui`tnak

Vaar qu`cnty Caw rbsauribbeeninbkiy kmpaar rbsauribgadncnz`tnak`km utncnz`tnak

Yystbgninkbquntnbs

Vaar nktbrk`c,g`rlbt kmmbvbcapgbktrbcbv`kib

Vaar ìibss _b`l str`tbonimnrbitnak kmmbcnvbryi`pìnty

Huknarsbiakm`rybmui`tnak

_b`l str`tbonimnrbitnak kmmbcnvbryi`pìnty


Vaar qu`cnty Caw rbsauribbeeninbkiy `kmpaar rbsauribgadncnz`tnak

`km utncnz`tnak

Caw nktbrk`c,g`rlbt kmmbvbcapgbktrbcbv`kib

Ybknarsbiakm`rybmui`tnak



Vaar qu`cnty Caw nktbrk`c,g`rlbt `kmmbvbcapgbktrbcbv`kib


]UB]YM Caw nktbrk`c,g`rlbt kmmbvbcapgbktrbcbv`kib


Vaar qu`cnty Bxp`km iibss Br`mni`tbsauribs aenkbquntnbs

Caw rbsauribbeeninbkiy

]brtn`ryBmui`tnak


Vaar qu`cnty _b`lstr`tbonimnrbitnak kmmbcnvbryi`pìnty



JnojbrBmui`tnak



Yystbgninkbquntnbs

Vaar ìibss _b`l str`tbonimnrbitnak `kmmbcnvbryi`pìnty

Ngpravb qu`cnty

@muctkakearg`cBmui`tnak




Vaar qu`cnty Caw rbsauribbeeninbkiy kmpaar rbsauribgadncnz`tnak`km utncnz`tnak

Yaurib8 M`t` iagpncbm dy ùtjar.

]jb iast ae bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko sbrvnibs ta datj jausbjacms `km ta tjb

oavbrkgbkt ns ` dnkmnko iakstr`nkt ta bxp`kmnko ìibss. Obkbr`c bmui`tnak ebbs `rb taa

jnoj ear gast jausbjacms `km tjns cb`ms ta tjb caw p`rtninp`tnak ae ijncmrbk ae caw

sainabiakagni st`tus (YBY). Jausbjacms iaktrndutb `daut 0= pbribkt `km 96 pbribkt ae

prng`ry `km sbiakm`ry sijaac bxpbkmnturb rbspbitnvbcy. Vrng`ry bmui`tnak ebbs

ìiaukt ear `daut 44 pbribkt ae tjb nkiagb ae paar jausbjacms. Dbiùsb ae enk`kin`c

d`rrnbrs, tjb paarbst rbonak ae Yjnsbcwbkn, rur`c `rb`s, `km paar jausbjacms tbkm ta

j`vb cawbr ìibss. Rknt iasts ear pastsbiakm`ry bmui`tnak `rb prajndntnvb `km tjns

cngnts tjb kugdbr ae cb`rkbrs tjb OaY g`y spaksar. Atjbr d`rrnbrs ta ìibss `rb8 (n) tjb

caw pjysni`c i`pìnty ae tjb systbg, bspbin`ccy, ear BIIM `km sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak< (nn)



Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry xnx

bkargaus mnst`kibs sagb cb`rkbrs w`cl ta sijaac, `vbrònko 0? lncagbtbrs pbr m`y `km

(nnn) tjb cìl ae eìncntnbs ear cb`rkbrs wntj mns`dncntnbs.

@mapt ` d`c`kibm bxp`ksnak ae ìibss ìrass `cc cbvbcs ae tjb B]YMY

Nk armbr ta duncm tjb tjrbsjacm `km gnx ae slnccs rbqunrbm ta suppart orawtjìibcbr`tnak, sain`c bqunty `km ocad`c iagpbtntnvbkbss, Yw`znc`km kbbms ta `mapt `

d`c`kibm bxp`ksnak ae ìibss ta `cc cbvbcs ae tjb B]YMY. ]jb bxp`ksnak pc`k sjaucm

d`c`kib nggbmn`tb kbbms ta i`t`cyzb orawtj wntj cakotbrg kbbms ta sust`nk sj`rbm

orawtj. Gbbtnko nggbmn`tb kbbms wncc bkt`nc ` prapaar bxp`ksnak ae ìibss ta tbrtn`ry

bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko wjasb autputs i`k nggbmn`tbcy t`lb up hads k`tnak`ccy `km

rbonak`ccy `s wbcc `s irb`tb hads ear tjb cawbr cbvbcs. Ear tjb B]YMY nk p`rtniuc`r,

tbrtn`ry cbvbc autputs irb`tb tjb rbobkbr`tnvb i`pìnty ear duncmnko tjb cawbr cbvbcs ae

tjb systbg. Gbbtnko cakotbrg kbbms wncc rbqunrb strbkotjbknko tjb B]YMY `t tjb

d`sb”BIIM ta sbknar sbiakm`ry cbvbcs”`km dra`mbknko ìibss< tjus onvnko tjb kbw

obkbr`tnaks ` ij`kib ta drb`l tjb iyicb ae nktbrobkbr`tnak`c pavbrty tjrauoj bmui`tnak.

]jb bxtbkt `km k`turb ae tjb d`c`kib sjaucm db d`sbm ak mbvbcapgbkt iaksnmbr`tnaks

`km sjaucm db ounmbm dy iast snguc`tnaks tj`t bk`dcb mbinsnakg`lbrs ta mbd`tb tr`mb

aees `km ta sbcbit sust`nk`dcb aptnaks.

Tbiaggbkmbm ìtnaks ear bxp`kmnko ìibss `rb prbsbktbm dbcaw nk armbr ae

prnarnty `km `rb iaksnmbrbm datj vn`dcb `km eb`sndcb akcy wjbk iagpcbgbktbm dy

rbiaggbkm`tnaks ta ngpravb bqunty `km rbsaurib beeninbkiy.

@tt`nk eucc apbr`tnak`c i`pìnty ear RKNY_@ `km YIA]8 _ntj beebit erag

ì`mbgni yb`r 4600/4604, tjb `kku`c nkt`lb ta tjb Rknvbrsnty ae Yw`znc`km

(RKNY_@) `km ta tjb Yw`znc`km Iaccbob ae ]bijkacaoy (YIA]) sjaucm dbmnssain`tbm erag tjb kugdbr ae `v`nc`dcb oavbrkgbkt sijac`rsjnps `km sjaucm

db d`sbm ak tjb i`pìnty ae tjbsb twa nkstntutnaks `km tjb `v`nc`dncnty ae

qu`cnenbm i`kmnm`tbs.

Dy ì`mbgni yb`r 4604/4609, RKNY_@ `km YIA] sjaucm db apbr`tnko `t tjbnr

eucc i`pìnty. Ear YIA], tjns waucm gb`k usnko nts iurrbktcy ukusbm ?>

pbribkt pjysni`c i`pìnty. Ear RKNY_@ nt waucm bkt`nc tjb `mgnssnak ae :6

pbribkt ae qu`cnenbm `ppcni`kts. Datj tjbsb ìtnak waucm rbnkst`tb tjb

nkstntutnaks dìl ta tjbnr apbr`tnko i`pìnty dbearb tjb mbicnkb nk oavbrkgbkt

sijac`rsjnps.

Bxp`km ìibss ta obkbr`c bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko (OB] ar or`mbs 0 ta 04

bqunv`cbkt) ta rbìj ‚066„ pbribkt KBT ear prng`ry bmui`tnak dy 4602, usnko

datj tjb earg`c `km tjb kakearg`c ij`kkbcs. Iakiurrbktcy, bxp`km tjb

systbg„s pjysni`c i`pìnty ear 066 pbribkt praorbssnak erag prng`ry ta huknar

sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak dy 4602. Ear tjb sbknar sbiakm`ry cbvbc, bksurb ` 26

pbribkt KBT ta earg`c sbknar sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak dy 4602, `km 56 pbribkt dy

4644. Nk p`r`ccbc, duncm i`pìnty ear 02 pbribkt praorbssnak erag huknar

sbiakm`ry sijaac ta vai`tnak`c bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko (UB]) dy 4602, `km 96

pbribkt praorbssnak dy 4644. Ear tjb rbg`nknko 06 pbribkt ae huknar sbiakm`ry

sijaac iagpcbtbrs, duncm `mbqu`tb `dsarptnvb i`pìnty nk kakearg`c bmui`tnak

ibktbrs. ]jns bxp`ksnak praor`g sjaucm nkicumb tjb rbouc`rnz`tnak ae tjb



xx Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry

iurrbktcy sai`ccbm –nccbo`c sijaacs‗ `km tjbnr earg`c rbonstr`tnak dy tjb

Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak (GaB) dy 4604.

Gnkngnzb enk`kin`c d`rrnbrs ta ìibss ta `cc cbvbcs ae tjb B]YMY8 ]jb OaY

sjaucm nkstntutb tjb uknvbrs`c erbb prng`ry bmui`tnak (REVB) pacniy `t tjb

dbonkknko ae tjb 4606 ì`mbgni yb`r. Mnrbit `km nkmnrbit prng`ry sijaac iasts

ta jausbjacms sjaucm db `dacnsjbm. @k apbr`tnak`c pc`k sjaucm db mbvbcapbm

`km `maptbm ta bksurb ` 066 prng`ry KBT dy 4602< nk cnkb wntj GMOs Huknar

sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak sjaucm db sudst`ktn`ccy sudsnmnzbm ta rbìj ` r`tna ae

068>6, jausbjacms ta OaY iaktrndutnaks ta tjb sudsbitar bxpbkmnturbs, dy 4644.

]jb r`tna ear sbknar sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak sjaucm db 468:6 dy tjb s`gb yb`r.

Arpj`ks `km Uuckbr`dcb Ijncmrbk (AUIs) or`kts sjaucm db sust`nkbm ta

bksurb tjbnr beebitnvb p`rtninp`tnak nk OB]< `km sjaucm db g`mb iakmntnak`c ak

tjbnr suiibsseuc iagpcbtnak. ]brtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko uknt iasts sjaucm

db rbstruiturbm `km `cnokbm ta tjasb ae atjbr caw gnmmcb nkiagb iauktrnbs(CGNIs) dy 4604.

Gnkngnzb atjbr d`rrnbrs ta ìibss ta obkbr`c bmui`tnak `km strbkotjbk

`ctbrk`tnvb mbcnvbry gambs8 Dy 4602, ` i`tijgbkt `rb` systbg tj`t bk`dcbs

or`mb 0 ta 04 cb`rkbrs ta db wntjnk ` 9lncagbtbr r`mnus, ar 96 gnkutb w`clnko

mnst`kib ae tjbnr sijaac, sjaucm db nk pcìb. _jbrb tjb mbksnty ae cb`rkbr

papuc`tnak mabs kat w`rr`kt nt, `ctbrk`tnvbs cnlb cb`rkbr tr`kspart ar jastbcs

sjaucm db `maptbm. Nk `mmntnak, `cc sijaacs gust db ìibssndcb ta cb`rkbrs wntj

mns`dncnty dy 4602. Kakearg`c bmui`tnak ibktbrs sjaucm db bxp`kmbm `km

strbkotjbkbm ta pravnmb ` vn`dcb `ctbrk`tnvb gamb `s wbcc `s ` sbiakm ij`kib

appartuknty ear obkbr`c bmui`tnak. Irb`tb i`pìnty ear :6 pbribkt praorbssnak r`tb erag sbknar sbiakm`ry ta

tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko dy 46448 ]jb mnstrndutnak ae tjb praorbssnak

sjaucm db `daut =6 pbribkt ta tbijkni`c `km vai`tnak`c bmui`tnak, `km

tr`nknko, `km slnccs mbvbcapgbkt (]UB]YM), nkicusnvb ae kursnko bmui`tnak

`km atjbr jb`ctj sinbkibs, 46 pbribkt ta JB, `km 46 pbribkt ta bmui`tar

tr`nknko ae mnvbrsb eargs.

Vrapaar bxp`ksnak ae ìibss ta BIIM8 @iibss ta b`rcy ijncmjaam

mbvbcapgbkt (BIM 69) praor`gs sjaucm db bxp`kmbm ta rbìj 56 pbribkt ae

bcnondcb ijncmrbk dy 4602, `km :6 pbribkt dy 4644. ]jb enrst 56 pbribkt ae kbw

BIM pcìbs sjaucm db `ccai`tbm ta ijncmrbk erag paar jausbjacms. ]jns wnccmbg`km tjb `rtniuc`tnak ae icb`r irntbrn` ak wj`t iakstntutbs paar jausbjacms.

Nk armbr ta eìncnt`tb ìibss, tjb OaY sjaucm pravnmb pbri`pnt` or`kt suppart

ta prnv`tb sbrvnib pravnmbrs nk m`y i`rb ibktbrs, `s wbcc `s ta kbnojdarjaam

i`rb pankts (KIVs) `km ta LÒaoa ibktbrs (or`kmg`„s ibktbrs) tj`t pravnmb

BIM sbrvnibs. ]jb OaY or`kts sjaucm db stb`mncy pj`sbm nk ta ìiaukt ear `

qu`rtbr ae BIM bxpbkmnturbs dy 4602 `km j`ce dy 4644.

Vrapaar bxp`ksnak ae ìibss ta prbprng`ry bmui`tnak8 @iibss ta prbprng`ry

bmui`tnak sjaucm db bxp`kmbm ta rbìj :6 pbribkt ae bcnondcb ijncmrbk (eaur

`km envb yb`r acms) dy 4602, `km 066 pbribkt dy 4644. @s wntj BIM, tjb OaY

sjaucm pravnmb pbr i`pnt` or`kt suppart ta prnv`tb sbrvnib pravnmbrs, KIVs,`km LÒaoa ibktbrs tj`t ruk prbprng`ry ic`ssbs. ]a tjb euccbst bxtbkt passndcb,



Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry xxn

prbprng`ry ic`ssbs sjaucm db nktbor`tbm nkta prng`ry sijaacs wjbrb tjbrb ns

`mbqu`tb mbg`km.

Pu`cnty ns ukbvbk `km nkbqunt`dcb

Pu`cnty ns ukbvbk ìrass cbvbcs ae tjb B]YMY dut tbkms ta db dbttbr ear ` sbcbit gnkarntyerag jnoj nkiagb jausbjacms. Ear obkbr`c bmui`tnak, qu`cnty ns dbttbr tj`k ear atjbr

Yautjbrk @erni` Iustags Rknak (Y@IR) iauktrnbs9 , dut tjns `mv`ktòb mns`ppb`rs

akib Yw`znc`km ns iagp`rbm wntj iauktrnbs dbyakm nts nggbmn`tb kbnojdar. Bmui`tnak

qu`cnty `csa sbbgs ta db rb`sak`dcb `t tjb jnojbr cbvbcs ae tjb systbg, wjbrb ijncmrbk ae

tjb paar `rb sudst`ktn`ccy ukmbrrbprbsbktbm. @cc tjb s`gb, tjbrb sbbgs ta db `mbqu`tb

bcbgbkts ae qu`cnty upak wjnij Yw`znc`km i`k duncm nts sbitar ngpravbgbkt praor`g.

Iarb nssubs `km sauribs ae maudt wntj bmui`tnak qu`cnty `rb tjb cìl ae st`km`rms

`km tjb cìl ae icb`r apbr`tnak`c mbenkntnaks ae autputs `t bìj cbvbc nk tbrgs ae lby

iagpbtbkinbs `km slnccs ta db ìqunrbm. Ear nkst`kib, `t tjb BIM cbvbc, tjb nkmni`tars ar

g`rlbrs ae ` ‚jacnstni`ccy mbvbcapbm Yw`zn ijncm„ rbg`nk ukicb`r. @t prbprng`ry cbvbc,nt ns kat icb`r wj`t iakstntutbs ijncm mbvbcapgbkt `km sijaac rb`mnkbss. Ear tjb rbst ae

tjb OB] `km ]UB]YM cbvbcs, nt ns kat icb`r wj`t iagpbtbkinbs `km slnccs cb`rkbrs

sjaucm ìqunrb `t bìj cbvbc.

Cìl ae st`km`rms `km ukicb`r autputs g`lb nt mneeniuct ta dbkijg`rl tjb systbg

nk `dsacutb `km nk rbc`tnvb tbrgs. Nk `dsacutb tbrgs, Yw`zn cb`rkbrs tbkm ta ma e`nrcy

wbcc ak iaktnkuaus `ssbssgbkts. Jawbvbr, `s suoobstbm, tjb qu`cnty ngpcnbm dy tjasb

p`ssbs rbg`nks ukicb`r wjbk tjbrb `rb ka st`km`rms. Nk rbc`tnvb tbrgs, Yw`zn cb`rkbrs

pbrearg e`nrcy wbcc ak nktbrk`tnak`c bx`gnk`tnaks `km tjns sbrvbs `s sagb earg ae

dbkijg`rlnko. Ear nkst`kib, stumbkt pbrearg`kib ak tjb 4666 Y@IGBP tbsts w`s

dbttbr tj`k ear atjbr Y@IR iauktrnbs, dut cawbr tj`k ear sagb caw nkiagb iauktrnbs”

Lbky` ear nkst`kib. ]jb Huknar Ybiakm`ry Ibrtneni`tb Bx`gnk`tnak (HIB) `km tjb

Nktbrk`tnak`c Obkbr`c Ibrtneni`tb ae Ybiakm`ry Bmui`tnak (NOIYB) pravnmb tjb rbc`tnvb

qu`cnty ae obkbr`c bmui`tnak. Nk `mmntnak, Yw`zn UB] tr`nkbbs wrntb tjb Vntg`k `km tjb

Inty `km Ouncms tbsts wjnij ns `katjbr rbc`tnvb nkmni`tar ae qu`cnty.

Ear obkbr`c bmui`tnak ` orb`t saurib ae `gdnv`cbkib `daut tjb qu`cnty ns tjb jnoj

rbpbtntnak r`tbs wjnij snok`c paar qu`cnty `km tjb strnkobkt sbcbitnvnty ae tjb systbg

awnko ta sjartòb ae pcìbs `t jnojbr cbvbcs. ]jns cb`ms ta ` iakicusnak tj`t tjb

rbc`tnvbcy oaam pbrearg`kib ak nktbrk`tnak`c bx`gnk`tnaks ns gast cnlbcy nkmni`tnvb ae

tjb strnkobkt sbcbitnvnty ae tjb systbg `km kat sa guij nts qu`cnty. ]jns iakicusnak ns dìlbm dy tjb strako `ssain`tnak dbtwbbk YBY `km cb`rknko autiagbs nkicumnko

bmui`tnak`c `tt`nkgbkt. Nt ns `csa dìlbm dy tjb vnrtu`c `dsbkib ae ijncmrbk erag caw

nkiagb qunktncbs nk JB. @ sèb iakicusnak, tjbrbearb, sbbgs ta db tj`t tjb systbg ns ae

rb`sak`dcb qu`cnty ear ` sbcbit ebw cb`rkbrs wja tbkm ta db ae jnoj YBY. Ear tjb g`harnty

ae cb`rkbrs, wja tbkm ta db mnsprapartnak`tbcy ukmbrrbprbsbktbm, tjb systbg ns kat ae `

qu`cnty tj`t bk`dcbs tjbg ` suiibsseuc iagpcbtnak ar ` e`nr iagpbtntnak nk tjb k`tnak`c,

rbonak`c, `km ocad`c c`dar g`rlbts.

]jb qu`cnty ae tjb systbg ns `csa v`rnbm ìrass sudhbits wntj stumbkts„ pbrearg`kib

dbnko p`rtniuc`rcy caw ear g`tjbg`tnis, sinbkib `km snYw`tn. Nk `mmntnak, tjbrb ns `cgast

` tat`c `dsbkib ae stumbkts wja t`lb NI]s `s ` sudhbit ar ear d`sni bcntbrìy.



xxnn Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry

Ngpravb tjb qu`cnty ae B]YM

]a ngpravb stumbkt cb`rknko, `km ta db `dcb ta dbkijg`rl tj`t ngpravbgbkt wntjnk

`km ìrass iauktrnbs, Yw`znc`km kbbms ta `mapt ` iagpbtbkiyd`sbm `ppraìj ta `cc

cbvbcs ae cb`rknko `km ta usb tjns `ppraìj `s ` d`sb ear systbgni qu`cnty ngpravbgbkt.Ybqubkibm ìtnaks ta ngpravb tjb qu`cnty ae tjb B]YMY `rb8

Icb`rcy mbenkb st`km`rms nk tbrgs ae slnccs `km iagpbtbkinbs ta db ìqunrbm `t

bìj cbvbc8 Ear BIM, tjbrb sjaucm db `k apbr`tnak`c mbenkntnak ae jacnstni ijncm

mbvbcapgbkt wntjnk tjb iaktbxt ae Yw`znc`km. Yuij ` mbenkntnak sjaucm db

dbkijg`rlbm ò`nkst nktbrk`tnak`c nkmni`tars `km bvbk `k nktbrk`tnak`c

jacnstni ijncm mbvbcapgbkt nkmbx. @ icb`r `km apbr`tnak`c mbenkntnak ae sijaac

rb`mnkbss sjaucm db mbvbcapbm `km earg`ccy `maptbm. Ylnccs `km iagpbtbkinbs

ta db ìqunrbm `t bìj cbvbc ae OB] `km ]UB]YM sjaucm db mbenkbm `km

earg`ccy `maptbm. Yuij mbenkntnaks sjaucm rbecbit iaktbxtu`c rbcbv`kib `s wbcc

`s wj`t ns praorbssnvbcy dbnko rbiaoknzbm `s slnccs `km iagpbtbkinbs rbqunrbm

ear beebitnvb eukitnaknko nk pastnkmustrn`c ar lkawcbmob biakagnbs. YIA]

`km RKNY_@ sjaucm `mapt garb rnoaraus qu`cnty `ssur`kib gbij`knsgs tj`t

`ccaw tjbg ta db dbkijg`rlbm ò`nkst atjbr tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko

nkstntutnaks.

Tbvnsb iurrniuc` `km `ssbssgbkt8 Dy 4604, iurrniuc` sjaucm db rbvnsbm ta rbecbit

òrbbm slnccs `km iagpbtbkinbs. Nk `mmntnak ` pbrnamni iurrniuc` rbvnbw”9 ta 2

yb`rcy suoobstbm”sjaucm db nkstntutbm ta bksurb iurrbkiy `km rbcbv`kib ae

praor`gs. Ytumbkt/tr`nkbb `ssbssgbkts `km systbgni bv`cu`tnaks sjaucm `csa

db rbvnsbm ta eaius ak òrbbm slnccs `km iagpbtbkinbs. Ytumbkt rbpart i`rms

`km atjbr nkstrugbkts ear iaggukni`tnko praorbss nk stumbkt cb`rknko, suij

`s tjb GaB `kku`c rbparts `km intnzbk siarb i`rms, sjaucm `csa db rbmbsnokbm

ta rbecbit sbt slnccs `km iagpbtbkinbs.

Mbenkb tbìjbr/nkstruitar iagpbtbkinbs `km nkstntutb tngbdaukm cnibksbs8 Dy

4604, tjb slnccs `km iagpbtbkinbs tj`t tbìjbrs/nkstruitars rbqunrb ta

beebitnvbcy tbìj `t bìj cbvbc sjaucm db icb`rcy mbenkbm `km usbm ta ounmb tjb

rbvnsnak ae prb`km nksbrvnib tr`nknko praor`gs. Ear ]UB]YM nkstruitars

p`rtniuc`rcy, iagpbtbkinbs gust nkicumb tbijkni`c `km pbmòaoni`c

qu`cneni`tnak, `s wbcc `s iurrbkt”ka garb tj`k 9 yb`rs acm”nkmustry

bxpbrnbkib. @ tbìjbr/nkstruitar slnccs ùmnt sjaucm db ukmbrt`lbk dy 4609 tambtbrgnkb tjb bxtbkt ae rbqunrbm nksbrvnib tr`nknko. @cc prìtninko

tbìjbrs/nkstruitars wja kbbm nksbrvnib tr`nknko sjaucm rbibnvb nt dy 460=.

Murnko 460=, ` tngbdaukm tbìjbr/nkstruitar cnibksb sjaucm db mbsnokbm `km

`maptbm. ]jb `ppcni`tnak ae tjb cnibksb systbg sjaucm iaggbkib dy 4605 `s `

lby gb`surb ta bksurb tbìjbr/nkstruitar qu`cnty `km iurrbkiy.

Ytrbkotjbk tjb tbìjnko ae g`tjbg`tnis, sinbkib, `km NI]s8 @s nggbmn`tb

gb`surbs, Yw`znc`km gust mbvbcap `k nkibktnvb pìlòb ta `ttrìt tbìjbrs ae

tjbsb sudhbits ta rur`c `rb`s. Nt sjaucm `csa rbirunt qu`cnenbm bxp`trn`tb tbìjbrs

ear g`tjbg`tnis, sinbkib, `km NI]s bksurnko `mbquìy dy 4600. Nk tjb i`sb ae

bxp`trn`tb tbìjbrs, ` cai`cnz`tnak pc`k ear `cc bxp`trn`tb tbìjbrs sjaucm dbmbvbcapbm `km ngpcbgbktbm wntj ` vnbw ta j`vb eucc cai`cnz`tnak dy 4644. @

tbìjbrupor`mnko iaursb sjaucm db mbsnokbm ta `ccaw prìtninko tbìjbrs



Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry xxnnn

wntj `ptntumb ta qu`cney ear tjb tbìjnko ae tjbsb tjrbb sudhbits, st`rtnko wntj

tbìjbrs nk rur`c `rb`s. ]jb iurrbkt RKNY_@ praor`g sjaucm db `m`ptbm ta

mnst`kib mbcnvbry gamb tjrauoj tjb Nkstntutb ae Mnst`kib Bmui`tnak (NMB) ta

bk`dcb tbìjbrs ta upor`mb wjncb nk sbrvnib. Mnst`kib bmui`tnak mbcnvbry

sjaucm db strbkotjbkbm tjrauoj eìbtaeìb praor`gs `t tjb NMB murnko

sijaac jacnm`ys. ]jb cakotbrg sacutnak ae aeebrnko Bmui`tnak mborbb iaursbs

nk tjbsb sudhbits `t RKNY_@ sjaucm db sust`nkbm.

Mbenkb iagpbtbkinbs ear sijaac/UB] nkstntutnak jb`ms `km pcìb tjbg ak

pbrearg`kib iaktrìts8 Ylnccs `km iagpbtbkinbs rbqunrbm ta qu`cney `s `

sijaac/nkstntutnak jb`m sjaucm db mbenkbm dy 4604 `km usbm ta bc`dar`tb tjb

iurrbkt jb`m tbìjbr g`kòbgbkt tr`nknko praor`g (J]G]V) nkta `

gamuc`rnzbm praebssnak`c qu`cneni`tnak praor`g dy 460=. ]jb praor`g sjaucm

db ngpcbgbktbm wntj ` vnbw ta j`vb `cc sijaac jb`ms qu`cnenbm dy 460:.

]jbrbètbr, cb`rkbr/tr`nkbb iagpbtbkinbs sjaucm db usbm ta sbt pbrearg`kibst`km`rms ear sijaac/nkstntutnak jb`ms `km ta jacm tjbg ìiaukt`dcb ear

rbsucts. Dy 4646, `cc sijaac/nkstntutnak jb`ms sjaucm db ak rbkbw`dcb

pbrearg`kib iaktrìts. @k `kku`c sijaac/nkstntutnak pbrearg`kib cbòub

sjaucm db irb`tbm `km pudcninzbm ta iaggukni`tb pbrearg`kib ta tjb obkbr`c

pudcni.

D`sbm ak cb`kbr `km bmui`tar slnccs `km iagpbtbkinbs, ` K`tnak`c

Pu`cneni`tnak Er`gbwarl (KPE) sjaucm db mbvbcapbm ta earg`cnzb st`km`rms

`km `mapt tjbg dy 4602. @cc OB] `km UB] nkstntutnaks sjaucm db nk

iagpcn`kib wntj tjb KPE `km rbrbonstbrbm dy 4646.

]jb KPE sjaucm db usbm `s ` prng`ry vbjnicb ear tr`kseargnko tjb iurrbktB]YMY nkta ` sb`gcbss cnebcako cb`rknko (CCC) systbg. @s st`tbm, tjb KPE

sjaucm t`lb nkta ìiaukt sudrbonak`c –bqunv`cbkinbs‗ `km rbcbv`kt

nktbrk`tnak`c KPEs. Lby eb`turbs ae tjb CCC systbg sjaucm db icb`r st`km`rms

`km bqunv`cbkinbs ìrass sudsbitars `km ìrass gambs ae mbcnvbry, part`dncnty

ae irbmnts, `km ecbxndcb p`tjw`ys.

Mbvbcap nkput kargs `km mbenkb ` D`sni Gnkngug Vìlòb (DGV) ear OB]

`km ]BUB] nkstntutnaks. Nk armbr ta jacm sijaac/nkstntutnak jb`ms ìiaukt`dcb

ear rbsucts, tjby sjaucm enrst db pravnmbm tjb nkputs rbqunrbm ta eìncnt`tb tjbnr

mbcnvbry. Nkputs kargs `km st`km`rms tj`t iakstntutb ` DGV mbbgbm kbibss`ry

ta bk`dcb sbt pbrearg`kib cbvbcs sjaucm db `rtniuc`tbm `km `maptbm dy 460=.]jb DGV sjaucm jnojcnojt lby nkputs cnlb qu`cnenbm tbìjbrs, daals `km

nkstruitnak`c g`tbrn`cs, cndr`ry stails, c`dar`tary bqunpgbkt, NI]s, bti. ]jb

c`ttbr sjaucm db e`st trìlbm ta bksurb tj`t `cc sijaacs `rb bqunppbm wntj NI]s

`km wntj iakkbitnvnty dy 4604 `s st`tbm nk tjb VTY@V< DR] eaccawnko ` pra

paar `ppraìj.

]jb systbg ns nkbqunt`dcb

Avbr`cc, cb`rkbrs erag jnoj nkiagb jausbjacms j`vb jnojbr cbvbcs ae ìibss `km dbttbr

qu`cnty ae B]YM sbrvnibs. ]jns ns uctng`tbcy bvnmbkt nk p`ttbrks ae cb`rknko autiagbs,

bmui`tnak`c `tt`nkgbkt `km nk tjb mnsprapartnak`tbcy jnoj bkraccgbkt (?6%) ae stumbkterag tjb jnojbst qunktncb `t RKNY_@. Ytumbkts nk rur`c `rb`s `csa tbkm ta j`vb cawbr

ìibss `km cawbr bmui`tnak nkputs, bspbin`ccy wntj rbo`rm ta qu`cnenbm tbìjbrs.



xxnv Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry

Tbpartbmcy, sagb ae tjb lby mnsnkibktnvbs ear tbìjbrs ta st`y nk rur`c `rb`s nkicumb8

paar `gbkntnbs bspbin`ccy cìl ae jausnko, bcbitrninty `km jb`ctj eìncntnbs< mneeniuct

ìibss ta `gbkntnbs mub garb ta paar ra`ms `km paar tr`kspart r`tjbr tj`k ta cako

mnst`kibs erag suij `gbkntnbs< cngntbm appartukntnbs ear sbcengpravbgbkt, suij `s

p`rttngb eurtjbr stumnbs, `ctbrk`tnvb bgpcaygbkt `km nkvbstgbkt appartukntnbs<

praebssnak`c nsac`tnak nkicumnko cngntbm vnsnts dy sijaac nkspbitars `km atjbr i`mrbs

tj`t `rb suppasbm ta praebssnak`ccy suppart `km gbktar tbìjbrs.

Nkbquntnbs ae bmui`tnak ìibss, nkputs, `km autiagbs g`lb nt mneeniuct ear

Yw`znc`km ta usb tjb B]YMY `s akb ae tjb pawbreuc ‚bqu`cnzbrs„ nt auojt ta db. Nkstb`m

ae tjb bxpbitbm rbmnstrndutnvb beebits, iurrbkt nkbquntnbs nk tjb sbitar g`y rbpramuib ar

bvbk ibgbkt bxnstnko sain`c nkbqu`cntnbs. ]jns iurrbkt sntu`tnak ns iaktr`ry ta tjb VTY@V

oa`cs ae –sj`rbm orawtj‗ `km ae –ngpravnko tjb qu`cnty ae cneb ear `cc Yw`zns.‗ Nk armbr

ae prnarnty, rbiaggbkm`tnaks ta ngpravb bqunty eaccaw.

Br`mni`tb sauribs ae nkbqu`cntnbs

Kat`dcy, `cc gb`surbs ta rbgavb d`rrnbrs ta ìibss autcnkbm `davb wncc j`vb `

pasntnvb ngpìt ak bqunty. ]a dbttbr bksurb tjns, ` prapaar `ppraìj sjaucm

db `maptbm nk tjb pj`snko ae `cc rbiaggbkmbm ìtnaks. Nk `mmntnak, ` quat`

systbg sjaucm db nkstntutbm ta `ccaw cb`rkbrs erag mns`mv`ktòbm `rb`s `km

jausbjacm„s bktry nkta sbknar sbiakm`ry `km tbrtn`ry nkstntutnaks. @i`mbgni

suppart praor`gs sjaucm db nkstntutbm ta bk`dcb suij stumbkts ta i`tij up

wntj tjbnr iauktbrp`rts.

Br`mni`tb nkbqu`cnty ae nkputs8 Ounmbm dy tjb DGV, ` sijaac/UB] nkstntutnak

nkput survby sjaucm db ukmbrt`lbk `km iagpcbtbm dy 4609. ]jb rbsucts sjaucm db usbm ta bst`dcnsj `k nkstntutnak rbonstbr ae kbbms (NTK), `km g`nkt`nk nt nk

armbr ta i`pturb pravnsnaknko rb`ctngb. ]jb NTK sjaucm db usbm `s ` d`sb ear

` prapaar pravnsnaknko pc`k, wjnij sjaucm db iagpcbtbm dy 460=. @

pravnsnaknko gamucb sjaucm db mbvbcapbm `km nktbor`tbm nkta tjb `kku`c

BGNY rbpart, st`rtnko wntj tjb 4602 BGNY rbpart. ]jb rbsucts sjaucm `csa db

usbm ta mbrbonstbr `km rbrbonstbr sijaacs nk iagpcn`kib wntj nkputs kargs.

Dy 4602, `cc apbr`tnko sijaacs sjaucm db nk iagpcn`kib wntj nkput kargs `km

mucy rbonstbrbm.

@mapt ` pbr i`pnt` enk`kinko ae OB] `km UB] nk armbr ta bk`dcb rbsauribs ta

eaccaw cb`rkbrs `km ta bk`dcb sijaacs ta èearm rbsaurib nkputs iaggbksur`tbwntj tjbnr bkraccgbkt cbvbcs. ]jns eukmnko `ppraìj sjaucm iavbr `cc earg`c

`km kakearg`c oavbrkgbkt `km oavbrkgbkt`nmbm nkstntutnaks. _jbrb pbr

i`pnt` enk`kinko `cakb mabs kat bqu`cnzb rbsaurib pravnsnak, iakmntnak`c or`kts

sjaucm db iaksnmbrbm ta bk`dcb ukmbrrbsauribm sijaacs/UB] nkstntutnaks ta

i`tij up wntj tjb rbst.

Tbmbpcay qu`cnenbm tbìjbrs ta rur`c `rb`s8 @k nkibktnvb pìlòb”nkicumnko

jausnko, j`rmsjnp `ccaw`kib `km pragatnak irntbrnak”sjaucm db nkstntutbm ta

`ttrìt qu`cnenbm tbìjbrs ta rbgatb rur`c sijaacs.

]jb systbg ns nkbeeninbkt `t rbsaurib gadncnz`tnak `km utncnz`tnak

Lby eìtars ae rbsaurib nkbeeninbkiy nkicumb8 caw utncnz`tnak ae bxnstnko pjysni`c

i`pìnty, dra`m iurrniuc`, `km tjb iaksbqubkt caw stumbkt ta tbìjbr r`tnas (Y]Ts),



Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry xxv

gnsg`kòbgbkt ae eukms, jnoj uknt iasts, bxtbkmbm mur`tnak ae stumy praor`gs `km

jnoj rbpbtntnak r`tbs. ]jb iurrbkt pjysni`c i`pìnty ear BIIM, ]UB]YM `km JB ns

ukmbrutncnzbm. Ear tjb c`ttbr twa sudsbitars, ukmbrutncnz`tnak ns gastcy mub ta tjb

cnklnko ae nkt`lb ta tjb OaY sijac`rsjnps, wjnij `rb g`rlbmcy nksueeninbkt ear `cc tjb

qu`cnenbm i`kmnm`tbs `km `v`nc`dcb spìbs. OB], rbpbtntnak r`tbs `rb taa jnoj. OB]

iurrniuc` `rb taa dra`m `km tjbrbearb bxpbksnvb. Garbavbr, tjb prbvai`tnak`c sudhbits

aeebrbm nk 05 sbknar sbiakm`ry sijaacs sbbg uksust`nk`dcb. Yijaacs `rb rbputbm ear

tjbnr gnsg`kòbgbkt ae eukms erag sijaac ebbs `km tjb GaB aeebrs cnttcb ta ka iaktrac.

Y]Ts `rb caw ear OB]”g`nkcy dbiùsb ae prbvai`tnak`c `km prìtni`c sudhbits”`km

ear ]UB]YM. @t tjb tbrtn`ry cbvbc, uknt iasts `rb ukhustnen`dcy jnoj `km tjns ns `katjbr

mr`nk ak rbsauribs. Vaar iurrniuc`/praor`g `rtniuc`tnak `km cngntbm p`tjw`ys wntjnk

`km dbtwbbk sudsbitars `mm ta tjb rbsaurib nkbeeninbkiy. Ear nkst`kib, pbapcb wntj 9

yb`r RKNY_@ mnpcag`s j`vb ta rbst`rt tjbnr stumnbs `t yb`r 0, ne tjby sjaucm w`kt ta

upor`mb ta ` mborbb cbvbc. ]jb s`gb `ppcnbs ta atjbr cbvbcs `km sudsbitars ae tjb

systbg.

Ngpravb beeninbkiy ae rbsaurib gadncnz`tnak `km utncnz`tnak

Yw`znc`km wncc rbqunrb sudst`ktn`c bxtbrk`c `km k`tnak`c rbsauribs ta enk`kib

tjb rbeargs prapasbm nk tjns rbpart. Jawbvbr wntjaut prnar gb`surbs ta

rbmrbss iurrbkt nkbeeninbkinbs, `mmntnak`c rbsauribs g`y db w`stbm. Ybqubktn`c

ìtnaks ta rb`cnzb beeninbkiy o`nks, `s rbiaggbkmbm dbcaw, sjaucm tjbrbearb db

`gako tapgast prnarnty rbeargs.

@s bc`dar`tbm ak bcsbwjbrb nk tjb maiugbkt, aptngnzb tjb usb ae bxnstnko

pjysni`c i`pìnty ear BIIM `km tbrtn`ry nkstntutnaks dy mbenknko tjb aptngugic`ss snzb `km Y]T. Ear pastd`sni bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko, mbcnkl nkt`lb erag

tjb `v`nc`dncnty ae sijac`rsjnps `km `ccaw ebbp`ynko `ppcni`kts ta bkracc.

Aptngnzb Y]Ts8 _jbrb stumbkt papuc`tnak mbksnty `ccaws, Y]Ts sjaucm db

nkirb`sbm ta =680 ear prng`ry bmui`tnak, 9280 ear sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak, 0280 ear

]BUB] `km iaccbobs.

Ngpcbgbkt tjb iurrbkt rbpbtntnak pacniy wjnij `ccaws ear ka garb tj`k 06

pbribkt rbpbtntnak ear bìj yb`r up ta 4602. Yuppart pacniy ngpcbgbkt`tnak

wntj systbg`tnzbm rbgbmn`c tbìjnko `km `ssbssbm praorbssnak. ]jbk rbvnsb

tjb pacniy ta rbmuib rbpbtntnak r`tbs ta 2 pbribkt ae tjb cb`rkbrs erag 4605

akw`rms< stncc suppartbm wntj rbgbmn`c tbìjnko `km `ssbssbm praorbssnak. Nktbor`tb enk`kin`c g`kòbgbkt nkta tjb J]GV `km rbouc`rnzb earg`c ùmnts

ae sijaac ìiaukts. ]jb kbw ùmnt praor`g sjaucm db apbr`tnak`c dy 4606.

T`tnak`cnzb iurrniuc`8 Ybiakm`ry sijaac iurrniuc` sjaucm db r`tnak`cnzbm nkta `

iarb ae = sudhbits”g`tjbg`tnis, Bkocnsj, sinbkib `km snYw`tn”`km 9 bcbitnvbs.

Vrbvai`tnak`c sudhbits sjaucm db rbgavbm erag rbouc`r sijaac iurrniucug `km

tr`ksebrrbm ta tjb U]Is. Dy 4602, tjb iurrbkt prbvai`tnak`c iurrniucug sjaucm

db rbmbsnokbm nkta ` cbvbc NNN qu`cneni`tnak tj`t ns nktbor`tbm nkta tjb KPE.

Ybknar sbiakm`ry sijaac cb`rkbrs wja wnsj ta t`lb tjns qu`cneni`tnak sjaucm

iakiurrbktcy bkracc nk kbnojdarnko U]Is. Tbonak`c Bmui`tnak Ibktbrs (TBIs)

`km Yw`znc`km Ylnccs ]r`nknko Ibktbrs (YY]Is) sjaucm db upor`mbm ta aeebr

cbvbc NNN qu`cneni`tnaks, nkicumnko ear cb`rkbrs erag kbnojdarnko sbknar

sbiakm`ry sijaacs.



xxvn Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry

Tbmuib tjb mur`tnak ae tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko praor`gs8 Onvbk tjb

avbr`cc oaam qu`cnty ae nkt`lb, tjb mur`tnak ae uknvbrsnty praor`gs sjaucm db

rbmuibm dy akb yb`r. Ear enbcms ae stumnbs wjbrb tjb eaukm`tnak yb`r g`y db

kbibss`ry”g`tjbg`tnis, sinbkib, NI]s, bti.”tr`ksc`tb tjb eaukm`tnak yb`r

nkta ` uknvbrsnty prbbktry praor`g, wjnij sjaucm db autsauribm ta `ky

qu`cnenbm bktnty ak ` iagpbtntnvb d`sns. D`sbm ak iurrniuc` `rtniuc`tnak bk`dcbm

dy tjb KPE, prnar tbrtn`ry qu`cneni`tnaks sjaucm db ìiarmbm irbmnts `km suij

irbmnts sjaucm db iauktbm taw`rm tjb mur`tnak ae upor`mnko praor`gs. Datj

gb`surbs sjaucm db nkstntutbm dy 4604.

Tbmuib uknt iasts ta iagp`r`dcb nktbrk`tnak`c cbvbcs8 Dy 4604, tjb uknt iasts ae

tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko, nkicumnko JB, sjaucm db `cnokbm ta tjasb ae

atjbr CNGIs.

Nkstntutb eucc tbrtn`ry stumbkt ca`ks bxibpt ear si`rib slnccs8 Dy 4604, tjb iurrbkt

OaY tbrtn`ry sijac`rsjnp sjaucm db rbmbsnokbm nkta ` euccy rbiavbr`dcb stumbktca`k sijbgb `km `mgnknstbrbm tjrauoj ` prnv`tb bktnty suij `s ` iaggbrin`c

d`kl. ]jb OaY nkvacvbgbkt sjaucm db rbstrnitbm ta tjb ou`r`ktbbnko ae tjb

ca`ks. @t tjb OaY„s mnsirbtnak, ` or`m`tnak ae cbvbcs ae sijac`rsjnps g`y db

nkstntutbm `s `k nkibktnvb ear stumbkts ta bkracc nk praor`gs tj`t `mmrbss si`rib

slnccs.

Mbibktr`cnzb tjb g`kòbgbkt ae YIA] `km UB] nkstntutnaks `km `ccaw tjbg

ta g`kòb awksaurib rbvbkubs. Vraorbssnvbcy nkirb`sb tjb prapartnak ae awk

saurib rbvbkubs ear YIA] `km RKNY_@ ta rbìj 06 pbribkt ae bxpbkmnturbs

dy 4644.

Nktbksney beearts ta dra`mbk p`rtkbrsjnps ear sbitar mbvbcapgbkt `km tamnvbrsney sauribs ae eukmnko.

Yystbg rbcbv`kib ns wb`l ak sbvbr`c mngbksnaks

Nk obkbr`c tjb sbitar ns kat rbspaksnvb ta nts awk nktbrk`c kbbms. Vaar nktbrk`c rbcbv`kib

ns bvnmbkt nk tjb systbg„s `pp`rbkt nkbeebitnvbkbss nk prbp`rnko cb`rkbrs ear bktry ta

sudsbqubkt cbvbcs. @s `crb`my katbm, tjns wb`lkbss stbgs erag tjb cìl ae st`km`rms

`km tjb cìl ae ` KPE. Nk g`ky rbspbits, tjb sbitar mabs kat eukitnak `s ` systbg, dut ns

garb ae ` iaccbitnak ae caasbcy iaupcbm sudsbitars. ]jns ns bvnmbkt nk tjb cìl ae

p`tjw`ys tj`t iaucm bk`dcb stumbkt gavbgbkt wntjnk ` –systbg.‗ Nkstb`m, stumbkts

`rb iakeraktbm dy dcail`mbs tj`t g`lb praorbssnak mneeniuct, `rb bxibbmnkocybxpbksnvb, `km sbrvbr `s ` mnsnkibktnvb, p`rtniuc`rcy ear `muct cb`rkbrs.

Mub g`nkcy ta cìl ae nkearg`tnak `km rbcbv`kt nkstrugbkts, tjb sbitar ns kat

`mbqu`tbcy rbspaksnvb ta c`dar g`rlbt `km mbvbcapgbkt kbbms. Nk tbrgs ae

nkearg`tnak, tjbrb `rb cngntbm c`dar g`rlbt survbys, `km tjasb tj`t bxnst `rb kat icb`r

ak tjb typbs `km cbvbcs ae slnccs rbqunrbm. Nk `mmntnak, tjbrb sbbgs ta db ka icb`r

gbij`knsg ear gakntarnko sudrbonak`c c`dar g`rlbts nk wjnij Yw`zn or`mu`tbs iaucm

iagpbtb ear hads. ]brtn`ry nkstntutnaks tbkm ta kat ukmbrt`lb trìbr stumnbs wjnij iaucm

nkearg tjbg ak jaw tjbnr or`mu`tbs e`rb, wj`t cnebcako cb`rknko (CCC) appartukntnbs

tjby sjaucm aeebr tjbg, `km wj`t praor`g ij`kobs g`y db rbqunrbm.

Nk tbrgs ae nkstrugbkts, Yw`znc`km mabs kat j`vb ` iurrbkt jug`k rbsauribsmbvbcapgbkt str`tboy tj`t iaucm ounmb tjb suppcy ae slnccs. Nt `csa cìls ` iurrbkt sbitar

str`tboy tj`t ns wbcc`kijarbm nk tjb k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt str`tboy `km wjnij ns



Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry xxvnn

iaoknz`kt ae ocad`c mbvbcapgbkt trbkms. Avbr`cc, tjb sbitar cìls icb`r panktbrs ak

wj`t nt auojt ta rbspakm ta. Eurtjbrgarb, nt cìls gbij`knsgs ear tjb pbrnamni rbvnbw

`km rbkbw`c rbqunrbm ta sust`nk rbcbv`kib.

Ngpravb nktbrk`c, c`dar g`rlbt, sain`c `km mbvbcapgbkt rbcbv`kibTbiaggbkm`tnaks ta ngpravb rbcbv`kib `rb8

Ngpcbgbkt tjb KPE8 @ cb`k `km bxbiutnvb struiturb sjaucm db bst`dcnsjbm ta

cb`m tjb ngpcbgbkt`tnak ae tjb KPE `km ta bksurb nktbrk`c rbcbv`kib ae `cc

cbvbcs ae tjb sbitar.

Dy 4606, bst`dcnsj ` k`tnak`c tr`nknko ùtjarnty (K]@) wntj bgpcaybr g`harnty

`km bgpcaybb rbprbsbkt`tnak ak tjb da`rm ta bksurb c`dar g`rlbt

rbspaksnvbkbss ae ]UB]YM praor`gs. ]jb K]@ sjaucm db ùtakagaus `km

sjaucm db bk`dcbm ta cb`m tjb mbvbcapgbkt ae ` g`rlbt rbspaksnvb ]UB]YM

sudsbitar. Nt sjaucm rbpcìb tjb iurrbkt ]UB]YM mnrbitar`tb nk tjb GaB. Nkiacc`dar`tnak wntj tjb Gnknstry ae Bktbrprnsb `km Bgpcaygbkt (GaBB) `km

tjb KPE bxbiutnvb struiturb, tjb K]@ sjaucm rbouc`rnzb c`dar g`rlbt survbys

`km g`nkt`nk iurrbkt c`dar g`rlbt nkearg`tnak. ]jb GaBB sjaucm bst`dcnsj `

sudrbonak`c c`dar g`rlbt adsbrv`tary ta ùogbkt k`tnak`c c`dar survbys.

RKNY_@ sjaucm wnmbk `km mbbpbk nts iurrbkt prìtnib ae j`vnko bgpcaybrs

`km nkmustry rbprbsbkt`tnak ak tjb Rknvbrsnty Iaukinc.

Tbouc`rnzb trìbr stumnbs8 ]brtn`ry nkstntutnaks gust rbouc`rnzb trìbr stumnbs

`km usb ebbmdìl erag tjb stumnbs `km c`dar survbys ta upm`tb rbouc`r

praor`gs `km ta gaukt hustnktngb tr`nknko praor`gs. Vraor`g rbvnbws

sjaucm db rbouc`rnzbm ta akib bvbry 9 ta 2 yb`rs `km/ar `s kbbm `rnsbs. @skatbm ukmbr tjb sbitnak ak qu`cnty, iurrniuc`/praor`g rbvnsnaks gust nkicumb

slnccs `km iagpbtbkinbs iaksnmbrbm irntni`c ear beebitnvb eukitnaknko nk past

nkmustrn`c biakagnbs.

Bst`dcnsj iagpbtntnvb Tbsb`rij `km Mbvbcapgbkt (T&M) or`kts ta stnguc`tb

uknvbrsnty/nkmustry iacc`dar`tnak `km rbw`rm uknvbrsnty praebssars ear

snokneni`kt iaktrndutnaks ta T&M.

Bst`dcnsj ` k`tnak`c, rbonak`c, `km nktbrk`tnak`c c`dar g`rlbt adsbrv`tary `t

tjb RKNY_@ Eìucty ae Yain`c Yinbkibs.

Ytrbkotjbk rbspaksnvbkbss ta JNU/@NMY8 @irass `cc cbvbcs, iurrniuc`/praor`gs

gust mbbpbk tjb g`nkstrb`gnko ae cneb slnccs, jb`ctj `km kutrntnak, `km

JNU/@NMY. _jbkbvbr passndcb, tjbsb bcbgbkts sjaucm db p`rt ae tjb

bx`gnk`dcb sudhbits/cb`rknko `rb`s. @ sg`cc JNU/@NMY uknt sjaucm db

bst`dcnsjbm nk tjb GaB `km rbpcni`tbm nk tjb rbonaks ta iaarmnk`tb `km suppart

praor`gs.

]jb sbitar„s str`tboni mnrbitnak `km mbcnvbry i`pìnty `rb wb`l

Ybitar mbvbcapgbkt ns praibbmnko wntjaut ` icb`r str`tboni mnrbitnak tj`t `cnoks sbitar

mbvbcapgbkts ta tjb avbr`cc k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt str`tboy, `km tj`t suppart„s ocad`c

iagpbtntnvbkbss. @t ` dra`mbr cbvbc, sbitar mbvbcapgbkt ns ounmbm dy ` m`tbm 0>>>

pacniy, wjnij, tjauoj stncc rbcbv`kt nk sbvbr`c `spbits, ns ka cakobr sunt`dcb ta ounmb

sbrvnib mbcnvbry nk tjb iurrbkt k`tnak`c, rbonak`c `km ocad`c iaktbxt. ]jb avbr`cc sbitar

pacniy sjaucm db upm`tbm. Nk `mmntnak, spbineni pacninbs sjaucm db mbvbcapbm ear irntni`c



xxvnnn Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry

sudsbitars `km tapni`c `rb`s tj`t rbqunrb iakibrtbm mbvbcapgbkt beeart. ]jbsb nkicumb8

]UB]YM, `muct bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko (@B]), BIIM, JB, JNU/@NMY, NI]s, `km tjb

mbvbcapgbkt `km pravnsnaknko ae daals `km nkstruitnak`c g`tbrn`cs.

Mbvbcapgbkts nk tjb sbitar `rb `csa praibbmnko wntjaut tjb m`t`, nkearg`tnak `km,

`k`cysns tj`t sjaucm nkearg pc`kknko, gakntarnko `km bv`cu`tnak, `km ngpìt

`ssbssgbkt. Vaar m`t` `km nkearg`tnak g`kòbgbkt pbrv`mb tjb sbitar, dut `rb

p`rtniuc`rcy warsb ear BIIM `km KEB.

]jb wb`l sbitar pacniy tr`ksc`tbs nkta wb`l str`tboni, cbo`c, nkstntutnak`c, `km

enk`kinko er`gbwarls.

Ytrbkotjbk pacniy `km str`tboni mnrbitnak `km mbcnvbry i`pìnty

Lby rbiaggbkm`tnaks ear strbkotjbknko sbitar mbcnvbry i`pìnty `rb8

Rpm`tb tjb sbitar pacniy nkta ` mbvbcapgbkt rbspaksnvb CCC pacniy dy 46068

]jb 0>>> sbitar pacniy sjaucm db upm`tbm `km tr`kseargbm nkta ` CCC pacniy`km kat hust ` iurrbkt B]YMY pacniy. Garbavbr, tjb CCC pacniy sjaucm db

mbcndbr`tbcy `kijarbm nk tjb k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt str`tboy, ocad`c tjnklnko ak

jug`k i`pnt`c mbvbcapgbkt, `km tjb jug`k rbsauribs mbvbcapgbkt pc`k

dbnko mrètbm dy tjb Gnknstry ae Vudcni Ybrvnib `km Nkearg`tnak (GaVYN).

Yudsbitar/tapni`c pacninbs ak BIIM, ]UB]YM, JB, JNU/@NMY, tbxtdaals, `km

NI]s sjaucm db mbvbcapbm nk `cnokgbkt wntj tjb CCC pacniy dy 4604.

Ytrbkotjbk tjb cbo`c, nkstntutnak`c, `km str`tboni er`gbwarls rbqunrbm ta

bkearib `km ngpcbgbkt pacninbs8 Iurrbkt cbo`c nkstrugbkts suij `s tjb

Bmui`tnak @it, tjb ]r`nknko Dncc, `km tjb JB @it, sjaucm db upm`tbm nk

`cnokgbkt wntj kbw pacninbs. @ cakotbrg str`tboni pc`k sjaucm db mbvbcapbmta ounmb pacniy ngpcbgbkt`tnak. ]jb str`tboni pc`k sjaucm db apbr`tnak`cnzbm

tjrauoj pbrnamni gbmnugtbrg sbitar praor`gs. _ntj tjb str`tboni pc`k nk

pcìb, tjb mbcnvbry i`pìnty ae tjb OaY struiturb”p`rtniuc`rcy tjb GaB `km nts

mbibktr`cnzbm struiturbs”sjaucm db `ssbssbm `km, ne kbibss`ry, `k nkstntutnak`c

i`pìnty mbvbcapgbkt praor`g sjaucm db `rtniuc`tbm `km nktbor`tbm nkta

gbmnugtbrg sbitar praor`gs.

Mnvbrsney tjb enk`kinko d`sb ear euturb sbitar mbvbcapgbkt dy r`nsnko eukms

erag mnvbrsb bxtbrk`c sauribs. Tbc`tnvb ta atjbr Y@IR iauktrnbs, Yw`znc`km

j`s ` strnlnko mb`rtj ae nktbrk`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt p`rtkbr„ suppart ear tjb

sbitar. ]jns sntu`tnak sjaucm db rbvbrsbm. @ eukm r`nsnko str`tboy ear tjb sbitar

sjaucm db `rtniuc`tbm `km bxbiutbm `s ` g`ttbr ae urobkiy. @csa, nktramuib `

p`yracc cbvy ta p`rtn`ccy enk`kib ]UB]YM. Iaksnmbr`tnak sjaucm db onvbk ta

tjb rbnkstntutnak ae t`x drb`ls nk armbr ta eurtjbr nkirb`sb bktbrprnsbd`sbm

tr`nknko.

Bksurb enk`kin`c eb`sndncnty `km sust`nk`dncnty ae prapasbm rbeargs8 @

snguc`tnak gambc sjaucm db mbvbcapbm ta bstng`tb tjb iast ae prapasbmcako

tbrg sbitar rbeargs. ]jb gambc sjaucm `csa db usbm ta ounmb k`tnak`c mn`caoub

ak tr`mbaees `km enk`c mbinsnaks ak nkvbstnko nk tjb sbitar. Gbmnugtbrg

sbitar praor`gs sjaucm db pbrnamni`ccy iastbm `km, wjbrb kbibss`ry, tjb

sbitar snguc`tnak gambc sjaucm db pbrnamni`ccy upm`tbm `km mbinsnak g`lbrs

nkeargbm ae `ky snokneni`kt iast ij`kobs.



Bxbiutnvb Yugg`ry xxnx

Icb`rcy pc`k ear tjb ngpcbgbkt`tnak ae prapasbm sbitar rbeargs bksurnko tj`t

tjb si`cb ae gbmnugtbrg praor`gs g`tijbs tjb OaY„s ngpcbgbkt`tnak

i`pìnty8 Yagb ae tjb lby ngpcbgbkt`tnak suppart nkstrugbkts tj`t sjaucm

dìl tjb sbitar praor`gs nkicumb8 ngpcbgbkt`tnak, praiurbgbkt `km

mnsdursbgbkt pc`ks, ` gakntarnko `km bv`cu`tnak systbg rbsucts er`gbwarl

`km mbibktr`cnzbm ngpcbgbkt`tnak `rr`kobgbkts.

Ytrbkotjbk i`pìnty ear m`t` `km nkearg`tnak g`kòbgbkt, `km tjb `k`cysns

rbqunrbm ta nkearg pacniy mbvbcapgbkt, pc`kknko, ngpcbgbkt`tnak, gakntarnko

`km bv`cu`tnak `km ngpìt `ssbssgbkt.

Katb

0 Bx`gpcbs nkicumb tjb Rkntbm Yt`tbs, @ustr`cn`, Enkc`km, km Ywbmbk.4Ybb _arcm Biakagni Earug 466:. Ocad`c Iagpbtntnvbkbss Tbpart 466:466>. pp 5:.9

Datsw`k`, Cbsatja, K`gndn`, `km Yautj @erni`.



0

I J @ V ] B T 0

Yw`znc`km„s Orawtj `kmIagpbtntnvbkbss

nk ` Ocad`c Iaktbxt

Nktramuitnak

Erag tjb gnm 0>>6s Yw`znc`km„s orawtj taal ` mawkturk wjnij ns ybt ta db rbvbrsbm.

Tb`c OMV orawtj mbicnkbm erag `k `kku`c `vbròb ae : pbribkt nk tjb 0>:6s0 ta 4.=

pbribkt nk 466: `km ns prahbitbm ta rbìj icasb ta 6 pbribkt nk 466>. ]jb mawkw`rm

spnr`c w`s nkntn`ccy sp`rlbm dy tjb rbcai`tnak ae earbnok mnrbit nkvbstars (EMNs) ta Yautj

@erni` ètbr tjb iacc`psb ae `p`rtjbnm `km Yw`znc`km„s mngnknsjbm `ttrìtnvbkbss `s `k

nkvbstgbkt mbstnk`tnak. Ynkib tjbk, ` r`kob ae eìtars j`s g`mb nt mneeniuct ta rbiavbr

orawtj r`tbs ae tjb 0>:6s. Erag ` sudrbonak`c `km ocad`c pbrspbitnvb, Yw`znc`km ns kat

akcy e`ncnko ta i`tij up, dut j`s e`ccbk dbjnkm iauktrnbs wjnij akib j`m guij cawbrorawtj r`tbs8 Yautj @erni`, Gùrntnus, K`gndn`, Ynko`parb, `km Nrbc`km (enourb 0.0).

Enourb 0.08 Yw`znc`km„s @kku`c Tb`c OMV Orawtj T`tb nk Vbrspbitnvb

Yaurib8 _arcm D`kl. 466>. Mbvbcapgbkt m`t` pc`tearg.



4 _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

]jb oavbrkgbkt j`s mbvbcapbm ` r`kob ae pacniy `km str`tboni nkstrugbkts tj`t `rb

mbsnokbm ta pravnmb ` ra`mg`p ta biakagni rbiavbry, `cc ae wjnij `rb ybt ta mbcnvbr.

Lby `gako tjbg `rb tjb Biakagni Tbiavbry Iaggnssnak Tbpart (BTI) ae 0>>2, tjb

enrst Biakagni `km Yain`c Tbearg @obkm` (BYT@0) ae 0>>?, `km BYT@4 ae 0>>>, Unsnak

4644 cùkijbm nk 0>>>, tjb K`tnak`c Mbvbcapgbkt Ytr`tboy (KMY) `maptbm nk 0>>>, `km

tjb Vavbrty Tbmuitnak `km @itnak Vc`k (VTY@V) wjnij rbibnvbm I`dnkbt `pprav`c nk

Ybptbgdbr 466?.

@k `spnr`tnak ae tjb k`tnak`c Unsnak ns tj`t –dy tjb yb`r 4644, tjb Lnkomag ae

Yw`znc`km wncc db nk tjb tap 06 pbribkt ae tjb gbmnug jug`k mbvbcapgbkt oraup ae

iauktrnbs eaukmbm ak sust`nk`dcb biakagni mbvbcapgbkt , sain`c hustnib `km pacntni`c

st`dncnty‗ (pp.4). ]jb Unsnak c`nm ` eaukm`tnak ear tjb mbvbcapgbkt ae ` KMY 0>>?’4644.

Datj tjb Unsnak `km tjb str`tboy prnarntnzb tjb ngpravbgbkt ae pbapcb„s qu`cnty ae cneb.

Yust`nk`dcb `km sj`rbm orawtj ns nmbktnenbm `s ` eukm`gbkt`c eìncnt`tar ae tjb `spnrbm

ear qu`cnty ae cneb. ]jb KMY ns ta db ngpcbgbktbm tjrauoj tjb VTY@V –^nkoi`gu”

]aw`rm Yj`rbm Orawtj `km Bgpawbrgbkt”@ Vavbrty Tbmuitnak Ytr`tboy `km

@itnak Vraor`g.‗ Garb pròg`tni pbrj`ps, tjb VTY@V `ngs ear ` 96 pbribkt pavbrty

rbmuitnak dy 4602< wjnij ns 46 pbribkt dbcaw tjb Gnccbkknug Mbvbcapgbkt Oa`c

(GMO) t`robt. Nt `csa `ngs ta tat`ccy br`mni`tb pavbrty dy 4644. Nt ns bstng`tbm tj`t

`tt`nknko tjns oa`c wncc rbqunrb `k `kku`c `vbròb orawtj r`tb ae 2 pbribkt.

Lby pncc`rs ae tjb VTY@V `rb8

Gìrabiakagni st`dncnty `km ìibcbr`tbm orawtj d`sbm ak dra`m p`rtninp`tnak

Bgpawbrnko tjb paar ta obkbr`tb nkiagb `km rbmuib nkbqu`cntnbs

E`nr mnstrndutnak ae dbkbents ae orawtj tjrauoj ensi`c pacniy

Jug`k mbvbcapgbkt

Ngpravnko tjb qu`cnty ae cneb ae tjb paar `km

Ngpravnko oavbrk`kib `km strbkotjbknko nkstntutnaks.

Iurrbkt Vbrearg`kib ò`nkst Unsnak 4644 `km VTY@V Oa`cs

Ngpravnko oavbrk`kib `km strbkotjbknko nkstntutnaks

Yw`znc`km ns tjb c`st `dsacutb gak`rijy nk @erni`, ` st`tus sust`nkbm bvbk ètbr

nkmbpbkmbkib ak Ybptbgdbr 5, 0>5:. ]jb oavbrk`kib systbg ns iagpcbx `km sagbwj`t

uknqub nk nts iagdnk`tnak ae ` –_bstgnkstbr‗ dni`gbr`c V`rcn`gbkt, ar Cnd`kmc`, `km

` tr`mntnak`c systbg ae ]nklukmc`. ]wa tjnrms ae tjb 96 V`rcn`gbkt`ry sb`ts `rb`ppanktbm dy tjb gak`rij `km ` tjnrm dy tjb Jausb ae @ssbgdcy. ]bk ae tjb 52 Jausb

ae @ssbgdcy sb`ts `rb `ppanktbm dy tjb gak`rij, `km tjb rbst `rb bcbitbm dy papuc`r

vatb. Bcbitnaks `rb jbcm ak ` kakp`rty d`sns, wntj cai`c iaukincs kagnk`tnko 9

i`kmnm`tbs wja `rb bcbitbm dy tjbnr iakstntubkts tjrauoj 4 raukms. ]jb enrst pacntni`c

bcbitnak w`s jbcm nk 0>?4, envb yb`rs ètbr nkmbpbkmbkib. ]jb enrst iakstntutnak w`s

snokbm dy tjb Lnko ak Hucy 45, 4662, `km dbi`gb beebitnvb ak Ebdru`ry :, 466:. Nt ns s`nm

ta `ccaw ear pacntni`c `ssain`tnak, cb`vnko tjb st`tus ae pacntni`c p`rtnbs4 vbry ukicb`r.

]jb iakstntutnak ukmbrt`lbs ta sb`rij ear `km `ssbrt Yw`znc`km„s –sust`nk`dcb `km

jagborawk pacntni`c armbr,‗ ij`rìtbrnzbm dy ` dcbkm ae oaam nkstntutnaks ae

tr`mntnak`c c`w `km iustag wntj tjasb ae `k apbk mbgair`tni sainbty. Jawbvbr, wjncbjagborawk nkstntutnaks `rb iagpcbtbcy cbontng`tb `km bvbk garb sust`nk`dcb,

Yw`znc`km i`kkat bsi`pb iagp`rnsaks ak ` ocad`c stòb ak wjnij nt sbbls ta db `k



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km 9

beebitnvb iagpbtntar. Oaam oavbrk`kib ns akb ae tjb lby eìtars ae ` iakmuinvb

nkvbstgbkt icng`tb, `km ae iagpbtntnvbkbss ò`nkst wjnij iauktrnbs `rb iagp`rbm. ]jb

VTY@V„s pncc`r ta ngpravb oavbrk`kib ns tjbrbearb ` stbp nk tjb rnojt mnrbitnak.

Ocad`c iagp`rnsaks suoobst tj`t ` cat ns rbqunrbm ta strbkotjbk tjb VTY@V pncc`r

ak –ngpravnko oavbrk`kib `km strbkotjbknko nkstntutnaks.‗ Oavbrk`kib r`klnkos `rb

vbry caw, bspbin`ccy wjbk iagp`rbm wntj atjbr @erni`k gnmmcb nkiagb iauktrnbs

(@GNIs). ]jb 466: Ga Ndr`jng nkmbx ae @erni`k oavbrk`kib r`klbm Yw`znc`km 9= aut

ae =: p`rtninp`tnko iauktrnbs. ]jns ns rbc`tnvbcy caw iagp`rbm ta atjbr @GNIs cnlb

Gùrntnus (0/=:), Ybyijbccbs (4/=:), I`pb Ubrmb (9/=:), Datsw`k` (=/=:), Yautj @erni`

(2/=:) `km K`gndn` (5/=:). ]jb 466? ]r`ksp`rbkiy Nktbrk`tnak`c iarruptnak pbribptnak

nkmbx `csa r`klbm Yw`znc`km ` caw (:=/0?>) ak tjb iarruptnak pbribptnak nkmbx.

Jawbvbr, nt ns katbwartjy tj`t tjns r`klnko ns `k ngpravbgbkt erag tjb 4665 r`tnko ae

040/059. ]jb ìtu`c siarb nkirb`sbm erag 4.2/06 ta 9.9/06. Yiarbs `rb p`rtniuc`rcy caw ak

nkmnibs rbc`tnko ta tjb upjacmnko ae invnc erbbmags, jug`k rnojts, erbbmag ae

bxprbssnak, `km obkbr`c prbss erbbmag. ]jb c`ttbr r`klbm 09: aut ae 05>.9 @o`nkst tjb

KMY oa`c ae obkmbr p`rnty, ` obkmbr rbc`tbm mbvbcapgbkt nkmbx pcìbm Yw`znc`km `t

0=5 ae 0?? mbvbcapnko iauktrnbs, wntj Yw`zn wagbk b`rknko 4> pbribkt ae wj`t gbk

b`rk. Yw`znc`km `csa r`kls dbcaw tjb 26tj pbribktncb ak `cc nkmni`tars ae tjb _arcm D`kl

Nkstntutb 466: Oavbrk`kib G`ttbrs nkmbx. ]jb nkmbx prbsbkts rbc`tnvb iauktry

pbrearg`kib dbtwbbk 0>>5 `km 466? ak pacntni`c st`dncnty `km cìl ae vnacbkib (96tj),

oavbrkgbkt beebitnvbkbss (96tj), rbouc`tary qu`cnty (=6tj), rucb ae c`w (96tj), iaktrac ae

iarruptnak (=6tj) `km vanib `km ìiaukt`dncnty (46tj). @o`nk, r`lnkos `rb sudst`ktn`ccy

dbcaw tjasb ae atjbr @GNIs.

Humonko dy tjb ocad`c r`klnko ae pudcni nkstntutnaks, `k bqu`ccy strako beeart nsrbqunrbm ta strbkotjbk nkstntutnaks. ]jb 466> Manko Dusnkbss r`kls Yw`znc`km 06:/0:0

nk tbrgs ae tjb avbr`cc b`sb ae manko dusnkbss. ]jns iagp`rbs wntj 4= ear Gùrntnus, 94

ear Yautj @erni`, 9: ear Datsw`k` `km 20 ear K`gndn`. Lby `rb`s ae wb`lkbss nkicumb

tjb b`sb ae st`rtnko ` dusnkbss (029), rbonstbrnko prapbrty (029), bkearinko iaktrìts

(04>), `km pratbitnko nkvbstars (0?:).

Nk `mmntnak ta snok`cnko wb`lkbssbs ae nkstntutnaks, tjbsb r`klnkos `csa snok`c `

wb`l nkvbstgbkt icng`tb, `km ma kat damb wbcc ear tjb oavbrkgbktbxprbssbm

nktbktnak ta òorbssnvbcy rb`ttrìt EMNs `s p`rt ae tjb orawtj str`tboy (sbb VTY@V). @k

nkvbstgbkt icng`tb tj`t mbtbrs EMNs (rb`c ar pbribnvbm), g`y cngnt appartukntnbs ear

tbijkacaoy tr`ksebr `km mneeusnak. ]jb iagdnkbm caw tbijkacaoy mneeusnak `km cawslnccs ns cnlbcy ta cngnt nkkav`tnak, pramuitnvnty, `km uctng`tbcy orawtj. @kbgni orawtj

wncc ngpbmb rbmnstrndutnak `km tjb pavbrty rbmuitnak oa`cs ae tjb VTY@V.

@sibksnak ta tjb tap 06 pbribkt ae tjb gbmnug jug`k mbvbcapgbkt oraup ae iauktrnbs

@ mbi`mb ètbr tjb cùkij ae Unsnak 4644, Yw`znc`km„s jug`k mbvbcapgbkt nkmbx

(JMN) j`s sudst`ktn`ccy mbtbrnar`tbm erag tjb .5=0 bstng`tb ae 0>>2 ta .2=? nk 4662,

pcìnko Yw`znc`km `t 0=0 ae 0?? iauktrnbs,= `km sudst`ktn`ccy e`r erag rb`cnznko tjb

Unsnak 4644 t`robt ae dbnko nk tjb tap 06 pbribkt ae tjb gbmnug jug`k mbvbcapgbkt

oraup ae iauktrnbs. @s sjawk nk enourb 0.4, tjb JMN v`cub j`s e`ccbk dbjnkm tj`t ae B`st

@sn`, wjnij Yw`znc`km w`s kb`rcy bqu`c ta nk 0>>6. Nt j`s `csa e`ccbk dbjnkm tj`t aeYautj @sn`, wjnij w`s wbcc dbcaw Yw`znc`km uktnc 4666, `km ns obttnko icasbr ta tjb

YudY`j`r`k @erni` (YY@) `vbròb. ]jb JMN ns puccbm mawk dy ` iagdnkbm caw cneb



= _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

bxpbit`kiy `t dnrtj wjnij mrappbm erag 2: nk 0>>9 ta 90 nk 466: 2 mub g`nkcy, dut kat

bxicusnvbcy, ta JNU/@NMY, `km ta tjb caw iagdnkbm orass bkraccgbkt r`tna (OBT) ear

prng`ry, sbiakm`ry `km tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak (56%). @s sjawk nk enourb 0.9, tjbsb eìtars

ynbcm ` JMN tj`t ns wbcc dbcaw tj`t ae iauktrnbs tj`t `rb paarbr tj`k Yw`znc`km.

@k beebitnvb str`tboy ear gavnko Yw`znc`km taw`rm tjb –tap 06 pbribkt ae tjb

gbmnug jug`k mbvbcapgbkt oraup ae iauktrnbs‗ wncc db akb tj`t iagdnkbs tjb

rbmrbss ae JNU `km dra`md`sbm bxp`ksnak ae ìibss ta qu`cnty `km mbvbcapgbkt

rbcbv`kt bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko `t `cc cbvbcs.

Enourb 0.48 Yw`znc`km„s JMN nk Tbonak`cVbrspbitnvb

Enourb 0.98 Yw`znc`km„s JMN Tbc`tnvb taOMV Vbr I`pnt` VVV nk RY$

Yaurib8 RKMV. 466>. Jug`k Mbvbcapgbkt Tbpart 466?/466:, Iauktry Eìt Yjbbts, Yw`znc`km.

Gìrabiakagni st`dncnty `km orawtj ìibcbr`tnak d`sbm ak dra`m p`rtninp`tnak

Yw`znc`km„s gìrabiakagni pbrearg`kib j`s dbbk ukbxpbitbmcy strako avbr tjb p`st 9

yb`rs. Tbibkt nkirb`sb nk ngpart orawtj w`s aeesbt dy ` strakobr mbg`km ear tjb

Yw`znc`km„s g`har bxparts, nkicumnko saet mrnkls iakibktr`tb, tbxtncbs, wjnij dbkbentbmerag `k bxtbksnak ae tjb @erni` Orawtj `km Appartuknty @it (@OA@) ta 4602, `km

nkirb`sbm Yautjbrk @erni` Iustags Rknak (Y@IR) rbibnpts. Nk 4665/466?, Y@IR

rbibnpts rasb dy > pbribkt ae tjb OMV, rbìjnko ` rbg`rl`dcb 4?.2 pbribkt ae tjb OMV.

Dy 466:, tjby ìiauktbm ear 56 pbribkt ae oavbrkgbkt rbvbkubs. ]jbsb e`var`dcb tbrgs

ae tr`mb dralb tjb ensi`c mbenint, wjnij j`m dbbk iaksnstbkt snkib 4666/4660. ]jb bxtbrk`c

iurrbkt ìiaukt mbenint mbicnkbm ta 0.= pbribkt ae tjb OMV nk 466?, `km bvbk earbnok

rbsbrvbs rbiavbrbm ta `k bstng`tbm 9.= gaktjs ae ngparts ae oaams `km sbrvnibs.

Ak tjb kbo`tnvb snmb, tjb Y@IR wnkme`cc eìncnt`tbm tjb bxp`ksnak ae tjb pudcni

sbitar, wjnij g`y pravb uksust`nk`dcb nk euturb `km wjasb iasts g`y ukmbrgnkb

gìrabiakagni st`dncnty. ]jb pudcni wòb dncc ns `gako tjb jnojbst nk @erni`,ìiauktnko ear `daut 02 pbribkt ae tjb OMV. Nk 466?/466:, tat`c pudcni bxpbkmnturb w`s

`daut 9: pbribkt ae OMV. Ak tjb pasntnvb snmb, garb beeninbkt euturb g`kòbgbkt ae




oavbrkgbkt bxpbkmnturb iaucm rbcb`sb eukms ear prnarnty mbvbcapgbkt praor`gs, suij

`s nk jug`k mbvbcapgbkt.

]jb bxij`kob r`tb pbo ae tjb Cnc`kobkn (YXC) ta tjb Yautj @erni` T`km (X@T)

iaktnkubs ta sbrvb tjb iauktry wbcc, ukmbrpnkkbm dy icasb biakagni nktbor`tnak wntj

Yautj @erni`. Jawbvbr, sustbk`kib ae iurrbkt biakagni pacninbs g`y wb`lbk tjb kbt

bxtbrk`c pasntnak tjus tjrb`tbknko tjb pbo. @s suij, ` gbmnugtbrg pacniy ear ensi`c

sust`nk`dncnty kbbms ta db ìiagp`knbm dy str`tbonbs ta ngpravb iagpbtntnvbkbss.

@gako atjbrs, suij str`tbonbs nkicumb tjb strbkotjbknko ae Yw`znc`km„s slncc

d`sb/jug`k i`pnt`c. .

@vbròb `kku`c nkec`tnak ebcc r`pnmcy erag kb`rcy 00 pbribkt nk 4669 ta ` cnttcb

`davb 9 pbribkt nk 466=, dut rasb ò`nk ta :.9 pbribkt nk 466?, `km ns prahbitbm ta

st`dncnzb `t `daut 5 pbribkt dy 4604.5 ]jb rnsnko wòb dncc, orawnko oavbrkgbkt sbitar,

anc prnibs `km pbrsnstnko jnoj eaam prnibs `cc iaktrndutb ta nkirb`snko nkec`tnak r`tbs.

Mbspntb sust`nkbm gìrabiakagni st`dncnty, orawtj ìibcbr`tnak rbg`nks bcusnvb.

Avbr tjb p`st 9 yb`rs, orawtj `vbròbm ` cnttcb `davb 4 pbribkt, `ccawnko ` sg`cc rb`c

nkirb`sb nk pbr i`pnt` nkiagb akcy dbiùsb ae tjb papuc`tnak orawtj r`tb ae `daut zbra.

Nk `mmntnak ta tjb rbcai`tnak ae enrgs ta past`p`rtjbnm Yautj @erni`, orawtj mbicnkbm

dbiùsb ae tjb brasnak ae tjb tr`mb prbebrbkibs dy tjb Burapb`k Rknak (BR) `km tjb

Rkntbm Yt`tbs ae @gbrni` (RY@), erag tjb c`tb 0>>6s ta tjb b`rcy 4666s. Avbr tjb cako

tbrg, orawtj j`s `csa dbbk èebitbm dy jnoj pudcni spbkmnko, paar g`kòbgbkt ae

pudcni bxpbkmnturb, pbribptnaks ae paar oavbrk`kib, wb`l nkstntutnak`c i`pìnty, `km

caw iagpbtntnvbkbss mub g`nkcy ta tjb `pprbin`tnak ae tjb YXC. ]jb `pprbin`tnak ae tjb

YXC nk 4665/466? ukmbrgnkbm bxparts erag g`kueìturnko,? tjus mnsiaurònko EMN nk

tjb sbitar. Atjbr iaktrndutnko eìtars nkicumb mrauojt, `km tjb iaksbqubkt ngpìt akòrniuctur`c autputs, `mvbrsb beebits ae earbst enrbs ak tjb earbstry sbitar, `km

mbibcbr`tnak nk tjb suo`r nkmustry.

Gbmnugtbrg orawtj praspbits `rb kat bkiaurònko, wntj orawtj prahbitbm ta

`vbròb 4 pbribkt nk tjb gbmnug tbrg. Lby iakstr`nkts ta euturb orawtj nkicumb ` wb`l

nkvbstgbkt icng`tb `km tjb iaksbqubkt caw EMN nkecaws, jnoj iasts ae manko dusnkbss,

rbiurrnko mrauojts, caw pramuitnvnty, `km `dsbktbbnsg bg`k`tnko erag JNU/@NMY.

Nk tjb gbmnug ta cakotbrg, tjb ocad`c biakagni mawkturk pasbs ` rnsl ta orawtj

tjrauoj bvbk garb cawbrbm EMN, cawbr bxpart mbg`km `km cawbr mbg`km erag

rbonak`c bxparts. ]jb c`ttbr twa wncc èebit Y@IR rbibnpts. Ak tjb atjbr j`km, mbicnkbs

nk Y@IR rbibnpts g`y g`lb nt mneeniuct ta iakt`nk tjb mbenint. ]jb ensi`c rnsl iaucm dbiagpaukmbm dy tjb g`km`tary k`turb ae g`ky bxpbkmnturb praor`gs, wjnij g`lbs

tjbg mneeniuct ta si`cb mawk. Yjaucm Yw`znc`km kat icb`rcy `rtniuc`tb ` gbmnugtbrg

pc`k ear `mjbrnko ta sust`nk`dcb ensi`c t`robts, tjbsb ensi`c rnsls g`y ukmbrgnkb pavbrty

rbmuitnak `km orawtj ìibcbr`tnak beearts garb dra`mcy.

@k bvbk orb`tbr euturb rnsl ta orawtj ns ear Yw`znc`km ta `ccaw ` eurtjbr mbpcbtnak

ae nts jug`k i`pnt`c d`sb dy e`ncnko ta rbearg nts B]YMY. ]jns ns bvbk garb rnsly onvbk

tjb ngpìt ae tjb JNU/@NMY p`kmbgni `km tjb iaksbqubkt surob ae ]udbriucasns (]D),

nkicumnko guctnmruo rbsnst`kt ]D (ZMT) ak jug`k i`pnt`c. Irassiauktry iagp`rnsaks

ae cneb bxpbit`kiy `km OMV pbr i`pnt` ear caw `km gnmmcbnkiagb iauktrnbs sjaw tj`t

Yw`znc`km, `s ma atjbr Y@IR iauktrnbs rbiarm ` cneb bxpbit`kiy ae `daut 46 yb`rs cawbrtj`k tj`t ae atjbr gnmmcb nkiagb iauktrnbs `km icasbr ta tj`t ae cawnkiagb iauktrnbs.:




Bgpawbrnko tjb paar ta obkbr`tb nkiagb `km rbmuib nkbqu`cntnbs. E`nr mnstrndutnak aedbkbents ae orawtj tjrauoj ensi`c pacniy

Yw`znc`km„s iurrbkt biakagy ns akb ae st`rl nkbqu`cntnbs `km snokneni`kt wb`ctj

rbmnstrndutnak ij`ccbkobs. _ntj ` OMV pbr i`pnt` purij`snko pawbr p`rnty (VVV) ae

RY$=,:66 (466? bst.) `km ` Onkn iabeeninbkt ae 6.50 (4662 bst.)> , kb`rcy ?6 pbribkt ae tjbpapuc`tnak cnvbs dbcaw tjb pavbrty m`tug (4662 bst.). Vavbrty ns garb sbvbrb nk rur`c

`rb`s (?2% vs. =>%), `km ear ebg`cbjb`mbm jausbjacms (59% vs. 29%). Dbtwbbk 0>>6

`km 4662, =: pbribkt ae tjb papuc`tnak cnvbm ak cbss tj`k RY$0 pbr m`y wjncb ?: pbribkt

cnvbm ak cbss tj`k RY$4 pbr m`y.06 ]jb tap qunktncb ic`ngbm 25 pbribkt ae tat`c

iaksugptnak wjncb tjb dattag qunktncb ic`ngbm = pbribkt.00

]jb iagdnkbm cbvbcs ae pavbrty `km tjb bxtbkt ae nkbqu`cntnbs, tjrb`tbk tjb VTY@V

oa`c ear ngpravbm qu`cnty ae cneb. ]jby `csa tjrb`tbk pacntni`c st`dncnty `km sain`c

nktbor`tnak `s `ngbm ear nk Unsnak 4644 `km nk tjb VTY@V. Iauktrnbs wntj jnoj cbvbcs ae

pavbrty `km nkbqu`cnty j`vb dbbk eaukm ta db garb prakb ta pacntni`c nkst`dncnty tj`k

tjbnr iauktbrp`rts.04 Nk turk, sain`c nkst`dncnty mbtbrs EMNs `km stnecbs `ssain`tbm orawtjs

praspbits. Rkbgpcaygbkt ns bstng`tbm ta db `s ` jnoj =6 pbribkt usnko ` dra`m

gb`surb, `km 96 pbribkt usnko ` strnit gb`surb (4665 bst.).09 @s katbm, pavbrty ns

bxìbrd`tbm dy rbiurrnko mrauojts nk ` iauktry wjbrb sudsnstbkib e`rgnko aiiupnbs :6

pbribkt ae tjb papuc`tnak. Dbtwbbk 0>:6 `km 4662, tjb sj`rb ae òrniucturb ta tjb OMV

mbicnkbm erag 92 pbribkt ta > pbribkt.0=

Ngpravnko tjb qu`cnty ae cneb ear tjb paar

Yw`znc`km ns kat manko wbcc ak vnrtu`ccy `cc nkmni`tars tj`t tjb KMY apbr`tnak`ccy

mbenkbs `s qu`cnty ae cneb, vns. pavbrty br`mni`tnak, bgpcaygbkt irb`tnak, sain`c bqunty,

obkmbr p`rnty, sain`c nktbor`tnak, `km bkvnrakgbkt`c pratbitnak. Nk `mmntnak ta tjb cawJMN, bkmbgni pavbrty, `km eaam sjartòbs `crb`my `ccumbm ta, t`dcb 0.0 prbsbkts

eurtjbr praxy nkmni`tars ae qu`cnty ae cneb.

]`dcb 0.08 Vraxy Nkmni`tars ae Pu`cnty ae Cneb ear Yw`zns Tbc`tnvb ta atjbr @GNIs

@GNIs

Cnebbxpbit`kiy

`t dnrtj(4665)

Vrbv`cbkibae JNU (%

ae òbs 02-=> (466?)

Nkinmbkib ae]udbriucasnspbr 066 666

pbapcb(4665)

%papuc`tnak

wntjsust`nkbmìibss tangpravbm

w`tbr

saurib(4665)

%papuc`tnak

wntjsust`nkbmìibss tangpravbm

s`knt`tnak(4665)

Vjysnin`kspbr 0,666

pbapcb(4662)

G`tbrk`cgart`cnty

r`tnagambcbmbstng`tbpbr 066666 cnvb

dnrtjs(4666-65)

% Dnrtjs`ttbkmbmdy slnccbm

jb`ctjstèe

Datsw`k` =>.: 49.> 220 >5 =? 6.= 9:6 >=

I`pb Ubrmb ?0 … 05: … … … 406 …

O`dak 25.? 2.> 92= :? 95 6.9 246 :5

Gùrntnus ?9.4 0.? 49 066 >= 0.0 02 >>

K`gndn` 24.2 02.9 ?5? >9 92 6.9 406 ?5

Ybyijbccbs ?4.4 … 99 … 066 0.2 … …

Yautj @erni` 26.? 0:.0 >=6 >9 2> 6.: =66 >4

Yw`znc`km =6.: 45.0 0022 56 26 6.4 9>6 ?=

Yaurib8 ]jb _arcm D`kl 466>. @erni` mbvbcapgbkt nkmni`tars8 âutj `km Bgpcaygbkt nk @erni`8 ]jb patbktn`c, tjb pradcbg tjb pragnsb.

_`sjnkotak, M.I., ]jb _arcm D`kl



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km ?

Jug`k i`pnt`c mbvbcapgbkt

Yw`znc`km mabs kat e`rb tj`t wbcc ak mbtbrgnk`kts ae qu`cnty jug`k i`pnt`c

mbvbcapgbkt `s nmbktnenbm nk tjb VTY@V”‗ìibss ta bmui`tnak, jb`ctj, sèb w`tbr,

prapbr s`knt`tnak, prapbr jausnko, bkhaygbkt ae d`sni erbbmags, sain`c sbiurnty `km

iaktbktgbkt‗ (Uac. 0 p. 9=). ]`dcb 0.0 pankts ta caw pravnsnak ae jb`ctj sbrvnibs, `s wbcc

`s ae w`tbr `km s`knt`tnak. ]jb `vbròb bmui`tnak`c `tt`nkgbkt ear Yw`zns dark nk tjb

0>:6s ns > yb`rs, `km ns cawbr tj`k ear iagp`r`tar iauktrnbs. @iiarmnko ta tjb

4665/466? Mbgaor`pjni `km Jb`ctj Yurvby (MJY), iagpcbtnak r`tbs ear prng`ry,

huknar sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak `km sbknar sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak `rb ?5 pbribkt, == pbribkt,

`km 4= pbribkt rbspbitnvbcy. ]jbsb `rb `csa cawbr tj`k ear atjbr Y@MI GNIs.

Tberbsjnkocy, `muct (02+) cntbrìy r`tb ns jnoj, j`vnko `vbròbm :0 pbribkt dbtwbbk 0>>2

`km 4662.

@ sbrnaus sbtdìl ta jug`k i`pnt`c mbvbcapgbkt ns tj`t Yw`znc`km ns `t tjb

bpnibktbr ae tjb JNU/@NMY p`kmbgni. @daut 0> pbribkt ae tjb papuc`tnak ns nkebitbmwntj JNU, 45 pbribkt `rb dbtwbbk 02 `km => yb`rs acm, `km tjb jnojbst pbribkt (2>%),

`rb wagbk dbtwbbk tjb òbs ae 42 `km 4>. Enourb 0.= sjaws JNU prbv`cbkib r`tbs dy

òb oraups. ]jb jnojbst prbv`cbkib ns `gako tjb gast pramuitnvb òb oraup ae pbapcb

dbtwbbk 46 `km => yb`rs acm (enourb 0.=).

Enourb 0.=8 JNU Vrbv`cbkib dy @ob Oraup

Yaurib8 KBTIJ@ 466:.

_ntjaut nktbrvbktnak, JNU /@NMY iaucm bramb tjb jug`k i`pnt`c d`sb dunct avbr

cako pbrnams ae tngb (enourb 0.2). @s katbm, tjb mbgaor`pjni ngpìt nk tbrgs ae cass nk

cneb bxpbit`kiy ns bstng`tbm ta db `daut 46 yb`rs, rbvbrsnko tjb o`nks ìjnbvbm nk tjb

0>26s. JNU/@NMY ìiaukts ear 90 pbribkt ae mb`tjs nk tjb tjrbb ibktr`c Gnknstrnbs”

pc`kknko, enk`kib, `km c`dar `km bktbrprnsb. Irumb mb`tj r`tb ns bstng`tbm `t 44

pbribkt. ]wa tjnrms ae 02 yb`racms wncc mnb ae @NMY.02 ]jb p`kmbgni ns cb`mnko ta

warsbknko mbpbkmbkiy r`tbs, nkirb`sbm pavbrty `km mbstntutnak, `km nkirb`sbm

bxpbit`tnaks ear oavbrkgbkt suppart.

6

06

46

96

=6

26

56

>= >5 >: 6 4 = 5

02-0>

46-4=

42-4>

96-9=

92-9>

=6-=>

V b r i b k t



: _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

V`rt ae tjb mnrbit iasts ae

JNU ns tj`t nt ns avbrwjbcgnko

tjb jb`ctj systbg, ìiauktnko

ear avbr j`ce ae `cc jaspnt`c

`mgnssnaks. Nt bkouces eìncntnbs,

`km mbpcbtbs suppcnbs. Nt

nkirb`sbs tjb iasts ae jb`ctj

trb`tgbkts, `km irawms aut

bxpbkmnturb `km nkvbstgbkt ak

atjbr pramuitnvntybkj`kinko

dumobt ry ntbgs, suij `s

bmui`tnak ar nker`struiturb.

Bvbk tjauoj tjb nktramuitnak

ae `ktnrbtravnr`c (@TU) j`s

s`vbm g`ky cnvbs, `km sp`rbm

g`ky ijncmrbk erag dbiagnko

arpj`ks, tjb pb`lnko ae tjb

bpnmbgni j`s earibm oavbrk

gbkts ta mr`g`tni`ccy bxp`km

iastcy k`tnak`c trb`tgbkt

praor`gs ta pravnmb gbmni`tnak ta tjasb nk kbbm.

]jauoj j`rm ta qu`ktney, JNU j`s snokneni`kt nkmnrbit iasts ta jausbjacms<

nkicumnko nkirb`sbm pavbrty, nkbqu`cnty, `km ijncmjb`mbm jausbjacms, wntj akcy 44

pbribkt ae ijncmrbk orawnko up nk jausbjacms wntj twa p`rbkts. @s e`gncnbs casb `muctgbgdbrs ta tjb bpnmbgni”drb`mwnkkbrs `rb aetbk tjasb tj`t suiiugd ta tjb

mnsb`sb”survnvnko gbgdbrs `rb cbet ta eìb `k ngpavbrnsjbm `km nkmnobkt cneb.

Jausbjacms i`k j`rmcy rbiavbr erag tjb cass ae tjb drb`mwnkkbr `km `rb aetbk earibm

ta iut bxpbkmnturb ak d`sni oaams. ]jns kat akcy rbmuibs avbr`cc iaksugptnak dut

rbmuibs tjb qu`cnty ae cneb, `km tjb i`pìnty ta s`vb, `km mbprbssbs avbr`cc nkvbstgbkts

`km òorbo`tb mbg`km, tjus cawbrnko biakagni orawtj. Garb ngpart`ktcy, `s

jausbjacms sbb tjbnr `dncnty ta obkbr`tb nkiagb summbkcy mbicnkb, nkvbstgbkts nk

jug`k i`pnt`c”bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko”g`y e`cc mr`g`tni`ccy, eurtjbr èebitnko tjb

iauktry„s ìiuguc`tnak ae jug`k05 i`pnt`c. @o`nk, tjns cawbrs avbr`cc biakagni

pramuitnvnty `km orawtj.Nk 466:, ` tjnrm ae Yw`znc`km„s ijncmrbk wbrb i`tboarnzbm `s Arpj`ks `km

Uuckbr`dcb Ijncmrbk (AUIs), wntj 49 pbribkt ae tjbg dbnko arpj`ks. Nk rb`c tbrgs,

tjbrb `rb 096,666 arpj`ks, `km tjb kugdbr ns bxpbitbm ta rbìj 466,666 dy 4606. Nt ns

jnojcy passndcb tj`t tjb bpnmbgni èebits ` c`robr kugdbr ae ijncmrbk tj`k arpj`ks.

Kakarpj`kbm vuckbr`dcb ijncmrbk iaucm nkicumb tjasb cnvnko wntj JNU nkebitnak

tjbgsbcvbs, tjasb wjasb p`rbkts `rb bxpbrnbkinko @NMYrbc`tbm ncckbss, `km garb

obkbr`ccy, ijncmrbk wja `rb p`rtniuc`rcy vuckbr`dcb mub ta pavbrty, mnsirngnk`tnak,

ijncm c`dar, ar bxicusnak. Kbbmcbss ta s`y, arpj`ks `rb `gako tjb gast vuckbr`dcb

sain`c oraup `km `rb mbprnvbm ae g`ky sbrvnibs, nkicumnko B]YM.

Enourb 0.28 Ngpìt ae JNU/@NMY ak Jug`k I`pnt`c

Yaurib8 KBTIJ@ 466:.



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km >

Eìtarnko B]YMY nkta Yw`znc`km„s qubst ear sj`rbm orawtj, `km iagpbtntnvbkbss

Ocad`c lkawcbmob ae tjb racb ae B]YM nk eìncnt`tnko orawtj, sain`c bqunty, `km

iagpbtntnvbkbss ns kaw wbcc maiugbktbm (sbb dax 0.0).

Dax 0.08 ]jb racb ae B]YM nk Orawtj @iibcbr`tnak, Yain`c Bqunty, `kmIagpbtntnvbkbss

Ngpravbm pramuitnvnty8 Jnojbr cbvbcs ae bmui`tnak`c `tt`nkgbkt”yb`rs ae sijaacnko”nkirb`sbsautput pbr warlbr `km g`y bvbk nkirb`sb tjb autput ae ia-warlbrs (ABIM. 4662, NCA. 466:).Jnoj bmui`tnak`c `tt`nkgbkt strbkotjbks i`pìnty ta `ppcy lkawcbmob `km tbijkacaoy ta rb`cnzbjnojbr v`cub-`mmbm pramuitnvnty, wjnij ns lby mbtbrgnk`kt ae sbce-sust`nknko orawtj.

Ngpravbm OMV orawtj8 @ctjauoj tjb bstng`tbm ngpìt ae bmui`tnak ak OMV orawtj mneebrsìrass iaktbxts `km mnvbrsb stumnbs, tjb avbr`cc iakicusnak ns tj`t nkirb`sbm bmui`tnak`c`tt`nkgbkt ns `ssain`tbm wntj ` snokneni`kt nkirb`sb nk OMV orawtj (Lrubobr `km Cnkmj`c G. 4660,ABIM. 4666. Dcaag, I`kknko, `km Ij`k. 4665, J`kusjbl `km _õg`kk. 466?. Ocad`c

Iagpbtntnvbkbss Tbpart. 466?/466: km tjb Jug`k Mbvbcapgbkt Tbpart. 466?/6:).Pu`cnty ae bmui`tnak g`ttbrs8 Garb rbibkt `k`cysbs j`vb bst`dcnsjbm tj`t dbttbr qu`cntybmui`tnak ns `ssain`tbm wntj jnojbr `kku`c `vbròb nkirb`sb nk OMV pbr i`pnt` (J`kusjbl `km_õg`kk. 466?). Mub ta caw qu`cnty, tjb slnccs ìqunrbm nk @erni` j`vb `k avbr`cc cawbr ngpìt akbiakagni orawtj (Ocbwwb, G`no`, km Xjbko. 466?).

Eìncnt`tnak ae tjb ngpìt ae EMNs ak orawtj8 B]YM strbkotjbks tjb `dsarptnvb i`pìnty earkbw lkawcbmob `km tbijkacaoy rbqunrbm ta `ttrìt EMNs, `km ta rbmbpcay warlbrs erag cawbr-cbvbcta jnojbr-cbvbc slnccs. Ak tjb atjbr j`km, EMNs `rb eaukm ta j`vb ` jnojbr ngpìt ak orawtj nkiauktrnbs tj`t j`vb jnojbr cbvbcs ae bmui`tnak”sbiakm ry bmui`tnak km davb (Cugdnc`, 4662).

Ngpravbm iagpbtntnvbkbss8 @ slnccbm `km bmui`tbm warlearib ns irntni`c ear `tt`nknko `kmsust`nknko nktbrk`tnak`c iagpbtntnvbkbss wjnij ns sjnetnko erag k`tur`c rbsaurib-d`sbm pramuitnak

ar d`sni pramuitnak eìtars, taw`rm tbijkacaoni`c i`p`dncnty `km nkkav`tnak (_arcm BiakagniEarug. 466:, M`jcg`k, Xbko `km _`ko. 466?). ]jns ns bvnmbkt nk tjb mbicnknko sj`rb ae prng`rypramuits nk nktbrk`tnak`c tr`mb `km tjb orawtj nk g`kueìturbm `km jnoj-tbij pramuits (@ctg`k`km G`ybr. 4669, Bmw`rms `km C`wrbkib. 4665, _arcm D`kl. 466:). Jnojbr cbvbcs ae bmui`tnakeìncnt`tb tjb tr`ksntnak erag caw cbvbcs ae iagpbtntnvbkbss nk eìtar -mrnvbk biakagnbs ta beeninbkiy`km nkkav`tnak- mrnvbk biakagnbs (_arcm Biakagni Earug. 466:). ]jbrbearb, iagpbtntnvbkbss nktjb gambrk ocad`c biakagy rbqunrbs slnccbm `km tbijkacaoni`ccy mv`kibm c`dar earib.

Yain`c bqunty8 Dbiùsb c`dar ns tjb g`nk `ssbt ae tjb paar, ngpravnko tjb qu`cnty ae c`dar tjrauojbmui`tnak `km tr`nknko j`s rbmnstrndutnvb beebits. Jnojbr cbvbcs ae bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko nkirb`sbij`kibs ae bgpcaygbkt (Mn`s `km Vasbc. 466?) `km pbrsak`c b`rknkos (Djar`t, Cukm`cc `kmTasp`db. 4664< Durobr `km û. 466?< `km D`khbrnb bt `c. 4665). Nkirb`sbm pramuitnvbbgpcaygbkt ns `csa `ssain`tbm wntj jnojbr cbvbcs ae pavbrty rbmuitnak (NCA. 466:). ]jb sj`rb ae

pbapcb nk tjb cawbst b`rknko i`tboarnbs mbicnkbs `s avbr`cc bmui`tnak`c `tt`nkgbkt nkirb`sbs(ABIM. 4662). Nk `mmntnak, jnojcy slnccbm warlbrs r`nsb mbg`km ear cawbr cbvbc slnccs `km bvbk tjbukslnccbm tjbrbdy mbbpbknko tjb rbmnstrndutnvb beebit tjrauoj dra`m-d`sbm b`rknkos. ]jbbmui`tnak ae wagbk eìncnt`tbs tjb tr`ksearg`tnak ae obkmbr racbs km ngpravbs obkmbr bqunty.

Atjbr dbkbents ae B]YM `rb dbttbr jb`ctj prìtnibs, cawbr ebrtncnty r`tbs, obkmbr bqunty, jnojbrupt`lb ae sain`c sbrvnibs, nkicumnko bmui`tnak ntsbce, mbgair`tni p`rtninp`tnak, sbce-bstbbg, sain`cslnccs i`pìnty ta rbspakm ta `mvbrsnty, sain`c iajbsnak, pacntni`c st`dncnty `km tjb `ttbkm`kt pasntnvbnkvbstgbkt icng`tb. ]jbsb dbkbents j`vb `k ngpìt ak pramuitnvnty `km, tjbrbearb, uctng`tbcy,orawtj.

JNU/@NMY nkebitnak r`tbs `rb eaukm ta db cawbr ear cb`rkbrs wja st`y cakobr nk sijaac up ta tjbsbiakm`ry sijaac cbvbc (@NMY Nkearg`tnak Ibktbr, 4666).




Iauktrnbs eìnko mbvbcapgbkt ij`ccbkobs sngnc`r ta tjasb ae Yw`znc`km, dut wntj `

sbksb ae urobkiy `km rbsacvb, j`vb mbvbcapbm B]YMY tj`t c`tbr iaktrndutbm ta tjb

beebitnvb rbmrbss ae suij ij`ccbkobs. Bx`gpcbs nkicumb tjb Tbpudcni ae Larb`, Nrbc`km,

`km Ynko`parb. Jawbvbr, ukcnlb Yw`znc`km wjnij ns struoocnko ta `tt`nk `km sust`nk

jb`ctjy orawtj, gast ae tjbsb iauktrnbs (wntj tjb bxibptnak ae Nrbc`km) nkntn`ccy j`m tjb

eartukb ae jnoj orawtj tj`t bk`dcbm tjbg ta èearm rbqunrbm sbitar rbeargs. ]jns

mneebrbkib katwntjst`kmnko, tjbnr bxpbrnbkibs db`r iaggak prnkinpcbs tj`t `rb

`ppcni`dcb ta Yw`znc`km. Lby `gako tjbsb prnkinpcbs `rb8

` strako `km mbinsnvb oavbrkgbkt cb`mbrsjnp wntj tjb iauròb ta eaccaw

tjrauoj ak mneeniuct rbeargs<

i`p`dcb nkstntutnaks `km ` invnc sbrvnib tj`t i`k ngpcbgbkt rbeargs<

sust`nkbm `km jbnojtbkbm nkvbstgbkt nk tjb sbitar<

` icb`r k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt str`tboni autcaal `km iaksbksu`ccy sbt

mbvbcapgbkt prnarntnbs< ` icb`r `cnokgbkt ae sbitar rbeargs wntj tjb avbr`cc k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt

rbearg òbkm`<

tjb `dncnty `km òncnty ta `m`pt sbitar praor`gs ta bgbronko c`dar g`rlbt

mbg`kms<

sust`nkbm `km sbqubktn`c sbitar rbeargs gastcy st`rtnko `t tjb d`sb `km

gavnko upw`rm, `km st`rtnko wntj ìibss `km tjbk gavnko ta qu`cnty<

`k bgpj`sns ak bqunty ae ìibss `km qu`cnty<

tjb `cnokgbkt ae sbitar dumobts wntj pacniy `km str`tboni prnarntnbs< `km

tjb `maptnak ae rbsauribbeeninbkt aptnaks, bspbin`ccy nk tjb b`rcy stòbs ae

sbitar mbvbcapgbkt.

@ sykapsns ae tjb Larb`k `km tjb Ynko`parb`k i`sb stumnbs ns prbsbktbm nk tjb

@ppbkmnx. I`k Yw`znc`km„s iurrbkt B]YMY suppart sj`rbm orawtj `km

iagpbtntnvbkbss1

]jb rbst ae tjns rbpart prbsbkts `k `k`cysns ae tjb `mbquìy ae Yw`znc`km„s iurrbkt

B]YMY ta beebitnvbcy suppart tjb k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt rbearg òbkm` `km ta suppcy

tjb jug`k i`pnt`c/slnccs rbqunrbm ta iaktrndutb ta biakagni rbiavbry, orawtj

ìibcbr`tnak, `km sain`c bqunty `s bkvnsòbm nk tjb KMY `km tjb VTY@V. Lby

wb`lkbssbs `rb nmbktnenbm `km rbgbmn`c ìtnaks `rb prapasbm.

]jb `k`cysns praibbmbm erag twa prbgnsbs8 ]jb enrst prbgnsb ns tj`t snkibYw`znc`km ns kat ` k`tur`c rbsauribrnij iauktry, orawtj ìibcbr`tnak `km ocad`c

iagpbtntnvbkbss `rb cnlbcy ta db lkawcbmob `km tbijkacaoymrnvbk. ^bt t`dcb 0.4 sjaws

tj`t Yw`znc`km r`kls caw nk nts lkawcbmob biakagy nkmbx (LBN) `km nk nts lkawcbmob

nkmbx (LN)< suoobstnko ` cawlkawcbmob biakagy rb`mnkbss. Garbavbr, Yw`znc`km„s

466> rbc`tnvb r`klnko ns guij cawbr tj`k ear 0>>>. Yiarbs `rb p`rtniuc`rcy caw ear

nkmnibs rbc`tnko ta bmui`tnak, NI]s, `km tjb biakagni nkibktnvb `km nkstntutnak`c

rbongb. Ngpravnko tjbsb nkmnibs wncc obt Yw`znc`km ak ` p`tj taw`rms lkawcbmob `km

tbijkacaoymrnvbk orawtj.




]`dcb 0.48 Yw`znc`km„s Tbc`tnvb Lkawcbmob Biakagy Tb`mnkbss

T`kl

Ij`koberag

0>>2 Iauktry

LBN LN

BiakagniNkibktnvb `kmNkstntutnak`c

TbongbNkkav`tnak

nkmbxBmui`tnak

Nkmbx NI] Nkmbx

Tbibkt 0>>2 rbibkt Tbibkt 0>>2 Tbibkt 0>>2 rbibkt 0>>2 Tbibkt 0>>2

@GNIs

069 ’0> Yw`znc`km 4.>9 =.0: 9.62 4.25 2.2: =.22 =.52 0.?9 9.0= 4.:: 9.95

22 ’5Yautj @erni` 2.22 2.>4 2.=? 2.:0 =.0> 5.>4 ?.05 =.20 2.?> =.>: 5.24

5= ’4 Gùrntnus 2.0: 2.02 =.2: 5.>2 5.=5 9.?6 =.66 =.6> 9.?4 2.>5 5.=6

:2 ’? Datsw`k` 9.>5 =.20 9.26 2.9= 2.5> =.9= =.?: 4.2: 9.92 9.2> =.40

:0 6 K`gndn` =.0> =.4: 9.46 ?.0= 2.4> 9.96 =.69 4.2? 9.5> 9.?= =.06

E`st Mbvbcapnko Iauktrnbs

=: 6 G`c`ysn` 5.65 5.69 5.64 5.0: ?.40 5.:9 5.46 =.0= =.05 ?.6: 5.2?

4= ’= Ynko`parb :.4= :.== ?.?2 >.?0 >.5: >.25 >.6= 2.0> 5.0: :.26 :.:5

ABIM

9 ’0 Enkc`km >.9? >.25 >.99 >.=? >.=9 >.55 >.90 >.?: >.?= :.25 >.?2

2 6 Karw`y >.4? >.=> >.4? >.42 >.9> >.65 >.6? >.56 >.?0 >.05 >.?:

> ’5RkntbmYt`tbs >.6: >.26 >.62 >.05 >.46 >.=2 >.25 :.?? >.=4 :.>9 >.:9

06 0 @ustr`cn` >.62 >.49 >.0? :.55 :.?2 :.?4 :.:? >.5= >.>9 >.05 >.92

Yaurib8 _arcm D`kl Nkstntutb. 466>. Lkawcbmob @ssbssgbkt Gbtjamacaoy.

]jb sbiakm prbgnsb ns tj`t snkib Yw`znc`km j`s cngntbm nktbrk`c sauribs ae orawtj,

nts beebitnvb orawtj str`tboy wncc j`vb ta bxpcant datj k`tnak`c `km sudrbonak`c

patbktn`cs. @t prbsbkt, Yw`znc`km ns surraukmbm dy e`storawnko k`tur`c rbsaurib rnij

iauktrnbs tj`t j`vb ìutb slnccs sjartòbs”Gaz`gdnqub, @koac`, Datsw`k`, Yautj

@erni`, K`gndn`, `km Mbgair`tni Tbpudcni ae Iakoa. ]jbsb iauktrnbs prbsbkt

appartukntnbs ear Yw`znc`km ta bxpart slnccbm c`dar. Nggbmn`tb dbkbents waucm enrst db

rbgntt`kibs, wjnij iaucm daast rbvbkubs wjncb ngpravnko qu`cnty ae cneb `km, sbiakm,

ngpravbm i`pìnty ae tjb bxpartbm c`dar. Cakotbrg dbkbents waucm nkicumb tjb dr`nk

inriuc`tnak tj`t waucm spur lkawcbmob `km tbijkacaoymrnvbk orawtj `cako sngnc`r

cnkbs `s tjb Nrnsj `km Ynko`parb`k orawtj bxpbrnbkibs.

@t prbsbkt, Yw`znc`km sbbgs ta j`vb g`nkt`nkbm ` dbttbr B]YM qu`cnty tj`k ntsnggbmn`tb kbnojdars”Yautj @erni`, K`gndn`, `km Datsw`k`. Ytrbkotjbknko tjb

iurrbkt eaukm`tnak ae qu`cnty sjaucm g`lb nts or`mu`tbs `ttrìtnvb ta sudrbonak`c

g`rlbts. Jawbvbr, Yw`znc`km wncc kbbm ta bxp`km ìibss nk `rb`s ae jnoj rbonak`c `km

bvbk ocad`c mbg`km. ]jns wncc rbqunrb iakst`kt `km icasb gakntarnko ae ij`konko

mbg`kms nk rbonak`c `km ocad`c c`dar g`rlbts usnko c`dar g`rlbt survbys wjbrb tjby

bxnst, pbrnamni rbparts ae tjb Nktbrk`tnak`c C`dar Aro`knz`tnak (NCA), `km trìbr stumnbs

ae or`mu`tbs. Yw`znc`km wncc `csa j`vb ta dbkijg`rl nts systbg ta tj`t ae kbnojdarnko

iauktrnbs nk cnkb wntj –bqunv`cbkinbs‗ prapò`tbm nk tjb Y@MI prataiac ak bmui`tnak

`km tr`nknko. Yagb ae tjb spbineni nkstrugbkts tj`t onvb beebit ta tjbsb –bqunv`cbkinbs‗

`rb k`tnak`c qu`cneni`tnaks er`gbwarls (KPEs), suij `s tjasb ear Datsw`k`, K`gndn``km Yautj @erni`. Nk armbr ear nts or`mu`tbs ta b`sncy ent nkta sudrbonak`c `km ocad`c

c`dar g`rlbts, Yw`znc`km„s KPE waucm kbbm ta db iaoknz`kt ae tjasb ae Y@MI




iauktrnbs, tjb Y@MI KPE, akib mbvbcapbm, `km tjasb ae garb `mv`kibm systbgs, suij

`s @ustr`cn` `km Yiatc`km”bxbgpcnenbm c`tbr nk tjb rbpart. Yw`znc`km `csa kbbms ta

str`tboni`ccy pasntnak ntsbce ta dbkbent erag sudrbonak`c jug`k i`pnt`c mbvbcapgbkt

nkntn`tnvbs `s `km wjbk tjby `rnsb.

Datj tjbsb prbgnsbs j`vb snokneni`kt ngpcni`tnaks ear tjb B]YMY `s ` lby suppcnbr

ae jug`k i`pnt`c/slnccs. ]jb bxpart ae slnccs nk p`rtniuc`r, wncc rbqunrb `k `mbqu`tb

qu`ktnty, qu`cnty `km g`rlbt rbcbv`kib ae Yw`znc`km„s B]YMY. Jawbvbr, gambrk

biakagni orawtj tjbary jnojcnojts tj`t jug`k i`pnt`c/slnccs `rb kbibss`ry dut kat

sueeninbkt ta suppart orawtj ìibcbr`tnak. Atjbr gutu`ccyrbnkearinko mbtbrgnk`kts ae

orawtj `rb ` iakmuinvb nkvbstgbkt icng`tb bkt`ncnko sagb ae tjb eìtars mnsiussbm

`davb”gìrabiakagni st`dncnty, oaam oavbrk`kib nkvbstgbkt icng`tb, `km `mbqu`tb

nkvbstgbkt”`km tbijkacaoy mneeusnak/nkkav`tnak. Enourb 0.5 nccustr`tbs tjbsb eìtars

`km jaw tjby `rb nktbriakkbitbm. @s mnsiussbm `davb, prnar `k`cysbs sjaw Yw`znc`km„s

wb`l nkvbstgbkt icng`tb `km tbijkacaoy rb`mnkbss.

Enourb 0.58 Ylnccs, ]bijkacaoy @dsarptnak `km Orawtj

Yaurib8 Oacmdbro bt `c. 466:.

_jncb rbiaoknznko tjb ngpart`kib ae atjbr eìtars ta orawtj, tjb siapb ae tjns

rbpart ns cngntbm ta jug`k i`pnt`c `km akcy erag tjb pankt ae vnbw ae lkawcbmob `km

slnccs. ]jb rbpart iavbrs `cc cbvbcs ae tjb B]YMY, erag BIM ta tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km

tr`nknko. _ntjnk tjns dra`m siapb jawbvbr, nt p`rtniuc`rcy eaiusbs ak pastd`sni

bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko.

Katbs




0 Gnknstry ae Biakagni Vc`kknko `km Mbvbcapgbkt (GBVM). 4665. Uac 08=4.4 Lby pacntni`c `ssain`tnaks nkicumb tjb @erni`k Rkntbm Mbgair`tni V`rty (@RMV), Ngdalamva

K`tnak`c Gavbgbkt (NKG), Kow`kb K`tnak`c Cndbr`tary Iakorbss (KKCI) `km Vbapcb„s Rkntbm

Mbgair`tni Gavbgbkt ar (VRMBGA).9 Tbpartbrs _ntjaut Darmbrs. 4665 @kku`c Tbpart.= Rkntbm K`tnaks Mbvbcapgbkt Vraor`g. 466>. Jug`k Mbvbcapgbkt Tbpart.

jttp8//jmrst`ts.ukmp.aro/iauktrnbsQeìtQsjbbts/ityQesQY_X.jtgc. @iibssbm H`k 05, 466>.2 KBTIJ@. 466:.5 Nktbrk`tnak`c Gakbt`ry Eukm. 466:. Ytèe rbpart ear tjb 466? @rtnicb NU iaksuct`tnaks. NGE.? Nktbrk`tnak`c Gakbt`ry Eukm. 4665. Ytèe rbpart ear tjb 4662 @rtnicb NU iaksuct`tnaks. NGE.: Ybb NGE, _arcm Biakagni Autcaal M`t`d`sb (466:) ear OMV pbr i`pnt`, `km RK Vapuc`tnak

Mnvnsnak (466?) ear cneb bxpbit`kiy.> Biakagni nkmni`tars”Yw`znc`km. B`rtjtrbkms Iauktry Vraencbs. jttp8//b`rtjtrbkms.wrn.aro/

pmeQcndr`ry/iauktryQpraencbs/biaQiauQ?=:.pme.06

]jb _arcm D`kl. 466:. _arcm mbvbcapgbkt nkmni`tars. _`sjnkotak, .MI. ]jb _arcm D`kl.00 Ndnm.04 _arcm D`kl. 4662. _arcm Mbvbcapgbkt Tbpart (_MT). _`sjnkotak , M.I. Hasî Cuns Gìjnkb`.

466=. K`tnak`c vnsnaks g`ttbr8 Cbssaks ae suiibss. Vraibbmnkos ae ` pudcniprnv`tb sbitar

mbvbcapgbkt earug. Y`ktnòa, Ijncb. 09 Vjysnin`ks ear Jug`k Tnojts. 466?. Bpnmbgni ae nkbqu`cnty8 _agbk„s rnojts `km JNU/@NMY nk

Datsw`k` `km Yw`znc`km. I`gdrnmob, G`ssìjusbtts.0= Biakagni Tbvnbw km Autcaal. 4665.02 KBTIJ@. 466:. Vrbsbkt`tnak.05 Dbcc, D, Mbv`r`h`k, Y., Obrsdìj, J. (4669). ]jb cakoruk biakagni iasts ae @NMY8 ]jbary `km `k

`ppcni`tnak ta Yautj @erni`.



0=

I J @ V ] B T 4

B`rcy Ijncmjaam I`rb `kmMbvbcapgbkt (BIIM)

Nktramuitnak

Nkvbstgbkt nk jug`k i`pnt`c mbvbcapgbkt j`s dbbk sjawk ta db`r tjb dbst mnvnmbkm nk

b`rcnbr yb`rs (enourb 4.0). ^bt, gast @erni`k iauktrnbs”Yw`znc`km nkicusnvb”tbkm ta

nkvbst tjb cb`st nk b`rcy yb`rs akcy ta p`y jb`vncy ear nkbeebitnvb rbgbmn`c `itnaks nk

c`tbr yb`rs.

Enourb 4.08 T`tbs ae Tbturk ta Jug`k I`pnt`c Nkvbstgbkt @irass `cc @obs

Yaurib8 Jbilg`k `km I`rkbnra. 4669.

BIIM pravnmbs ` struiturb ear tjb rbqunrbm systbg`tni nkvbstgbkt nk tjb b`rcyyb`rs ae cneb. _jbk wbcciakibnvbm, nt bkt`ncs ` iagprbjbksnvb sbt ae pacninbs, str`tbonbs

`km praor`gs nktbkmbm ta e`incnt`tb jacnstni mbvbcapgbkt ae ijncmrbk erag dnrtj ta bnojt




yb`rs ae òb. Vraor`gs nkicumb jb`ctj, kutrntnak, bmui`tnak/b`rcy stnguc`tnak, w`tbr

`km bkvnrakgbkt`c s`knt`tnak, cbo`c, sain`c `km bgatnak`c pratbitnak nk jagbs `km

iaggukntnbs. ]jby `csa nkicumb bmui`tnak `km suppart ear p`rbkts mbcnvbrnko sbrvnibs

ta ijncmrbk, tjb mbvbcapgbkt ae i`pìntnbs ae i`rbonvbrs `km tbìjbrs, `km g`ss

iaggukni`tnak ear bkj`kinko tjb lkawcbmob `km prìtnibs ae p`rbkts `km i`rbonvbrs.

_jy Yjaucm Yw`znc`km Nkvbst nk BIIM1

Ear Yw`znc`km spbineni`ccy, ` strako gatnv`tnak ear nkvbstgbkt nk nktbor`tbm BIIM ns

tj`t ` snokneni`kt prapartnak ae ijncmrbk j`vb ` paar st`rt nk cneb. @s autcnkbm nk Ij`ptbr

0, tjby `rb dark nkta `km r`nsbm nk sbvbrb pavbrty `km mnrb inriugst`kibs. ]jbnr

gart`cnty r`tb ns jnojbr tj`k tj`t ae tjbnr iauktbrp`rts nk atjbr @GNIs. @daut =6

pbribkt ae tjbg ma kat obt d`sni ngguknz`tnak, kb`rcy =6 pbribkt `rb stuktbm `km >

pbribkt `rb ukmbrwbnojt (sbb t`dcb 4.0). Nk `mmntnak, ` tjnrm ae tjb ijncmrbk”tjauoj

wntj ` dra`mbr òb r`kob tj`k nk tjb ]`dcb dbcaw”`rb AUIs. Ocad`c bxpbrnbkib sjawstj`t suij ` paar st`rt `s tj`t ear Yw`zn ijncmrbk pasbs ` jnoj rnsl ta tjb iauktry„s

jug`k i`pnt`c mbvbcapgbkt beearts, `km ta `cc atjbr beearts wjasb suiibss ns

nktbrmbpbkmbkt wntj wbcc mbvbcapbm jug`k i`pnt`c/slnccs (sbb enourb 0.5).

]`dcb 4.08 ]jb Yt`tb ae Yw`znc`km„s Ijncmrbk `km Ngpcni`tnaks ear BIIM

@GNIs

Rkmbr 2gart`cnty r`tb

pbr 0,666

(4666’65)

Nke`ktgart`cnty pbr

0,666 cnvb

dnrtjs (4665)

% 04’49gaktjs

ngguknzbmear

gb`scbs

(4665)

% 04’49gaktjs

ngguknzbmear MV]

(4665)

% ukmbrenvbs

stuktnko

(4666’65)

% ukmbrenvbs

ukmbrwbnojt

(4666’65)

Datsw`k` 04= >6 >6 >? 4> 00

I`pb Ubrmb 9= 42 52 ?4 … …

O`dak >0 56 22 9: 45 :

Gùrntnus 0= 09 >> >? … …

K`gndn` 50 =2 59 ?= 96 46

Ybyijbccbs 09 04 >> >> … …

Yautj @erni` 5> 25 :2 >> … …

Yw`znc`km 05= 004 2? 2: 9? >

Yaurib8 _arcm D`kl 466>.

Beebitnvb BIIM praor`gs j`vb dbbk eaukm ta sudst`ktn`ccy rbmuib tjb ngpìt ae

struitur`c pavbrty ak ijncmrbk„s qu`cnty ae cneb, nkicumnko tjb ngpravbgbkt ae tjbnr

rb`mnkbss ta cb`rk `t c`tbr stòbs. Yuij dbkbents waucm damb wbcc ear tjb Unsnak 4644 `km

VTY@V oa`cs. Dax 4.0 prbsbkts sagb ae tjb bvnmbkibm dbkbents ae BIIM tj`t iaucm

ìirub ta Yw`zn ijncmrbk.




Dax 4.08 Dbkbents ae BIIM Vraor`gs

Nktbrk`tnak`c bxpbrnbkibs sjaw tj`t BIIM praor`gs cb`m ta8

• Ngpravbm kutrntnak `km jb`ctj8 BIIM praor`gs bkj`kib tjb beeniìy ae jb`ctj i`rb`km kutrntnak nkntn`tnvbs. Bvnmbkib erag tjb Iacagdn` Iagguknty Ijncm I`rb `kmKutrntnak Vrahbit `km Nkmn`„s Nktbor`tbm Ijncm Mbvbcapgbkt Ybrvnibs praor`g `csasjaw tj`t tjb praor`gs i`k bksurb tj`t ijncmrbk rbibnvb jb`ctj i`rb.

• B`rcy dr`nk mbvbcapgbkt `km patbktn`c ta cb`rk8 Ngpravbm jb`ctj `km kutrntnakpraor`gs `ssain`tbm wntj wbcc iakibnvbm BIIM praor`gs bk`dcb ijncmrbk ta db garbsuiibsseuc nk tjbnr c`tbr sijaacnko, garb sain`ccy `km bgatnak`ccy iagpbtbkt, `km taj`vb jnojbr vbrd`c `km iaokntnvb mbvbcapgbkt.

• Ngpravbm iaokntnvb mbvbcapgbkt `km sijaac ìjnbvbgbkt8 Ijncmrbk p rtninp`tnko nkBIIM praor`gs siarb jnojbr nk nktbccbitu`c `ptntumb tbsts tj`k kakp`rtninp`kts `sw`s bvnmbkt nk bv`cu`tnaks ae H`g`ni`„s Enrst Jagb Unsntnko Vraor`g `km ]urlby„sB`rcy Bkrnijgbkt Vrahbit.

• Jnojbr sijaac bkraccgbkt8 ]jb Iacagdn` Vragbs` praor`g intbm snokneni`ktcy jnojbr

bkraccgbkt r`tbs (nk c`tbr sijaacnko) `gako praor`g ijncmrbk tj`k `gakokakp`rtninp`kts. Garbavbr, v`rnaus stumnbs sjaw tj`t onrcs wja wbrb bkraccbm nk b`rcyijncmjaam praor`gs wbrb dbttbr prbp`rbm ear sijaac `km st`ybm nk sijaac cakobr.

• Dbttbr sijaac rb`mnkbss, `ttbkm`kib, cb`rknko, nktbrk`c beeninbkiy8 Ytumnbs nkIacagdn`„s `km @robktnk`„s BIM praor`gs sjawbm tj`t ijncmrbk, ak `vbròb, j`mcawbr r`tbs ae rbpbtntnak. Nk Nkmn`„s M`cgù praor`g, tjb akcy stumy nk wjnij`ttbkm`kib w`s gb`surbm, c`tbr sijaac `ttbkm`kib w`s 05 pbribkt jnojbr ear ijncmrbkòbs snx ta bnojt. Nk Iacagdn`„s Vragbs` prahbit, tjnrm-or`mb bkraccgbkt r`tbs rasb dy066 pbribkt, rbecbitnko cawbr mrapaut `km rbpbtntnak r`tbs. Avbr`cc, BIIM `km prb-prng`ry praor`gs eìncnt`tb sijaac rb`mnkbss, cb`m ta dbttbr nktbrk`c beeninbkiy murnkotjb d`sni bmui`tnak iyicb, `km rbmuib ijncmrbk„s ij`kibs ae pcìbgbkt nk spbin`cbmui`tnak `km ae mrappnko aut. ]jby j`vb ` pasntnvb ngpìt ak tjb mbvbcapgbkt

tr`hbitary ae ijncmrbk.• Ngpravbm rbsaurib beeninbkiy ae tjb bmui`tnak systbg `km rbturks ta sainbty8

Ngpravbgbkts ta nktbrk`c beeninbkiy ae bmui`tnak systbgs ìirub dbttbr rbsauribbeeninbkiy ta tjb sainbty `t c`rob. Iast-dbkbent `k`cysbs ae b`rcy ijncmjaammbvbcapgbkt praor`gs j`vb sjawk pasntnvb rbsucts nk datj mbvbcapbm `km mbvbcapnkoiauktrnbs. ]jb Jnoj/Yiapb Vbrry Vrbsijaac Vrahbit stumy nk tjb RY@ bstng`tbm tjbrbturks ae tjb praor`g ta tjb pudcni ta db `s jnoj `s RY$?.05 ear bvbry macc`r nkvbstbm(âuko, 466?). Yngnc`rcy tjb Hìady-Lnko stumy nk tjb Vjncnppnkbs bstng`tbm tj`t `macc`r nkvbstbm nk `k b`rcy ijncmjaam kutrntnak praor`g nk ` mbvbcapnko iauktry iaucmpatbktn`ccy rbturk `t cb`st RY$9 wartj ae o`nks nk ì`mbgni ìjnbvbgbkt (Ocbwwb,4660).

• Jbcp ear tjb mns`mv`ktòbm `km rbmuibm sain`c nkbqu`cnty8 BIIM nktbrvbktnaks nk b`rcy

ijncmjaam dbkbent tjb paar `km mns`mv`ktòbm, b.o. nk Nkmn`„s J`ry`k` Vrahbit,mrapaut r`tbs ebcc =5 pbribkt ear cawbr i`stb ijncmrbk `km :6 pbribkt ear gnmmcb i`stbijncmrbk (Ij`turvbmn bt. `c, 0>:?). Yngnc`rcy ` stumy iakmuitbm nk H`g`ni` pravbm tj`tkutrntnak`c suppcbgbkt`tnak ear ukmbrkaurnsjbm ijncmrbk, wja `rb gast cnlbcy ta iagberag mns`mv`ktòbm e`gncnbs, ngpravbs gbkt`c mbvbcapgbkt (Or`ktj`g-GiOrboar bt`c. 0>>0).

• Vasntnvb beebit ak ebg cb c`dar earib p`rtninp`tnak `km acmbr sndcnkos„ sijaacnko8 @stumy nk Lbky` sjawbm jaw wagbk„s c`dar earib p`rtninp`tnak `km acmbr ijncmrbk„ssijaacnko ngpravb mub ta BIM praor`gs (Calsjnk, bt `c. 4666). Vravnmnko sèb ijncmi`rb `csa `ccaws wagbk ` ij`kib ta iaktnkub tjbnr bmui`tnak, ìqunrb kbw slnccs, `km hank tjb earg`c c`dar earib.

Yaurib 8@utjar.



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km 0?

Kadbc Cùrb`tb Jbilg`k (0>>>) `roubs tj`t nkvbstgbkts nk ijncmrbk drnko ` jnojbr

r`tb ae rbturk tj`k nkvbstgbkts nk cawslncc `mucts0 (enourb 4.0).

Nk bssbkib tjbrbearb, bksurnko jacnstni ijncm mbvbcapgbkt ns c`ynko ` sacnm

eaukm`tnak ear tjb iauktry„s jug`k i`pnt`c `km tjb `ttbkm`kt mbvbcapgbkt dbkbents.

BIIM ns akb ae tjb gast beebitnvb ij`kibs tj`t Yw`znc`km j`s `t bqunt`dcb nktbor`tnak

ae euturb obkbr`tnaks nkta tjb biakagy `km `t rbmuinko pavbrty `km nkbqu`cnty4 nk cnkb

wntj Unsnak 4644 `km tjb VTY@V.

Vacniy Arnbkt`tnak ae BIIM

Mbspntb tjb dbkbents ae BIIM, nts pravnsnak nk Yw`znc`km ns praibbmnko wntjaut ` pacniy

ar tjb str`tboni mnrbitnak rbqunrbm ta aptngnzb `ssain`tbm dbkbents. Vrnar beearts `t pacniy

earguc`tnak j`vb rbg`nkbm nk mrèt snkib tjb K`tnak`c Bmui`tnak Tbvnbw Iaggnssnak

ae 0>:2 (KBTIAG, 0>:2). Tbibkt yb`rs j`vb sbbk rbkbwbm beearts ta mbvbcap ` k`tnak`c

BIIM pacniy. Jawbvbr, tjb mrèt pacniy j`s dbbk `t ` iaksuct`tnak stòb ear kb`rcy twayb`rs `km ns bxpbitbm ta db enk`cnzbm d`sbm ak tjb `k`cytni`c ukmbrpnkknko pravnmbm nk

tjns rbpart. ]jb mrèt rbiaoknzbs mnvbrsb ijncmrbk„s kbbms murnko tjbnr BIIM pj`sb `s

sugg`rnzbm nk t`dcb 4.4.

]`dcb 4.48 Vbribnvbm Kbbms ta db @mmrbssbm dy BIIM Vraor`gs

Ytòb Lby Kbbms

BIM (Vrb-k`t`c ta 9 yb`rs)

Vrb-k`t`c km Dnrtj G`tbrk`c `km ijncm jb`ctj< p`rbkt`c suppart<p`rbktnko bmui`tnak

Nke`kiy (6-0: gaktjs) Jb`ctj `km kutrntnak

]ammcbr `km past-tammcbr (0:-95 gaktjs) Jb`ctj `km kutrntnak< c`kouòb `km sain`cslnccs< tjnklnko `dncntnbs

Vrb-sijaacVrb-Yijaacs (=-2 yb`rs) Vrb-sijaacnko< jb`ctj `km kutrntnak< sain`c

slnccs, pratbitnak

Vrng`ry Yijaacnko Cawbr Vrng`ry Yijaac (5-: yrs) Bmui`tnak, jb`ctj, kutrntnak, pratbitnak

Yaurib8 jttp8//www.n`md.aro/sms/sai/biim/gb`k.jtgc.

Ytruiturb `km K`turb ae BIIM Vravnsnak

Yw`znc`km„s BIIM sbrvnibs iagprnsb b`rcy ijncmjaam mbvbcapgbkt (BIM) ear 69 yb`r

acms, prbprng`ry bmui`tnak ear =2 yb`r acms, `km cawbr prng`ry bmui`tnak ear 5: yb`r

acms @k bstng`tbm 469,666 ijncmrbk `rb ae bcnondcb òb. BIM ns pravnmbm dy m`yi`rb

ibktbrs g`nkcy nk urd`k `rb`s wjbrb datj p`rbkts warl. Vrbprng`ry bmui`tnak ns

aeebrbm g`nkcy dy iaggukntnbs, e`ntjd`sbm aro`knz`tnaks (EDAs), Kakoavbrkgbkt`c

Aro`knz`tnaks (KOAs), `km prnv`tb nkmnvnmu`cs. Cawbr prng`ry bmui`tnak ns p`rt ae

prng`ry bmui`tnak. Nk `mmntnak, Yw`znc`km j`s bst`dcnsjbm nkkav`tnvb nkstntutnaks tj`t

aeebr sagb bcbgbkts ae BIIM8 KIVs `km LÒaoa ibktbrs (sbb enourb 4.4). ]jbsb ibktbrs

bgbrobm g`nkcy `s ` p`rt ae tjb rbspaksb ta tjb ngpìt ae JNU/@NMY. LÒaoa ibktbrs

`rb gambcbm ètbr tjb tr`mntnak`c LÒaoa `s kbutr`c pcìbs ae rbeuob wjbrb ijncmrbk

i`k iakenmb. ]jby `rb kaw rbo`rmbm `s tjb iaarmnk`tnko ibktrb ae iagguknty

nktbrvbktnaks, suij `s KIVs, `km g`y nk euturb sbrvb `s o`tbw`ys ear mbibktr`cnzbmsbrvnib mbcnvbry. Ijncmrbk rbonstbrbm `t KIVs gust db dbcaw 0: yb`rs ae òb, iagb ta



0: _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

tjb ibktbr rbouc`rcy, `km p`rtninp`tb nk ìtnvntnbs. Akb ar datj ae tjbnr p`rbkts g`y db

bntjbr snil ar mb`m.

Enourb 4.48 Nkstntutnak`c C`kmsi`pb ae BIIM Vravnmbrs


@iibss `km Bqunty

@iibss ta BIIM ns cngntbm `km nkbqunt`dcb dy nkiagb cbvbc, spbin`c kbbms, `km dbnko `k

AUI. @ppraxng`tbcy 095,6669 ijncmrbk `rb bstng`tbm ta db bcnondcb ear BIIM sbrvnibs.

@ iaksbrv`tnvb bstng`tb ae tjb kugdbr ae ijncmrbk bkraccbm nk 0,666 BIIM nkstntutnaks

ns 99,666. @k `mmntnak`c 09,466= ijncmrbk ae 6: yb`rs wbrb bstng`tbm ta db bkraccbm nk

tjb 542 KIVs. ]jbrbearb tjb tat`c kugdbr ae 6: yb`r acms iavbrbm ns `raukm =5,666

cb`mnko akb ta iakicumb tj`t kat garb tj`k 9= pbribkt ae bcnondcb ijncmrbk2 j`vb ìibss

ta sagb earg ae BIIM sbrvnibs. ]jb pbribktòb ae ijncmrbk wntj ìibss ta earg`c BIM

sbrvnibs 69 yb`rs waucm tjbrbearb db guij cawbr.5 ]jauoj m`tbm, tjb Guctnpcb Nkmni`tar Icustbr Yurvby (GNIY) ae 4666 bstng`tbm tj`t

ijncmrbk erag tjb rnijbst qunktncb wbrb 06 tngbs garb cnlbcy ta `ttbkm sagb earg ae

BIIM nkstntutnak tj`k ijncmrbk erag tjb paarbst qunktncb. @ c`rob kugdbr ae ijncmrbk

`rb mbprnvbm ae tjb dbkbents ae BIIM sbrvnibs, bspbin`ccy nk ` iauktry wjbrb 5> pbribkt

ae tjb papuc`tnak ns dbcaw tjb pavbrty cnkb.

Akcy 5.9 pbribkt ae ijncmrbk wntj spbin`c kbbms bkraccbm nk tjb =?: BIIM ibktbrs

iavbrbm nk tjb 4665 survby. ]jns ns guij cawbr tj`k tjb RK bstng`tb tj`t ak `vbròb,

06 pbribkt ae ijncmrbk j`vb sagb earg ae mns`dncnty. Nt ns bvbk cawbr tj`k tjb _arcm

Jb`ctj Aro`knz`tnak (_JA) bstng`tb wjnij ns tj`t ak `vbròb, =6 pbribkt ae @erni`„s

sijaacòb papuc`tnak j`s sagb earg ae mns`dncnty.@daut j`ce (29%) ae survbybm ibktbrs nkmni`tbm tj`t tjby mnm kat i`tbr ta ijncmrbk

wntj spbin`c kbbms, ngpcynko tj`t ` snokneni`kt kugdbr ae tjb ibktbrs `rb kat bqunppbm

Kbnojdarjaam I`rb Vankts(Obkbr`ccy AUIs8 6 -0: yb`rs)

Jb`ctj & Kutrntnak

LÒaoa Ibktbrs(@cc ijncmrbk)

Ijncm iauksbcnko & pratbitnak

Vrng`ry Yijaac(5 ’ 09 yrs)

M`y/Jagb-D`sbmI`rb Ibktbr

(Obkbr`ccy 6-9rs

Vrb-Yijaac(Obkbr`ccy 9-:

yrs)Bmui`tnak

Ybiakm`ryYijaac

(09 ’ 0: yrs)

Jagb(@cc ijncmrbk)



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km 0>

ta bkracc suij ijncmrbk. @ppraprn`tb g`tbrn`cs `km eìncntnbs ear tjbnr cb`rknko wbrb

bntjbr kakbxnstbkt ar nk`mbqu`tb ìrass `cc nkstntutnaks, rbnkearinko enkmnkos ae tjb 4666

GNIY survby. Enbcm vnsnts ta BIIM nkstntutnaks eurtjbr rbvb`cbm tj`t ` sain`c stnog`

ò`nkst mns`dcbm ijncmrbk ns `katjbr rb`sak wjy akcy ` ebw ae tjbg `rb bkraccbm.

AUIs j`vb cngntbm ìibss ta BIIM sbrvnibs. Nk 4665, KVIs iavbrbm 99,666 AUIs

ae 60: yb`rs ae òb ò`nkst `k bstng`tbm 096,666. ]jb prapartnak ae AUIs wja `rb

strnitcy bcnondcb ear BIIM ns uklkawk. Jawbvbr, nt i`k db sèbcy iakicumbm tj`t `

snokneni`kt kugdbr ae tjbg `rb kat bkraccbm. AUIs iakstntutbm akcy 4,094 ae tjb 00,64>

ijncmrbk iavbrbm nk tjb 4665 BIIM survby. BIIM nkstntutnaks suij `s prbsijaacs `rb

cbss cnlbcy ta bkracc AUIs dbiùsb ae iast ngpcni`tnaks.

Pu`cnty `km Bqunty

@mbquìy `km bqunty ae qu`cnty-bkj`kinko nkputs

G`nkcy dbiùsb ae cìl ae ` pacniy, rbouc`tary er`gbwarl `km oavbrkgbkt avbrsnojt,tjb pravnsnak ae d`sni `km ae qu`cntybkj`kinko nkputs v`ry wnmbcy ìrass prbsijaacs

`km m`y i`rb ibktbrs. Bx`gpcbs nkicumb8 qu`cnenbm tbìjbrs, pc`y eìncntnbs, daals, atjbr

bmui`tnak`c g`tbrn`cs `km, jb`ctj `km s`knt`tnak eìncntnbs. Nk obkbr`c, rbsaurib nkputs

`rb nkbqunt`dcb d`sbm ak tjb nkiagb cbvbc ae tjb ijncmrbk i`tbrbm ear nk tjb nkstntutnak.

Ear gast rur`c ijncmrbk, tjb pjysni`c bkvnrakgbkt nk wjnij tjby `rb tùojt ns

kbntjbr sèb kar stnguc`tnko. Ebw iagguknty d`sbm prbsijaacs nk rur`c `rb`s j`m

daals, pc`y, g`tbrn`cs, wrntnko g`tbrn`cs, eurknturb ar autsnmb pc`y bqunpgbkt. ]jb

prbgnsbs `rb gast erbqubktcy d`rb juts, d`rb oraukms, wntj ` pnt c`trnkb ar ka `dcutnak

eìncntnbs. Yagb struiturbs `rb paarcy iakstruitbm `km `rb j`z`rmaus ear datj ijncmrbk

`km tbìjbrs. 26 ae tjb =?: survbybm ibktbrs j`m struiturbs g`mb ae stnil `km gum.Akcy =: pbribkt j`m mbmni`tbm struiturbs usbm spbineni`ccy ear BIIM sbrvnibs. Akb enetj

iaucm kat db ìibssbm dy ` vbjnicb, wjnij iaucm db quntb m`kobraus nk tngbs ae

bgbrobkinbs. Akb qu`rtbr mnm kat j`vb `k ngpravbm w`tbr saurib. ]jby obt w`tbr erag

kb`rdy rnvbrs ar sprnkos, wjnij ns bvbk garb j`z`rmaus. Akcy 42 pbribkt ae tjb ibktbrs

j`m bcbitrninty.

Gast ibktbrs `rb nccbqunppbm ta eìncnt`tb `km i`rb ear ijncmrbk. Akcy 9= pbribkt

j`m pc`y spìb ar enbcms, 09 pbribkt j`m o`rmbks, 2.5 j`m iagputbrs, 46.0 j`m cndr`ry

daals, `km akcy 0>.? pbribkt j`m enrst`nm lnts. @daut =6 pbribkt ae tjb ibktbrs j`m

s`km pnts, 09 pbribkt j`m gbrryoaraukms< 46 pbribkt j`m scnmbs, `km 4= pbribkt j`m

icngdbrs. Ycnojtcy garb tj`k j`ce j`m tnrbs wntj wjnij ijncmrbk iaucm pc`y.

Tbsaurib nkputs”nker`struiturb, eurknturb, bqunpgbkt, pc`y eìncntnbs, cb`rknko

g`tbrn`cs, qu`cnenbm eìncnt`tars, `km jb`ctjiagpcn`kt eìncntnbs”`rb nk`mbqu`tb

dbiùsb BIIM ns ukmbreukmbm. ]jb prapartnak ae tjb sbitar dumobt `ccai`tbm ta BIIM

mbicnkbm erag 6.6: pbribkt nk 4666/4660 ta 6.62 nk 4665/466?. Garbavbr, tjb ìtu`c

bxpbkmnturb r`kobm erag =? pbribkt ta 5: pbribkt ae tjb `ccai`tbm dumobt. BIIM ns

vnrtu`ccy eukmbm dy p`rbkts. ]jb OaY iaktrndutbs `k bstng`tbm YX= pbr ijncm pbr yb`r

rbc`tnvb ta `k bstng`tbm `kku`c pbr i`pnt` bxpbkmnturb ae YX266.

Vraor`g st`km`rms `km rbcbv`kib

Yw`znc`km mabs kat j`vb `k apbr`tnak`c mbenkntnak ae BIIM autputs suij `s wj`t

iakstntutbs jacnstni ijncm mbvbcapgbkt ar sijaac rb`mnkbss. ]jbrb `rb ka iaggak

st`km`rms tj`t sjaucm db usbm ta ounmb tjb mbvbcapgbkt ae praor`gs. Iaksbqubktcy,




tjbrb `rb ka dbkijg`rls ò`nkst wjnij mnvbrsb sbrvnib pravnmbrs i`k db gakntarbm. Nt

ns `csa mneeniuct ta trìl ` tr`hbitary ae ngpravbgbkt, ar cìl tjbrbae, nk tjb qu`cnty ae

pravnmbm sbrvnibs. @t prbsbkt, dra`m `rb`s tj`t sjaucm db iavbrbm nk prbprng`ry

bmui`tnak nkicumb irb`tnvb `rts, c`kouòb `km cntbrìy< gavbgbkt `km gusni<

kugbrìy< cneb slnccs `km bxpcarnko sinbkib.

_ntjaut ` st`km`rm ta ounmb iurrniuc`, prbprng`ry tbìjbrs `km i`rb onvbrs tbkm

ta tbìj ijncmrbk wj`t tjby i`k. Yagb BIIM ibktbrs rbpb`t iaktbkt ta ijncmrbk yb`r

ètbr yb`r?. ]jns ns kat tjb i`sb nk BIIM ibktbrs tj`t i`tbr ta èecubkt iaggukntnbs,

snkib tjbsb j`vb ` wbccmbsnokbm iurrniucug ear ijncmrbk ae mneebrbkt òb oraups. Ear

bx`gpcb, `t tjb Vncat Nktbrk`tnak`c VrbYijaac nk Gd`d`kb, ijncmrbk rbibnvbm bvbk

j`kmsak iagputbr cbssaks.: Nk iaktr`st, ijncmrbk nk tjb Bg`thbkn VrbYijaac nk

Boukmwnkn Unccòb d`rbcy j`m `ky bmui`tnak`c g`tbrn`cs. ]jb BIIM Rknt ns iurrbktcy

nk tjb praibss ae mbsnoknko ` iurrniucug ear prbsijaacs `km atjbr BIIM ibktbrs.

Jawbvbr, tjns beeart ns praibbmnko wntjaut ` icb`r pacniy `km str`tboni mnrbitnak, `km

icb`r mbenkntnaks ae wj`t iakstntutbs jacnstni ijncm mbvbcapgbkt `km sijaac rb`mnkbss.

Atjbr tj`k tjb wb`l iaktbkt, ijncmrbk„s BIIM bxpbrnbkibs `rb rbmuibm dy tjb

cngntbm tngb tjby spbkm ak rbcbv`kt ìtnvntnbs. Ak `vbròb ijncmrbk spbkm = jaurs nk

prbsijaacs `km KIVs, wjnij ns cawbr tj`k tjb 5 jaurs spbkt nk prbsijaacs nk atjbr

iauktrnbs suij `s Oj`k` ar K`gndn`. J`ce ae tjb ijncmrbk„s tngb ns spbkt ak ic`ssraag

bmui`tnak, 42 pbribkt ak pc`y, 06 pbribkt ak ebbmnko `km tjb rbg`nknko tngb oabs

uksupbrvnsbm>. Nk KIVs, ijncmrbk spbkt j`ce tjbnr tngb ak pc`y, 42 pbribkt ak ic`ss

raag bmui`tnak, `km tjb rbg`nknko ak ebbmnko ar uksupbrvnsbm.

Jb`ctj, kutrntnak, `km JNU/@NMY `spbits ae BIIM `rb wb`l. Nk eìt, gast BIIM

ibktbrs ma kat pravnmb `ky jb`ctj `km kutrntnak nkputs, kar ma tjby tbìj ijncmrbk`daut JNU/@NMY. ]jb c`ttbr ns ` irntni`c cass ae appartuknty ta nkstncc lkawcbmob `daut

tjns siaurob `t `k b`rcy òb, `km ta japbeuccy nkstncc dbj`vnar gamneynko j`dnts. ]jb

Gnknstry ae Jb`ctj `km Yain`c _bce`rb ns suppasbm ta mbcnvbr tjb Yijaac Tbebrr`c

Vraor`g nk prbsijaacs, KIVs, `km sijaacs ta bksurb jb`ctjy prìtnibs `km sèb

cb`rknko bkvnrakgbkts. Jawbvbr, tjb praor`g w`s akcy `dcb ta rbìj aut ta 9 prb

sijaacs nk 4665.06 Tbpartbmcy, lby iakstr`nkts nkicumb ` cìl ae mbmni`tbm stèe,

tr`kspart `km eukms. Akcy 4? pbribkt ae tjb prbsijaacs survbybm nk 4665 j`m ebbmnko

praor`gs, `cc enk`kibm dy p`rbkts tjrauoj ebbs. Ak tjb iaktr`ry, gast KIVs j`m

ebbmnko praor`gs, Jawbvbr, gb`cs wbrb kat pravnmbm `cc tjb yb`r raukm mub ta eaam

sjartòbs.Gast praor`gs ma kat iavbr rbcbv`kt `spbits ae ijncmrbk„s psyijasain`c `km

bgatnak`c mbvbcapgbkt. @o`nk tjbsb nkputs `rb suppasbm ta iagb erag tjb Gnknstry ae

Jb`ctj `km Yain`c _bce`rb dut `rb gastcy kat dbbk eartjiagnko.

]jb pratbitnak `spbits ae BIIM `rb `csa wb`l dut `rb cnlbcy ta dbkbent erag tjb

rbibkt irb`tnak ae tjb K`tnak`c Ijncmrbk„s Iaarmnk`tnko Rknt (KIIR), wjnij wncc db

tjb kam`c òbkiy ear ijncm pratbitnak. ]jb KIIR ns kat ybt apbr`tnak`c dut nts

Ybirbt`rn`t wncc iaarmnk`tb tjb ngpcbgbkt`tnak ae ` mrèt K`tnak`c Vacniy ak Ijncmrbk

nkicumnko AUIs. ]jb pacniy sbbls ta irb`tb ` iakmuinvb bkvnrakgbkt wntjnk wjnij

ijncmrbk i`k db `mbqu`tbcy suppartbm `km i`rbm ear ta oraw `km mbvbcap tjbnr eucc

patbktn`c. ]jb KIIR wncc iaarmnk`tb tjb ngpcbgbkt`tnak ae `cc ìtnvntnbs aeoavbrkgbkt Gnknstrnbs `km KOAs pbrt`nknko ta ijncmrbk„s sain`c pratbitnak. ]jbsb wncc

nkicumb8 suppartnko `km pratbitnko ijncmrbk erag `cc eargs ae `dusb< `ssnstnko




iaggukntnbs nk bst`dcnsjnko sèbty kbts ear ijncmrbk< rbvnbwnko `km earguc`tnko

pacninbs pbrt`nknko ta ijncmrbk„s nssubs< bst`dcnsjnko praor`gs tj`t mbvbcap ijncmrbk„s

cneb slnccs< `km gakntarnko praor`gs `km mbvbcapnko m`t`d`sbs ear `cc vuckbr`dcb

ijncmrbk.

Jug`k rbsauribs

]jbrb `rb ka gnkngug qu`cneni`tnaks ar iagpbtbkinbs ear prbsijaac tbìjbrs ar KVI

i`rbonvbrs. Iaksbqubktcy prbsijaac tbìjbrs `km i`rbonvbrs iaucm db jnojcy qu`cnenbm

ar db sijaac mrapauts. G`ky i`rbonvbrs j`m kat rbibnvbm bmui`tnak dbyakm or`mb 2.

Datj tbìjbrs `km i`rbonvbrs aetbk ma kat j`vb tjb slnccs `km lkawcbmob rbqunrbm ta

tbìj, ar i`rb ear yauko ijncmrbk ar eìncnt`tb tjbnr mbvbcapgbkt. Aetbk tjby rbsart ta

ratb cb`rknko gbtjams wjnij `rb nccsuntbm (Cntijenbcm, 466?) `km ` dnt e`r erag tjb

mbsnr`dcb pbmòaoy wjnij nkicumbs `ppraìjbs tj`t `rb8

ijncmibktbrbm< ìtnvntyarnbktbm<

eaiusbs ak cb`rknko tjrauoj pc`y<

eaiusbm ak stnguc`tnak< `km

bkiaurònko ae bxpbrngbkt`tnak.

]jb qu`cnty ae tbìjbrs `km i`rbonvbrs ns caw p`rtcy dbiùsb tjb oavbrkgbkt

`ccai`tnak ear tr`nknko ns jnojcy nksueeninbkt. ]r`nknko praor`gs j`vb ta rbcy ak

vacuktbbrs `km makar suppart, `km tjns g`lbs tjbg nrrbouc`r `km nkerbqubkt. ]jb cnttcb

nksbrvnib tr`nknko tjbrb ns, ns pravnmbm dy tjb BIIM Rknt ae tjb GaB. Garbavbr tjb

`dsbkib ae ` mbgakstr`tnak ibktbr `km ` enxbm eìncnty wjbrb bmui`tnak`c

mbgakstr`tnak g`tbrn`cs i`k db mbvbcapbm `km starbm g`lbs nt mneeniuct ta mbcnvbr

qu`cnty tr`nknko. GaB tr`nknko beearts `rb ùogbktbm dy tjasb ae EDAs `km KOAs8 (n)

D`j`„n K`tnak`c Ibktbr< (nn) Erbb Bv`kobcni`c @ssain`tnak< `km (nnn) Cnlus`s`. ]jb

praor`gs mneebr dra`mcy nk tbrgs ae iaktbkt `km mur`tnak.

Mbspntb nk`mbqu`tb rbsauribs, tjb GaB BIIM Rknt bkmb`vars ta ngpravb tjb

qu`cnty ae BIIM prìtntnakbrs. Beearts ta st`km`rmnzb tbìjbr/i`rbonvbr tr`nknko

iurrniucug `rb `mv`kibm. ]jb Rknt, nk iacc`dar`tnak wntj tjb Ibktbr ear Iagguknty

]r`nknko `km Mbvbcapgbkt `t tjb Eìucty ae Bmui`tnak nk RKNY_@ ns iurrbktcy

mbvbcapnko ` st`km`rm ibrtneni`tb praor`g ear prìtntnakbrs nk BIIM. ]jb gamucbs ae

tjns praor`g nkicumb8 arnbkt`tnak ta tbìjnko tjb yauko ijncm<

irb`tnvb `rts<

c`kouòb `km cntbrìy<

gavbgbkt `km gusni<

kugbrìy<

cneb slnccs `km bxpcarnko sinbkib<

pc`kknko ear jb`ctj `km sèbty<

g`kòbgbkt nssubs nkicumnko `ssbssgbkt `km rbpartnko<

nmbktneni`tnak `km ìiaggam`tnak ae ijncmrbk wntj cb`rknko `km mbvbcapgbkt d`rrnbrs< `km

prìtni`c tbìjnko.




@katjbr strbkotj ns tjb tr`nknko ear KIV i`rbonvbrs”eukmbm dy Rkntbm K`tnaks

Ijncmrbk„s Bmui`tnak Eukm (RKNIBE)”wjnij ns rbc`tnvbcy wbccstruiturbm `km

aro`knzbm. I`rbonvbrs `rb tr`nkbm nk obkbr`c g`kòbgbkt ae tjb eìncntnbs, nmbktneynko

`km rbspakmnko ta psyijasain`c kbbms ae ijncmrbk, ngpravbm jagbi`rb prìtnibs,

trb`tgbkt ae ncckbssbs, oaam jyonbkb `km s`knt`tnak prìtnibs, `km d`sni nkearg`tnak ak

JNU/@NMY prbvbktnak. Nk iacc`dar`tnak wntj tjb K`tnak`c Bgbrobkiy Tbspaksb Iaukinc

ak JNU/@NMY (KBTIJ@) `km RKNIBE p`rtkbrs„ tr`nknko g`ku`cs j`vb dbbk

mbvbcapbm nk snYw`tn `km Bkocnsj. @daut 0,266 i`rbonvbrs nk KIVs j`vb dbbk tr`nkbm

usnko tjbsb g`ku`cs. Nk `mmntnak, nt waucm db dbkbenin`c ne p`rbkts `km iaggukntnbs

iaucm rbibnvb tjb d`sni JNU `km ]D nkearg`tnak, ta `ccaw ear iaksnstbkiy nk gbssòbs

mbcnvbrbm ta ijncmrbk erag ` vbry b`rcy òb. D`sni lkawcbmob `km prapbr

ukmbrst`kmnko ae jaw JNU ns tr`ksgnttbm ns irntni`c ear prbvbktnak `km ta ebkm aee

stnog`tnz`tnak wjnij i`k db wntkbssbm nk BIIM ibktbrs `gako tjb yaukobst. Beearts

sjaucm db g`mb ta iakt`nk stnog` ae `cc lnkms (nkicumnko stnog` ò`nkst mns`dcbm

ijncmrbk). ]jb jagb `km BIIM ibktbrs `rb ` oaam st`rtnko pankt.

]bìjbr/i`rbonvbrs iagpbks`tnak `km nkibktnvbs

Nkibktnvbs `km iagpbks`tnak ear prbsijaac tbìjbrs v`ry wnmbcy mbpbkmnko ak tjb

cai`tnak `km ebb struiturb ae tjb BIIM ibktbrs. Ynkib tjbrb ns ka oavbrkgbkt suppart,

gast prbsijaacs `km m`y i`rb ibktbrs p`y tbìjbrs aut ae tjbnr awk rbvbkubs. Nk `

kugdbr ae prbsijaacs, ebbs `rb p`nm nrrbouc`rcy `km `rb kat sueeninbkt ta iavbr

‚tbìjbrs„ s`c`rnbs, cbt `cakb g`tbrn`cs, bqunpgbkt ar g`nktbk`kib. Ear bx`gpcb, nk

Bg`thbkn VrbYijaac, Boukmvwnkn Unccòb tjb gaktjcy ebb ae B26 pbr ijncm ae tjb 09

bkraccbm ijncmrbk w`s d`rbcy sueeninbkt ta p`y tjb i`rbonvbr„s gaktjcy s`c`ry ae B526.

Garbavbr snkib gast p`rbkts ma kat p`y ak tngb, i`rbonvbrs tbkm ta kat rbibnvb tjbnr

s`c`rnbs ak tngb. @t tjb atjbr bxtrbgb, nk c`rob prnv`tb urd`k BIIM ibktbrs, ebbs iaucm

db `s jnoj `s B4,666 pbr tbrg, `km tjb gast sbknar qu`cnenbm tbìjbrs iaucm b`rk `s

guij `s B06,666 pbr tbrg.

Y`c`rnbs ae i`rbonvbrs `km tbìjbrs ma kat iakearg ta rbouc`tnaks. ]jb Tbouc`tnak

ae _òbs ear VrbYijaacs `km M`y I`rb Ibktbrs Armbr, 4665 p`ssbm dy tjb Gnknstry ae

Bktbrprnsb `km Bgpcaygbkt (GaBB) stnpuc`tbs jaurs ae warl, `kku`c, snil,

iagp`ssnak`tb `km g`tbrknty cb`vb irntbrn`, sbvbr`kib `ccaw`kibs, `km gnkngug

wòbs ear `cc tbìjbrs `km i`rbonvbrs nk prbsijaacs `km m`y i`rb ibktbrs. Jawbvbr, tjb

armbr ns kat bkearibm `km tjb wòbs ae sbvbr`c i`rbonvbrs/tbìjbrs `rb dbcaw tjbstnpuc`tbm wòb. Nk `cc cnlbcnjaam, ` e`ntjeuc tjb ngpcbgbkt`tnak ae tjb armbr waucm

icasb mawk sbvbr`c prbsijaacs `km m`y i`rb ibktbrs< `s gast ae tjbg d`rbcy g`kòb ta

drb`l bvbk.

@ paar nkibktnvb struiturb tjrb`tbks tjb sust`nk`dncnty ae sbrvnibs ae i`rbonvbrs nk

KIVs. I`rbonvbrs nk KIVs `rb jnrbm ak ` vacukt`ry d`sns erag tjb kbnojdarjaams nk

wjnij tjb KIV ns cai`tbm `km tjby j`vb ka bxpcnint nkibktnvb ear warlnko nk KIVs. Nk

sagb rbonaks, i`rbonvbrs `rb p`rtn`ccy iagpbks`tbm dy ` eaamearwarl praor`g

suppartbm dy _EV. Rkmbr tjns praor`g, ` i`rbonvbr ns pravnmbm gaktjcy r`tnaks ear `

jausbjacm ae envb (`ppraxng`tbcy ?6 lncaor`gs ae g`nzb). KVIs `rb kat suppasbm ta

ij`rob ebbs dut tjb cìl ae eukmnko ear i`rbonvbrs„ iagpbks`tnak `ccbobmcy iùsbs sagbta ma sa.




Beeninbkiy

Bkraccgbkt cbvbcs nk gast BIIM ibktbrs `rb taa caw ta eìncnt`tb rbsaurib beeninbkiy.

@daut 05 pbribkt (29 ae 949) ae tjb ibktbrs bkraccbm cbss tj`k 46 ijncmrbk. Bkraccgbkt nk

BIIM ibktbrs survbybm nk 4665 v`rnbm erag =26 (]jbgdbc` VrbYijaac, G`kznkn) ta :(X`galujcb VrbYijaac nk Gvbgdncn Unccòb, Jjajja Mnstrnit). Onvbk tj`t ìibss ta

BIIM sbrvnibs ns caw, tjb caw bkraccgbkt suoobsts ukutncnzbm i`pìnty `km rbsaurib

w`stòb.

]jb g`kòbgbkt ae gast ibktbrs ns `csa nkbeeninbkt. Erag tjb 4665 survby, :5

pbribkt ae tjb prbsijaacs j`m iakstntutbm sijaac g`kòbgbkt iaggnttbbs (YGIs),

wjncb akcy 0? pbribkt j`m p`rbkt tbìjbr `ssain`tnaks (V]@s). Ammcy bkauoj akcy 9:

pbribkt ae prbsijaacs j`m d`kl ìiaukts mbgakstr`tnko paar enk`kin`c g`kòbgbkt.

Aut ae tjb =6= prbsijaacs wjnij j`m YGIs gast (0:5) gbt akcy akib nk ` tbrg,

mbspntb tjb stnpuc`tnak ae tjb prbsijaac bmui`tnak rbouc`tnaks tj`t tjby sjaucm gbbt

gaktjcy (Ybitnak 00.> ae tjb VrbYijaac Bmui`tnak Tbouc`tnaks). Akcy 0? pbribkt ae tjbprbsijaacs j`m V]@s. ]jnrtyenvb ae tjb :6 V]@s sbbgbm ta db ìtnvb `km gbt twa ar

garb tngbs nk ` tbrg. ]jbrb wbrb = prbsijaacs nk wjnij V]@s wbrb myseukitnak`c,

wjncb nk 06 prbsijaacs V]@s gbt akib ` yb`r.

]jb mbcnvbry ae BIIM sbrvnibs ns `k nktbrgnknstbrn`c t`sl. ^bt tjbrb ns ka nktbr

gnknstbrn`c iaarmnk`tnak gbij`knsg ta bksurb nktbor`tbm mbcnvbry ae mnvbrsb `spbits ae

BIIM sbrvnibs. Vrbsijaacs `km m`yi`rb ibktbrs `rb ukmbr tjb supbrvnsnak ae tjb GaB.

KIVs `rb ukmbr tjb supbrvnsnak ae tjb Gnknstry ae Tur`c Mbvbcapgbkt `km âutj

@ee`nrs (GTM^@). Jb`ctj sbrvnibs `rb mbcnvbrbm dy tjb Gnknstry ae Jb`ctj `km Yain`c

_bce`rb. ]jb cìl ae iaarmnk`tnak j`s aetbk cbm ta ` iastcy mupcni`tnak ae beearts.

Nkv`rn`dcy `cc Gnknstbrn`c Rknts tj`t `rb suppasbm ta mbcnvbr BIIM sbrvnibs `rb sjartstèebm `km wb`l. ]jns tr`ksc`tbs nkta paar sbrvnib mbcnvbry. Garbavbr, tjb BIIM Rknt

ukmbr tjb GaB aetbk `ppb`rs ta warl nk nsac`tnak. @s b`rcnbr katbm, tjb rbibktcy irb`tbm

KIIR g`y `mmrbss tjns o`p, akib nt ns euccy stèebm `km apbr`tnak`c.

]jb gakntarnko `km bv`cu`tnak ae BIIM sbrvnib pravnmbrs ns wb`l. @iiarmnko ta

tjb 4665 survby, `ppraxng`tbcy j`ce ae prbsijaacs iavbrbm nk tjb survby j`m kbvbr

dbbk vnsntbm dy `k nkspbitar. @ppraxng`tbcy ` tjnrm j`m dbbk nkspbitbm akib ` yb`r

(t`dcb 4.9).

]`dcb 4.98 Kugdbr ae Vrb-Yijaac Nkspbitnaks dy GaB

Tbonak Garb tj`k akib Kbvbr vnsntbm Akib ` tbrg Akib ` yb`r Or`km tat`c

Jjajja 90 ?5 46 5= 0>0

Cudagda 0= 20 5 4? >:

G`kznkn 9 50 9 9? 06=

Yjnsbcwbkn 0 0> 5 02 =0

]at`c => 46? 92 0=9 =9=


]jb gakntarnko `km bv`cu`tnak ae BIIM sbrvnib pravnmbrs ns wb`l g`nkcy dbiùsbtjb GaB BIIM uknt ns sjartstèebm `km ukmbreukmbm. @ tb`g ae 2”` Ybknar Nkspbitar

`km = ]bìjbr Cb`mbrs”ns bxpbitbm ta supbrvnsb `km gakntar `ppraxng`tbcy 0,666



4= _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

BIIM ibktbrs sprb`m tjrauojaut tjb iauktry. Garbavbr, tjb tb`g j`s guctnpcb

eukitnaks nkicumnko iurrniucug mbsnok, nksbrvnib prbsijaac tr`nknko, pacniy

mbvbcapgbkt, tjb gakntarnko ae pacniy ngpcbgbkt`tnak `km rautnkb `mgnknstr`tnvb

eukitnaks.

Iakicusnak

Gast Yw`zn ijncmrbk j`vb ` j`rm st`rt nk cneb. Beebitnvb BIIM sbrvnibs iaucm pravnmb

tjbg wntj ` o`tbw`y aut ae tjbnr inriugst`kib. BIIM sbrvnibs iaucm `csa prbvbkt

ukèearm`dcb nktbrk`c nkbeeninbkiy `km nkbqunty ae B]YM sbrvnibs `t tjb jnojbr cbvbcs.

^bt, BIIM pravnsnak ns praibbmnko wntjaut ` pacniy `km str`tboni mnrbitnak kbibss`ry

ta tr`ksearg nt nkta `k beebitnvb iaktrndutar ta tjb VTY@V pavbrty rbmuitnak `km

ngpravbgbkt ae qu`cnty ae cneb oa`cs. Enk`kin`c `ccai`tnaks ear BIIM suoobst tj`t nt ns

kat ` OaY prnarnty. Vaar jausbjacms db`r tjb bxicusnvb durmbk ae enk`kinko tjns

sudsbitar. @iibss ta BIIM sbrvnibs ns cngntbm `km nkbqunt`dcb nk e`var ae jnoj nkiagbjausbjacms `km urd`k mwbccbrs. @daut 55 pbribkt ae Yw`zn ijncmrbk wja `rb bcnondcb

ear BIIM sbrvnibs `rb wntjaut ìibss. Ear tjb bstng`tbm 9= pbribkt wja j`vb ìibss,

tjb qu`cnty ae tjb sbrvnibs ns jnojcy v`rn`dcb `km avbr`cc kat iagprbjbksnvb nk siapb.

]jbrb `rb ka st`km`rms ta ounmb pravnsnak ar rbouc`tnaks ta ounmb pravnmbrs. Dbiùsb ae

cìl ae st`km`rms, BIIM sbrvnibs cìl nktbrk`c rbcbv`kib ta tjb B]YM systbg. Bxibpt

ear ijncmrbk ae tjb èecubkt, nt ns maudteuc ne tjb cngntbm sbrvnibs eìncnt`tb jacnstni ijncm

mbvbcapgbkt ar ne prbprng`ry bmui`tnak bqunps ijncmrbk wntj prng`ry sijaac

rb`mnkbss. Onvbk tjb mbbp ecaar erag wjnij tjb g`harnty ae Yw`zn ijncmrbk st`rt BIIM

sbrvnibs `rb iruin`c. ]jby `rb iruin`c `csa ta c`y ` eaukm`tnak ear sust`nk`dcb `km pra

paar jug`k i`pnt`c mbvbcapgbkt. @ prapaar `ppraìj iaucm db ` pawbreuc o`tbw`year ijncmrbk erag paar jausbjacms ta drb`l tjb iyicb ae pavbrty. Iurrbkt i`pìnty ta

g`kòb tjb mbcnvbry ae BIIM sbrvnibs ns wb`l. Avbr`cc, gast ae tjb nssubs nk tjns

sudsbitar rbsucts erag ` kb`r tat`c kbocbit dy tjb OaY wjbk nt iagbs ta enk`kinko.

_jncb atjbr sudsbitars rbqunrb ngpravbgbkt, BIIM wncc rbqunrb ` rbeaukmnko.

Katbs

0 Yaurib8 Jbilg`k & I`rkbnra (4669) Jug`k I`pnt`c Vacniy

jttp8//wbd.warcmd`kl.aro/_DYN]B/BZ]BTK@C/]AVNIY/BZ]I^/BZ]BIM/6,,iaktbktGML84646?

?=?~gbkuVL824?6>:~pòbVL80=:>25~pnVL840550:~tjbYntbVL89==>9>,66.jtgc.4 Vrbss Tbcb`sb, Iaksuct`, Y`k Hasb Iast` Tni`, Aitadbr 42, 466? (jttp8//www.n`md.aro/

rbs/Iaksuct`Y`kHasb/).9Ae `k bstng`tbm 469,666 ae bcnondcb ijncmrbk”6: yb`rs”5?,666 wbrb bkraccbm nk prng`ry sijaac

nk 4662, cb`vnko `k bstng`tbm 095,666 icnbkts ear BIIM sbrvnibs.= =6% ae tjb tat`c rbpartbm bkraccgbkt ae 99,666 ijncmrbk nk Kbnojdarjaam I`rb Vankts w`s

bstng`tbm ta db nk tjb 6: yb`r ob oraup.2 =5,666 ae 095,666 ijncmrbk.5 ]jb cìl ae m`t` g`lbs nt ngpassndcb ta sborbo`tb bkraccgbkts ak tjb d`sns ae òb.? Adsbrv`tnaks d`sbm ak enbcm vnsnts ta BIIM nkstntutnaks.: Yaurib8 enbcm vnsnts km adsbrv`tnaks.> ]jns `ssbssgbkt w`s d`sbm ak adsbrv`tnaks nk twa prbsijaacs `km iakenrgbm nk mnsiussnaks

wntj twa rbonak`c cb`mbrs.06 @s pbr tjb 4665 Yijaac Tbebrr`c Vraor`g Ngpcbgbkt`tnak Tbpart.



42

I J @ V ] B T 9

Obkbr`c Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko

Nktramuitnak

Obkbr`c bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko (OB]) iagprnsbs ?94 yb`rs ae prng`ry, huknar

sbiakm`ry `km sbknar sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak rbspbitnvbcy. Nk 466?, tjbrb wbrb 225

earg`ccy rbiaoknzbm prng`ry sijaacs bkraccnko 4942?4 cb`rkbrs ae wjag =: pbribktwbrb ebg`cbs. Yagb =9 huknar sbiakm`ry sijaacs bkraccbm 56664 stumbkts ae wjag =?

pbribkt wbrb ebg`cb `km 02? sbknar sbiakm`ry sijaacs bkraccbm 44:9= stumbkts ae

wjag =: pbribkt wbrb ebg`cbs. ]jbsb enourbs i`cc ear beeart ta icasb tjb rbg`nknko

obkmbr o`p. Mub ta ukgbt mbg`km ear sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak, `k `mmntnak`c 96:= (466?

bst.) stumbkts wbrb bkraccbm nk tjb sa i`ccbm –nccbo`c sijaacs‗ wjnij `rb rbonstbrbm wntj

tjb GaBB `s dusnkbssbs dut kat wntj tjb GaB `s sijaacs. ]jbsb sijaacs `rb kat

gakntarbm dy tjb GaB `km `rb kat rbiaoknzbm `s bx`gnk`tnak ibktbrs. ]jbnr stumbkts

rbonstbr ear bx`gnk`tnaks `s prnv`tb i`kmnm`tbs nk rbonstbrbm sijaacs ar upor`mnko

ibktbrs. Katjnko `daut tjbg ns i`pturbm nk tjb GaB rbiarms ar nk tjb BGNY.

]jb earg`c OB] ns iagpcbgbktbm dy kakearg`c bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko ibktbrstj`t pravnmb `muct d`sni bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko (@DB]) praor`gs `s wbcc `s sbiakm

ij`kib appartukntnbs ear prng`ry `km sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak. Nk 466:, tjby bkraccbm 4=6:

cb`rkbrs nk @DB] praor`gs `km ?66 nk sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak praor`gs.

]jns ij`ptbr prbsbkts `k `k`cytni`c upm`tb ae tjb OB] sudsbitar snkib 4662. Nt mabs

kat rbpb`t tjb mbt`ncbm sudsbitar `k`cysns pudcnsjbm dy tjb _arcm D`kl nk 4665.

T`tnak`cb ear Ngpravnko OB]

Oaam qu`cnty `km dra`m d`sbm OB] j`s tjb patbktn`c ta iaktrndutb taw`rm tjb

strbkotjbknko ae sbvbr`c ae tjb VTY@V pncc`rs. ]jb mbvbcapgbkt ngpìt ae bmui`tnak,

bspbin`ccy wagbk„s bmui`tnak ak rbmuibm ebrtncnty, e`gncy jb`ctj `km kutrntnak,

p`rtninp`tary mbgairìy, tjb `dsarptnvb i`pìnty ear atjbr sain`c sbrvnibs, nkicumnko

bmui`tnak ntsbce `rb iaksnstbkt wntj Unsnak 4644, KMY `km VTY@V arnbkt`tnak taw`rms

ngpravbm qu`cnty ae cneb ear Yw`zns. Yuppartbm dy jb`ctj, kutrntnak, JNU/@NMY

prbvbktnak, `km pratbitnak praor`gs, qu`cnty OB] bqunps tjb papuc`tnak wntj d`sni,

dbj`vnar`c `km obkbrni slnccs tj`t `rb p`rt ae tjb eukm`gbkt`cs ae tjb jug`k i`pnt`c

mbvbcapgbkt pncc`r ae tjb VTY@V. Nt `csa mbvbcaps c`dar g`rlbt bktry slnccs,

bgpcay`dncnty, tr`nk`dncnty `km sbcebmui`dncnty tj`t iaucm iaktrndutb ta tjb VTY@V

pncc`r ak bgpawbrnko tjb paar ta obkbr`tb nkiagb `km ta rbmuib nkbqu`cntnbs.

Iagpcngbktbm dy bgpcaygbkt irb`tnak nkntn`tnvbs, qu`cnty `km c`dar g`rlbtrbspaksnvb OB] iaucm iaktrndutb ta Yw`znc`km„s oa`cs ta rbmuib ukbgpcaygbkt,

bspbin`ccy tjb 56 pbribkt yautj ukbgpcaygbkt.




Ngpravbm bgpcay`dncnty, tr`nk`dncnty, `km `m`pt`dncnty ae tjb c`dar earib `rb irntni`c

ear Yw`znc`km„s suiibss nk `ttrìtnko EMNs< wjnij ns p`rt ae tjb VTY@V„s str`tboni

ìtnaks ear orawtj ìibcbr`tnak. @t tjb sbiakm`ry cbvbc, qu`cnty OB] nkirb`sbs tjb

`dsarptnvb i`pìnty ear lkawcbmob `km tbijkacaoy. Dbiùsb ae ngpravbm i`pìnty,

EMNs `rb eaukm ta j`vb ` jnojbr ngpìt ak orawtj nk iauktrnbs tj`t j`vb sbiakm`ry

bmui`tnak bkraccgbkt r`tbs ae garb tj`k 42 pbribkt `km wjbrb tjb `vbròb sbiakm`ry

sijaac `tt`nkgbkt bxibbms 6.=2 yb`rs.0

Onvbk nts dra`m iavbròb, OB] j`s tjb gast iagpbccnko sain`c bqunty `km

rbmnstrndutnak ngpbr`tnvb. ]jbrbearb, nt j`s tjb dbst patbktn`c ta gbbt Yw`znc`km„s sain`c

bqunty oa`c tj`k `ky atjbr cbvbc ae tjb systbg. @ rbibkt rbvnbw ae 4: stumnbs nk YY@

sjaws tj`t ` gb`k Gnkibrn`k prnv`tb rbturk ta bmui`tnak ns 2 pbribkt `t tjb prng`ry

cbvbc dut 0= pbribkt `t tjb sbiakm`ry cbvbc.4 Yngnc`r enkmnkos wbrb rbiarmbm nk K`gndn`

wjbrb prnv`tb rbturks ta prng`ry bmui`tnak wbrb `cgast zbra dut 4: pbribkt ear sbknar

sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak9. Yain`c rbturks ta sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak `rb `csa snokneni`kt. Atjbr

stumnbs j`vb sjawk tj`t tjb o`p dbtwbbk urd`k `km rur`c jausbjacm nkiagbs tbkms ta

k`rraw `s tjb cbvbc ae bmui`tnak obts jnojbr.

Bvbk garb irntni`c ta Yw`znc`km, sust`nkbm ìibss ta OB] i`k snokneni`ktcy

iaktrndutb ta tjb k`tnak`c oa`c ta iurd tjb sprb`m ae JNU/@NMY. Ijncmrbk wja st`y

cakobr nk sijaac j`vb dbbk eaukm ta db cbss cnlbcy ta iaktrìt tjb JNU vnrus tj`k tjbnr

iauktbrp`rts. Nk `mmntnak, bmui`tbm pbapcb avbr`cc `km, wagbk nk p`rtniuc`r j`vb dbbk

eaukm ta db cbss cnlbcy ta iaktrìt tjb vnrus.= Ak ` wjacb, ijncmrbk dbiagb sbxu`ccy

ìtnvb murnko sbiakm`ry sijaac oanko òb. Nt ns bstng`tbm tj`t pbapcb dbtwbbk02 `km 4=

yb`rs ae acm iagprnsb ` tjnrm ae tjb 9: gnccnak pbapcb cnvnko wntj JNU/@NMY. Garb tj`k

j`ce ae tjb 2 gnccnak kbwcy nkebitbm pbapcb `rb nk tjns òb drìlbt. Yust`nkbm `km dra`m d`sbm p`rtninp`tnak nk oaam qu`cnty bmui`tnak ns tjbrbearb ` irntni`c taac ear rbmrbssnko

tjb sprb`m ae JNU `gako yautj.

Vacniy Arnbkt`tnak `km Tbibkt Yudsbitar Mbvbcapgbkts

OB] ns ounmbm dy tjb K`tnak`c Bmui`tnak Vacniy ae 0>>>. ]jauoj m`tbm, tjb pacniy

nmbktnenbm lby sbitar ij`ccbkobs `s8 caw `km nkbqunt`dcb ìibss, cngntbm p`tjw`ys, paar

qu`cnty, nk`mbqu`tb stumbkt `ssbssgbkt, caw rbcbv`kib, nkbeeninbkiy, ukèearm`dcb iasts,

paar g`kòbgbkt `km nk`ttbktnvbkbss ta gar`cs, v`cubs `km `ttntumbs. Nk rbibkt yb`rs

4662466:, pbrearg`kib ae tjb OB] sudsbitar ns `ssbssbm ò`nkst tjbsb p`r`gbtbrs `km,

ò`nkst tjb mbg`kms ae tjb VTY@V, JNU/@NMY, `km ij`konko k`tnak`c `km ocad`c slnccsrbqunrbgbkts.

Bqunty ae @iibss `km @tt`nkgbkt

Jnstarni trbkms nk ìibss `km `tt`nkgbkt

@iibss ta OB] j`s stb`mncy nkirb`sbm avbr tjb yb`rs dut avbr`cc `tt`nkgbkt ns stncc cawbr

tj`k ear kbnojdarnko iauktrnbs wntj wjnij Yw`znc`km iagpbtbs ear EMNs `km ear

rbonak`c c`dar g`rlbts. @vbròb bmui`tnak`c `tt`nkgbkt j`s nkirb`sbm erag 9 yb`rs ear

Yw`zns dark nk tjb 0>=6s ta `daut > yb`rs ear tjasb dark nk tjb 0>:6s (enourb 9.0).




Enourb 9.08 Iagp`r`tnvb Cako T`kob Bmui`tnak`c @tt`nkgbkt

Yaurib8 MJY4665/? `km Yautj @erni`k C`daur Earib Yurvby 466?`.

Dbtwbbk 466= `km 466:, prng`ry sijaac bkraccgbkt nkirb`sbm dy kb`rcy :

pbribktòb pankts (sbb t`dcb 9.0). Huknar `km sbknar sbiakm`ry bkraccgbkts nkirb`sbm dy

0> `km 4= pbribktòb pankts rbspbitnvbcy. ]jns bxp`ksnak katwntjst`kmnko, ìibss ns

stncc taa caw ta suppart Yw`znc`km„s orawtj ìibcbr`tnak `km ta bgpawbr tjb paar.@daut 05 pbribkt ae ijncmrbk ae bcnondcb òb `rb stncc aut ae prng`ry sijaac, `km `

stòobrnko ?= pbribkt `km :: pbribkt `rb aut ae huknar sbiakm`ry `km sbknar sbiakm`ry

cbvbcs rbspbitnvbcy (t`dcb 9.0). ]jbsb cbvbcs ae ìibss `rb taa caw ta bk`dcb Yw`znc`km ta

`ttrìt jnojbkm EMNs, ngpravb pramuitnvnty `km ta db ocad`ccy iagpbtntnvb.

]`dcb 9.08 Tbibkt ]rbkms nk Vrng`ry `km Ybiakm`ry Bmui`tnak Bkraccgbkt dy Obkmbr

^b`r

Vrng`rybmui`tnak

Hkr. sbiakm`rybkraccgbkt

Ykr. sbiakm`rybkraccgbkt

]at`c % E OBT KBT ]at`c % E OBT KBT ]at`c % E OBT KBT466= 40:,924 … 000 …. =:,249 …. 2= …. 0:.4:5 …. 92 ….

4662 440,2>5 =: 009 …. 20,49: 20 2: …. 46,065 =: 9> ….

4665 44>,5:5 =: 00: …. 2=,:09 20 59 …. 44,05? => =9 ….

466? 494,2?4 =: 046 …. 56,664 =? 5> …. 44,:9= =: == ….

466: 492,6== …. 044 := 2?,:=? …. 5? 45 44,?90 …. =9 04

Yaurib8 BGNY. 466= ta 466?. IYA. 466:, MJY 4665/466?.

Ybiakm ij`kib appartukntnbs ear OB]

]jb Ybdbkt` Nkstntutb (YN) aeebrs kakearg`c uknvbrs`c prng`ry bmui`tnak (KRVB) praor`gs. Nt ruks ` cbvbc N snYw`tn c`kouòb praor`g, cbvbc NN Bkocnsj c`kouòb

praor`g `km cbvbc NNN iagdnkbm c`kouòbs praor`gs `km prng`ry sijaac sudhbits. Ynx

Gb`k yb`rs ae bmui`tnak dy dnrtj yb`r8 Yw`znc`km vs. Yautj @erni`

6

4

=

5

:

06

04

0 > = 6

0 > = 4

0 > = =

0 > = 5

0 > = :

0 > 2 6

0 > 2 4

0 > 2 =

0 > 2 5

0 > 2 :

0 > 5 6

0 > 5 4

0 > 5 =

0 > 5 5

0 > 5 :

0 > ? 6

0 > ? 4

0 > ? =

0 > ? 5

0 > ? :

0 > : 6

0 > : 4

0 > : =

0 > : 5

0 > : :

0 > > 6

Dnrtj yb`r

^ b ` r s ( g b ` k )

Yw`znc`km Yautj @erni`




KRVB sudhbits `rb rbqunrbm ear cb`rkbrs ta iagpcbtb `k bqunv`cbkt ae or`mb ?. ]`dcb 9.4

sjaws bkraccgbkt nk rbibkt yb`rs. Cb`rkbrs wja iagpcbtb KRVB sudhbits j`vb ta rb

bktbr ` earg`c prng`ry sijaac nk armbr ta snt ear tjb prng`ry sijaac ibrtneni`tb

bx`gnk`tnak (VYIB). Nk prìtnib, tjns dcails `muct cb`rkbrs erag t`lnko tjb

bx`gnk`tnak km erag usnko nt ta praorbss tjrauoj ta sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak km dbyakm.

]jns g`y bxpc`nk tjb caw bkraccgbkts dbyakm tjb ‚d`sni cbvbc„ `s `mucts prad`dcy caasb

tjb nkibktnvb ta iaktnkub wntj tjbnr stumnbs. ]jb YN `km atjbr kakearg`c nkstntutnaks

`csa aeebr d`sni tr`nknko appartukntnbs wjnij wbrb bc`dar`tbm ak nk Ij`ptbr =.

]`dcb 9.48 Ybdbkt` Bkraccgbkt

Vraor`gs/cbvbcs 466= 4662 4665 466?

D`sni 0,962 4,622 4,45= 4,=6:

Vast D`sni 2:= 945 902 9::

KRVB 92 =6= ==6 =:6

Yaurib8 Ybdbkt` K`tnak`c Nkstntutb Ytr`tboni Vc`k, 466:’4600.

@k èearm`dcb `km qu`cnty sbiakm ij`kib sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak appartuknty ns

aeebrbm dy tjb Bgc`c`tnkn Mbvbcapgbkt Ibktrb (BMI) wjnij pravnmbs eìbtaeìb `km

mnst`kib cb`rknko. ]jb ibktrb eaccaws tjb s`gb iurrniucug `s tj`t ae earg`c sbiakm`ry

sijaacs wntj cb`rknko g`tbrn`cs iakvbrtbm ta ` mnst`kibcb`rknko gamb ear b`sb ae usb

dy tjb cb`rkbrs. BMI praor`gs rbspakm ta tjb kbbms ae mnvbrsb cb`rkbrs erag tjasb

rbqunrnko ` sbiakm ij`kib ta tjasb wja sbbl ta upor`mb tjbnr bx`gnk`tnak or`mbs ta

ngpravb ij`kibs ear uknvbrsnty `km/ar ]UB]YM bktry. Bkraccgbkt j`s nkirb`sbm

stb`mncy snkib 466=, dut ns stncc caw rbc`tnvb ta vbry caw KBTs ear huknar `km sbknar

sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak (t`dcb 9.9).

]`dcb 9.98 Bkraccgbkt dy Cbvbc `km ^b`r

^b`r H.I A„Cbvbc ]at`c

466: 946 9:6 ?66

466? 906 496 2=6

4665 400 9=6 220

4662 424 9?0 549

466= 4=6 926 2>6

Yaurib8 @kku`c Tbpart Bgc`c`tnkn Mbvbcapgbkt Ibktrb. 466:.

]jb iurrbkt iavbròb ae tjb kakearg`c praor`gs ns `csa taa caw rbc`tnvb ta tj`t ae

atjbr sg`cc papuc`tnak @GNIs suij `s K`gndn` `km Datsw`k`. Dbtwbbk 0>>? `km 466?,

tjb K`gndn` Iaccbob ae Apbk Cb`rknko (K@GIAC) bkraccbm ` tat`c ae 4=,666 cb`rkbrs

nk nts sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak praor`gs. _jncb tjb swbccnko bkraccgbkts `rb p`rtcy mub ta

tjb paar qu`cnty ae earg`c bmui`tnak `km tjb rbsuct`kt mbg`km ear sbiakmij`kib

bmui`tnak, bkraccgbkt cbvbcs snok`c K`gndn`„s i`pìnty rbc`tnvb ta Yw`znc`km.

Garbavbr, tjns i`pìnty i`k db usbm ear atjbr CCC kbbms `s tjb qu`cnty ae obkbr`cbmui`tnak ngpravbs. Nk 466?, tjb K`tnak`c Cntbrìy Vraor`g nk K`gndn` (KCVK)

bkraccbm 49,949 cb`rkbrs ìrass nts cbvbcs 0, 4 `km 9, wjncb tjb @muct Rppbr Vrng`ry




Bmui`tnak (@RVB) praor`g bkraccbm 5,:06 cb`rkbrs. Dbtwbbk 4664 `km 466?, tjb

Datsw`k` Iaccbob ae Mnst`kib `km Apbk Cb`rknko (DAIAMAC) bkraccbm 4>,4:6

sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak cb`rkbrs `km =,=0: UB] tr`nkbbs.

Dbyakm tjb cngntbm iavbròb, ` lby wb`lkbss ae Yw`znc`km„s KEB systbg ns nts

wb`l `rtniuc`tnak wntj tjb earg`c OB]. ]jns cngnts stumbkt gavbgbkt dbtwbbk tjb twa

sudsbitars. Ear nkst`kib, tjb K`gndn` cbvbc 9 cntbrìy ns bqunv`cbkt ta cawbr prng`ry

bmui`tnak”or`mbs 0 ta =”nk tjb earg`c sbitar, wjncb tjb @RVB ns bqunv`cbkt ta or`mb

?. ]jb Datsw`k` systbg dbttbr mbgakstr`tbs tjb `rtniuc`tnak dbtwbbk tjb earg`c `km

kakearg`c OB] `km tjb eìncnt`tnak ae stumbkt gavbgbkt ìrass tjb twa (sbb enourb

9.4).

Enourb 9.48 Bktry `km Bxnt Vankts wntjnk tjb K`tnak`c Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko Yystbg

Yaurib8 Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak. 466:. Datsw`k`.

Nktbrk`tnak`c iagp`rnsak ae ìibss ta earg`c OB]

Nk 4665, tjb cbvbc ae tjb OB] ìibss còobm dbjnkm tj`t ae Y@MI GNIs, bspbin`ccy Yautj

@erni` wntj wjnij Yw`znc`km iagpbtbs ear tjb s`gb c`dar g`rlbt. Nt w`s `csa cawbr

tj`k ear CGNIs wntj sngnc`r cbvbcs ae rbsauribs `v`nc`dcb ear bmui`tnak pravnsnak (t`dcb

9.=).

K]C 0Yt`km`rm =

HuknarYbiakm`ry

Bmui`tnakEarg 0-9

D @YNI

BMRI @]NAK

K]C 4Yt`km`rm 2-5

K]C 9Yt`km`rm ?

Cawbr Vrng`ryYt`km`rm =

Rppbr Vrng`ryYt`km`rm ?

Ybknar Ybiakm`ry

Bmui`tnakEarg =-2

Nktbrgbmn`tbYt`km`rm 2-5

K]C =

HI (Earg0-9)

HuknarYbiakm`ryBmui`tnakEarg 0-9 DAIAMAC

HI

CawbrVrng`ryYt`km`rm 0-=

Rppbr Vrng`ry

Yt`km`rm ?

]brtn`ry

Bmui`tnak

]brtn`ry

Bmui`tnak

Nktbrgbmn`tbYt`km`rm 2-5

UAI@]NAK@C

BMRI@]NAK

Datsw`k`]bijkni`cIaccbobs

Uai`tnak`c]r`nknkoIbktbrs

Datsw`k`Drno`mbs

bktry 0 & 4

ukmbr rbvnbw

OAUBTKGBK]

YIJAACY

Vrb-Yijaac

DAIAMAC

DOIYB

Ybknar Ybiakm`ry

Bmui`tnakEarg =-2

VTNU@]B & KNOJ]

YIJAACY

Vrb-Yijaac




]`dcb 9.=8 Bkraccgbkt T`tbs nk Ybcbitbm Iauktrnbs (4665)

Iauktrnbs

OBT OBT KBT

Vrbprng`ry Vrng`ry Ybiakm`ry Vrng`ry Ybiakm`ry

Datsw`k` … 06: ?2 :5 50

Gùrntnus 060 064 :5 >2 ?>

K`gndn` 90 06? 2? ?5 92

Y. @erni` 9: 065 >2 :: …

Yw`znc`km 0? 065 =? ?: 94

Dr`znc 59 0=6 065 >2 ?:

Nkmn` 9> 002 2= :: …

Ijnk` 9> 000 ?5 … …

Y. Larb` >5 062 >5 >: >=

G`c`ysn` 044 066 ?4 >> ?4

H`p`k :2 066 064 066 066

Nrbc`km … 06= 004 >2 :?

Enkc`km 2> 066 000 >> >2

CGN 9= 06? 50 :2 2=

YY@ 05 >9 90 5: 42

JN ?: 060 060 >2 >0

Yaurib8 ]jb _arcm D`kl. 466:. _arcm mbvbcapgbkt nkmni`tars. _`sjnkotak MI.

Bqunty ae ìibssEar earg`c OB], obkmbr nkbqu`cntnbs nk bkraccgbkt `rb quntb sg`cc uktnc `daut òb 05.

]jbrbètbr, garb days rbg`nk nk tjb sijaac systbg cakobr tj`k onrcs (enourb 9.9). Ear tjb

òb oraup 0?46, bkraccgbkt ae days iaksnmbr`dcy bxibbms tj`t ae onrcs. Nk iaktr`st

wagbk iakstntutb >6 pbribkt ae bkraccgbkt nk KRVB praor`gs. Oanko dìl ta tjb

b`rcnbrgbktnakbm cnkl dbtwbbk cbvbcs ae bmui`tnak `km wagbk„s ij`kibs ae

iaktrìtnko JNU `km, ta tjb òb drìlbt tj`t ns gast susibptndcb ta iaktrìt tjb vnrus,

tjns trbkm prbsbkts ` sbrnaus tjrb`t ta beearts ta rbmrbss tjb sprb`m ae tjb vnrus `km ns

sngpcy ukèearm`dcb.

@obspbineni bkraccgbkt nk tjb earg`c OB] `csa mneebrs cnttcb dbtwbbk urd`k `km

rur`c `rb`s (enourb 9.=). Jawbvbr, `s katbm, tjb cìl ae appartuknty ear `mucts ta rbonstbrear YVYIB ns ` mnsnkibktnvb ear tjbg ta praibbm wntj tjbnr sijaacnko usnko tjb

kakearg`c p`tjw`y.

Tur`c mwbccbrs `csa j`vb cngntbm sbiakm ij`kibs ear sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak. ]jb

BMI j`s vbry ebw rur`c ibktbrs bxibpt ear akb `t tjb Yuo`r Gnccnko Iagp`ky `t

Yngukyb wjnij jbcps bgpcaybbs ìqunrb jnojbr qu`cneni`tnaks. Atjbr tj`k tj`t, tjb

BMI mr`ws gast ae nts stumbkts erag Gd`d`kb `km G`kznkn. ]jbrbearb, tjb urd`k dn`s

ae earg`c OB] obts rbpb`tbm nk tjb kakearg`c sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak systbg.




Enourb 9.98 Yijaac Bkraccgbkt T`tb dy Obkmbr

Yaurib8 I`ciuc`tnaks erag MJY4665/?.

Enourb 9.=8 Bkraccgbkt T`tb dy Or`mb `km Cai`tnak


Bmui`tnak`c `tt`nkgbkt ae urd`k mwbccbrs iaksnmbr`dcy bxibbms tj`t ae rur`c

mwbccbrs mbspntb tjb eìt tj`t enourb 9.= sjaws vbry cnttcb mneebrbkibs nk bkraccgbkt

p`ttbrks dbtwbbk tjbsb twa cai`tnaks (enourb 9.2). Nt ns cnlbcy tj`t rbpbtntnak `km mrapautr`tbs `rb e`r cawbr nk urd`k `rb`s, suoobstnko dbttbr bmui`tnak qu`cnty `km dbttbr sain`c

dìloraukm eìtars nk urd`k sijaacs.

6

06

46

96

=6

26

56

?6

:6

>6

066

5 ? : > 06 00 04 09 0= 02 05 0? 0: 0> 46

@ob

Y i j a a c b k r a c c g b k t r ` t b ( % )

G`cb Ebg`cb

6

06

46

96

=6

26

56

?6

:6

>6

066

5 ? : > 06 00 04 09 0= 02 05 0? 0: 0> 46

@ob


Rrd`k Tur`c




Enourb 9.28 Bmui`tnak`c @tt`nkgbkt ae 02 ta 0> ^b`r Acms dy Cai`tnak


Tbonak`c bkraccgbkt p`ttbrks v`ry garb ìrass òb oraups (enourb 9.5), dut tjb

sg`cc snzb ae nkmnvnmu`c ibccs nk tjb MJY (bìj ibcc rbebrrnko ta nkmnvnmu`cs ae ` spbineni

òb nk ` spbineni rbonak) g`y p`rtcy bxpc`nk tjb sagbwj`t brr`tni p`ttbrks jbrb. ]jb

akcy icb`r iakicusnak ns tj`t ukcnlb tjb atjbr rbonaks, Yjnsbcwbkn rbonak kbvbr rbìjbsbkraccgbkt r`tbs `davb >6 pbribkt ear `ky òb oraup. Kakbkraccgbkt `km mrappnko aut

ae sijaac sbbgs ta db ` dnoobr pradcbg nk tjns rbonak.

Enourb 9.58 Bkraccgbkt T`tb dy Tbonak


6

06

46

96

=6

26

56

?6

:6

>6

066

6 0 4 9 = 2 5 ? : > 06 00 04

Yijaacnko or`mbs

V b r i b k t

Rrd`k Tur`c

6

06

46

96

=6

26

56

?6

:6

>6

066

5 ? : > 06 00 04 09 0= 02 05 0? 0: 0> 46

@ob


Jjajja G`kznkn Yjnsbcwbkn Cudagda




Yainabiakagni nkbqu`cntnbs nk bkraccgbkt `rb c`rob, p`rtniuc`rcy wjbk iagp`rnko

òbspbineni bkraccgbkt ae ijncmrbk erag tjb paarbst qunktncb (Punktncb 0) ta tjasb ae

atjbr qunktncbs. Enourb 9.? sjaws tj`t ijncmrbk erag tjb paarbst qunktncb `rb cbss cnlbcy

ta bkracc `t vnrtu`ccy `cc òb oraups `km tj`t bkraccgbkt ear tjns qunktncb pb`ls `t `

e`nrcy jnoj òb (090= yb`rs). Mneebrbkibs dbtwbbk tjb atjbr eaur qunktncbs `rb kat `s

sbvbrb, `ctjauoj Punktncb 2 (tjb rnijbst qunktncb) j`s ` katnib`dcb `mv`ktòb iagp`rbm

ta atjbrs.

Enourb 9.?8 Bkraccgbkt T`tbs dy Nkiagb Oraups dy YBY


Caoni`ccy, bmui`tnak`c `tt`nkgbkt ae tjb rnijbst qunktncb ns e`r dbttbr tj`k ear tjb

rbst, `km tj`t ae tjb paarbst qunktncb ns e`r cawbr tj`k ear tjb rbst.2 _jbrb`s akcy 9?

pbribkt ae tjb paarbst qunktncb `gakost tjns òb oraup j`m suiibsseuccy iagpcbtbm

prng`ry sijaac, tjb enourb ear tjb rnijbst qunktncb w`s :9 pbribkt. Ear tjb wjacb òb

oraup, tjb prng`ry iagpcbtnak r`tb w`s 59 pbribkt, `s ò`nkst tjb :> pbribkt ear `

sngnc`r òb oraup nk Yautj @erni`5 (enourb 9.:).

Nk ]`dcb 9.2, ` guctnv`rn`tb `k`cysns ae mbtbrgnk`kts ae ìibss sjaw sudst`ktn`c `km

pasntnvb `ssain`tnak wntj YBY ètbr iaktraccnko ear òb”nk cnkb`r `km qu`mr`tni earg”

obkmbr, cai`tnak `km rbonak”usnko Cudagda `s ` rbebrbkib rbonak. ]jb iabeeninbkt ear

tjb Dattag=6 `km Gnmmcb=6 nkmni`tb tj`t jnojbr bkraccgbkt ns c`robcy `ssain`tbm wntj

pupncs nk tjb tap qunktncb”usbm `s ` rbebrbkib oraup. ]jb prad`dncnty ae dbnko bkraccbm

ns ? pbribkt cawbr ear ` ijncm erag tjb gnmmcb oraup tj`k ear akb erag tjb tap qunktncb,

ètbr atjbr eìtars j`vb dbbk iaksnmbrbm, `km 0= pbribkt cbss ear ` ijncm erag tjb cawbst

twa qunktncbs. Days j`vb ` scnojtcy dbttbr prad`dncnty ae dbnko bkraccbm. Yurprnsnkocy,

akib atjbr eìtars j`vb dbbk iaksnmbrbm, rur`c ijncmrbk `rb garb cnlbcy ta db bkraccbm

tj`k urd`k akbs, nkmni`tnko `k bkraccgbkt mbenint nk urd`k `rb`s akib tjbnr YBY

`mv`ktòb `km atjbr eìtars j`vb dbbk iaksnmbrbm. ]jns g`y rbecbit ukmbrbkraccgbkt

6

06

46

96

=6

26

56

?6

:6

>6

066

5 ? : > 06 00 04 09 0= 02 05 0? 0: 0> 46

@ob

Y i j a a c b k r a c c g b k t

r ` t b ( % )

Punktncb0 (Vaarbst) Punktncb4 Punktncb9 Punktncb= Punktncb2 (Tnijbst)




ae tjb urd`k paar `km tjb kbbm ear nktbrvbktnaks tj`t eaius ak tjbg `s ` spbineni icnbkt

oraup. ]jb akcy rbonak wjnij `ppb`rs ta db st`tnstni`ccy snokneni`ktcy mneebrbkt erag tjb

rbebrbkib rbonak”Cudagda”ns Yjnsbcwbkn, wjnij j`s snokneni`ktcy cawbr bkraccgbkt

ear onvbk YBY cbvbcs `km atjbr eìtars.

Enourb 9.:8 @tt`nkgbkt Vraencb ae Nkmnvnmu`cs @obm 02-0> dy YBY


]`dcb 9.28 ACY Tborbssnaks ak Bkraccgbkt (òbs 5-46), @tt`nkgbkt (òbs 46-4=)

Bxpc`k`tary v`rn`dcbs MJY Bkraccbm òbs 5-46 MJY @tt`nkgbkt obm 46-4=*

G`cb (0 7 g`cb< 67 ebg`cb) 6.69 (9.52)* 6.64 (6.00)

Dattag=6 ’6.0= (’>.??)* ’9.24 (’02.5=)*

Gnmmcb=6 ’6.6? (’2.5>)* ’0.59 (’?.:?)*

Rrd`k (0 7 urd`k, 6 7 rur`c) ’6.6: (’2.>4)* 6.65 (6.99)

Jjajja 6.60 (6.:9) 0.0> (2.59)*

G`kznkn 6.60 (0.04) 0.=: (?.9>)*

Yjnsbcwbkn ’6.6= (’9.?9)* 0.22 (5.>?)*

@ob 6.4= (9:.52)* .

@ob4 ’6.60 (’=4.??)* .

Iakst`kt ’6.9= (’:.9:)* >.=: (95.?2)*

Adsbrv`tnaks : >?: 4 095

T4 6.44 6.0?

Yaurib8 I`ciuc`tnaks erag MJY 4665/?.

* Nk tjb i`sb ae bmui`tnak`c bkraccgbkt `km `tt`nkgbkt, Rrd`k rbebrs ta tjb `rb` nk wjnij tjb nkmnvnmu`c

cnvbs `km kat tjb `rb` nk wjnij ` sijaac ns cai`tbm (`s w`s tjb i`sb ear pbrearg`kib nk G`tjs `kmBkocnsj km bkraccgbkt). ]jb s`gb ppcnbs ta tjb rbonak`c muggnbs Jjajja , G`kznkn, `km Yjnsbcwbkn.

6

06

46

96

=6

26

56

?6

:6

>6

066

6 0 4 9 = 2 5 ? : > 06 00 04

Yijaacnko or`mbs

V b r i

b k t

Punktncb0 (Vaarbst) Punktncb4 Punktncb9 Punktncb= Punktncb2 (Tnijbst)




YBY ns `csa pasntnvbcy `ssain`tbm wntj bmui`tnak`c `tt`nkgbkt. Nkmnvnmu`cs nk tjb

dattag =6 pbribkt ae tjb wb`ctj mnstrndutnak `tt`nk `ppraxng`tbcy 9.2 cbss yb`rs ae

bmui`tnak tj`k tjasb nk tjb tap qunktncb, `km tjasb nk tjb gnmmcb ae tjb wb`ctj

mnstrndutnak `tt`nk 0.5 yb`rs cbss. Obkmbr mabs kat pc`y ` st`tnstni`ccy snokneni`kt racb,

akib atjbr eìtars j`vb dbbk ìiauktbm ear. Nktbrbstnkocy, tjb typb ae `rb` nk wjnij

nkmnvnmu`cs cnvb mabs kat j`vb ` st`tnstni`ccy snokneni`kt beebit ak tjbnr bmui`tnak`c

`tt`nkgbkt. Jawbvbr, nk `cc tjrbb atjbr rbonaks, bmui`tnak`c `tt`nkgbkt ns jnojbr tj`k

nk tjb rbebrbkib rbonak, Cudagda. Vbapcb cnvnko nk Jjajja, G`kznkn `km Yjnsbcwbkn

`tt`nk 0.0>, 0.=:, `km 0.22 garb yb`rs ae bmui`tnak rbspbitnvbcy tj`k ma pbapcb cnvnko nk

Cudagda, akib tjb atjbr bxpc`k`tary v`rn`dcbs j`vb dbbk iaksnmbrbm. Nt tjbrbearb

`ppb`rs tj`t tjb rbonak`c p`ttbrks adsbrvbm nk tjb b`rcnbr `k`cysns `rb sagbwj`t

rbvbrsbm akib atjbr eìtars `rb t`lbk nkta ìiaukt. G`kznkn pbreargs surprnsnkocy

paarcy, ètbr iaktraccnko ear nts urd`k st`tus `km pupnc YBY, nkmni`tnko tj`t tjb

`mv`ktòb nt j`m sbbgbm ta j`vb nk uknv`rn`tb `k`cysns rbsuctbm erag jnojbr YBY `km

cbvbc ae urd`knz`tnak. Akib tjns ns t`lbk nkta iaksnmbr`tnak, G`kznkn ìtu`ccy

ukmbrpbreargs, `km Cudagda pbreargs guij dbttbr tj`k bxpbitbm onvbk nts YBY `km

caw urd`knz`tnak.

@ cngntbm kugdbr ae sijaacs (=) bkracc 926 cb`rkbrs wntj spbin`c kbbms ò`nkst `k

bstng`tbm 2?,666 cb`rkbrs wja iaucm dbkbent erag nkicusnvb bmui`tnak. ]jb caw ìibss ns

bvnmbkt nk cbvbcs ae bmui`tnak`c `tt`nkgbkt. ]jb K`tnak`c Vapuc`tnak Vacniy Er`gbwarl

ear Yw`znc`km (G`rij 4664) bstng`tbm tj`t =>.5 pbribkt ae pbapcb wntj mns`dncntnbs j`m

ka earg`c bmui`tnak. Akcy 94.4 pbribkt j`m prng`ry bmui`tnak `km >.5 pbribkt j`m

sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak. Akcy 4=.0 pbribkt wbrb ic`ssnenbm `s bgpcaybm dbiùsb tjb

mns`dcbm papuc`tnak j`s ka g`rlbt`dcb slnccs ta aeebr tjb c`dar g`rlbt. ]jb oavbrkgbktsudvbkts B:= 666 pbr yb`r ta tjb Bx`gnk`tnak Iaukinc taw`rms `ssnstnko cb`rkbrs wntj

spbin`c bmui`tnak kbbms. Ear bx`gpcbs, tjb vnsu`ccy ngp`nrbm pupncs j`vb tjbnr

bx`gnk`tnak p`pbrs tr`ksirndbm ta Dr`nccb. Nk `mmntnak, tjb oavbrkgbkt j`s tjb

`ppraprn`tb pacniy arnbkt`tnak ta nktbor`tb cb`rkbrs wntj mns`dncntnbs nkta tjb

g`nkstrb`g. Jawbvbr, tjbsb nktbrvbktnaks `rb ybt ta tr`ksc`tb nkta beebitnvb ìibss.

Bmui`tnak Pu`cnty `km Bqunty

Tbibkt bvnmbkib jnojcnojts bmui`tnak qu`cnty `km kat hust `tt`nkgbkt `s ` irntni`c

mbtbrgnk`kt ae orawtj `km nkmnvnmu`c c`dar g`rlbt autiagbs.? Jawbvbr, Yw`znc`km

cìl datj tjb qu`ktnty `km qu`cnty ae OB] rbqunrbm ta suppart nts orawtj str`tboy.

Ytumbkt qu`cnty

Ear ` r`kob ae rb`saks, Yw`zn ijncmrbk st`rt sijaac wntjaut tjb rbqunsntb cbvbc ae

rb`mnkbss `km, tjby iaktnkub sijaacnko wntjaut `mbqu`tb eìncnt`tnak. @s maiugbktbm

nk Ij`ptbr 4, ` cngntbm prapartnak ae ijncmrbk j`s ìibss ta qu`cnty `km nktbrk`ccy

rbcbv`kt BIIM. Ynokneni`kt prapartnaks `rb r`nsbm nk pavbrty. ]jby `rb g`ckaurnsjbm

`km, tjby `rb bxpasbm ta psyijasain`c strbss, bg`k`tnko g`nkcy dut kat bxicusnvbcy

erag pavbrty `km JNU/@NMY.

Mbspntb tjb amms ò`nkst tjbg, Yw`zn 5tj or`mbrs pbreargbm dbttbr ak tjb 4666 sud

rbonak`c Y@IGBP tbsts tj`k tjbnr dbttbrpravnmbmear iauktbrp`rts nk Y@MI GNIs,wntj tjb bxibptnak ae Ybyijbccbs `km Gùrntnus, tjauoj cbss wbcc tj`k iauktbrp`rts

erag iauktrnbs tj`t nkvbst guij cbss nk bmui`tnak. ]jbrb ns ` strako passndncnty tj`t tjns




jnoj pbrearg`kib ns mub ta sbcbitnvnty `km cbss sa ta tjb qu`cnty ae tjb systbg. @cc tjb

s`gb, tjb systbg sbbgs ta j`vb ` dbttbr d`sb ear duncmnko qu`cnty OB] tj`k nts

nggbmn`tb kbnojdars.

]bìjbr qu`cneni`tnaksAvbr rbibkt yb`rs Yw`znc`km sbbgs ta j`vb sudst`ktn`ccy rbmuibm tjb prapartnak ae

ukqu`cnenbm tbìjbrs bspbin`ccy `t tjb sbiakm`ry cbvbc. Ak `vbròb, `daut : pbribkt ae

prng`ry sijaac tbìjbrs wbrb ukqu`cnenbm nk 466? rbc`tnvb ta `daut 4 pbribkt `t tjb

sbiakm`ry cbvbc. ]jns praorbss ns `csa bvnmbkt nk tjb qu`cnenbm tbìjbr ta pupnc r`tnas ae

9?80 `t tjb prng`ry cbvbc `km 0>80 `t tjb sbiakm`ry cbvbc. Ear sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak nk

p`rtniuc`r, tjb iurrbkt stail ae qu`cnenbm tbìjbrs iaucm db dbttbr usbm ta bxp`km ìibss

(t`dcbs 9.5 `km 9.?). Nk `mmntnak, qu`cnenbm tbìjbrs `rb `cgast bvbkcy mnstrndutbm ìrass

rbonaks wntj Cudagda `km Yjbsncwbkn j`vnko ` scnojtcy jnojbr prapartnak ae

ukqu`cnenbm prng`ry sijaac tbìjbrs.

]`dcb 9.58 Mnstrndutnak ae Vrng`ry Yijaac ]bìjbrs dy Pu`cneni`tnak `km Tbonak (%)

Tbonak/ ^b`r Or`mu`tb

Vast-g`trnipcus

tr`nknko

Vrng`rytbìjnko

ibrtneni`tb

Vrng`ryjnojbr

ibrtneni`tb

Vrng`rycawbr

ibrtneni`tb

Vrng`rycawbr

upor`mnko Rkibrtnenbm

Vupnc taqu`cnenbmtbìjbr

r`tna

4662

Jjajja 06 9? 4? : 6 06 : 9>

Cudagda 00 9> 44 06 0 ? 06 9?

G`kznkn 06 94 90 : = > 5 9=

Yjnswncbkn > 90 45 00 2 > > 99

4665

Jjajja 0= 4> 90 00 6 : 5 9:

Cudagda 06 9> 44 06 4 ? 06 =6

G`kznkn 00 94 90 ? = > 5 9?

Yjnswncbkn > 94 45 06 2 > > 9=

466?

Jjajja 05 96 96 00 0 ? 2 95

Cudagda 00 9: 40 00 4 ? 06 =0

G`kznkn 09 94 96 ? 9 > 5 9?

Yjnswncbkn 06 90 45 06 2 > > 9=

Yaurib8 Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak. 4662. 4665. 466?. BGNY.

]jb kbo`tnvb snmb ns tj`t kat `cc sbiakm`ry sijaac tbìjbrs `rb qu`cnenbm ear tjb

sudhbits tjby tbìj. ]jbrb `rb ìutb sjartòbs ae qu`cnenbm tbìjbrs ear g`tjbg`tnis,

sinbkib, NI]s, `km ear prbvai`tnak`c sudhbits suij `s mbsnok, tbijkacaoy, `km dusnkbss

stumnbs. ]jb 4662 bstng`tb r`tna ae stumbkt ta qu`cnenbm g`tjbg`tnis `km sinbkib

tbìjbrs w`s :=80. @ Dìjbcar ae Yinbkib praor`g `t tjb RKNY_@ w`s bst`dcnsjbm nk

4665 ta `mmrbss tjns ij`ccbkob dut tjns stncc iakstntutbs ` cakotbrg sacutnak ear `k

nggbmn`tb `km urobkt ij`ccbkob. ]jbrbearb, Yw`znc`km kbbms ta iaksnmbr sjart tbrgssacutnaks suij `s tjb ngpart`tnak ae qu`cnenbm g`tjbg`tnis, sinbkib `km NI]s tbìjbrs.




]`dcb 9.?8 Vrapartnak ae Ybiakm`ry Yijaac ]bìjbrs dy Pu`cneni`tnak `km Tbonak (%)

^b`r / rbonak Or`mu`tbsVast-g`trnipcus tr`nknko

Vrb-g`trni pcustr`nknko Rktr`nkbm

Ytumbkt taqu`cnenbm

tbìjbr r`tna

4662

Jjajja 24 =5 0 0 0?

Cudagda 2: =0 6 0 0>

G`kznkn => =2 4 = 0?

Yjnswncbkn 29 =2 6 4 05

4665

Jjajja 29 =2 0 0 45

Cudagda => 26 6 0 4=

G`kznkn 24 == 0 9 0>

Yjnswncbkn 2> =6 6 0 4?466?

Jjajja 29 =2 0 0 0>

Cudagda => 26 6 0 44

G`kznkn 20 == 4 9 0:

Yjnswncbkn 2: =0 6 0 0:

Yaurib8 Yaurib8 Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak. 4662. 4665. 466?. BGNY.

]bìjbr qu`cnty/iagpbtbkiy

Atjbr tj`k tjb earg`c ibrtneni`tnak, Yw`znc`km mabs kat j`vb ` wbcc mbenkbm sbt ae slnccs`km iagpbtbkinbs tj`t tbìjbrs sjaucm j`vb nk armbr ta tbìj `t ` ibrt`nk cbvbc ar bvbk

ta db iaksnmbrbm ta j`vb iurrbkt lkawcbmob `km slnccs. ]jns ns prng`rncy dbiùsb sijaac

iurrniuc` ma kat icb`rcy stnpuc`tb slnccs `km iagpbtbkinbs tj`t cb`rkbrs sjaucm ìqunrb

`t bìj cbvbc `km iaksbqubktcy lkawcbmob `km slnccs tj`t tbìjbrs gust j`vb ta

eìncnt`tb suij ìqunsntnak. ]jbrb ns `csa ka systbg`tni praibss ae ijbilnko tbìjnko

qu`cnty atjbr tj`k nkspbitars„ rbparts, wjnij pravnmb si`kt nkearg`tnak `t dbst. Onvbk

tjb erbqubkt mnsiakkbit dbtwbbk earg`c qu`cneni`tnaks `km tbìjbr iagpbtbkinbs,

earg`c qu`cneni`tnaks g`y kat `cw`ys db nkmni`tnvb ae tbìjbr qu`cnty. ]jb cìl ae `

systbg`tni w`y ae ijbilnko tjb cbvbc `km iurrbkiy ae tbìjbr lkawcbmob `km

iagpbtbkinbs suoobsts tj`t tbìjbr prb `km nksbrvnib tr`nknko praor`gs g`y katkbibss`rncy `mmrbss irntni`c wb`lkbssbs tj`t ngpbmb tbìjnko beebitnvbkbss. ]jns ns

iagpaukmbm dy tjb eìt tj`t Yw`znc`km mabs kat j`vb ` systbg`tni tbìjbr iaktnkuaus

mbvbcapgbkt praor`gs (IMVs) `s ma kbnojdarnko iauktrnbs.

Yijaac nkspbitars„ rbparts ear tjb yb`rs 466= ta 466: pankt ta wb`l tbìjbr slnccs,

`km iagpbtbkinbs wntj rbspbit ta8 Bkocnsj praeninbkiy, cb`rkbribktbrbm pbmòaoy,

eìncnt`tnak ae jnojbr armbr tjnklnko slnccs, usb ae tbìjnko `nms, icasb gakntarnko ae

stumbkt jagbwarl, cbssak prbp`r`tnak, rbouc`r tbstnko `km iaktnkuaus `ssbssgbkt. ]jb

rbparts `csa pankt ta wb`l warl j`dnts `gako sagb tbìjbrs. @s prbsbktbm c`tbr nk tjns

ij`ptbr, tjb jnoj stumbkt rbpbtntnak r`tbs”wjncb tjbrb g`y db g`ky iùsbs”suoobst

wb`l tbìjbr qu`cnty `km/ar paar tbìjnko beebitnvbkbss.




Mbpcaygbkt ae tbìjbrs

]jb `davbrbpartbm `vbròb qu`cnenbm tbìjbr ta stumbkt r`tnas g`sls nkbquntnbs nk

tbìjbr mbpcaygbkt ìrass sijaacs. Gast tbìjbrs `rb ukwnccnko ta db mbpcaybm ta

sijaacs nk rbgatb rur`c `rb`s `km pasntnaks i`k c`y vì`kt ear yb`rs. Nk 466=, nt w`s

bstng`tbm tj`t 46 pbribkt ae tbìjbrs nk rur`c `rb`s wbrb ukqu`cnenbm rbc`tnvb ta `

k`tnak`c `vbròb ae cbss tj`k 06 pbribkt.: Nk `mmntnak, tjb `mgnknstr`tnvb praibss ear

`ssnoknko tbìjbrs ta sijaacs ns aetbk cako pracakonko vì`kinbs. ]jbrb `rb ka

sudstntutb tbìjbrs ear rbouc`r tbìjbrs ak pracakobm snil cb`vb. ]jbsb nssubs j`vb

rbsuctbm nk `k ukd`c`kibm mnstrndutnak ae tbìjbrs.

]jb iurrniucug

]jb 4665 D`kl rbpart maiugbktbm iaggak iurrniuc` wb`lkbssbs `km tjbsb stncc

pbrsnst. Lby `gako tjbg `rb sudhbit avbrca`m bspbin`ccy `t tjb sbiakm`ry sijaac cbvbc.

]jns rbsucts nk ` cìl ae qu`cnenbm tbìjbrs, bspbin`ccy ear prbvai`tnak`c sudhbits,

nkbeeninbkt tbìjbr utncnz`tnak `km, tjb qubstnak`dcb cakotbrg èearm`dncnty ae

sbiakm`ry sijaac prbvai`tnak`c iurrniucug

Dbyakm tjbsb obkbrni pradcbgs, ` strnlnko wb`lkbss nk Yw`znc`km„s iurrniuc` ns tjb

mb`rtj ae dcubprnkts tj`t icb`rcy cnkl ijncmrbk„s bmui`tnak bxpbrnbkibs wntj tjb dra`mbr

iauktry mbvbcapgbkt str`tboy `km sbitar str`tboy. ar tj`t spbcc aut tjb r`tnak`cb,

pjncasapjy, adhbitnvbs, siapb, sbqubkib, d`c`kib, vbrtni`c `km jarnzakt`c `rtniuc`tnak,

pbmòaoy, `ssbssgbkt `km tjb k`turb ae autputs `t bìj pj`sb”cawbr, gnmmcb, jnojbr

prng`ry, huknar `km sbknar sbiakm`ry. Dbiùsb iurrniuc` ma kat icb`rcy ij`rìtbrnzb tjb

k`turb ae autput erag bìj pj`sb nk tbrgs ae tjb lkawcbmob, slnccs, `km iagpbtbkinbs

ta db ìqunrbm, nt ns vbry mneeniuct ta humob tjbnr beebitnvbkbss `km rbcbv`kib ta jnojbr

cbvbcs ae tjb systbg, c`dar g`rlbt mbg`kms, `s wbcc `s k`tnak`c `km ocad`c

mbvbcapgbkt ij`ccbkobs. Nt ns bqu`ccy mneeniuct ta ounmb pbmòaoy, `ssbssgbkt, `km

tbìjbr tr`nknko. ]jb icasbst ta ` mbenkntnak ae autputs ns eaukm nk tjb `ngs ae tjb sbknar

sbiakm`ry iurrniucug.>

Yw`znc`km kaw j`s ` dra`m k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt er`gbwarl nk tjb earg ae tjb

VTY@V wjnij sjaucm arnbkt iurrniuc`. Bx`gpcbs ae VTY@V ìtnaks wntj mnrbit iurrniuc`

ngpcni`tnaks nkicumb orawtj ìibcbr`tnak, pramuitnvnty orawtj bspbin`ccy nk

òrniucturb, sain`c bqunty ngpbr`tnvbs, beearts ta rb`ttrìt EMNs `km ta pragatb sinbkib

`km tbijkacaoy. Dbyakm tjb VTY@V, Yw`znc`km ns p`rt ae ` rbonak`c `km ocad`c c`dar

g`rlbt wjasb ij`konko mbg`kms sjaucm `csa arnbkt iurrniuc`. ]jb D`kl„s NI@s sjawtj`t Yw`znc`km„s nggbmn`tb kbnojdars”Yautj @erni`, Datsw`k`, K`gndn`”j`vb ìutb

slnccs sjartòbs `km nk `rb`s wjbrb sinbkib `km g`tjbg`tnis `rb d`sb sudhbits”

bkonkbbrnko, gbmni`c `km jb`ctj praebssnaks, g`tjbg`tnis `km sinbkib tbìjbrs.

K`tnak`c, rbonak`c, `km ocad`c c`dar g`rlbts `rb kat akcy dbiagnko slncc nktbksnvb, dut

`csa mbg`km ` dra`m spbitrug ae slnccs tj`k i`k db ìqunrbm tjrauoj Yw`znc`km„s

sudhbit magnk`tbm iurrniuc`. Dax 9.0 dbcaw onvbs bx`gpcbs ae lby ij`kobs nk ocad`c

c`dar g`rlbts `km warlpcìbs wjnij `rb `crb`my bvnmbkt nk Yw`znc`km.



=6 _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

Yw`zn bgpcaybrs rbpartbm tjb ngpart`kib ae tjbsb slnccs `km iagpbtbkinbs `gako

tjbnr bgpcaybbs (t`dcb 9.:).

]`dcb 9.:8 Bgpcaybr T`klnko Ngpart`kib ae Bgpcaybb D`sni Ylnccs

D`sni slnccs & iagpbtbkinbs Kat ngpart`kt Bxtrbgbcy ngpart`kt

Iaggukni`tnak slnccs8 =.9 40.9 ?6.4

Bkocnsj c`kouòb slnccs 4.0 4.0 0?.6 4>.: ==.?

Cntbrìy8 9.4 04.: 90.> =5.:

Kugbrìy8 =.9 0=.> 90.> ==.?

Iagputbr slnccs8 04.: =.9 0?.6 90.> 4>.:

Vradcbg sacvnko slnccs 4.0 0=.> 4>.: =5.:

@k`cytni`c tjnklnko8 5.= :.2 0>.0 49.= 9:.9

@dncnty ta warl nkmbpbkmbktcy 4.0 0>.0 95.4 =6.=

Iustagbr rbc`tnaks slnccs8 4.0 =.9 =.9 9=.6 29.4

]b`gwarl slnccs 5.= 4?.? 50.?

]ngb g`kòbgbkt slnccs8 4.0 4.0 04.: 9=.6 =:.>

Ybce g`kòbgbkt slnccs 4.0 40.9 4>.: =5.:

Ylnccs ta mnrbitcy eìb `km warl wntj icnbkts 4.0 5.= 0?.6 40.9 =:.>

Ylnccs ear nktbor`tbm tat`c sacutnaks ta pradcbgs 4.0 =.9 49.= 4?.? 95.4

Ylnccs ta mbsnok irb`tnvb sacutnaks :.2 5.= 0?.6 42.2 95.4

Ylnccs ta cb`rk ak tjb had 4.0 5.= 40.9 90.> 9:.9

Ylnccs ta cb`rk ak mbg`km `km ukmbr prbssurb 4.0 49.= 4?.? =6.=

Guctnpcb slnccs / dra`m d`sb slnccs =.9 06.5 40.9 49.= 90.>

Mbbp k`rraw spbin`cnz`tnak 0?.6 0?.6 49.= 04.: 0>.0

@m`pt`dncnty ta ij`konko warl iaktbxts 4.0 =.9 0>.0 90.> 9:.9


Ak tjb pasntnvb snmb, iurrbkt prng`ry `km sbiakm`ry iurrniuc` j`vb g`nkstrb`gbm

JNU/@NMY `km cneb slnccs. Dy 4662, ?: pbribkt ae prng`ry sijaac tbìjbrs wbrb tr`nkbm

`km j`m ìqunrbm lkawcbmob `km `w`rbkbss ae JNU/@NMY. BnojtYbvbk pbribkt j`m

rbibnvbm tr`nknko nk datj JNU/@NMY `km cneb slnccs. ]jb prapartnaks ear sbiakm`ry

sijaac tbìjbrs wbrb :5 pbribkt `km 00 pbribkt rbspbitnvbcy. _jncb `w`rbkbss `daut

tjb tr`ksgnssnak ae JNU ns rbc`tnvbcy jnoj `gako tjb obkbr`c papuc`tnak, tjns j`s katybt tr`ksc`tbm nkta dbj`vnar ij`kob. _j`t rbg`nks ` ij`ccbkob ns tjb gakntarnko ae

beebitnvb mbcnvbry ta stumbkts (`km tjbnr p`rbkts) `km ae ngpìt ak dbj`vnar.

Vrbp`r`tary warl ear rbnktramuinko ounm`kib `km iauksbcnko nkta iurrniuc` ns `csa

`mv`kibm. Jawbvbr, tjb nktbor`tnak ae tjbsb `rb`s nkta tbìjbr bmui`tnak praor`gs

`km tjb nkspbitar`tb tr`nknko praor`gs ns ybt ta t`lb pcìb.

Nk rbspaksb ta pudcni irntninsg ae tjb ì`mbgni dn`s ae sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak,

prbvai`tnak`c sudhbits j`vb dbbk nktramuibm nk 05 sijaacs. Nk `mmntnak tjb NOIYB

iurrniucug bkt`ncs ` r`kob ae prìtni`c sudhbits. ]jb mawksnmb ae tjbsb sudhbits ns tjbnr

uksust`nk`dcb iast ngpcni`tnaks, maudteuc rbcbv`kib, `km tjb ngpcnbm nkbeeninbkt usb ae

tbìjbrs.@ irntni`c wb`lkbss nk tjb beearts ta ngpravb iurrniuc` rbcbv`kib ns tjb agnssnak ae

NI]s. Nkearg`tnak ]bijkacaoy (N]) `km Iagputbr Ytumnbs `rb p`rt ae tjb NOIYB



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km =0

iurrniucug. Dut nk 466?, cbss tj`k 06 sbiakm`ry sijaacs j`m rbonstbrbm ear N] `km

Iagputbr Ytumnbs.06 ]jbrb `rb ka N] tbìjbrs ak tjb oavbrkgbkt p`yracc. Yijaacs tj`t

tbìj N] j`vb ta jnrb tbìjbrs `t tjbnr awk bxpbksb. Akcy = stumbkts”`cc g`cbs”taal

tjb A„ Cbvbc bx`gnk`tnaks nk Iagputbr Ytumnbs nk 4665.

@ctjauoj tjbrb ns ka pacniy ear NI]s nk bmui`tnak, tjb K`tnak`c Nkearg`tnak `km

Iaggukni`tnak Nker`struiturb (KNIN) pacniy cnsts adhbitnvbs `km t`robts ear tjb sbitar.

@iiarmnko ta tjb KNIN, `cc tbìjbr tr`nknko nkstntutnaks wbrb ta aeebr d`sni iagputbr

stumnbs ta tjb 466: nkiagnko tr`nkbbs. @k bx`gnk`dcb sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak iagputbr

stumnbs iurrniucug w`s ta db nk pcìb dy 466:. @cc prng`ry `km sbiakm`ry sijaacs `rb

ta j`vb iagputbr c`dar`tarnbs wntj Nktbrkbt ìibss dy 4604. Nk rbspaksb, tjb GaB j`s

irb`tbm NI] cbiturbr pasts nk `cc tbìjbr tr`nknko nkstntutnaks. ]jb enrst iajart ae tbìjbrs

tr`nkbm nk NI]s wncc or`mu`tb nk 4606. NI] iurrniuc`, sycc`dn `km tr`nknko g`ku`cs wbrb

mbvbcapbm ear prng`ry `km sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak. Jawbvbr, `s ae 466:, tjby j`m kat

dbbk `ppravbm dy tjb Iurrniucug Iaarmnk`tnko Iaggnttbb (III). Kakbtjbcbss, tjb

Gnknstry supparts iagputbr cntbrìy praor`gs nk wjnij sagb sijaacs j`vb bkraccbm. @

raccaut pc`k ear gbbtnko sbt t`robts ear sijaacs ns ybt ta db mbvbcapbm. ]jb GaB j`s

bst`dcnsjbm ` Ybknar Nkspbitar ear NI] pasntnak ta warl aut tjb racc aut pc`k.

Daals `km nkstruitnak`c g`tbrn`cs

]jb pravnsnak, mnstrndutnak, `km g`kòbgbkt ae daals `km nkstruitnak`c g`tbrn`cs cìl

pacniy ounm`kib `km g`kòbgbkt praibmurbs, cb`vnko tjb systbg nkbqunt`dcb `km

vuckbr`dcb ta gnsg`kòbgbkt. Vravnsnak `km g`kòbgbkt `rb ounmbm dy aii`snak`c

inriuc`rs, dut gast jb`m tbìjbrs `rb rbpartbmcy kat `w`rb ae tjbg. ]jbrbearb, sijaacs

r`kob erag aro`knzbm systbgs ae g`kòbgbkt `km iaktrac ae daal pravnsnak ta ka

bvnmbkib ae `ky systbg `t `cc. Jb`m tbìjbrs„ tbxtdaal rbqunsntnaks `rb d`sbm ak `kku`c

bkraccgbkt prahbitnaks. ]jb GaB ibktr`ccy praiurbs daals `km nkstruitnak`c g`tbrn`cs

nk ìiarm`kib wntj oavbrkgbkt praiurbgbkt praibmurbs. ]bxtdaals `rb bxpbitbm ta

c`st eaur yb`rs, murnko wjnij pbrnam sijaacs g`y g`lb rbpcìbgbkt armbrs ear cast `km

m`gòbm daals. ]jb `ccaw`dcb prapartnak ae daal rbpcìbgbkt ns kat sbt `km tjns g`y

cb`m ta w`stòb.

@cc tjb s`gb pudcni pravnsnak ae prng`ry sijaac daals j`s sudst`ktn`ccy ngpravbm

snkib tjb oavbrkgbkt„s 4664 nkntn`tnvb ta pravnmb erbb tbxtdaal, `km tjb 466= bxtbksnak

ta pravnmb bxbrinsb daals `km st`tnakbry. ]jb cb`rkbr ta tbxtdaal r`tna ns `ssugbm ta db

080 dut tjbrb `rb ka rbiarms ta pravb tjns kar mabs tjb BGNY iaccbit nkearg`tnak ak tjbstail ae tbxtdaals.

@ctjauoj pravnsnak j`s ngpravbm, prng`ry sijaac cb`rkbrs j`vb cngntbm

nkmbpbkmbkt stumy tngb wntj daals. ]jns g`y `mvbrsbcy èebit cb`rknko, bspbin`ccy ear

cb`rkbrs erag jagbs wntjaut cndr`rnbs. Vbrj`ps nk ` dnm ta rbmuib daal cassbs `km

m`gòbs, cb`rkbrs `rb ca`kbm daals ta usb murnko sijaac jaurs. Akcy or`mbs 2 ta ? `rb

`ccawbm ta t`lb daals jagb ear stumy purpasbs.

Ybiakm`ry sijaac daals `rb stncc prnv`tbcy pravnmbm dy p`rbkts tjrauoj ebbs. Nt ns

`ssugbm tj`t stumbkts j`vb `cc tjb prbsirndbm daals dut tjns ns jnojcy ukcnlbcy onvbk

tjb iast ae pravnmnko daals `km tjb cbvbcs ae pavbrty. ]jb 4665 _arcm D`kl rbpart

maiugbktbm tj`t sijaacs aetbk awbm daalstarbs dbiùsb ae mneeniuctnbs nk iaccbitnkoebbs. Dbyakm tjb praibss ae prbsirndnko daals, pravnsnak ns gastcy ukounmbm. Yudhbit

p`kbcs `ppravb ` prbsirndbm cnst ae daals erag wjnij sbknar sbiakm`ry sijaacs j`vb




tjb mnsirbtnak ta ijaasb. Huknar sbiakm`ry daals `rb ibktr`ccy prbsirndbm. Daal cnsts ear

mneebrbkt sudhbits `rb prbp`rbm dy tjb nkspbitar`tb `km rbvnbwbm `kku`ccy.

Mub ta cìl ae ` daal pacniy, tjb g`kòbgbkt ae sbiakm`ry sijaac daal pravnsnak

v`rnbs wnmbcy ìrass sijaacs. Yagb sijaacs `kku`ccy rbkt tbxtdaals ta stumbkts ear `

qu`rtbr ae tjbnr iast ybt atjbrs rbqunrb stumbkts ta duy daals. Ear rbktbm daals,

nkspbitars„ rbparts sjaw tj`t sijaacs v`ry wnmbcy nk tjbnr `dncnty ta iaccbit daals `t tjb

bkm ae bìj yb`r. E`ncurb ta iaccbit daals `rtnenin`ccy sjartbks tjb cneb sp`k ae daals `km

nkirb`sbs rbpcìbgbkt iasts. Yagb jb`m tbìjbrs armbr daals mnrbitcy erag daalsjaps

ybt atjbrs pravnmb stumbkts cnsts sa tjby g`y duy daals mnrbitcy. ]jb ukbvbkkbss nk

pravnsnak `km g`kòbgbkt `s wbcc `s pradcbgs wntj ebb iaccbitnak suoobsts tj`t

ìiur`tb m`t` ns rbqunrbm ak tjb st`tb ae daal pravnsnak. Dbyakm pravnsnak, nkspbitars„

rbparts `rb vbry si`kt ak tjb beebitnvb usb ae daals `km nkstruitnak`c g`tbrn`cs atjbr

tj`k hust jnojcnojtnko tjb cìl ae tbìjnko `nms nk sagb sijaacs. ^bt beebitnvb usb ns

rb`ccy wj`t mbtbrgnkbs tjb ngpìt ae daals `km nkstruitnak`c g`tbrn`cs ak stumbkt

cb`rknko.

Iurrbktcy sbiakm`ry sijaac daals `rb ngpartbm `km `rb tjbrbearb vbry iastcy. @

rbibkt nkntn`tnvb ta mbvbcap daals cai`ccy ns bxpbitbm ta drnko mawk iasts. Jawbvbr, `

patbktn`c rnsl wntj tjb systbg ns tj`t `ctjauoj iurrniucug sudhbit p`kbcs waucm

ìtu`ccy pramuib tjb daals, pudcnsjbrs, `km kat tjb GaB waucm jacm tjb iapyrnojt.

]jb ùtjars waucm rbibnvb ` akibaee p`ygbkt `km tjb GaB waucm rbibnvb ray`ctnbs.

Dbiùsb pudcnsjbrs waucm rbt`nk tjb iapyrnojt `ky rbvnsnaks tj`t g`y db rbqunrbm ta

sunt iurrniuc` ij`kobs g`y iagb wntj `k ukrb`sak`dcy jnoj prnib tò ear tjb GaB `km

uctng`tbcy p`rbkts.

Vjysni`c tbìjnko `km cb`rknko bkvnrakgbkt

Rkcnlb nts kbnojdarnko iauktrnbs”K`gndn` `km Yautj @erni`”tjb Yw`znc`km BGNY

mabs kat rautnkbcy i`pturb tjb st`tb ae pravnsnak ae tjb pjysni`c tbìjnko `km cb`rknko

bkvnrakgbkt `km tjb bxtbkt ta wjnij nt g`y èebit tbìjnko `km cb`rknko. Cìl ae

ìiur`tb nkearg`tnak ae suij pravnsnaks g`lbs nt vbry mneeniuct ta pc`k ear pravnsnak

`km ta trìl bqunty nk pravnsnak.

Yijaac nkspbitars„ rbparts ear tjb pbrnam 466= ta 466: maiugbkt paar g`nktbk`kib

`km uplbbp ae sijaac nker`struiturb. ]jb rbparts `csa sjaw ìutb sjartòb ae sijaac

eurknturb. @v`nc`dcb spìbs `rb s`nm ta kat kbibss`rncy ent tjb purpasb. Gast sijaacs `rb

s`nm ta cìl tjb pjysni`c eìncntnbs `km bqunpgbkt rbqunrbm ta beebitnvbcy mbcnvbr tjbNOIYB iurrniucug. Rk`v`nc`dcb eìncntnbs nkicumb spbin`c tbìjnko raags suij `s

rbqunrbm ear mbsnok `km tbijkacaoy, òrniucturb, jagb biakagnis, iagputbr stumnbs,

cndr`rnbs, `km guctngbmn` ibktbrs. Iaksbqubktcy, gast sbiakm`ry sijaacs ma kat aeebr

NOIYB prìtni`c sudhbits ar ma sa nk`mbqu`tbcy. ]jns mbeb`ts tjb oa`c ta bqunp

sbiakm`ry sijaac cb`rkbrs wntj prìtni`c slnccs. Dbiùsb gast sijaac nker`struiturb ns

pravnmbm dy iaggukntnbs ta vbry ukbvbk st`km`rms, `v`nc`dcb struiturbs ma kat b`sncy

cbkm tjbgsbcvbs ta `m`pt`tnaks `km/ar rbkav`tnaks ta sunt prìtni`c sudhbits.

]bìjbr jausnko

Vravnsnak ae tbìjbr jausnko ns nk`mbqu`tb, bspbin`ccy nk rur`c `rb`s wjbrb tbìjbrs”bvbk e`gncnbs”aetbk sj`rb `v`nc`dcb jausnko. ]jb cìl ae jausnko nk icasb praxngnty ta

sijaacs iaucm iaktrndutb ta tbìjbr t`rmnkbss `km `dsbktbbnsg `s sagb tbìjbrs j`vb ta




tr`vbc `s e`r `s 066 lncagbtbrs ta `km erag sijaac m`ncy usnko pudcni tr`kspart. ]jns

sntu`tnak `csa `mvbrsbcy èebits p`rtninp`tnak nk ètbr sijaac tutarnko, rbgbmn`c tbìjnko

`km iaiurrniuc`r ìtnvntnbs.

Yijaac g`kòbgbkt `km ìiaukt`dncntyEarg`c g`kòbgbkt tr`nknko ns kat ` prbrbqunsntb ear pragatnak ta jb`m ae

mbp`rtgbkt ar jb`m tbìjbr pasts. Garbavbr, sijaac jb`ms rbibnvb cnttcb ta ka suppart

erag Tbonak`c Bmui`tnak Aeenibrs (TBA). Nk 4665, akcy 99 ae tjb 0>> sbiakm`ry sijaacs

wbrb nkspbitbm. Kat surprnsnkocy, rbibkt nkspbitars„ rbparts jnojcnojt tj`t gast jb`m

tbìjbrs `rb ncc bqunppbm ear tjbnr pasntnaks. Lby wb`lkbssbs pbrt`nk ta sijaac

g`kòbgbkt `km `mgnknstr`tnak, enk`kin`c g`kòbgbkt, jug`k rbsauribs

g`kòbgbkt, tngb g`kòbgbkt, nkstruitnak`c cb`mbrsjnp, icnkni`c supbrvnsnak ae

tbìjbrs, `km g`kòbgbkt ae stumbkt tngb.

Tbibktcy, tjb GaB nktramuibm tjb Jb`m ]bìjbr G`kòbgbkt ]r`nknko Vraor`g

(JG]V) ear kbw `ppanktbbs. Nkspbitars„ rbparts katb rbg`rl`dcb ngpravbgbkts aeor`mu`tbs ae tjbsb iaursbs wntj rbspbit ta sijaac, enk`kin`c `km tbìjbr g`kòbgbkt.

Ngpravbgbkts `rb `csa katbm wntj nkstruitnak`c cb`mbrsjnp `km praebssnak`c suppart

ear tbìjbrs. Jawbvbr, tjb ducl ae acm jb`m tbìjbrs wja ma kat dbkbent erag tjns

iaursb `rb adsbrvbm ta db wb`l nk lby `spbits ae tjbnr rbspaksndncnty. Nt waucm `ppb`r

tj`t tjby taa iaucm dbkbent erag suij ` iaursb.

@s wntj tbìjbrs, tjbrb ns ka systbg`tni `ppraìj ta gakntarnko jb`m tbìjbrs„

ìiaukt`dncnty ear stumbkt cb`rknko. Jb`m tbìjbrs ma kat j`vb `ky pbrearg`kib t`robts

ta warl taw`rms `km ta db bv`cu`tbm ò`nkst. @ iagdnk`tnak ae tjbsb eìtars g`lbs

jb`m tbìjbrs„ `ppr`ns`cs ` dnt ae `k nkiaksnstbkt bxbrinsb `km akb wntj ka struiturbm

eaccaw up. @s wntj tbìjbrs, Yw`znc`km sjaucm i`rbeuccy iaksnmbr `rtniuc`tnko

iagpbtbkinbs ear sijaac jb`ms, sbttnko tjbg pbrearg`kib t`robts `km pcìnko tjbg ak

pbrearg`kib iaktrìts.

Cb`rknko autiagbs

Vbrearg`kib ak tjb Yw`znc`km Vrng`ry Ibrtneni`tb (YVIB) Bx`gnk`tnak

Avbr`cc p`ss r`tb ak tjb 4665 YVIB ns `k ngprbssnvbcy jnoj :: pbribkt `km j`s lbpt `t

tjb s`gb cbvbc snkib 4669 (t`dcb 9.>). Gast stumbkts `tt`nk ` sbiakm ar tjnrm ic`ss.

Jawbvbr, ` tjnrm ic`ss ns kat `mbqu`tb ear `mgnssnak nkta sbiakm`ry sijaac, sa kb`rcy

?6 pbribkt ae i`kmnm`tbs ìqunrb p`ssbs tj`t g`lb tjbg bcnondcb ear sbiakm`ry sijaacpcìbs.

]`dcb 9.>8 Vrng`ry Ibrtneni`tnak Bx`gnk`tnak V`ss T`tbs dy Cbvbc (%)

^b`r

V`ss cbvbcs

]at`c p`ssbs ]at`c e`ncurbs ]at`c bktrnbsGbrnts Enrst Ybiakm ]jnrm

466= 4.25 06.>2 22.2> 0:.>: ::.6 00.>9 40,6=6

4662 9.=0 04.29 2=.>? 0?.64 :?.>9 04.6? 44,45=

4665 4.=> 06.=: 25.49 0:.>6 ::.06 00.>6 44,4:0

Yaurib8 Yw`znc`km Bx`gnk`tnaks Iaukinc.



== _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

Vbrearg`kib ak Huknar Ibrtneni`tb Bx`gnk`tnak (HIB)

Nk cnkb wntj ` dra`m iurrniucug, ` wnmb r`kob ae sudhbits (0>) ns aeebrbm ear tjb HIB. ]jb

kugdbr ae i`kmnm`tbs nkirb`sbm dy 95 pbribktòb pankts dbtwbbk 0>>5 `km 4665,

sjawnko ` stb`my bxp`ksnak nk ìibss. Avbr`cc p`ssbs nkirb`sbm dy 06 pbribktòbpankts. ]jns ns quntb `k ìjnbvbgbkt dbiùsb aetbk, `k bxp`ksnak ae ìibss ns

ìiagp`knbm dy ` mbicnkb nk cb`rknko autiagbs. ]at`c p`ssbs `rb jnoj, j`vnko `vbròbm

:9 pbribkt snkib 4669 (t`dcb 9.06). Ybiakm ic`ss p`ssbs mrappbm dy `cgast 4 pbribktòb

pankts `km tjnrm ic`ss p`ssbs nkirb`sbm dy `cgast 9 pbribktòb pankts.

]`dcb 9.068 Huknar Ybiakm`ry Bx`gnk`tnak V`ss T`tbs dy Cbvbc (%)

^b`r

V`ss cbvbc ]at`c

Gbrnts Enrst Ybiakm ]jnrm V`ssbs E`ncurbs Bktrnbs

466= 9.:? >.:= 2:.:0 06.?6 :9.40 05.?> 06,009

4662 9.:6 >.=4 2>.:9 06.:> :9.>= 05.65 00,6>9

4665 9.94 :.5? 2?.>4 09.9? :9.4: 05.?4 04,0?4


Cb`rknko autiagbs `rb nkbqunt`dcy mnstrndutbm ìrass rbonaks (t`dcb 9.00). Ytumbkts

erag G`kznkn `km Jjajja pbrearg dbttbr tj`k tjasb erag Cudagda `km Yjnscbwbkn.

Jjajja j`s tjb jnojbst pbribktòb ae gbrnt p`ssbs eaccawbm dy tjb G`kznkn rbonak,

wjncb Yjnsbcwbkn `km Cudagda j`vb tjb jnojbst e`ncurb r`tbs.

]`dcb 9.008 Mnstrndutnak ae Cb`rknko Autiagbs dy Tbonak

Mnstrnit Gbrnt Enrst Ybiakm ]jnrm E`nc ]at`c

Jjajja 0=> 9=5 0,:54 =25 =50 (0=.0%) 9,4?=

Cudagda 20 0=: 0,4?? 940 =5= (46.2%) 4,450

G`kznkn 0=0 920 4,0=6 264 2=4 (0=.?%) 9,5?5

Yjnsjbcwbkn 59 402 0,:02 =06 =25 (02.=%) 4,>2>


Armnk`ry Cbvbc Bx`gnk`tnak (A Cbvbc)

@o`nk `k `c`rgnkocy jnoj kugdbr ae sudhbits (96) wbrb rbonstbrbm ear< sagb dy vbry

ebw i`kmnm`tbs. Avbr`cc p`ss r`tb w`s avbr ?6 pbribkt. Ear 4665, p`ss r`tbs wbrb

p`rtniuc`rcy caw ear g`tjbg`tnis (=2%), snYw`tn (>%), Dnacaoy (5?%), `km Bkocnsj

Cntbr`turb (=:%).

Ytumbkt pbrearg`kib ak nktbrk`tnak`c `ssbssgbkts

Yw`znc`km autpbreargbm atjbr Y@IR iauktrnbs ak G`tjbg`tnis `km Tb`mnko

Y@IGBPNN tbsts (t`dcb 9.04).00




]`dcb 9.048 @vbròb Vupnc Vbrearg`kib ak Y@IGBPNN Tb`mnko `km G`tjbg`tnis ]bsts

Tb`mnko G`tjs

Datsw`k` 244 209

Lbky` 2=: 259Cbsatja =26 ==5

Gaz`gdnqub 20? 296

G`c`wn =4: =96

K`gndn` ==: =4>

Yw`znc`km 296 205

]`kz`kn` 2=5 244

Ro`km` =:9 265

Yautj @erni` =>4 =:5

X`gdn` =9> =94

Yaurib8 NNBV 466=.

Enourbs 9.> `km 9.06 iagp`rb Yw`znc`km„s mnstrndutnak ae rb`mnko `km g`tjbg`tnis

siarbs wntj tjasb ae Yautj @erni` `km Cbsatja. ]jb vbrtni`c cnkb rbprbsbkts tjb

Y@IGBP `vbròb siarb ae 266. ]jb siarbs wbrb i`cndr`tbm ta onvb ` st`km`rm mbvn`tnak

ae 066. Akcy ` sg`cc prapartnak ae Yw`zn pupncs iaucm kat ìjnbvb ` siarb ae =66, n.b.

akb st`km`rms mbvn`tnak dbcaw tjb `vbròb, wjbrb`s ` c`rob prapartnak ae Yautj

@erni`k stumbkts `km ` e`nr prapartnak ae Cbsatja pupncs pbreargbm dbcaw tjns cbvbc.

Caalnko `t tjb jnojbr r`kobs, ` e`nr prapartnak ae Yw`zn ijncmrbk pbreargbm `davb `

siarb ae 566 nk rb`mnko, dut ebwbr mnm nk g`tjbg`tnis.

Enourb 9.>8 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear Yw`znc`km, Cbsatja `km Yautj @erni`, Y@IGBPNNTb`mnko Yiarbs

Yaurib8 I`ciuc`tbm erag NNBV 466=.




Enourb 9.068 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear Yw`znc`km, Cbsatja `km Yautj @erni`,

Y@IGBPNN G`tjbg`tnis Yiarbs


Y@IGBP rb`mnko `km g`tjbg`tnis siarbs `rb jnojbr ear urd`k tj`k ear rur`c

ijncmrbk (enourbs 9.00 `km 9.04). ]jns ns kat surprnsnko, onvbk tj`t tjb b`rcnbr `k`cysns

j`s sjawk ebw mneebrbkibs nk bkraccgbkt p`ttbrks dbtwbbk tjbsb twa `rb` typbs, dutg`har mneebrbkibs nk `tt`nkgbkt p`ttbrks.

Enourb 9.008 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear Tb`mnko Yiarbs ae Rrd`k `km Tur`c Cb`rkbrs




]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km =?

Enourb 9.048 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear G`tjbg`tnis Yiarbs ae Rrd`k km Tur`cCb`rkbrs


Tbonak`c pbrearg`kib ak tjb Y@IGBP tbsts mneebrbm cbss, `s i`k db sbbk erag

enourbs 9.09 `km 9.0=. Yjnsbcwbkn stumbkts mnm scnojtcy warsb tj`k atjbrs nk rb`mnko, dut

surprnsnkocy stumbkts erag Cudagda `ppb`rbm ta ma tjb dbst ae tjb eaur rbonaks. @

sngnc`r p`ttbrk `ppcnbs nk g`tjbg`tnis, dut jbrb tjb mneebrbktn`cs `rb bvbk sg`ccbr.

Enourb 9.098 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear Tb`mnko Yiarbs dy Tbonak




=: _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

Enourb 9.0=8 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear G`tjbg`tnis Yiarbs dy Tbonak


YBY ns snokneni`ktcy `ssain`tbm wntj jnojbr Y@IGBP Yiarbs8 Enourbs 9.02 `km 9.05

sjaw tjb p`ttbrks ae tbst siarbs ear tjrbb sainabiakagni oraups, tjb paarbst”dattag

twa qunktncbs ae pupncs”tjb gnmmcb oraup”qunktncbs 9 `km =”`km tjb rnijbst qunktncb.

Yudst`ktn`c mneebrbkibs nk pbrearg`kib `rb `pp`rbkt. ]jns nkmni`tbs tj`t sainabiakagni

st`tus (YBY) nkecubkibs kat akcy bkraccgbkt p`ttbrks, dut `csa tjb qu`cnty ae bmui`tnak.]jb paarbst oraup struoocb guij j`rmbr ta pbrearg wbcc nk tbsts, tjauoj Yw`znc`km

j`s dbbk rbc`tnvbcy suiibsseuc nk iakt`nknko nkbqu`cnty nk bmui`tnak`c qu`cnty , iagp`rbm

ta sagb ae nts kbnojdarnko iauktrnbs.

Enourb 9.028 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear Tb`mnko Yiarbs dy YBY Oraup




]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km =>

Enourb 9.058 Lbrkbc Mbksnty Iurvb ear G`tjbg`tnis Yiarbs dy YBY Oraup


Guctnv`rn`tb `k`cysbs ae tbst siarbs

]`dcb 9.09 nkmni`tbs tj`t ètbr iaktraccnko ear atjbr eìtars, days ma kat pbrearg

snokneni`ktcy dbttbr nk g`tjbg`tnis tj`k onrcs. Ak tjb atjbr j`km, pupncs erag tjb

dattag `km gnmmcb =6 pbribkt”Dattag =6 `km Gnmmcb =6”ae tjb nkiagb mnstrndutnak

pbrearg snokneni`ktcy cawbr tj`k tjbnr wb`ctjnbr iauktbrp`rts, siarnko rauojcy 96

pankts cawbr. Nktbrbstnkocy, jawbvbr, tjb sngnc`rnty nk tjbsb iabeeninbkts nkmni`tbs tj`t

tjb pbrearg`kib ae pupncs nk tjb dattag `km gnmmcb =6 pbribkt ae tjb nkiagb

mnstrndutnak ns `cgast tjb s`gb. Vupncs nk urd`k sijaacs pbreargbm dbttbr nk

g`tjbg`tnis tbsts tj`k mnm tjasb wja `ttbkmbm rur`c sijaacs, wntj urd`k sijaacs

cb`rkbrs siarnko ak `vbròb, ? pankts”ar 6.6?44 st`km`rm mbvn`tnaks ae `cc tjb

Y@IGBP pupncs”jnojbr. Vupncs `ttbkmnko sijaacs nk `rb`s atjbr tj`k Cudagda

ìjnbvbm cawbr g`tjbg`tnis siarbs, tjauoj ear Jjajja kat snokneni`ktcy cawbr. ]jb

g`ronk dy wjnij G`kznkn `km Yjnsbcwbkn ebcc dbcaw Cudagda w`s `daut 46 `km 0?

pankts rbspbitnvbcy.

_ntj rbspbit ta rb`mnko siarbs, onrcs autpbrearg days dy `cgast 06 pankts, akib

atjbr eìtars”cai`tnak, rbonak `km YBY oraup”j`vb dbbk iaksnmbrbm. YBY ò`nk pc`ys

` sudst`ktn`c racb, wntj stumbkts nk tjb dattag =6 pbribkt ae tjb nkiagb mnstrndutnak

siarnko =? pankts dbcaw tjasb erag tjb rnijbst 46 pbribkt `km, stumbkts nk tjb gnmmcb

=6 pbribkt ae tjb nkiagb mnstrndutnak siarnko =6 pankts dbcaw tjb rnijbst. ]jb tap

qunktncb tjbrbearb j`s `k bkargaus pbrearg`kib `mv`ktòb. Vupncs `ttbkmnko sijaacs

cai`tbm nk rur`c `rb`s siarb 4= pankts jnojbr tj`k tjbnr iauktbrp`rts nk urd`k sijaacs,

wjncb tjb s`gb twa rbonaks (G`kznkn `km Yjnsbcwbkn) e`cc wbcc dbcaw Cudagda akibatjbr eìtars `rb iaksnmbrbm.




]`dcb 9.098 ACY Tborbssnak ak Y@IGBP Tb`mnko `km G`tjbg`tnis Yiarbs

Bxpc`k`tary v`rn`dcbs G`tjbg`tnis Tb`mnko

G`cb (0 7 g`cb< 67 ebg`cb) 9.?? (0.50) ’>.:?) (’=.90)*

Dattag=6 ’96.96 (’:.>5)* ’=5.?> (’0=.0?)*Gnmmcb=6 ’96.24 (’>.0=)* ’9>.:4 (’04.44)*

Rrd`k (0 7 urd`k, 6 7 rur`c) ?.44 (4.6=)* 4=.=2 (?.6>)*

Jjajja ’6.?? (’6.44) ’0.0: (’6.9=)

G`kznkn ’0>.:> (’2.2?)* ’0>.?4 (’2.55)*

Yjnsbcwbkn ’0?.46 (’=.?>)* ’09.0> (’9.>=)*

@ob . .

@ob4 . .

Iakst`kt 2=?.24 (0=4.09)* 2?9.>4 (024.56)*

Adsbrv`tnaks 9 09: 9 09>

T4 6.65 6.04

Yaurib8 Awk i`ciuc`tnaks erag MJY4665/? `km NNBV 466=.

Katb8 Yt`tnstnis nk p`rbktjbsbs< *snokneni`kt `t 0%< ]jb rbebrbkib oraup ns ebg`cbs nk tjb tap 46% ae tjb

wb`ctj mnstrndutnak cnvnko nk rur`c `rb`s nk tjb Cudagda rbonak.

Nktbrk`c Beeninbkiy

Tbpbtntnak r`tbs

]jb rbpbtntnak pacniy `ccaws ear ka garb tj`k

06 pbribkt ae tjb cb`rkbrs ta rbpb`t `ky

or`mb. Jawbvbr, cbvbcs ae rbpbtntnakprbsbktbm nk t`dcb 9.0= suoobst tj`t tjb

pacniy ns kat ngpcbgbktbm. ]jby `csa suoobst

tj`t tbìjnko `km cb`rknko `rb e`nrcy

nkbeebitnvb ìrass tjb systbg. Tbpbtntnak r`tbs

`rb p`rtniuc`rcy jnoj `t tjb enrst or`mb

suoobstnko tj`t ` sudst`ktn`c prapartnak ae

cb`rkbrs bktbr or`mb 0 wntjaut tjb rbqunsntb

prng`ry sijaac rb`mnkbss. ]jns ns kat

surprnsnko onvbk caw ìibss ta BIIM `km tjb

obkbr`ccy maudteuc qu`cnty ae BIIMpraor`gs.

@irass tjb twa yb`rs, tjb `vbròb

rbpbtntnak r`tb ear prng`ry sijaacs ns `daut

0? pbribkt `km `daut 06 pbribkt ear

sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak. Tbmuinko tjbsb r`tbs ns irntni`c ta rb`cnznko beeninbkiy o`nks tj`t

iaucm db `ppcnbm ta bxp`km ìibss `km ngpravb qu`cnty.

Tbonak`c iagp`rnsak ae rbpbtntnak r`tb

]jb eaccawnko irassiauktry iagp`rnsak ae rbpbtntnak suoobsts tj`t Yw`znc`km„s

`vbròb or`mb rbpbtntnak ns `gako tjb jnojbst nk tjb sudrbonak (t`dcb 9.02).

]`dcb 9.0=8 Tbpbtntnak T`tbs 4665 `km466? (%)

Or`mb 4665 466?

0 46 44

4 05 0>

9 46 40

= 0: 0:

2 0? 0>

5 0? 0:

? ? ?

: 04 06

> 09 0406 = =

00 09 00

04 … …




]`dcb 9.02 Vbribktòb ae Vupncs wja `rb Tbpb`tbrs nk tjb Tbonak

RNY prng`ry RNY sbiakm`ry Y@IGBP prng`ry

Datsw`k` 2 0 5

Lbky` 5 02Cbsatja 0> 09 02

G`c`wn 40 > 0=

Gaz`gdnqub 2 02 40

K`gndn` 05 > 04

Yautj @erni` : 0= 06

Yw`znc`km 0? 04 02

]`kz`kn` = 9 5

Ro`km` 09 4 09

X`gdn` ? 2 04

@vbròb 09 : 09

Yaurib8 RKBYIA8 RNY (466:)< NNBV8 Y@IGBP (466=).

Mrapaut r`tbs

Tbibkt mrapaut r`tbs nccustr`tb tj`t tjb sijaacnko systbg ns rbc`tnvbcy oaam `t rbt`nknko

pupncs up ta `raukm òb 0=. Nk 9 ae tjb rbonaks, tjb òbspbineni bkraccgbkt r`tna (@YBT)

ear ijncmrbk òbm : ta 0= ns icasb ta >2 pbribkt. Jawbvbr, tjb eaurtj rbonak, Yjnsbcwbkn,

mabs iaksnmbr`dcy warsb. Nk tjns rbonak tjb @YBT kbvbr bxibbms >6 pbribkt. Mrappnko

aut dbonks ta aiiur ak ` c`rob si`cb ètbr òb 0=, `km nk p`rtniuc`r ètbr òb 02. Ear

nkst`kib, dbtwbbk òb 05 `km 0?, tjb mrapaut r`tb ns wbcc `davb 06 pbribkt ear `cc

rbonaks bxibpt Jjajja.

Yugg`ry ae bkraccgbkt `km `tt`nkgbkt nk OB]

Iagpcbtnak r`tbs `rb caw `km yb`rsnkput pbr or`mu`tb `rb taa jnoj8 Enourb 9.0?, wjnij

iagdnkbs tjb @YBT `km `tt`nkgbkt r`tnas, nkmni`tbs tj`t jnstarni`ccy `raukm 42 pbribkt

ae tjb papuc`tnak j`vb kat iagpcbtbm prng`ry sijaac (Or`mb ?). Garbavbr, ae tjb

bstng`tbm ?2 pbribkt wja ma iagpcbtb tjns or`mb, gast ma sa guij c`tbr tj`k tjby

sjaucm. _ntj ka rbpbtntnak, dy òb 09 `cc pupncs sjaucm j`vb iagpcbtbm Or`mb ?, ybt

iurrbktcy tjns ns akcy trub ear `raukm 06 pbribkt ae tjb òb iajart. Bvbk dy òb 0? tjbrb

`rb stncc stumbkts wja j`vb ybt ta iagpcbtb Or`mb ?. ]jns p`ttbrk ngpcnbs tj`t tjbrb `rbg`ky avbròbm pupncs nk sijaacs. Jnstarni`ccy, akcy `raukm 26 pbribkt ae tjb

papuc`tnak iagpcbtbs Or`mbs 06 (cawbr sbiakm`ry sijaacnko), `km ebwbr tj`k =6

pbribkt iagpcbtb Or`mb 04 (uppbr sbiakm`ry sijaacnko).

Ear orb`tbr nktbrk`c beeninbkiy ta db rb`cnzbm, tjb pniturb nk Enourb 9.0: kbbms ta

ij`kob. ]jb `rraws rbecbit kbibss`ry ij`kobs. Bkraccgbkt ae ijncmrbk òbm 5 ta 02

sjaucm db 066 pbribkt. Garbavbr, nt ns rb`sak`dcb ta bxpbit tj`t dy òb 05, `cc ijncmrbk

sjaucm j`vb iagpcbtbm Or`mb ?. ]jns waucm `ccaw ear sagb rbpbtntnak, dut guij cbss

tj`k wj`t iurrbktcy pbrt`nks. Iagpcbtnak ae Or`mb 06 sjaucm db sudst`ktn`ccy

nkirb`sbm. @km tjbrb sjaucm db ka, ar bxtrbgbcy ebw, pupncs òbm 46 `km `davb wntjnk

tjb sijaacnko systbg.




Enourb 9.0?8 Tbtbktnak `km Mrappnko Aut dy @ob

Yaurib8 IYA (466:)

Enourb 9.0:8 Bkraccgbkt `km @tt`nkgbkt V`ttbrks dy @ob

Yaurib8 IYA (466:).

6

06

46

96

=6

26

56

?6

:6

>6

066

5 ? : > 06 00 04 09 0= 02 05 0? 0: 0> 46

@ob


Jjajja G`kznkn Yjnsbcwbkn Cudagda




^b`rsnkput pbr or`mu`tb v`cubs, `s mbenkbm dy RKBYIA, `csa sjaw ` r`tjbr

strnlnko nkmni`tnak ae tjb iast ae nktbrk`c beeninbkinbs. ]jb yb`rsnkput pbr Or`mb 06

or`mu`tb, wjnij sjaucm db 06 yb`rs, ns nkstb`m 49 yb`rs. ]jns gb`ks tj`t ne akb t`lbs

nkta ìiaukt or`mb rbpbtntnak, `km tjb eìt tj`t g`ky pupncs mrap aut dbearb Or`mb 06,

tjbk ear bìj suiibsseuc or`mu`tb, 49 yb`rs ae bmui`tnak j`vb dbbk spbkt. ]jb yb`rs

nkput v`cub ear ` Or`mb 04 or`mu`tb ns ` stòobrnko =6 yb`rs. Dy `ky rb`saknko, tjbsb

`rb stòobrnko cbvbcs ae systbg nkbeeninbkiy.

Iakicusnak

Avbr tjb yb`rs Yw`znc`km j`s nkvbstbm sudst`ktn`ccy nk nkirb`snko ìibss ta bmui`tnak

`km tr`nknko. Yuiibss ns bvnmbkt nk tjb nkirb`sb nk bmui`tnak `tt`nkgbkt wntj bìj

sudsbqubkt obkbr`tnak. Jawbvbr, iurrbkt cbvbcs ae ìibss ta OB] `rb taa caw ta suppcy

Yw`znc`km wntj tjb slnccs rbqunrbm ta iagpcbgbkt tbijkacaoy”wntjnk ` iakmuinvb

nkvbstgbkt icng`tb”ta stnguc`tb, nkkav`tnak, pramuitnvnty `km ìibcbr`tb orawtj.@iibss `km `tt`nkgbkt `rb prarnij, bspbin`ccy `t tjb sbknar sbiakm`ry cbvbc. ]jb

prnv`tb `km pudcni iast ae OB] ns ` lby ngpbmngbkt ta ìibss. Cngntbm `km prarnij

ìibss cngnts tjb rbmnstrndutnvb beebit ae tjb B]YMY. Tbc`tnvb ta Y@IR iauktrnbs,

Yw`znc`km j`s g`nkt`nkbm ` rb`sak`dcb cbvbc ae qu`cnty bmui`tnak. Jawbvbr, cb`rknko

autiagbs e`var tjb rnij `km tjns ns bvnmbkt nk tjb tjnkknko aut ae ijncmrbk erag caw

nkiagb jausbjacms `t tjb tap ae tjb B]YMY c`mmbr. Mub ta sbcbitnvnty ae tjb systbg,

pudcni sudsnmnbs ta sbiakm`ry cbvbc `rb prarnij. OB] ns rbsaurib nkbeeninbkt `km tjns ns

gast bvnmbkt nk caw V]Ts, jnoj rbpbtntnak r`tbs `km stòobrnko yb`rsnkput pbr

or`mu`tb. Jnoj rbpbtntnak r`tbs `csa i`st maudt ak tjb qu`cnty ae tjb systbg. Ngprbssnvb

praorbss j`s dbbk g`mb taw`rm dbnko sain`ccy rbspaksnvb. JNU/@NMY `km cneb slnccs `rbg`nkstrb`gbm nk tjb iurrniucug. Iurrniuc` j`vb `csa nktbor`tbm prìtni`c sudhbits nk

tbrgs ae prbvai`tnak`c sudhbits `km prìtni`c sudhbits tj`t `rb p`rt ae tjb NOIYB

iurrniucug. Jawbvbr tjb sust`nk`dncnty ae tjbsb sudhbits ns sbrnauscy nk maudt.

Katbs

0 Ubrspaar @. G. wntj YBN@ ]b`g. 466:. @t irassra`ms. Ijanibs ear sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak nk sud

Y`j`r`k @erni`. ]jb _arcm D`kl, _`sjnkotak M.I. (p. :>).4 Ndnm.9 G`rapb. G.]. 4662. K`gndn` jug`k i`pnt`c `km lkawcbmob mbvbcapgbkt ear orawtj wntj

bqunty. ]jb _arcm D`kl. _`sjnkotak MI. KD8 ]jb jnojbr rbturks nk K`gndn` iaucm rbecbit tjbsi`rinty prbgnug.= _arcm D`kl. 4664. Bmui`tnak `km JNU/@NMY8 @ wnkmaw ae japb. _`sjnkotak, M.I. ]jb _arcm

D`kl.2 Katb, tjauoj, tj`t dbiùsb g`ky ae tjbsb nkmnvnmu`cs j`m kat ybt iagpcbtbm tjbnr sijaacnko,

`tt`nkgbkt cbvbcs t jnojbr or`mbs wbrb stncc caw.5 ]jns ns d`sbm ak `k `k`cysns ae tjb Yautj @erni`k C`dar Earib Yurvby ae 466?`.?Ndnm. E`snj ]. 466:. Cnklnko bmui`tnak pacniy ta c`dar g`rlbt autiagbs. _`sjnkotak MI. ]jb

_arcm D`kl. J`kusjbl B. `km _õÑg`kk. 466?. Bmui`tnak qu`cnty `km biakagni orawtj.

_`sjnkotak MI. ]jb _arcm D`kl. Mb Ebrr`ktn bt. `c. 4669. Icasnko tjb o`p nk bmui`tnak `km

tbijkacaoy. _`sjnkotak M.I. ]jb _arcm D`kl.: _arcm D`kl. 4665. Yw`znc`km8 @ijnbvnko bmui`tnak ear `cc ij`ccbkobs `km pacniy mnrbitnaks._`sjnkotak MI. ]jb _arcm D`kl.




> ]jbsb `rb ta bk`dcb pupncs ta8 (`) ìqunrb lkawcbmob, mbvbcap iakenmbkib `km `dncnty ta `ssbss

tjbnr pbrsak`c strbkotjs `km wb`lkbssbs `km db rb`cnstni nk ijaasnko `ppraprn`tb

i`rbbr/bgpcaygbkt appartukntnbs `km/ar eurtjbr bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko< (d) mbvbcap slnccs ta

`ssnst nk ukmbrst`kmnko biakagni, sain`c, pacntni`c `km spnrntu`c nssubs rbc`tnko ta m`ytam`y cneb`km bxbrinsb mbgair`tni v`cubs< (i) mbvbcap mbsnr`dcb `ttntumbs `km dbj`vnar`c p`ttbrks nk

nktbrìtnko wntj tjb bkvnrakgbkt `km tjbnr ebccaw gbk nk ` rbspbitnvb `km tacbr`kt g`kkbr< (m)

ìqunrb `ttntumbs `km v`cubs, mbvbcap slnccs `km ukmbrst`kmnko ta `ccaw ear tjb bxbiutnak ae

rnojts `km rbspaksndncntnbs `s oaam intnzbks ae Yw`znc`km `km tjb warcm `t c`rob< (b) ìqunrb

lkawcbmob, slnccs `km prìtnibs ta bkiauròb oaam e`gncy `km jb`ctjy prìtnibs nkicumnko

`w`rbkbss `km g`kòbgbkt ae bpnmbgnis cnlb JNU/@NMY, tj`t prbp`rb tjbg ear pramuitnvb cneb<

(e) mbvbcap cnebslnccs suij `s pradcbgsacvnko, irntni`c tjnklnko, iaggukni`tnak, bkqunry, tb`g

warl km dbnko m`ptnvb nk ij`konko warcm.06 ]jns ns d`sbm ak tjb bx`gnk`tnaks iaukinc„s rbonstry ae bx`gnk`dcb sudhbits irass sijaacs.00 X`kznd`r w`s tbstbm sbp`r`tbcy erag g`nkc`km ]`kz`kn` `km ns jbrb iaksnmbrbm cnlb ` sbp`r`tb

iauktry, s sijaac bmui`tnak nk ]`kz`kn` ns mbibktr`cnzbm ta tjb twa sbp`r`tb ebmbr`c uknts.



22

I J @ V ] B T =

]bijkni`c `km Uai`tnak`cBmui`tnak, ]r`nknko,

`km Ylnccs Mbvbcapgbkt

Nktramuitnak

Oaam qu`cnty, dra`m d`sbm `km g`rlbt rbspaksnvb tbijkni`c `km vai`tnak`c bmui`tnak,

tr`nknko, `km slnccs mbvbcapgbkt (]UB]YM) praor`gs suppcy tjb slnccs `km

iagpbtbkinbs tj`t nggbmn`tbcy rbspakm ta c`dar g`rlbt mbg`kms `km tj`t mrnvb

orawtj nk pastnkmustrn`c biakagnbs. Ylnccbm c`dar ns irntni`c ear nts i`pìnty ta `ppcy

lkawcbmob `km tbijkacaoy ta rb`cnzb jnojbr v`cub `mmbm pramuitnvnty wjnij ns tjb

d`sb ear sust`nk`dcb orawtj. Ylnccs `rb mbtbrgnk`kts ae bgpcay`dncnty nkicumnko sbce

bgpcay`dncnty `km tjbrbearb nkiagb mnstrndutnak, pavbrty rbmuitnak `km sj`rbm

orawtj. ]jbrbearb dy bkj`kinko tjb slnccs d`sb, tjb ]UB]M sudsbitar i`k iaktrndutb tasbvbr`c ae tjb VTY@V pncc`rs8 bgpawbrnko tjb paar ta obkbr`tb nkiagb, gìrabiakagni

st`dncnty, orawtj ìibcbr`tnak, jug`k i`pnt`c mbvbcapgbkt, ngpravnko tjb qu`cnty ae

cneb `km e`nr mnstrndutnak ae tjb dbkbents ae orawtj.

Vacniy Arnbkt`tnak

Yw`znc`km cìls ` k`tnak`c pacniy st`tbgbkt ta ounmb tjb mbvbcapgbkt ae nts ]UB]YM

systbg `km ta cnkl nt ta tjb k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt rbearg òbkm` `km ta c`dar g`rlbt

mbg`kms. @ kugdbr ae maiugbkts, gast ae wjnij m`tb erag tjb 0>:6s, iakt`nk sagb

pacniy bcbgbkts. ]jbsb `rb tjb Uai`tnak`c `km Nkmustrn`c ]r`nknko @it (0>:4), tjbK`tnak`c Bmui`tnak`c Iaggnssnak Tbvnbw (0>:=), tjb KMY (0>>?), tjb K`tnak`c Vacniy

Yt`tbgbkt ak Bmui`tnak (0>>>), tjb Jug`k Tbsaurib Mbvbcapgbkt `km Vc`kknko Dncc

4669, `km tjb VTY@V (4665). Lby pacniy tjbgbs tj`t bgbrob erag tjbsb maiugbkts,

nkicumb tjb kbbm ta8

ngpravb g`kòbgbkt `km rbsaurib beeninbkiy tjrauoj bkj`kibm systbg

iaarmnk`tnak `km dbttbr utncnz`tnak ae bxnstnko nkstntutnaks<

wnmbk ìibss ta ]UB]YM dy rbgavnko enk`kin`c d`rrnbrs suij `s bxibssnvb ebbs

`km –ì`mbgni‗ d`rrnbrs cnlb tjb rbqunrbgbkt ear ` jnoj p`ss nk Bkocnsj ear

bktry ta sagb ]UB]YM praor`gs<

ngpravb tjb rbcbv`kib ae ]UB]YM tjrauoj orb`tbr iacc`dar`tnak dbtwbbk

nkmustry, oavbrkgbkt `km pravnmbrs ae ]UB]YM praor`gs<

bkj`kib `rtniuc`tnak dbtwbbk bmui`tnak, tr`nknko `km tjb warcm ae warl<




bst`dcnsj cnkls dbtwbbk nkmustrnbs `km tr`nknko nkstntutnaks<

eastbr bktrbprbkburn`c mbvbcapgbkt ta pravnmb pbapcb wntj tjb slnccs ta enkm

gb`knkoeuc sbcebgpcaygbkt `km rbvnbw iaursbs nk pudcni nkstntutnaks ta ob`r

tjbg taw`rms sbce bgpcaygbkt slnccs<

nktbor`tb vai`tnak`c tr`nknko nkta tjb obkbr`c bmui`tnak iurrniuc` dy nkicumnko

vai`tnak`c slnccs nk tjb prng`ry iurrniucug `km vai`tnak`c tr`nknko aptnaks `t

tjb sbiakm`ry cbvbc<

pragatb bmui`tnak `km i`rbbr p`tjw`ys `s wbcc `s warl appartukntnbs ear

yauko pbapcb<

bkj`kib tjb st`tus ae ]UB]YM.

]jbsb bcbgbkts `rb ybt ta db drauojt taobtjbr nk ` iajbrbkt ]UB]YM pacniy. @

mrèt pacniy j`s dbbk prbp`rbm `km wncc db enk`cnzbm d`sbm ak tjns `k`cysns. Jntjbrta,

tjb `dsbkib ae ` pacniy j`s cbm ta `m jai mbvbcapgbkts wntj tjb rbsuct tj`t tjb ]UB]YM

sudsbitar cìls str`tboni mnrbitnak `km ns kat beebitnvbcy nktbor`tbm wntj tjb avbr`ccB]YMY, tjb k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt str`tboy `km k`tnak`c `km rbonak`c c`dar g`rlbts.

Cbo`c Er`gbwarl

@s wntj pacniy, tjb cbo`c er`gbwarl ear ]UB]YM iagprnsbs nsac`tbm `km erògbktbm

pnbibs ae cbo`c nkstrugbkts, tjb iaccbitnvb ae wjnij ns kat `mbqu`tb ta pravnmb `

iagprbjbksnvb cbo`c er`gbwarl ear tjb sudsbitar. Akb ae tjbsb pnbibs ns tjb Uai`tnak`c

`km Nkmustrn`c ]r`nknko @it ae 0>:4. ]jb @it bst`dcnsjbm tjb Nkmustrn`c `km Uai`tnak`c

]r`nknko Da`rm (NU]D) `km pravnmbs ` cbo`c er`gbwarl ear `pprbktnibsjnps `km tr`mb

tbstnko. Nt `csa nkicumbs pravnsnaks ear ` cbvy systbg ta suppart slnccs mbvbcapgbkt”wjnij w`s rbhbitbm”`km ounmbcnkbs ear tjb iaggbkibgbkt ae tr`nknko sijbgbs

@katjbr lby cbo`c nkstrugbkt ns tjb Jug`k Tbsaurib Mbvbcapgbkt `km Vc`kknko

Dncc ae 4669. ]jb Dncc `ngbm, nktbr `cn`, ta pramuib ` garb iajbrbkt bk`dcnko `km

rbouc`tary bkvnrakgbkt ear ]UB]YM. Nt pravnmbm ear tjb irb`tnak ae ` K`tnak`c

]r`nknko `km Pu`cneni`tnaks @utjarnty (K]P@) wntj rbspaksndncnty ear8 bst`dcnsjnko `

K`tnak`c Pu`cneni`tnaks Er`gbwarl (KPE), sbttnko st`km`rms, rbonstbrnko st`km`rms

obkbr`tnko damnbs, rbonstbrnko pravnmbrs, qu`cnty `ssur`kib `km avbrsbbnko ` tr`nknko

eukm enk`kibm tjrauoj ` cbvy ak bgpcaybrs. Ne bkìtbm, tjns Dncc iaucm j`vb i`t`cyzbm `

sbrnbs ae snokneni`kt `km praorbssnvb rbeargs.

]jb cìl ae ` k`tnak`c ]UB]YM cbo`c er`gbwarl j`s cbm ta vbry wb`l rbouc`tnak`km qu`cnty iaktrac ae pudcni `km prnv`tb tr`nknko pravnsnak. @t prbsbkt, pudcni

pravnsnak ae ]UB]YM ns rbouc`tbm tjrauoj inriuc`rs g`nkcy erag tjb GaB `km tjb

GaBB. Vrnv`tb pravnsnak ns c`robcy ukrbouc`tbm. @s wntj –nccbo`c‗ OB] sijaacs, prnv`tb

tr`nknko pravnmbrs ma kat j`vb ta rbonstbr, bxibpt `s dusnkbssbs wntj tjb GaBB. ]jby

ma kat j`vb ta sbbl ìirbmnt`tnak ear tjbnr praor`gs wntj `ky ùtjarnty. ]jns cb`vbs tjb

k`turb `km qu`cnty ae tr`nknko ta tjbnr mnsirbtnak `km tr`nkbbs vuckbr`dcb ta `dusb.

Aro`knz`tnak`c km G`kòbgbkt Er`gbwarl

Enourb =.0 sugg`rnzbs tjb aro`knz`tnak`c struiturb ae ]UB]YM.




Enourb =.08 Ytruiturb ae Yw`znc`km„s ]UB]YM Ybitar

Yaurib8 GAB.

]jb g`kòbgbkt ae ]UB]YM ns ij`rìtbrnzbm dy jbtbraobkbnty `km erògbkt`tnak.

@t cb`st bnojt pudcni aro`knz`tnaks j`vb sagb racb nk tjb g`kòbgbkt ae ]UB]YM `km

kakb j`s tjb avbr`cc g`km`tb ear systbgni iaarmnk`tnak. Vrapas`cs ta rbstruiturb tjbg`kòbgbkt ae ]UB]YM j`vb dbbk nk mrèt ear sagb tngb dut mbt`ncs ae tjb

rbspaksndncntnbs `rb ybt ta db o`zbttbm. ]wa pudcni nkstntutnaks, tjb GaB `km tjb GaBB,

iaucm db s`nm ta j`vb tjb ducl ae tjb rbspaksndncnty ear ]UB]YM. ]`dcb =.0 pravnmbs

bx`gpcbs ae tjb typbs ae praor`gs aeebrbm dy cnkb Gnknstrnbs `km tjb kugdbr ae

tr`nkbbs bkraccbm.

]jb iurrbkt erògbkt`tnak nk tjb g`kòbgbkt ae ]UB]YM cb`ms ta ` r`kob ae

ukèearm`dcb rnsls, nkicumnko8

mupcni`tnak `km w`stòb nk tbrgs ae iurrniucug mbvbcapgbkt `km tr`nknko

pravnsnak< rbstrnitnaks ak oavbrkgbkt `km nkmustry `ttbgpts ta bksurb tj`t pravnmbrs

gbbt gnkngug qu`cnty st`km`rms nk tbrgs ae stèe qu`cneni`tnaks, praor`g

mbsnok `km `ssbssgbkt<

ukmbrgnknko ae `ttbgpts ta bksurb k`tnak`c iaksnstbkiy nk tr`nknko pravnsnak

cngntnko tjb mbvbcapgbkt ae `rtniuc`tnak `km irbmnt tr`ksebr `rr`kobgbkts datj

wntjnk tjb ]UB]YM `km wntj tjb sijaacs `km jnojbr bmui`tnak sbitars<

sbogbkt`tnak ae tr`nknko suppcy<

tr`nknko pravnsnak tj`t ns nsac`tbm erag g`rlbt earibs< `km

mngnknsjbm nkmustry iakenmbkib nk tjb autputs ae tjb ]UB]YM.

N NN NNN UNU

0

40

4 9

@pprbktnibsjnp

0 4

UAI]NG

YIA]

Cawbr Rppbr

Ybiakm`ry

Kakearg`c

]brtn`ry

K`tnak`c Mnpcag`

Inty & Ouncms

Ibrtneni`tb

A Cbvbc

Huknar Ibrtneni`tbNkearg`c/TBIs

Lby

Vrb-Uai`tnak`c




]`dcb =.48 Avbrvnbw ae Vudcnicy Eukmbm ]UB]YM Vravnsnak (4665 ar gast rbibkt yb`r)

]ypb ae pravnmbrKa. ae

VravnmbrsKa. ae

]r`nkbbs % Ebg`cbKa. ae

]r`nkbrs

]r`nkbbs/]r`nkbrT`tna

@kku`c]r`nkbbAutput

Vudcni tbijknin`k cbvbc tr`nknkonkstntutnak ’ YIA]

0 90= 94.? =9 ?.9 00=

Vudcni `rtns`k / tr`mb cbvbc tr`nknkonkstntutnak ’ UAI]NG

0 02? 46.9 99 =.: 44=

Ybiakm`ry sijaacs aeebrnkoprbvai`tnak`c praor`gs

05 ?46 k` 5? 06.? k`

Oavbrkgbkt-awkbm tr`nknko ibktbrs 0> 55= =2.6 ?2 :.: 55=

Kakearg`c oavbrkgbkt tr`nknkoibktbrs ’ oavbrkgbkt ssnstbm

0: :09 25.6 25 0=.2 9?:

Kakearg`c oavbrkgbkt tr`nknkoibktbrs ’ kat oavbrkgbkt `ssnstbm

4 0>6 =9.6 49 :.9 0>6

]at`c 2? 4,:2: =6.6 4>? >.5 0,2?6

Yaurib8 Bkraccgbkt rbiarms ae rbspbitnvb nkstntutnaks.

Nk `mmntnak ta cngntbm sp`ibs, tjb bxtbkmbm mur`tnak ae gast praor`gs ns `

mnsnkibktnvb ear praspbitnvb `muct tr`nkbbs. Gast praor`gs mbg`km twa ta tjrbb yb`rs

ae eucctngb stumy. ]jns cngnts tjb bxtbkt ta wjnij tjb systbg i`k pravnmb hustnktngb

tr`nknko ear nkntn`tbs `km/ar warlnko `mucts. ^bt Yw`znc`km„s rbspaksnvbkbss ta e`st

ij`konko `km ukbxpbitbm mbg`kms ear slnccs prbsbktbm dy EMNs `km/ar praspbits ear sg`cc

dusnkbssbs mbpbkms ak suij iaursbs. ]`dcb =.9 pravnmbs sugg ry ae iaursbs dy mur tnak.

]`dcb =.98 Yugg`ry ae Vudcni Vravnsnak dy Mur`tnak ]ypb ae pravnmbr Vravnmbrs Mur`tnak ae praor`gs

Vudcni tbijknin`k tr`nknko nkstntutnak YIA] 9 yb`rs.

Vudcni earg`c vai`tnak`c tr`nknkonkstntutnak

UAI]NG 0’4 yb`rs.

Ybiakm`ry sijaacs aeebrnkoprbvai`tnak`c praor`gs

Jnoj Yijaacs 4 yb`rs

Oavbrkgbkt-awkbm tr`nknko ibktbrs Tur`c Bmui`tnak Ibktbrs 0 yb`r.

K`tnak`c J`kmnir`ets ]r`nknko Ibktbr > gaktjs.

IAMBI 06 gaktjs

E`rgbr ]r`nknko Ibktbrs 4 yb`rs

Uai`tnak`c Tbj`dncnt`tnak Ibktbrs 0 yb`r

_agbk nk Mbvbcapgbkt ]r`nknko Ibktbr > gaktjs

YV]I ]r`nknko Ibktrb 04’0: gaktjs

Kakearg`c oavbrkgbkt tr`nknkoibktbrs ’ oavbrkgbkt ssnstbm

Yw`znc`km Ylnccs ]r`nknko Ibktbrs”GN]I, K@Y]NI &YN]I

4 yb`rs.

GU]I 4 yb`rs.

KV^]I 0’9 yb`rs.

YBDBK]@ 04 gaktjs

Kakearg`c oavbrkgbkt tr`nknkoibktbrs ’ kat oavbrkgbkt `ssnstbm

Dasia Ylnccs Ibktbr 4 yb`rs

Cnlus`s` 04 gaktjs

Yaurib8 GAB.




Earg`c tbijkni`c `km vai`tnak`c bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko

Vrbvai`tnak`c praor`gs

]jb prbvai`tnak`c praor`g sbbgs ta kat db gbbtnko nts `ng ta bxtbkm vai`tnak`c

tr`nknko appartukntnbs ta sbknar sbiakm`ry stumbkts. Ubry ebw cb`rkbrs t`lb tjns aptnak.Ynkib 466=, wjbk tjb pncat bkmbm, bkraccgbkt j`s `vbròbm = pbribkt (t`dcb =.=). Vc`ks

ta t`lb tjb pncat ta si`cb wbrb ij`kobm dbiùsb ae tjb kbbm ta enrst bv`cu`tb tjb

praor`g.

]`dcb =.=8 Bx`gnkbm ]r`nkbbs `s Nkmni`tnvb Bkraccgbkt nk Vrbvai`tnak`c Vraor`gs

Yudhbit 466= 4662 4665 466?

@orniucturb >6 52 06> >4

Dusnkbss Ytumnbs ?6 90 =0 =9

Bktrbprbkbursjnp 964 492 964 4>:Jagb Biak. 56 20 2: 2?

N] 4>= 44> 4:0 4?>

]bij. Mr`wnko 5= 56 5= 59

]at`c ::6 5?0 :22 :94

% ae tat`c sbknar sbiakm`ry bkraccgbkt 2 9 = =

Yaurib8 Bx`gnk`tnaks Iaukinc.

Mub ta cìl ae vbrtni`c `rtniuc`tnak, tjb prbvai`tnak`c praor`g j`s kat dbbk

suiibsseuc nk jbcpnko nts or`mu`tbs ta ìibss jnojbr cbvbcs ae ]UB]YM. @s eurtjbr

ij`ccbkob iakeraktnko tjns praor`g ns enk`kin`c vn`dncnty. Nts caw stumbkt upt`lbtr`ksc`tbs nkta uksust`nk`dcy caw Y]Ts `km ukèearm`dcb uknt iast ae sbknar sbiakm`ry

bmui`tnak.

@rtns`k ar tr`mb cbvbc tr`nknko

@iibss ta `rtns`k ar tr`mb cbvbc tr`nknko praor`gs ns cngntbm `km j`s dbbk ak tjb

mbicnkb snkib 4669 wntj snoks ae rbiavbry dbonkknko nk 4665 (sbb enourb =.4).

Rkèearm`dcb ebbs `rb intbm `s ` iùsb ae tjb mbicnknko bkraccgbkt. @s mnsiussbm ukmbr

tjb sbitnak ak systbg beeninbkiy, tjns rbprbsbkts ` sudst`ktn`c ukmbrutncnz`tnak ae

tr`nknko i`pìnty ò`nkst ukgbt mbg`km ear pcìbs.

Uai`tnak`c `km Iaggbrin`c ]r`nknko Nkstntutb G`ts`p` (UAI]NG) bkraccgbkt nsjnoj nk praor`gs ear wjnij tjbrb ns cnttcb c`dar g`rlbt mbg`km. ]jb ducl ae tr`nkbbs

t`lb iaggbrin`c sudhbits. Bkraccgbkt enourbs ear ùtagatnvb tr`nknko `km bcbitrni`c

tr`nknko j`vb rbg`nkbm garb ar cbss tjb s`gb avbr tngb, wjncb tjbrb j`s dbbk ` stb`my

mbicnkb ear waamwarl `km gbij`kni`c bkonkbbrnko. ]jb rbst ae tjb iaursbs eaccaw tjb

avbr`cc trbkm ae ` pb`l nk tjb b`rcy 4666s eaccawbm dy ` sj`rp mbicnkb `km tjbk ` scnojt

rbiavbry st`rtnko nk 4665, dut kbvbr rbìjnko tjb nkntn`c jnoj (enourb =.9).




Enourb =.48UAI]NG ]at`c Bkraccgbkt 0>>2’466?

Yaurib8 UAI]NG mgnknstr`tnak.

Enourb =.98 UAI]NG Bkraccgbkt dy Mbp`rtgbkt 4666’466?

Yaurib8 UAI]NG mgnknstr`tnak.

]bijknin`k cbvbc tr`nknko

YIA] ns tjb akcy nkstntutnak tj`t aeebrs tbijknin`k tr`nknko. _ntj i`pìnty ear 0,266

stumbkts”nkicumnko kbwcyrbkav`tbm rbsnmbktn`c ìiaggam`tnak ear 0,466 stumbkts”

nt bkraccs 90= tr`nkbbs ar apbr`tbs `t 40 pbribkt ae nts i`pìnty (enourb =.=).

066

046

0=6

056

0:6

466

446

4=6

456

4:6

966

0>>2 0>>5 0>>? 0>>: 0>>> 4666 4660 4664 4669 466= 4662 4665 466?

K u g d b r a e ] r ` n k b b s

^b`r

6

06

46

96

=6

26

56?6

:6

>6

066

4666 4660 4664 4669 466= 4662 4665 466?

K u g d b r a e t r ` n k b b s @utagatnvb

Duncmnko

Iaggbrin`c

Bcbitrni`c

Gbij`kni`c

_aamwarl

^b`r




Enourb =.=8 YIA] ]at`c Bkraccgbkt 4666’4665

Yaurib8 YIA].

]`dcb =.28 YIA] Bkraccgbkt dy ^b`r ae Ytumy, 4666’4665

4666 4660 4664 4669 466= 4662 4665

^b`r 0 499 055 025 0:= 20 0?6 069

^b`r 4 :: 02> 092 0=9 059 >9 026

^b`r 9 009 4? 005 069 0=? 046 50

]at`c =9= 924 =6? =96 950 9:9 90=

Yaurib8 YIA].

Kakearg`c vai`tnak`c tr`nknko

Oavbrkgbkt pravnmbm ka earg`c vai`tnak`c tr`nknko

Tur`c bmui`tnak ibktbrs (TBIs), `rb tjb g`nk pravnmbrs ae `muct d`sni tr`nknko `km

slnccs mbvbcapgbkt. ]jbnr bkraccgbkt j`s `csa dbbk ak tjb mbicnkb snkib 4660 (enourb

=.2). Dbiùsb ae tjbnr oaam obaor`pjni`c iavbròb”twa pbr rbonak”TBIs prbsbkt `kappartuknty ta bxp`km ìibss ta UB] ear rur`c mwbccbrs `km ta iacc`dar`tb wntj sbknar

sbiakm`ry sijaacs nk tjb pravnsnak ae prbvai`tnak`c praor`gs.

966

942

926

9?2

=66

=42

=26

4666 4660 4664 4669 466= 4662 4665

K u g d b r a e s t u m b k t s

^b`r




Enourb =.28 Bkraccgbkt nk Tur`c Bmui`tnak Ibktbrs

Yaurib8 Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak.

Oavbrkgbkt `ssnstbm kaearg`c vai`tnak`c tr`nknko

Bnojtbbk kakearg`c pravnmbrs rbibnvb oavbrkgbkt `ssnst`kib nk tjb earg ae nkstruitar

s`c`rnbs. ]jbsb ibktbrs `csa ij`rob tr`nkbbs kagnk`c ebbs. ]jby nkicumb tjrbb Yw`znc`km

Ylnccs Ibktbrs”G`kznkn Nkmustrn`c ]r`nknko ibktbr (GN]I), Kjc`ko`ka @orniuctur`c

Ylnccs ]r`nknko Ibktbr (K@Y]NI), Yntbon Nkmustrn`c ]r`nknko Ibktbr (YN]I)”`kmYBDBK]@ `muct bmui`tnak nkstntutb. Iaccbitnvbcy, tjby bkracc `daut :66 tr`nkbbs ` yb`r.

]jbsb ibktbrs tbkm ta aeebr sjartbr bktrycbvbc slnccs tr`nknko praor`gs, `km tjbrbearb,

`k appartuknty ta bc`dar`tb tjbg nkta hustnktngb praor`gs tj`t iaucm bk`dcb

Yw`znc`km ta rbspakm ta uk`ktninp`tbm sjnets nk c`dar g`rlbt mbg`kms. ]jns waucm

iaksnmbr`dcy bkj`kib tjb pravnsnak ae bktry cbvbc slnccs tr`nknko ear `mucts, upor`mnko

`km rbtaacnko appartukntnbs, `km sbiakmij`kib tr`nknko appartukntnbs ear yautj.

Vrnv`tb kakearg`c vai`tnak`c tr`nknko

]wa kakoavbrkgbkt`c prnv`tbcyenk`kibm nkstntutnaks”nkicumnko ]jb Dasia Ylnccs

Ibktbr”bkracc `daut 0>6 tr`nkbbs. ]jb Dasia Ylnccs Ibktbr aeebrs strakocy g`rlbteaiusbm vai`tnak`c tr`nknko wntj bgpj`sns ak bktrbprbkbur mbvbcapgbkt. ]jns

praor`g pravnmbs erbb aeenib/warlsjap spìb ta bktrbprbkburs ìrass sbvbk typbs ae

dusnkbssbs nk rbturk ear tjb tr`nknko ae `pprbktnibs. Bìj warlsjap tr`nks erag = ta 04

`pprbktnibs avbr 4 yb`rs. ]jb `pprbktnibs p`y ` kagnk`c ebb (`daut B?66) dut rbibnvb

tjns dìl nk wbblcy `ccaw`kibs. Bgpcaybrs rbibnvb kat akcy erbb warl spìb dut `csa

erbb c`dar ear tjb mur`tnak ae tjb tr`nknko. Bgpcaybrs `rb gakntarbm ta bksurb tj`t

rb`sak`dcb tr`nknko t`lbs pcìb. ]jb bxp`ksnak ae praor`gs ae tjns typb waucm ma

guij ta bkj`kib tjb g`rlbt rbcbv`kib ae bktry cbvbc slnccs tr`nknko nk Yw`znc`km.

Bktbrprnsb-d`sbm tr`nknko

]jb 466? nkvbstgbkt icng`tb `ssbssgbkt (NI@) sjaws tj`t enrgs nk Yw`znc`km tbkm ta

tr`nk tjbnr warlbrs garb tj`k tjasb nk Datsw`k` ar K`gndn` dut cbss tj`k tjasb nk

6

46

=6

56

:6

066

046

0=6

056

0:6

466

4660 4664 4669 466= 4662 4665

K u g d b r a e t r ` n k b b s

G`cb

Ebg`cb

]at`c

^b`r




Gùrntnus, Yautj @erni` `km atjbr iauktrnbs (t`dcb =.5). @daut 26 pbribkt ae tjb enrgs

pravnmb tr`nknko iagp`rbm ta ?4 pbribkt ae enrgs nk Ijnk`, ?5 pbribkt nk ]j`nc`km, `km

5= pbribkt nk Yautj @erni`. ]r`nknko praor`gs nkicumb8 (n) `pprbktnibsjnps iakmuitbm

tjrauoj YIA] `km tjb mnrbitar`tb ae nkmustrn`c `km vai`tnak`c tr`nknko (MNU]), (nn)

òrniuctur`c bxtbksnak praor`gs, kat`dcy nk tjb suo`r nkmustry, (nnn) JNU/@NMY

`w`rbkbss `km iauksbcnko, (nv) supbrvnsnak `km g`kòbgbkt tr`nknko aeebrbm dy

rbonak`c tr`nknko pravnmbrs tj`t cb`m ta earg`c rbiaokntnak dy qu`cneni`tnak ùtjarntnbs,

suij `s tjb Yautj @erni`k Pu`cneni`tnaks @utjarnty (Y@P@), (v) `muct d`sni bmui`tnak

praor`gs, `km (vn) obkbrni iustagbr sbrvnib `km pramuit lkawcbmob tr`nknko

p`rtniuc`rcy nk tjb jatbcs sbitar. _jncb tjbrb ns ` snokneni`kt cbvbc ae bktbrprnsb d`sbm

tr`nknko gast ns iakmuitbm nkjausb `km mabs kat cb`m ta ` earg`c rbiaokntnak. ]jb cìl

ae earg`c rbiaokntnak ae tr`nknko i`k hbap`rmnzb tjb tr`nkbbs„ euturb ij`kibs ae sbiurnko

atjbr hads.

]`dcb =.58 Vrbv`cbkib ae Enrg-d`sbm ]r`nknko `s ` Vbribktòb ae ]r`nkbm _arlbrs

Iauktry % Enrgs aeebrnko tr`nknko% Ylnccbm warlbrs

wja `rb tr`nkbm % Rkslnccbm tr`nkbm

Datsw`k` 9? 2? =0

G`c`ysn` =4 :0 ?5

K`gndn` == 5: =0

Yw`znc`km => 5= 4?

Gùrntnus 54 9= 0:

Yautj @erni` 5= =2 =?

Ijnk` ?4 =: 42

Ijncb ?4 9= 42

]j`nc`km ?5 --- ---

Yaurib8 Yw`znc`km NI@ Yurvby, Uacugb 0, 45 `km Uacugb 4, 2:.

Yw`znc`km ns `csa nk tjb tap tnbr ae tjb mnstrndutnak ae `cc iauktrnbs nk tbrgs ae tjb

prapartnak ae tjb slnccbm warlearib tj`t obts tr`nkbm. @ rbibkt c`dar survby sjaws tj`t

?: pbribkt ae bgpcaybbs rbibnvbm tr`nknko snkib tjby wbrb bgpcaybm. Enrgs wntj garb

tj`k 06 warlbrs `rb =6 pbribkt garb cnlbcy ta pravnmb tr`nknko tj`k sg`ccbr enrgs. ]jns

iaucm db dbiùsb sg`cc enrgs i`kkat èearm tjb sudst`ktn`c enxbm iasts `ssain`tbm wntj

tr`nknko. Bxpartnko enrgs `rb `daut =6 pbribkt garb cnlbcy ta pravnmb tr`nknko tj`k

kakbxpartnko enrgs. Enrgs tj`t nkvbst nk JNUprbvbktnak nktbrvbktnaks `rb `daut 5=

pbribkt garb cnlbcy ta pravnmb tr`nknko. Bgpcaybbs wntj garb earg`c sijaacnko `rb

garb cnlbcy ta rbibnvb enrgd`sbm tr`nknko.0

@pprbktnibsjnps `km tr`nkbbsjnps

]jb kugdbr ae `pprbktnibs ns caw `km bkraccgbkts `km iagpcbtnaks j`vb dbbk st`tni

avbr tjb p`st mbi`mb (enourb =.5). ]jbrb `rb `daut 466 `pprbktnibs bìj yb`r, 26 ae

wjnij `rb kbw rbirunts `km 26 `rb iagpcbtbrs. Cnlb g`ky @erni`k iauktrnbs”K`gndn`,

Dbknk, Oj`k`, Lbky`, Yautj @erni`, `km ]`kz`kn`”Yw`znc`km j`s bkìtbm earg`c

`pprbktnibsjnp c`ws wjnij rbouc`tb tjb eaccawnko8 aeenin`c rbonstr`tnak ae iaktrìts,

ìibss ta `pprbktnibsjnps, tr`nknko mur`tnak, slnccs `ssbssgbkt, `km ibrtneni`tnak

praibmurbs. Jawbvbr, tjbsb `rr`kobgbkts `rb akcy `ppcnbm nk ` sg`cc kugdbr ae




bktbrprnsbs. V`rt ae tjb rb`sak ear caw p`rtninp`tnak ns tjb bcngnk`tnak ae t`x nkibktnvbs

tj`t bgpcaybrs usbm ta rbibnvb ear t`lnko `pprbktnibs. ]jbrb `rb 4: `pprbktnib tr`mbs,

ae wjnij 46 `rb ìtnvb. @pprbktnibs wja iagpcbtb tjb praor`g `rb `w`rmbm Or`mb NN

tr`mb ibrtneni`tnak. @iiarmnko ta MNU] atjbr rb`saks dbjnkm caw

`pprbktnibsjnp/tr`nkbbsjnp kugdbrs `rb8 (n) ` cìl ae ounmbcnkbs ak tjb cbvbc ae tr`nknko

bxpbitbm< (nn) mneeniucty nk nmbktneynko bgpcaybrs wja `rb wnccnko ta bkoòb

`pprbktnibs/tr`nkbbs< (nnn) iakibrks dy bgpcaybrs `daut `pprbktnib / tr`nkbb iaktrìtu`c

adcno`tnaks< `km (nv) biakagni iakmntnaks cngntnko bgpcaybr i`pìnty ta bkoòb

`pprbktnibs/tr`nkbbs.

Enourb =.58 Nkt`lb, Bkraccgbkt `km Iagpcbtnak nk @pprbktnibsjnp ]r`nknko 0>>? ta466?

Yaurib8 Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak.

]r`mb tbstnko

]r`mb tbstnko tbkms ta eaius ak tjb ibrtneni`tnak ae cawbr cbvbc slnccs `km tjbrb `rb ka

suppartnko slncc mbvbcapgbkt praor`gs ear nkmnvnmu`cs wja wnsj ta o`nk jnojbr cbvbcslnccs. Dbtwbbk 566 `km :66 pbapcb ukmbrt`lb tr`mb tbsts bìj yb`r `km tjbsb iavbr 40

aiiup`tnaks. MNU] `mgnknstbrs tjb tr`mb tbsts `t oavbrkgbkt tr`nknko nkstntutnaks

tjrauojaut tjb iauktry ak ` ebb ear sbrvnib d`sns. @daut twa tjnrms ae tbsts `rb

iakmuitbm `t tjb cawbst cbvbc”Or`mb NNN.4 ]jbrb `rb nkibktnvbs nk tjb c`dar g`rlbt ear

`rtns`ks ta o`nk jnojbr cbvbcs ae tr`mb tbst or`mbs. Jawbvbr tjbrb `rb ka iaursbs ta

`ssnst `rtns`ks ta gavb erag Or`mb NNN ta Or`mb N. @iiarmnko ta MNU], tjb g`nk

iakstr`nkts ak tr`mb tbstnko `rb8 (n) ` cìl ae sbrvnib`dcb bqunpgbkt, p`rtniuc`rcy `t

YIA]< (nn) iast<9 (nnn) nk`mbqu`tb dumobt< `km (nv) ` cìl ae i`pìnty ta mbvbcap `km

g`nkt`nk aiiup`tnak`c `km tr`nknko st`km`rms.

6

26

066

026

466

426

0>>? 0>>: 0>>> 4666 4660 4664 4669 466= 4662 4665 466?

K u g d b r a e ` p p r b k t n i b s

Nkt`lb

Bkraccgbkt

Autput

^b`r




Vrnv`tb iaggbrin`c pravnsnak

Vrnv`tb iaggbrin`c aro`knz`tnaks `rb nkirb`snkocy dbiagnko g`har pravnmbrs ae

]UB]YM. @ 466: survby nmbktnenbm 45 tr`nknko nkstntutnaks wntj bstng`tbm bkraccgbkts

ae 4260 tr`nkbbs. Gast ae tjb 0?2 iaursbs aeebrbm dy tjbsb pravnmbrs wbrb nk dusnkbss

(=2.0 pbribkt) `km N] rbc`tbm enbcms (49.= pbribkt). Ybvbk ae tjbsb pravnmbrs j`m tat`c

bkraccgbkts bxibbmnko 466 tr`nkbbs, wjnij gb`ks tj`t tjbsb nkstntutnaks j`vb garb

tr`nkbbs tj`k ma pudcni nkstntutnaks suij `s UAI]NG. ]jb c`robst pravnmbr nk tjns

i`tboary j`m ` tat`c bkraccgbkt ae 94= cb`rkbrs wjnij ns iagp`r`dcb ta tjb pudcni

]UB]YM nkstntutnak, YIA]. ]jb mnstrndutnak ae tjbsb pravnmbrs j`s `k urd`k dn`s wntj

0? ae tjbg d`sbm nk bntjbr Gd`d`kb (00) ar G`kznkn (5).

Nk 466:, bkraccgbkt nk prnv`tb iaggbrin`c pravnmbrs w`s `cgast tjb s`gb `s tjb

kugdbr ae tr`nkbbs nk tjb pudcni ]UB]YM systbg (4,260 tr`nkbbs). Vrnv`tb tr`nknko ns

ukrbouc`tbm guij `cako sngnc`r cnkbs ae tjb sai`ccbm –nccbo`c‗ sijaacs. ]jns r`nsbs

ngpart`kt qubstnaks `daut g`kòbgbkt `km tbìjnko qu`cnty, tjb rbc`tnaksjnp dbtwbbktr`nknko praor`gs `km nkmustry slncc mbg`kms, `km tjb bgpcay`dncnty ae or`mu`tbs. Nt ns

wartj katnko tj`t atjbr iauktrnbs nk tjb rbonak, suij `s Ro`km`, `km nktbrk`tnak`ccy,

suij `s @ustr`cn`, wjbrb tjbrb j`s dbbk r`pnm orawtj nk prnv`tb ]UB]YM pravnsnak

j`vb bxpbrnbkibm pradcbgs wntj tjb qu`cnty ae sagb praor`gs. Nk datj i`sbs, `ttbgpts

j`vb dbbk g`mb ta ngpravb tjb qu`cnty ae tr`nknko tjrauoj tjb mbvbcapgbkt ae

praebssnak`c `ssain`tnaks. Nk Ro`km`, wjbrb prnv`tb tr`nknko pravnmbrs tr`nk garb tj`k

:6 pbribkt ae tr`nkbbs, tjb Ro`km` @ssain`tnak ae Vrnv`tb Uai`tnak`c Nkstntutnaks j`s

g`mb snokneni`kt beearts ta ngpravb tjb i`pìnty ae nts gbgdbrs ta mbcnvbr oaam qu`cnty

sbrvnibs `km ta ngpravb tjbnr rbcbv`kib ta tjb c`dar g`rlbt. Yngnc`rcy nk @ustr`cn`, tjb

@ustr`cn`k Iaukinc ear Vrnv`tb Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko pc`ys `k ngpart`kt racb nkpragatnko qu`cnty tr`nknko `km praebssnak`c mbvbcapgbkt ear nts gbgdbrs, `km nk

`mvai`tnko ak dbj`ce ae prnv`tb tr`nknko pravnmbrs.

@iibss `km bqunty

Rrd`k mwbccbrs, wja `csa tbkm ta db garb èecubkt, j`vb dbttbr ìibss ta earg`c

]UB]YM. Kb`rcy `cc tjb prnv`tb pravnmbrs `km tjb twa g`har pudcni tr`nknko

pravnmbrs”YIA] `km UAI]NG”`rb nk Gd`d`kb `km G`kznkn. ]jns ns aeesbt ta sagb

mborbb dy tjb prbsbkib ae kak earg`c ]UB]YM nkstntutnaks nk rur`c `rb`s. Jawbvbr

tjbsb aro`knz`tnaks tbkm ta eaius ak d`sni slnccs tr`nknko. ]jbrbearb, rur`c mwbccbrs tbkm

ta j`vb ìibss ta cawbr cbvbc tr`nknko tj`k tjbnr urd`k `km garb èecubkt iauktbrp`rts.

Onvbk tjb `ssain`tnak dbtwbbk tr`nknko, bgpcay`dncnty, `km nkiagb, tjns j`rmcy warls

taw`rms rbmuinko sain`c nkbqu`cntnbs `s nktbkmbm nk tjb VTY@V.

Avbr`cc, ebg`cbs iagprnsb `daut =6 pbribkt ae tat`c ]UB]YM bkraccgbkt nk

pudcnicysuppartbm ]UB]YM nkstntutnaks. ]jns iagp`rbs e`var`dcy wntj Gaz`gdnqub

`km K`gndn`, wjbrb ebg`cbs iagprnsb rbspbitnvbcy, 4> pbribkt `km 0> pbribkt ae

tr`nkbbs.= Jawbvbr, ebg`cbs„ p`rtninp`tnak ns iakibktr`tbm nk cawbrcbvbc tr`nknko

aeebrbm dy YN `km TBIs, `km nk tjb sai`ccbm ebg`cbarnbkt`tbm praor`gs”sbwnko ear

nkst`kib. ]jby ìiaukt ear akcy 99 pbribkt ae bkraccgbkt `t YIA], `km 46.9 pbribkt ae

bkraccgbkt `t UAI]NG, datj ae wjnij pravnmb garb tr`mntnak`c, cakobrtbrg ]UB]YM

praor`gs. ]jns mabs kat suppart tjb obkmbr p`rnty oa`c ae tjb VTY@V.

]jb usbr ij`robs ae prnv`tb `km sagb pudcnicy suppartbm pravnmbrs, suij `s

UAI]NG, `rb ` patbktn`c d`rrnbr ta ìibss ear cawbrnkiagb e`gncnbs. ]r`nkbbs `t




UAI]NG, tjb akcy pudcni nkstntutnak aeebrnko earg`c irèt tr`nknko, `rb sbcespaksarbm.

UAI]NG ebbs r`kob erag YXC=,266 ta 06,266 pbr yb`r, nk `mmntnak ta atjbr ij`robs.

]jns rbprbsbkts ` snokneni`kt enk`kin`c d`rrnbr ta p`rtninp`tnak nk ]UB]YM, `km j`s

iaktrndutbm ta caw bkraccgbkt `t UAI]NG.

@s wntj ebg`cb tr`nkbbs, pbapcb erag caw nkiagb jausbjacms j`vb dbttbr ìibss ta

cawbr cbvbc tr`nknko aeebrbm dy tjb YN `km TBIs. ]jbsb nkstntutnaks `csa aeebr praor`gs

ear mns`mv`ktòbm yautj wja `rb kat `dcb ta iaktnkub wntj `k ì`mbgni i`rbbr.2 Gast

KOA tr`nknko nkstntutnaks ij`rob caw ebbs, tjbrbdy bkiaurònko p`rtninp`tnak erag

cawbrnkiagb oraups. Ear bx`gpcb, `t YN, tr`nkbbs p`y ` rbonstr`tnak ebb ae B26.66 pcus

YXC066.66 pbr gaktj. Ear ` 04gaktj praor`g, tjns waucm db ` tat`c iast ae B0,426.

]jbrbearb, tjb upor`mnko ae TBIs `km Y]Is nkta U]Is tjbrbearb j`s ` iagpbccnko

bqunty ngpbr`tnvb wjbk akb iaksnmbrs tjbnr icnbktbcb d`sb”wagbk, rur`c mwbccbrs,

mns`mv`ktòbm yautj, `km tjb paar.

@mucts j`vb cngntbm ìibss ta slnccs mbvbcapgbkt mub ta nkecbxndcb pravnsnak nk

tbrgs ae iaursb mur`tnak, tngb ae mbcnvbry `km iaktbkt. Iaursbs ear nkiagb obkbr`tnak

`km cnvbcnjaam ngpravbgbkt `rb cngntbm. ]jb g`nk pudcni ]UB]YM pravnmbrs, YIA]

`km UAI]NG, `rb bssbktn`ccy prbsbrvnib pravnmbrs ear yauko pbapcb iagpcbtnko

sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak.

Pu`cnty ae ]UB]YM

Iurrniuc` `km praor`gs

Yw`znc`km mabs kat j`vb ` k`tnak`c ]UB]YM iurrniucug, k`tnak`c aiiup`tnak`c

st`km`rms, ar ` k`tnak`c qu`cneni`tnaks er`gbwarl (KPE). ]jns gb`ks tj`t tjbrb ns ka

k`tnak`c spbineni`tnak ear tjb slnccs rbqunrbm nk p`rtniuc`r aiiup`tnaks. ]jns cngntsstumbkt gadncnty `km g`lbs nt mneeniuct ta iagp`rb tjb qu`cnty ae tr`nknko pravnsnak

ìrass pravnmbrs. Ibrtneni`tnak ns erògbktbm, usu`ccy onvbk dy tjb pravnmbr ntsbce.

Vraor`gs aeebrbm ear tjb s`gb aiiup`tnak dy mneebrbkt pravnmbrs v`ry nk tbrgs ae

mur`tnak, iaktbkt, `ssbssgbkt `km ibrtneni`tnak. Cìl ae ` icb`r qu`cneni`tnaks

er`gbwarl `km aiiup`tnak`c st`km`rms `csa pcìbs Yw`znc`km `t ` iagpbtntnvb

mns`mv`ktòb nk tjb rbonak. Nt `csa pbrpbtu`tbs tjb cìl ae rbiaokntnak ae tbijknin`k

tr`nknko, wjnij ns kat nmbktnenbm `s ` mnstnkit cbvbc ae aiiup`tnak nk Yw`znc`km.

@ st`km`rmsd`sbm KPE, cnlb tjasb nk Yautj @erni`, Datsw`k`, `km K`gndn`,

waucm icb`rcy spbiney tjb iagpbtbkinbs rbqunrbm ear p`rtniuc`r aiiup`tnaks, `km sbt

cbvbcs ear `rtns`ks, tbijknin`ks, `km praebssnak`c ar mborbb bqunv`cbkt. Nt waucm `csa

pravnmb ` k`tnak`c sbt ae dbkijg`rls ear ]UB]YM praor`gs, pravnmbr `ssbssgbkt

`rr`kobgbkts, `km tr`mb tbstnko. Ne Yw`znc`km mbinmbs ta ngpcbgbkt suij ` er`gbwarl,

nt gust db i`rbeuc ta `vanm iagpcbxnty, p`rtniuc`rcy nk tjb obkbr`tnak ae uknt st`km`rms,

irbmnts, `km qu`cneni`tnaks pìlònko.

Nk tjb `dsbkib ae ibrtneni`tnak d`sbm ak k`tnak`c st`km`rms, bgpcaybrs `km

]UB]YM pravnmbrs usb bxtbrk`ccy ìirbmntbm bx`gnk`tnaks `km ibrtneni`tbs aeebrbm dy

nktbrk`tnak`c `w`rmnko damnbs, suij `s Inty `km Ouncms, `km Vntg`k. ]jbsb

bx`gnk`tnaks onvb `k nkmni`tnak ae tjb rbc`tnvb qu`cnty ae ` cngntbm kugdbr ae tr`nknko

praor`gs.




tj`t tr`nknko `km `ssbssgbkt `rb –iakmuitbm dy tr`nkbrs `km `ssbssars wja8 (n) j`vb tjb

kbibss`ry tr`nknko `km `ssbssgbkt iagpbtbkinbs< (nn) j`vb tjb rbcbv`kt vai`tnak`c

iagpbtbkinbs `t cb`st ta tjb cbvbc dbnko mbcnvbrbm ar `ssbssbm< `km (nnn) iaktnkub

mbvbcapnko tjbnr vai`tnak`c `km tr`nknko `km `ssbssgbkt iagpbtbkinbs ta suppart

iaktnkuaus ngpravbgbkts nk mbcnvbry ae tjb T]A„s sbrvnibs<‗ ]jbsb pravnsnaks nk tjb

@P]E `rb mbsnokbm ta bksurb tj`t `ssbssars j`vb `ppraprn`tb slnccs `km ìibss ta

akoanko praebssnak`c mbvbcapgbkt. ]jns ns mbsnokbm ta bksurb tj`t ]UB]YM nkstruitars

j`vb uptam`tb lkawcbmob ae datj tjbnr tbijkni`c `rb` `km mbvbcapgbkts nk tr`nknko

`km `ssbssgbkt.

]jbrb `rb ka k`tnak`c aiiup`tnak`c st`km`rms ear ]UB]YM nkstruitars. Iauktrnbs nk

tjb rbonak suij `s Yautj @erni` `km K`gndn` `km nktbrk`tnak`ccy, suij `s Yiatc`km,

@ustr`cn` `km Kbw Xb`c`km j`vb mbvbcapbm k`tnak`c aiiup`tnak`c st`km`rms `km

rbc`tbm qu`cneni`tnaks ear nkstruitars tj`t earg p`rt ae ` KPE (sbb dax =.0 ear ` Yiatc`km

bx`gpcb). ]jb mbvbcapgbkt ae k`tnak`c aiiup`tnak`c st`km`rms ear ]UB]YM nkstruitars

nk Yw`znc`km waucm pravnmb ` d`sns ear8 (n) nmbktneynko tjb slnccs rbqunrbm dy `

vai`tnak`c tr`nkbr warlearib< (nn) nmbktneynko slnccs o`p< (nnn) mbsnoknko praebssnak`c

cb`rknko p`tjw`ys< (nv) pravnmnko i`rbbr praorbssnak ear vai`tnak`c tr`nkbrs, `km (v)

bksurnko tj`t nkstruitars j`vb tjb slnccs ta mbsnok praor`gs, mbcnvbr tr`nknko `km `ssbss

cb`rkbrs nk cnkb wntj nkmustry st`km`rms.

Dax =.08 Yiatc`km”Aiiup`tnak`c Yt`km`rms ear ]UB]YM Nkstruitar

Nk Yiatc`km tjb Bgpcaybrs K`tnak`c ]r`nknko Aro`kns`tnak (BK]A) ns iurrbktcy rbspaksndcb, akdbj`ce ae Cnebcako Cb`rknko Rkntbm Lnkomag (CCRL), ear tjb mbvbcapgbkt `km g`nktbk`kib ae tjb

Cb`rknko `km Mbvbcapgbkt K`tnak`c Aiiup`tnak`c Yt`km`rms `km tjb `ssain`tbm YiattnsjUai`tnak`c Pu`cneni`tnaks (YUPs). ]jb YUP nk cb`rknko `km mbvbcapgbkt `rb g`mb up ae oraupsae uknt st`km`rms tj`t mbsirndb tjb lby eukitnaks ae vai`tnak`c tr`nkbrs warlnko nk ` r`kob aenkstntutnak`c `km warl pcìb sbttnkos. ]jbrb `rb snx nktbrrbc`tbm YUPs nk cb`rknko `km mbvbcapgbkttj`t `rb mbsnokbm ear p`rtniuc`r oraups ae vai`tnak`c tr`nkbrs. Ear bx`gpcb tjb Cbvbc tjrbb nk mnrbittr`nknko `km suppart ns mnrbitbm `t pbapcb mbcnvbrnko tr`nknko nk ` warlpcìb ar tr`nknko ibktrb,wjbrb`s tjb Cbvbc 2 nk cb`rknko `km mbvbcapgbkt ns mbsnokbm ear tjasb wntj rbspaksndncnty earg`kòbgbkt ae `k aro`knz`tnak„s cb`rknko km mbvbcapgbkt praor`gs.

Bìj YUP nk cb`rknko `km mbvbcapgbkt iagprnsbs ` gnx ae iarb `km bcbitnvb uknts. ]jns bk`dcbstjb qu`cneni`tnaks ta db struiturbm ta sunt tjb mneebrnko kbbms `km had racbs ae tjb rbcbv`kt oraup aevai`tnak`c tr`nkbrs. Ear bx`gpcb tjb Cbvbc tjrbb nk cb`rknko km mbvbcapgbkt iagprnsbs knkb iarbuknts wjnij `rb8 Bv`cu`tb `km mbvbcap awk prìtnib, Nmbktney nkmnvnmu`c cb`rknko `ngs `km

praor`ggbs, @orbb cb`rknko praor`ggbs wntj cb`rkbrs, Mbvbcap tr`nknko sbssnaks, Gakntar `kmrbvnbw praorbss wntj cb`rkbrs, `km Irb`tb ` icng`tb tj`t pragatbs cb`rknko. Nk `mmntnak, tjrbbbcbitnvb uknts gust db sbcbitbm. ]jbsb gust db mr`wk erag tjb eaccawnko sbt ae bcbitnvbs8 Bk`dcbcb`rknko tjrauoj prbsbkt`tnaks, Bk`dcb cb`rknko tjrauoj mbgakstr`tnaks `km nkstruitnak, Bk`dcbnkmnvnmu`c cb`rknko tjrauoj iaìjnko, Bk`dcb oraup cb`rknko, Yuppart cb`rkbrs dy gbktarnko nk tjbwarlpcìb, Yuppart `km `mvnsb nkmnvnmu`c cb`rkbrs, @ssbss i`kmnm`tbs usnko ` r`kob ae gbtjams,Yuppart iagpbtbkib ìjnbvbm nk tjb warlpcìb, `km Tbvnbw jb`ctj `km sèbty praibmurbs nk tjbwarlpcìb.


Vjysni`c tr`nknko bkvnrakgbkt

Vjysni`c nkputs nk oavbrkgbkt awkbm `km/ar oavbrkgbkt suppartbm nkstntutnaks `rb

obkbr`ccy nk`mbqu`tb, p`rtniuc`rcy `t YIA]. Avbrrbcn`kib ak oavbrkgbkt enk`kinko

`km mbicnkbs nk oavbrkgbkt suppart `t YIA] j`vb cbm ta tjb mbi`pnt`cnz`tnak ae tjb



?6 _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

nkstntutnak. ]jb bxtrbgb cìl ae eurknturb, bqunpgbkt, `km bvbk wb`tjbrpraae eìncntnbs

j`s sp`rlbm sbvbr`c stumbkt pratbsts. ]jb kbw cndr`ry `t UAI]NG j`s kat dbbk usbm

ear 2 yb`rs dbiùsb ae cìl ae eurknturb `km daals.

G`kòbgbkt ae pudcnicy suppartbm ]UB]YM nkstntutnaksIbktr`c iaktrac j`s stnecbm nkkav`tnak, nsac`tbm ]UB]YM nkstntutnaks erag c`dar g`rlbts

`km mbc`ybm tjb rbsacutnak ae apbr`tnak`c pradcbgs. ]jb avbribktr`cnzbm iaktrac ae

YIA] `km UAI]NG j`s cbm ta ` caw sbksb ae –awkbrsjnp‗ ae tjb nkstntutnaks ak tjb

p`rt ae g`kòbrs. Nt ns `csa ` mnsnkibktnvb ear eukm r`nsnko wjnij tr`ksc`tbs nkta `k

uksust`nk`dcb mbpbkmbkiy ak tjb oavbrkgbkt. Mbvacutnak ae ùtjarnty ta tjbsb

tr`nknko nkstntutnaks, wntjnk icb`r bxpbit`tnaks ear pbrearg`kib, waucm bk`dcb tjbg ta

sbt tuntnak pacninbs, bst`dcnsj p`y si`cbs, obkbr`tb `km rbt`nk nkiagb `km enkm tjbnr awk

g`rlbts. Nk sjart, tjbrb ns ` kbbm ta bgpawbr tjbsb nkstntutnaks `km pravnmb nkibktnvbs

ear tjbg ta nkkav`tb `km sacvb pradcbgs. G`ky bx`gpcbs bxnst nk tjb rbonak ae past

sbiakm`ry tbijkni`c nkstntutnaks tj`t j`vb ùtakagy `km apbr`tb ukmbr nkmbpbkmbkt da`rms ae oavbrkars, nkicumnko tjb Vacytbijkni ae K`gndn`, tbijkni`c iaccbobs nk

Datsw`k`, tbijknlaks nk Yautj @erni` `km nkstntutbs ae tbijkacaoy nk ]`kz`kn`.

Ibktr`c oavbrkgbkt pcìbs ebw ne `ky pbrearg`kib iakmntnaks ak tjb tr`ksebr ae

rbsauribs ta nkstntutnaks cnlb YIA] `km UAI]NG. Yudsnmnbs `rb tr`ksebrrbm d`sbm ak

prbvnaus dumobts rbo`rmcbss ae tjb kugdbr `km qu`cnty ae tr`nkbbs bkraccbm `km

or`mu`tbm. ]jbrb ns vbry cnttcb bvnmbkib ae enk`kin`c tr`ksebrs dbnko iakmntnak`c ak

gbbtnko òrbbm pbrearg`kib irntbrn`. ]jns ns ` irntni`c systbg wb`lkbss. ]jb eukmnko ae

]UB]YM sjaucm db pbrearg`kib d`sbm nk armbr ta bksurb ìiaukt`dncnty `km ta

bkj`kib pbrearg`kib dy tr`nknko pravnmbrs. Iaksnmbr`tnak sjaucm db onvbk ta tjb

`maptnak ae ` pbrearg`kib d`sbm eukmnko gambc, suij `s tjb purij`sbrpravnmbr

enk`kinko gambc tj`t ns usbm nk @ustr`cn` (sbb dax =.4 ear `k bx`gpcb).

Dax =.48 Vurij`sbr Vravnmbr Enk`kinko Gambc ear ]UB]YM

]jb purij`sbr/pravnmbr gambc ae sbrvnib mbcnvbry ns dbiagnko garb iaggak nk enk`kinko]UB]YM systbgs. Dra`mcy mbenkbm, nt nkvacvbs twa sbp`r`tb òbkts. ]jb enrst ns tjb purij`sbrwja mbinmbs wj`t wncc db pramuibm. ]jb sbiakm ns tjb uctng`tb pravnmbr wja mbcnvbrs tjb òrbbmautputs.

Nk tjns systbg, oavbrkgbkt mbinmbs wj`t sbrvnibs nt w`kts, `km tjbk sbbls ` pravnmbr ear tjasb

sbrvnibs. Nk tjb i`sb ae ]UB]YM, tjb sbrvnib dbnko sauojt gnojt db tjb mbcnvbry ae tr`nknko nk `p`rtniuc`r nkmustry ar aiiup`tnak`c `rb`, tjb mbvbcapgbkt ae aiiup`tnak`c st`km`rms ear `knkmustry ar rbsb`rij nk ` p`rtniuc`r enbcm. ]jb pravnmbr g`y db ` pudcni ar prnv`tb tr`nknko pravnmbr,mbpbkmnko ak wja i`k aeebr tjb sbrvnib nk ` tngbcy g`kkbr, `t ` iagpbtntnvb prnib, `km `t `kìibpt`dcb st`km`rm ae qu`cnty.

Rkmbr tjns `rr`kobgbkt, tjb Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak waucm purij`sb tr`nknko erag ` paac aeìirbmntbm tr`nknko pravnmbrs wja waucm db sbcbitbm tjrauoj iagpbtntnvb tbkmbrnko praibss.

@ purij`sbr ’ pravnmbr enk`kinko gambc ear ]UB]YM waucm bksurb tj`t (n) tr`nknko pravnmbrs `rbrbspaksnvb ta mbg`km, (nn) rb`cnstni `km tr`ksp`rbkt prninko ns bst`dcnsjbm ear tr`nknko praor`gs,(nnn) pbrearg`kib st`km`rms `rb gbt dy tjb pravnmbrs ae tjb tr`nknko praor`gs ar atjbr sbrvnib, `km(nv) tjb GaB j`s ` gbij`knsg ear ngpravnko tjb qu`cnty ae praor`g pravnsnak.




]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km ?0

Nkstruitnak`c praibssbs

Yw`znc`km st`kms aut `gako iauktrnbs nk tjb rbonak nk nts bxtbksnvb usb ae –tr`nknko

tjrauoj pramuitnak‗ (sbb dax =.9 ear bc`dar`tnak ak tjb `ppraìj). Kakoavbrkgbkt`c

tr`nknko nkstntutnaks, p`rtniuc`rcy Yw`znc`km Ylnccs Ibktbrs `km Mak Dasia, tr`nk `cgast

bxicusnvbcy tjrauoj pramuitnak. ]jb prìtnib `ppb`rs d`c`kibm, mabs kat suiiugd ta

tjb rnsl ae nkiagb obkbr`tnak avbrwjbcgnko tjb tbìjnko praibss `km obkbr`ccy sjaucm

db iaksnmbrbm ` lby strbkotj ae tjb systbg. Nt `csa j`s tjb `mv`ktòb ae bqunppnko

cb`rkbrs wntj slnccs ta bst`dcnsj `km oraw tjbnr awk dusnkbssbs, ngpravb tjbnr nkiagbs,

survnvb `s bktrbprbkburs `km irb`tb bgpcaygbkt ear atjbrs.

Dax =.98 ]r`nknko ]jrauoj Vramuitnak

]jns `ppraìj ta vai`tnak`c tr`nknko nkvacvbs usnko pramuitnak ìtnvntnbs ta mbvbcap tbijkni`c `kmobkbrni slnccs. Nk tjns `ppraìj, nkstruitnak ns euccy nktbor`tbm wntj tjb pramuitnak ae ntbgs ear s`cb

nk cai`c g`rlbts usnko nkmnobkaus g`tbrn`cs `km `ppraprn`tb tbijkacaoy. ]r`nkbbs `rb nkvacvbm nk`cc stòbs ae pramuitnak, nkicumnko8 mbsnok, pramuit mbvbcapgbkt, pramuitnak, pragatnak, s`cbs`km rbiarm lbbpnko. @s pramuits `rb mbsnokbm, pramuibm, `km g`rlbtbm, tjb kbibss`ry tbijkni`cslnccs ear bìj stbp `rb nmbktnenbm `km dunct nkta tjb nkstruitnak. ]jns `ccaws tjb tr`nkbr ta `mhust tjbnkstruitnak ak `k akoanko d`sns. Nk ‚tr`nknko tjrauoj pramuitnak,„ tr`nkbbs o`nk tbijkni`c slnccs `swbcc `s tjb bxpbrnbkib `km slnccs kbibss`ry ta st`rt `km g`kòb tjbnr awk sg`cc dusnkbssbs.

Lby dbkbents ae ‚tr`nknko tjrauoj pramuitnak„ nkicumb8

• tr`nkbbs cb`rk ta usb `v`nc`dcb tbijkacaoy `km cai`c g`tbrn`cs nk tjb irb`tnak ae pramuits.]jus tjb tr`nkbb cb`rks slnccs tj`t bk`dcb jng ar jbr ta suiibbm nk tjb iaktbxt ae tjbnkearg`c sbitar.

• tr`nknko ns garb èearm`dcb dbiùsb tr`nkbbs i`k aeesbt tjb iast ae tjbnr tr`nknko dy b`rknkogakby wjncb tjby cb`rk.

• tr`nknko pravnmbrs i`k b`rk nkiagb wjnij jbcps gbbt tjb iast ae tr`nknko pravnsnak.

Vravnmbrs usnko tr`nknko tjrauoj pramuitnak `ppraìjbs sjaucm db i`rbeuc kat ta iagpbtb wntjcai`c dusnkbssbs.

‚]r`nknko tjrauoj pramuitnak„ tbijknqubs `rb `csa usbm nk garb g`turb ]UB]YM systbgs. Earbx`gpcb, nk @ustr`cn`, tjb Jat Oc`ss Ytumna, wjnij w`s bst`dcnsjbm nk 0>?2, bgpcays ‚tr`nknkotjrauoj pramuitnak„ tbijknqubs nk tjb tr`nknko ae jat oc`ss warlbrs. ]r`nkbbs `km stèe warltaobtjbr ak tjb pramuitnak ae v`rnaus typbs ae oc`ss pramuits. ]jbsb nkicumb iarpar`tb `w`rms`km onets, iustag akb-aee iaggnssnaks, rijntbitur`c warl km sg`cc pramuitnak ruks.


@ssbssgbkt `km `ssbssgbkt qu`cnty `ssur`kib

]jb sudsbitar cìls ` systbgni `ppraìj ta `ssbssgbkt `km `ssbssgbkt qu`cnty

`ssur`kib. @ssbssgbkt ns tjbrbearb iakmuitbm ò`nkst mneebrbkt irntbrn`, ukmbr v`rynko

iakmntnaks, usnko mneebrbkt `ssbssgbkt nkstrugbkts `km ns `mgnknstbrbm dy stèe tj`t

g`y ar g`y kat j`vb `ssbssar iagpbtbkinbs. Nk sagb i`sbs, `ssbssgbkt qu`cnty

`ssur`kib ns g`kòbm tjrauoj bxtbrk`c bx`gnk`tnaks sbt dy nktbrk`tnak`c `w`rmnko

damnbs, suij `s tjb Inty `km Ouncms `km nktbrk`tnak`c praebssnak`c damnbs, suij `s tjb

@ssain`tnak ae Ibrtnenbm Ij`rtbrbm @iiaukt`kts. Nk atjbr i`sbs, suij `s kakearg`c

tr`nknko nkstntutnaks `km `pprbktnibsjnp tr`nknko, `ssbssgbkt ns qu`cnty `ssurbm dy tjb

tr`mb tbsts `mgnknstbrbm dy tjb MNU]. ]jbsb tbsts `rb rbiaoknzbm dy nkmustry `km sagbbgpcaybrs rbqunrb mnpcag` or`mu`tbs erag YIA] ta t`lb tjb `ppraprn`tb tr`mb tbst ta

mbgakstr`tb tjbnr iagpbtbkinbs. Jawbvbr nt ns obkbr`ccy ìlkawcbmobm tj`t MNU] j`s



?4 _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

nk`mbqu`tb rbsauribs `km i`pìnty ta `mbqu`tbcy g`nkt`nk tjbsb tbsts. Avbr`cc

`ssbssgbkt qu`cnty `ssur`kib nk tjb ]UB]YM systbg ns wb`l.

Cb`rknko autiagbs `km autputs

Vbrearg`kib trbkms ak k`tnak`c bx`gnk`tnaks

@s wntj obkbr`c bmui`tnak, pbrearg`kib ak bx`gnk`tnaks `km tbsts `ppb`rs ta db jnoj.

Jawbvbr tjb cìl ae k`tnak`c st`km`rms, tjb usb ae tr`nkbrs wntj cngntbm nkmustry

bxpbrnbkib `km nk`mbqu`tb qu`cneni`tnaks, `km paar `ssbssgbkt qu`cnty `ssur`kib r`nsbs

qubstnaks `daut tjb qu`cnty ae tjb autputs ae tjb tr`nknko systbg. @t YIA], >2 pbribkt

ae tjnrm yb`r i`kmnm`tbs suiibsseuccy iagpcbtb tjbnr iaursbs. Vbribktòb p`ssbs `rb jnoj

ìrass da`rm (t`dcb =.:). ]jb ibrtnenbm ìiauktnko tbijknin`k praor`g rbibktcy ìjnbvbm

` mnstnkitnak, rbìjnko eaurtj jnojbst nk tjb warcm ak tjb @II@ (RL Ij`rtbrbm

@iiaukt`kts) bx`gnk`tnak.

]`dcb =.:8 YIA] Vbribktòb V`ss T`tbs dy ^b`r `km Eìucty

Eìucty 4669/6= 466=/62 4662/65 4665/6?

Duncmnko & Invnc >? >? 066 >9

Dusnkbss @mgnknstr`tnak >9 :> 5> :5

Bmui`tnak 066 >2 >? >2

Bkonkbbrnko Yinbkib >? 066 >= >?

]at`c >5 >2 >9 >2

Yaurib8 YIA] @mgnknstr`tnak.

@t UAI]NG, tjb p`ss r`tbs ak tjb Inty `km Ouncms bx`gnk`tnaks j`vb ecuitu`tbm

erag yb`r ta yb`r dut nkirb`sbm erag 5= pbribkt nk 4669 ta :0 pbribkt nk 4665 (t`dcb =.>).

]`dcb =.>8 UAI]NG Vbribktòb V`ss dy ^b`r

^b`r ]at`c V`ss E`nc % V`ss

4669 0,6>0 5>> 9>4 5=

466= 9>5 9=6 25 :5

4662 5=5 =26 0>5 ?6

4665 44= 0:4 =4 :0

Yaurib8 UAI]NG Tbpart, 466?.

Katb8 ]jb c`rob ecuitu`tnak nk tjb kugdbr ae i`kmnm`tbs i`kkat db bxpc`nkbm, prad`dcy nk p`rt dbiùsb

ae nkìiurìnbs nk m`t` sbts.

Murnko tjb pbrnam, 466=’4665 tjb avbr`cc p`ss r`tbs ak tr`mb tbsts rasb erag 5=

pbribkt ta ?9 pbribkt. ]jb c`robst kugdbr ae tjbsb tbsts ns iakmuitbm nk tjb eaccawnko

aiiup`tnaks8 bcbitrni`c wnrbg`k, gatar gbij`kni, dcailc`ybr/pc`stbrbr, wbcmbr,

i`rpbktbr `km pcugdbr (enourb =.?).




Enourb =.?8 ]r`mb ]bst Tbsucts nk Ybcbitbm Aiiup`tnaks 466=’4665

Yaurib8 MNU].

V`ss r`tbs wbrb jnojbst nk pcugdnko `km dcailc`ynko, `vbrònko dbtwbbk :6 `km

066 pbribkt `km cawbst nk wbcmnko `km nk bcbitrni`c wnrbg`k”`ppraxng`tbcy 26

pbribkt. ]jb caw p`ss r`tb nk tjb c`ttbr aiiup`tnak rbpartbmcy rbecbits tjb garb

strnkobkt st`km`rms awnko ta pudcni sèbty rbqunrbgbkts (t`dcb =.06).

]`dcb =.068 V`rtninp`tnak `km V`ss T`tbs nk ]r`mb ]bsts 466=’4665

]r`mb tbst or`mb

466= 4662 4665

]at`c % V`ss ]at`c % V`ss ]at`c % V`ss

Or`mb NNN =96 5? =5? ?9 5?? ?=

Or`mb NN 004 2= 04: 52 00: 5>

Or`mb N :0 5= ?4 52 50 ?6

]at`c 549 5= 55? ?6 :25 ?9

Yaurib8 MNU].

]jb prbvai`tnak`c praor`gs aeebrbm nk tjb 05 sbknar sbiakm`ry sijaacs `csa bxjndnt

rbc`tnvbcy jnoj cbvbcs ae stumbkt pbrearg`kib. _jncb p`ss r`tbs v`ry ìrass tjb `rb`s ae

stumy avbr >6 pbribkt ae stumbkts ìjnbvbm ` p`ss nk tjb bx`gnk`tnaks nk bìj yb`r

erag 466= ta 466? (t`dcb =.00).

]`dcb =.008 Bx`gnk`tnak V`ss T`tbs nk Vrbvai`tnak`c Vraor`gs 466=’466? (%)

Yudhbit 466= 4662 4665 466?

@orniucturb :=.= >5.> >5.9 >2.5

Dusnkbss Ytumnbs :4.> >9.5 066.6 066.6

Bktrbprbkbursjnp >?.= >0.2 >9.0 >6.>

Jagb Biakagnis >6.6 >:.6 :>.? :>.2

N] >=.> >6.= >?.> >2.9

]bijkni`c Mr`wnko >2.9 >2.6 >4.4 >2.4

]at`c >9.= >4.5 >2.0 >9.5

Yaurib8 Bx`gnk`tnaks Iaukinc ae Yw`znc`km.

6

26

066

026

466

426

966

926

I r p b

k t b r /

H a n k b

r V c u

g d b r

D c a i l c y

b r /

V c s t b

r b r

B c b i t r n i `

c

_ n r b

g k G a

t a r

G b i j k n i

_ b c m

b r

O s / B

c b i t r n i

K u g d b r t b s t b m

6.66

6.06

6.46

6.96

6.=6

6.26

6.56

6.?66.:6

6.>6

0.66

V ` s s r ` t b

]bstbm Or`mb 9

]bstbm Or`mb 4

]bstbm Or`mb 0

V`ss T`tb Or`mb 9

V`ss T`tb Or`mb 4

V`ss T`tb Or`mb 0



?= _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

Bgpcaybr `km bgpcaybb vnbws ae ]UB]YM qu`cnty

Mbspntb tjb jnoj p`ss r`tbs, tjb ]UB]YM sbbgs ta kat db gbbtnko bgpcaybrs `km

bgpcaybbs„ bxpbit`tnaks. @ survby ae ?2 bgpcaybrs `km 05: bgpcaybbs vnbws ak

]UB]YM pravnsnak, wjnij w`s iakmuitbm `s p`rt ae tjns sbitar rbvnbw, rbvb`cbm tj`t8

Yw`zn iagp`knbs `rb bxpbrnbkinko mneeniucty nk jnrnko tbijknin`ks, p`rtniuc`rcy

gbij`kni`c, bcbitrni`c, `km bcbitrakni `km iagputbr tbijknin`ks. ]wbktybnojt

pbribkt ae bgpcaybrs st`tbm tj`t tjns w`s mub ta ` cìl ae tr`nknko pravnsnak,

`km 4>.9 pbribkt s`nm nt ns dbiùsb ae tjb caw qu`cnty ae tjb autputs ae tjb

tr`nknko systbg. ]jbsb rbsucts tbkm ta i`cc nkta qubstnak tjb v`cnmnty ae tjb

rbc`tnvbcy jnoj cbvbcs ae stumbkt ìjnbvbgbkt tj`t `rb rbpartbm nk k`tnak`c

bx`gnk`tnaks `km tr`mb tbstnko praor`gs.

@ snokneni`kt prapartnak ae bgpcaybrs (2=.4%) r`tbm tjb pbrearg`kib ae YIA],

wjnij ns tjb k`tnak„s g`har pudcni pravnmbr ae tbijknin`k `km p`r`praebssnak`c

tr`nknko, `s `vbròb ar dbcaw `vbròb. Ka bqunv`cbkt m`t` w`s iaccbitbm earUAI]NG. Jawbvbr 44.0 pbribkt ae bgpcaybrs mbsirndbm UAI]NG `s j`vnko

–… cnttcb lkawcbmob, caw iagpbtbkiy, caw cbvbc, ka `ptntumb, nk`mbqu`tb

tbìjnko `nm, mbicnknko st`km`rms, ka vai`tnak`c bmui`tnak, `km caw iagputbr

cntbrìy.‗

Avbr j`ce ae bgpcaybrs (2?.9%) r`tbm tjb qu`cnty ae pudcni sbiakm`ry

sijaacnko, wjnij g`y db vnbwbm `s ` praxy nkmni`tar ae obkbrni slnccs suij `s

iaggukni`tnak, `s `vbròb ar dbcaw `vbròb. ]jns ns p`rtniuc`rcy ngpart`kt

wjbk nt ns iaksnmbrbm tj`t bgpcaybrs r`tbm obkbrni slnccs nk `rb`s suij `s

iaggukni`tnak (?6.4%), tb`gwarl (50.?%), iustagbr sbrvnib (29.4%W) `km

pradcbg sacvnko (=5.:%) `s dbnko bxtrbgbcy ngpart`kt ear bgpcaybbs.

Vrìtni`c slnccs tr`nknko `ppb`rs ta db ` rbc`tnvb dut kat avbrwjbcgnko strbkotj

ae datj.

Or`mu`tbs erag datj YIA] `km UAI]NG `ppb`r ta j`vb nk`mbqu`tb

nkearg`tnak tbijkacaoy (N]) slnccs. 44.0 pbribkt ae bgpcaybbs `km 04.5 pbribkt

ae bgpcaybrs intbm iakibrks `daut tjb cbvbc ae slnccs ae or`mu`tbs ae UAI]NG

`km YIA], rbspbitnvbcy.

]jb ]UB]YM iurrniucug aeebrnkos, p`rtniuc`rcy `t YIA], `rb autm`tbm, cìl `

saukm tjbarbtni`c d`sb `km ma kat nkicumb `mbqu`tb warlpcìb bxpbrnbkib.

]jb survby `csa rbvb`cbm tj`t g`ky ]UB]YM or`mu`tbs rbibnvb rbtr`nknko ar slnccsupor`mnko akib tjby `rb bgpcaybm, `km tj`t tjb iast ae tjns ns i`rrnbm dy bgpcaybrs.

Ybvbktybnojt pbribkt ae bgpcaybbs wja rbspakmbm ta tjb survby nkmni`tbm tj`t tjby

j`m rbibnvbm tr`nknko snkib dbnko jnrbm dy tjbnr iurrbkt bgpcaybr. ]jns taal tjb earg

ae aktjbhad tr`nknko (=9.>%) ar earg`c tr`nknko wntjnk tjb iagp`ky (0>.2%). Nk gast

i`sbs (?9.0%), tjns `mmntnak`c tr`nknko w`s p`nm ear dy tjb bgpcaybr. ]jns ns `k

`mmntnak`c iast ta nkmustry `km ns eurtjbr bvnmbkib tj`t tjb ]UB]YM systbg ns kat

pramuinko warlbrs wntj tjb typb, cbvbc ar qu`cnty ae slncc rbqunrbm dy iagp`knbs. ]jns

ns iaksnstbkt wntj tjb enkmnkos ae tjb nkvbstgbkt icng`tb `ssbssgbkt ukmbrt`lbk nk 466?

wjnij sjawbm tj`t iagp`knbs nk Yw`znc`km (5=%) `rb garb cnlbcy ta pravnmb tr`nknko

ear slnccbm warlbrs tj`k enrgs nk bntjbr Gùrntnus (9=%) ar Yautj @erni` (=2%).




Tbcbv`kib

Nktbrk`c rbcbv`kib `km ngpcni`tnaks ear p`tjw`ys

]UB]YM cìls nktbrk`c rbcbv`kib nk tjb sbksb tj`t cawbr cbvbcs sbbg ta kat prbp`rb

tr`nkbbs ear jnojbr cbvbcs. ]jb nktbrk`c nrrbcbv`kib bg`k`tbs erag paar ta ka vbrtni`ciurrniuc`/praor`g `rtniuc`tnak. @t prbsbkt, tr`nkbbs enknsjnko YY]I `km tr`mb cbvbc NNN

praor`gs ma kat j`vb rb`my ìibss ta UAI]NG. Yngnc`rcy, UAI]NG or`mu`tbs i`kkat

i`rry avbr irbmnts ta YIA]. Cb`rkbrs erag prbvai`tnak`c iaursbs nk sbiakm`ry sijaacs

obt ka spbin`c iaksnmbr`tnak ear bktr`kib ta YIA] mbspntb tjbnr bxpasurb. Nk eìt, t`lnko

prbvai`tnak`c sudhbits g`y jnkmbr tjb `dncnty ae cb`rkbrs ta oa akta tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak,

`s bktr`kib rbqunrbgbkts eaius ak ì`mbgni qu`cneni`tnaks.

Vaar nktbrk`c rbcbv`kib `km/ar paar vbrtni`c `rtniuc`tnak ae praor`gs cngnt tjb

p`tjw`y `rr`kobgbkts rbqunrbm ta eìncnt`tb tr`nkbb gavbgbkt ìrass cbvbcs ae

]UB]YM, `km dbtwbbk ]UB]YM `km jnojbr bmui`tnak. ]jns mabs kat gb`k tj`t `cc ar

gast cb`rkbrs sjaucm praorbss ta tjb kbxt jnojbr cbvbc ae tr`nknko, wj`t nt mabs gb`k nstj`t tjbrb sjaucm kat db ukkbibss`ry d`rrnbrs ta praorbssnak.

@ lby adhbitnvb ear nktramuinko KPEs nk tjb rbonak `km nktbrk`tnak`ccy5 j`s dbbk ta

bkj`kib cb`rkbr gadncnty wntjnk `km ìrass tjb mneebrbkt earg`c `km kakearg`c B]YM

sudsbitars. Ear nkst`kib, rbibkt sbitar rbeargs nk K`gndn` j`vb sbbk tjb nktramuitnak ae

` tbkcbvbc qu`cneni`tnak er`gbwarl. Rkmbr tjns st`km`rmsd`sbm er`gbwarl, ]UB]YM

tr`nkbbs j`vb apbk ìibss ta cbvbc 0 praor`gs `km i`k praorbssnvbcy `tt`nk tjb eucc

r`kob ae ]UB]YM `km jnojbr bmui`tnak qu`cneni`tnaks usnko ` iagdnk`tnak ae ‚tr`nknko

`km `ssbssgbkt„ `km ‚`ssbssgbkt akcy„ p`tjw`ys.

G`rlbt rbcbv`kib]UB]YM ns suppcy mrnvbk. @cc taa aetbk praor`g aeebrnkos `rb d`sbm ak tjb `v`nc`dncnty

ae warlsjaps `km nkstruitars r`tjbr tj`k ak mbg`km. Iaursbs aeebrbm dy datj earg`c

`km kakearg`c pravnmbrs eaius ak tr`mntnak`c bktrycbvbc slnccs nk `rb`s, suij `s

gbij`knis, ùtagatnvb, bcbitrni`c, duncmnko, iaggbrib `km sbwnko. ]jby ma kat

`mbqu`tbcy i`tbr ta bgbronko `rb`s suij `s8 sbrvnibs, taurnsg, ijncm i`rb, jb`ctj i`rb

`km jnojbr cbvbc tbijknin`k slnccs.

V`rt ae tjb iakstr`nkt ta g`rlbt rbcbv`kib ns tj`t mbg`km ns caw `km ukicb`r.

@daut 0=,666 kbw sijaac cb`vbrs bktbr tjb c`dar g`rlbt bìj yb`r. Jawbvbr, dbtwbbk

0>>> `km 4662, tjbrb w`s akcy ` kbt o`nk ae 2:6 kbw wòb hads bìj yb`r. Dbiùsb tjb

wòb biakagy ns kat obkbr`tnko sueeninbkt kbw hads, tjb g`harnty ae kbw bktr`kts ta tjbc`dar g`rlbt wncc kbbm ta enkm warl nk tjb nkearg`c sbitar ar autsnmb tjb iauktry. Ear

]UB]YM ta pc`y nts racb ae bgpawbrnko tjb paar ta obkbr`tb nkiagb, Yw`znc`km kbbms

`k òorbssnvb bgpcaygbkt irb`tnak str`tboy. Ytrbkotjbknko suppcy, `s nktbkmbm nk tjns

rbpart, wntjaut strbkotjbknko mbg`km, ns `k uksust`nk`dcb `ppraìj, wjnij g`y

bxìbrd`tb tjb bgbronko pjbkagbkak ae tjb –bmui`tbm/tr`nkbm ukbgpcaybm.‗

Bvbk nk ` iaktbxt ae caw bgpcaygbkt irb`tnak, Yw`znc`km iagp`knbs `rb

rbpartbmcy bxpbrnbkinko sjartòbs ae `rtns`ks, tbijknin`ks `km sagb praebssnak`cs. ]jns

sjartòb ns rbpartbmcy gbt dy bgpcaynko bxp`trn`tbs. @ tjnrm ae tjb iagp`knbs nk tjb

bgpcaybr/bgpcaybb survby j`m rbiruntbm bxp`trn`tb warlbrs nk tjb prbibmnko 04

gaktjs.

Ear tjb ebw kbw `v`nc`dcb hads, bgpcaygbkt irb`tnak ns dbiagnko praorbssnvbcy

slnccdn`sbm. @gako tjb kbw wòb hads irb`tbm nk Yw`znc`km dbtwbbk 0>>> `km 4662,



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km ??

ukslnccbm warlbrs. @ rbibkt stumy j`s prahbitbm ` iaktnkunko sudst`ktn`c mbenint nk tjb

suppcy ae ` c`rob r`kob ae praebssnak`ccy qu`cnenbm warlbrs8 N] tbijknin`ks, praebssnak`c

kursbs, enk`kin`c prìtntnakbrs, tbijknin`ks, sbgnpraebssnak`cs, bkonkbbrs, pjysnin`ks

`km mbktnsts.‗00

Ylnccs sjartòbs `rb bgbronko nk tjb jb`ctj enbcm nk ` r`kob ae Yautjbrk @erni`k

k`tnaks. ]jb Nktbrk`tnak`c Aro`knz`tnak ear Gnor`tnak rbpartbm tj`t nk 4669, tjbrb wbrb

94,666 vì`kinbs ear kursbs nk Yautj @erni`, `km tj`t tjb oavbrkgbkt j`m sauojt ta

`mmrbss sjartòbs nk tjb pudcni jb`ctj sbitar dy rbiruntnko jb`ctj warlbrs erag Nr`k

`km Iud` ta warl nk pravnkibs.04 @ garb rbibkt stumy dy Obrbnk, Orbbk `km Vb`rsak nk

4665, ak tjb mbg`km ear jb`ctj praebssnak`cs nk tjb rbonak katbm tj`t –… bstng`tbs ae

jaw g`ky `mmntnak`c maitars, kursbs `km gnmwnvbs `rb kbbmbm nk sudY`j`r`k @erni`

ta pravnmb bssbktn`c jb`ctj nktbrvbktnaks rbc`tbm ta tjb Gnccbkknug Mbvbcapgbkt Oa`cs

r`kob erag 0 ta 0.= gnccnak. Vrahbitnko euturb kbbms, _JA bstng`tbm tj`t sudst`ktn`c

sjartòbs ae praebssnak`cs wntj gnmwnebry slnccs kbbm enccnko nk sudY`j`r`k @erni` ta

si`cb up ta uknvbrs`c iavbròb ear g`tbrk`c, kbwdark `km ijncm jb`ctj.‗09

]jb bxnstbkib ae slncc sjartòbs nk `rtns`k, tbijknin`k, `km p`r`praebssnak`c

aiiup`tnaks nk kbnojdarnko iauktrnbs pravnmbs `k ngpart`kt appartuknty ear

Yw`znc`km ta mbvbcap `s ` suppcnbr ae jnojcbvbc tbijkni`c slncc. Yw`znc`km iaucm sbbl

ta pasntnak ntsbce `s ` pravnmbr ae `rtns`k, tbijknin`k `km p`r`praebssnak`c slnccs ta

kbnojdarnko iauktrnbs bxpbrnbkinko irntni`c slncc sjartòbs. Nk tjb sjart tbrg tjns waucm

pravnmb `k ngpart`kt saurib ae bgpcaygbkt ear Yw`zn warlbrs `km earbnok bxij`kob

b`rknkos ear tjb iauktry, wjbrb`s nk tjb cakobr tbrg, nt waucm r`nsb tjb avbr`cc slncc

d`sb ae tjb Yw`zn warlearib `km patbktn`ccy nkirb`sb tjb iauktry„s `ttrìtnvbkbss `s `

mbstnk`tnak ear EMNs. @s katbm, nkvbstnko nk slnccs j`s pravbm ta db `k ngpart`ktmbvbcapgbkt str`tboy ear ` kugdbr ae iauktrnbs. _jncb `cc iauktrnbs j`vb uknqub

inriugst`kibs `km eìb mneebrbkt iakstr`nkts, nt g`y db usbeuc ear Yw`znc`km ta iaksnmbr

jaw nkvbstgbkt nk slnccs iaktrndutbm ta tjb orawtj ae Ynko`parb `km Nrbc`km. Nk 0>50,

slnccs mbvbcapgbkt w`s gavbm erag Ynko`parb Vacytbijkni. Avbr tjb kbxt 46 yb`rs, tjb

oavbrkgbkt g`mb iakibrtbm beearts ta cnkl biakagni `km warlearib mbvbcapgbkt dy

eaiusnko ak tr`nknko `km mbvbcapgbkt, earonko p`rtkbrsjnp dbtwbbk ]UB]YM

pravnmbrs `km bgpcaybrs `km `maptnko ` strako bxpart arnbkt`tnak. Dy 0>>6, tjns

systbg w`s icb`rcy p`ynko aee, `km ` iauktry wntj ka k`tur`c rbsauribs bxibpt tjb

t`cbkt ae nts awk pbapcb dbi`gb ` warcm cb`mbr nk pramuitnvnty nk ` r`kob ae

g`kueìturnko `km sbrvnib `rb`s.]jb avbr`cc ngprbssnak ns tj`t Yw`znc`km„s ]UB]YM sudsbitar j`s kat rbspakmbm

ta k`tnak`c ar rbonak`c mbg`km ear slnccbm warlbrs. ]UB]YM praor`gs `rb eaiusbm ak

nk`ppraprn`tb slnccs, `rb taa cako, ma kat rbecbit nkmustry st`km`rms, `km `rb mbcnvbrbm

dy pbapcb wja cìl iaktbgpar`ry nkmustry bxpbrnbkib. ]jbrb ns snokneni`kt mbg`km ear

jnoj cbvbc `rtns`k, tbijknin`k `km p`r`praebssnak`c slnccs datj wntjnk tjb iauktry `km

tjb rbonak `km `k appartuknty bxnsts ear tjb ]UB]YM systbg, `t cb`st nk p`rt, ta eaius

ak tjb pramuitnak ae jnoj slncc ’ jnoj v`cub autputs. Ne Yw`zn warlbrs `rb ta iagpbtb

beebitnvbcy ear tjbsb jnoj slncc ’ jnoj v`cub hads, tjby rbqunrb tbijknin`k cbvbc slnccs tj`t

gbbt nkmustry st`km`rms. ]jns gb`ks tj`t tjb ]UB]YM systbg gust mbcnvbr jnoj

qu`cnty tbijknin`kcbvbc praor`gs tj`t `rb8 (n) eaiusbm ak magbstni `km rbonak`cnkmustry kbbms< (nn) euturbarnbkt`tbm< (nnn) ecbxndcy struiturbm< `km (nv) mbcnvbrbm nk `

tngbcy `km iastbeeninbkt g`kkbr.



?: _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

]jns ns kat ta s`y tj`t tjbrb sjaucm kat `csa db ` eaius ak cawbr `km gnmmcbcbvbc

slncc mbvbcapgbkt. Cnlb atjbr iauktrnbs nk tjb rbonak, Yw`znc`km kbbms ta `mapt `

guctnprakobm `ppraìj ta slncc mbvbcapgbkt. Ear bx`gpcb, nk K`gndn` tjb

oavbrkgbkt j`s bst`dcnsjbm tjb K`tnak`c Eaukm`tnak ear Iagguknty Ylnccs

Mbvbcapgbkt Ibktbrs (IAYMBIs), wjnij `mgnknstbrs ` k`tnak`c kbtwarl ae

iaggukntyd`sbm tr`nknko ibktbrs. ]jby eaius ak pravnmnko sjart, j`kmsak,

iagpbtbkiyd`sbm tr`nknko praor`gs tj`t bqunp tr`nkbbs wntj slnccs, bktrbprbkburn`c

ìugbk, `km pramuitnvb iagpbtbkinbs kbbmbm ear bgpcaygbkt nk tjb earg`c `km

nkearg`c sbitars ae tjb biakagy. Yngnc`rcy, tjb Knobrn`k Oavbrkgbkt, tjrauoj tjb

K`tnak`c Apbk @pprbktnibsjnp Yijbgb (KA@Y), pravnmbs vai`tnak`c tr`nknko ta

ukbgpcaybm yautj `km sijaac cb`vbrs nk avbr 066 tr`mbs. Dbtwbbk 0>:? `km 4666, avbr

566,666 ukbgpcaybm yautjs j`m p`rtninp`tbm nk tjbsb praor`gs wntj avbr =66,666

st`rtnko tjbnr awk bktbrprnsbs.

Yw`znc`km kbbms ta i`tboarni`ccy `mmrbss eìtars tj`t rbmuib tjb k`tnak`c `km sud

rbonak`c rbspaksnvbkbss ae nts ]UB]YM praor`gs. Lby `gako tjbsb eìtars `rb8 (n) cnttcb

ta ka prnv`tb sbitar nkvacvbgbkt nk tjb mbvbcapgbkt `km g`kòbgbkt ae ]UB]YM< (nn)

cìl ae tngbcy, ìiur`tb `km nkearg`tnvb k`tnak`c c`dar survbys `km or`mu`tb trìbr

stumnbs< (nnn) nkbxpbrnbkib nk mbvbcapnko iustagnzbm tr`nknko sacutnaks ta gbbt

nkmustry/bktbrprnsb spbineni rbqunrbgbkts< `km (nv) tjb cngntbm i`pìnty ta aeebr jnojbr

cbvbc tbijknin`k tr`nknko. ]UB]YM pravnsnak `csa kbbms ta db rbstruiturbm sa tj`t nt ns

datj rbspaksnvb `km j`s tjb i`pìnty, nk tbrgs ae stèe, praor`gs, `km pjysni`c

eìncntnbs, ta gbbt nkmustry slncc kbbms `t magbstni `km rbonak`c cbvbc.

@s `crb`my katbm, tjb atjbr lby o`p nk tjb ]UB]YM systbg ns tjb cìl ae tr`nknko

appartukntnbs ear `mucts. ]r`nknko pravnsnak ns avbrwjbcgnkocy eaiusbm ak prbbgpcaygbkt tr`nknko ear yautj. ]jbrb ns vbry cngntbm pravnsnak ear `mucts ta ìqunrb ar

upor`mb tjbnr slnccs. @cc taa aetbk, tjb `v`nc`dcb tr`nknko ns pravnmbm `t nk`ppraprn`tb

tngbs, ns taa cako, `km ns ob`rbm taw`rms nkmuitnak ar eaukm`tnaks slnccs. @muct cb`rkbrs

rbqunrb sjart, gamuc`r, iagpbtbkiyd`sbm tr`nknko praor`gs tj`t `mmrbss spbineni slncc

rbqunrbgbkts `km stb`mncy ìirub irbmnts taw`rm earg`c qu`cneni`tnaks.

]jb gavb ta nktramuib gamuc`rnzbm tr`nknko praor`gs dy iauktrnbs nk tjb rbonak

suij `s Yautj @erni`, Datsw`k` `km K`gndn` `km nktbrk`tnak`ccy suij `s Kbw Xb`c`km,

Yiatc`km, Ynko`parb `km @ustr`cn`, j`s orb`tcy bxp`kmbm tr`nknko appartukntnbs ear

`mucts. Nk tjbsb gamuc`rnzbm systbgs, `muct cb`rkbrs `rb `dcb ta ukmbrt`lb sjart

praor`gs r`tjbr tj`k tjb cbkotjy twayb`r praor`gs, wjnij `rb ` eb`turb ae tjb Yw`zn]UB]YM systbg. Nk `mmntnak, tjb gavb ta garb ecbxndcb eargs ae tr`nknko mbcnvbry j`s

gb`kt tj`t `muct cb`rkbrs `rb `dcb ta ukmbrt`lb tjbsb sjart praor`gs `t ` tngb `km

pcìb tj`t ns sunt`dcb ear tjbg. Ear bx`gpcb, nk Kbw Xb`c`km `muct cb`rkbrs g`y bkracc

`t ` prnv`tb ar pudcni pravnmbr ta ukmbrt`lb ` snkocb ar sg`cc oraup ae uknt st`km`rms nk

`k aiiup`tnak`c `rb`, suij `s, Duncm ` str`nojt drnil w`cc ar Vrbp`rb raags ear oubst `t

` jaspnt`cnty bst`dcnsjgbkt. ]r`nkbbs g`y ukmbrt`lb tjbsb praor`gs `t ` tr`nknko

pravnmbr ar tjrauoj mnst`kib mbcnvbry usnko ` iagdnk`tnak ae tr`nknko g`ku`cs,

iagputbr `nmbm nkstruitnak `km gbktar suppart.

Yain`c rbcbv`kib

]jbrb ns cnttcb bvnmbkib tj`t ]UB]YM pravnmbrs j`vb g`nkstrb`gbm JNU/@NMY nk tjbnr

praor`gs. Vraor`gs `csa ma kat nkicumb p`star`c i`rb `km iauksbcnko ear tr`nkbbs `km



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km ?>

nkstruitars. ]jns ns nk st`rl iaktr`st ta atjbr iauktrnbs nk tjb rbonak. Nk Yautj @erni`,

Datsw`k` `km K`gndn`, irbmntr`tbm, uknt st`km`rms ak JNU/@NMY `w`rbkbss `km tjb

g`kòbgbkt ae JNU/@NMY nk tjb warlpcìb `rb nkiarpar`tbm nk k`tnak`c qu`cneni`tnaks

ear sbgnslnccbm warlbrs, `rtns`ks, tbijknin`ks `km vai`tnak`c tr`nkbrs. ]jb rbc`tnvb

`dsbkib ae bmui`tnak `km iauksbcnko ak JNU/@NMY nk ]UB]YM praor`gs ns ` mbenint

tj`t i`ccs ear urobkt `ttbktnak.

Iurrbkiy `km rbspaksnvbkbss ae tr`nknko praor`gs

Dbyakm rbspaksnvbkbss, ]UB]YM praor`gs kbbm ta db iurrbkt. Jawbvbr, nk Yw`znc`km,

g`nkt`nknko tjb iurrbkiy `km rbspaksnvbkbss ae tr`nknko praor`gs rbprbsbkts ` g`har

ij`ccbkob ear ]UB]YM pravnmbrs. Iurrbktcy, pravnmbrs `rb rbspaksndcb ear tjb

g`nktbk`kib ae tjbnr awk tr`nknko praor`gs. Nk tjasb i`sbs wjbrb tjb praor`gs `rb

purij`sbm erag bxtbrk`c `w`rmnko damnbs, suij `s Inty `km Ouncms, g`nktbk`kib ns

ukmbrt`lbk dy tjb awkbr ae tjb praor`g. Vraor`g g`nktbk`kib ns ` g`har iast ear

pravnmbrs, `km nt ns icb`r tj`t tjb praor`gs `km tjb `ssain`tbm `ssbssgbkt g`tbrn`csusbm dy g`ky pravnmbrs `rb aut ae m`tb. Ear bx`gpcb, MNU] j`s nkmni`tbm tj`t ` g`har

iakstr`nkt ak tjb tr`mb tbstnko systbg ns ` cìl ae eukmnko ta g`nkt`nk tjb st`km`rms

`km `ssbssgbkt ntbgs nk lby aiiup`tnak`c `rb`s. Cìl ae praor`g g`nktbk`kib sbrvbs

ta ukmbrgnkb tjb rbcbv`kib `km rbspaksnvbkbss ae tr`nknko praor`gs `km mbv`cubs tjb

qu`cneni`tnaks `w`rmbm ta cb`rkbrs. Nk g`turb ]UB]YM systbgs tjb qu`cnty ae k`tnak`c

aiiup`tnak`c st`km`rms ns ukmbrpnkkbm dy ` systbg`tni g`nktbk`kib praibss. Ear

bx`gpcb, nk @ustr`cn`, `cc st`km`rms `rb rbvnbwbm 9 yb`rs ètbr bkmarsbgbkt. ]jrauoj

tjb iaktnkuaus ngpravbgbkt pacniy, ij`kobs g`y db g`mb murnko tjb cneb ae st`km`rms

nk rbspaksb ta ebbmdìl erag usbrs ar ij`kobs nk nkmustry prìtnibs.

Yystbg Beeninbkiy

]r`nkbb praorbssnak

@s wntj p`ss r`tbs, iagpcbtnak r`tbs nk ]UB]YM `ppb`r ta db rbc`tnvbcy jnoj. @t YIA]

`km UAI]NG, gast cb`rkbrs wja st`rt ` praor`g enknsj nt suiibsseuccy. @t YIA],

mrapaut rbpartbmcy ns gnkng`c dbtwbbk bktry `km yb`r tjrbb ae stumnbs, `km >2 pbribkt

ae yb`r tjrbb cb`rkbrs p`ss tjbnr enk`c bx`gnk`tnaks. Nk p`rt, tjns jnoj tjrauojput ns `

rbecbitnak ae bxtrbgb sbcbitnvnty `t bktry. Akcy `daut 46 pbribkt ae `ppcni`kts `rb

`mgnttbm. @t UAI]NG, tjb avbr`cc iagpcbtnak r`tb ae bktr`kts ns bstng`tbm ta db `daut

:6 pbribkt.

Nkstruitar ta tr`nkbb r`tna

Vudcni ]UB]YM nk Yw`znc`km ns ij`rìtbrnzbm dy caw kugdbrs ae tr`nkbbs pbr

nkstruitar `km tjb iaksbqubkt nkbeeninbkt usb ae pc`kt `km bqunpgbkt. Avbr`cc,

oavbrkgbkt suppart ta ]UB]YM j`s mbicnkbm erag 4.? pbribkt ae rbiurrbkt

bxpbkmnturbs nk 4666 ta 0.? pbribkt nk 4662, ` rbmuitnak nk rbc`tnvb tbrgs ae 9?

pbribktòb pankts. ]jns j`s cbm ta cngnts ak tr`nkbb nkt`lb wjncb stèenko j`s rbg`nkbm

iakst`kt. ]jns gb`ks tj`t tjb kugdbr ae stumbkts pbr tbìjbr j`s mbirb`sbm. Ear

bx`gpcb, `t YIA] tjb tr`nkbbnkstruitar r`tna ns ?.?80. Ear UAI]NG, tjb r`tna ns =.:80.

]jns ns caw iagp`rbm ta `k nktbrk`tnak`c `vbròb ae `daut 0280 `km tjb ABIM `vbròbae 09.480. Nt suoobsts tj`t tjbrb ns ukmbrutncnz`tnak ae bxnstnko tr`nknko rbsauribs `km

r`nsbs qubstnaks `daut tjb enk`kin`c vn`dncnty ae sagb praor`gs



:6 _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

@s katbm, nkbeeninbkinbs `rb bvnmbkt nk tjb usb ae pjysni`c spìb. YIA]„s ìtu`c

bkraccgbkt ns akcy 40 pbribkt ae nts i`pìnty (90=/0266). Garbavbr, YIA] eìncntnbs `rb

usbm akcy dbtwbbk 6:866 `km 05866, wntj akcy cngntbm bvbknko ic`ssbs dbtwbbk 0?896

`km 0>896, `km akcy murnko wbblm`ys. UAI]NG apbr`tbs `t akcy twatjnrms ae nts

i`pìnty. ]jb rb`sak ear ukmbrutncnz`tnak ae eìncntnbs `t YIA] ns tjb mbpbkmbkib ak

pudcni enk`kinko wjnij ns tnojtcy iakstr`nkbm, wjbrb`s ukmbrsudsirnptnak `t UAI]NG

rbecbits tjb jnoj iast ae tuntnak.

Yuij nkbeeninbkinbs `rb kat `s `pp`rbkt `gakost tjb prnv`tb iaggbrin`c pravnmbrs.

Ear bx`gpcb, ae tjb 45 prnv`tb iaggbrin`c pravnmbrs survbybm nk 466:, tjb r`tna ae

tr`nkbbs ta nkstruitars r`kobm erag 280 ta =:80. _jncb tjns ns dra`mcy iagp`r`dcb wntj

tjb nktbrk`tnak`c `vbròb (0280), nt mabs g`sl sagb nkbeeninbkinbs `km `csa jnojcnojts `

passndcb qu`cnty nssub `ssain`tbm wntj iakmuitnko ]UB]YM praor`gs wntj tr`nkbb/

nkstruitar r`tnas bxibbmnko =680.

Yust`nk`dncnty

Bvbk tjauoj ]UB]YM pravnsnak ns obkbr`ccy bxpbksnvb, tjb twa g`nk ]UB]YM

nkstntutnaks, UAI]NG `km YIA], j`vb uksust`nk`dcy jnoj uknt iast8 B9:,062 `km

B9?,202 rbspbitnvbcy. Bkraccgbkts `rb uksust`nk`dcy caw8 90= `km 02? rbspbitnvbcy nk

4665. ]jbsb nkstntutnaks `rb, tjbrbearb, uk`dcb ta rb`cnzb tjb rbqunrbm biakagnbs ae si`cb

tj`t g`lb nkvbstgbkts nk tjb jnrnko ae spbin`cnst tr`nkbrs, tjb g`nktbk`kib ae eìncntnbs,

tjb purij`sb ae N] bqunpgbkt systbgs `km tjb ìqunsntnak ae spbin`cnst bqunpgbkt

wartjwjncb.0=

Vradcbgs ae sust`nk`dncnty `csa iakerakt tjb k`tnak`c tr`mb tbstnko sbrvnib. Nk 4665

ear nkst`kib, tr`mb tbstnko obkbr`tbm `k bstng`tbm orass nkiagb ae B0=6,=66 (t`dcb =.04).

Tbpartbmcy, tjns ns e`r dbcaw tjb iast ta oavbrkgbkt ae pravnmnko tjb tr`mb tbstnko

sbrvnib. ]jns j`s iaktrndutbm ta ` sntu`tnak wjbrb MNU] cìls tjb eukms ta `mbqu`tbcy

mbvbcap `km g`nkt`nk tjb tbsts `km rbcbv`kt aiiup`tnak`c st`km`rms. ]jns nk turks

ukmbrgnkbs tjb rbcbv`kib `km usbeuckbss ae tjb tr`mb tbstnko sbrvnib ta nkmustry.

]`dcb =.048 ]r`mb ]bstnko”V`rtninp`tnak `km Bstng`tbm Ebb Nkiagb, 4665

]r`mb tbst or`mb ]at`c Ebb pbr tbst (B) Bstng`tbm orass nkiagb (B)

Or`mb NNN 5?? 026 060,226

Or`mb NN 00: 466 49,566

Or`mb N 50 426 02,426

]at`c :25 0=6,=66

Yaurib8 MNU].

Rkmbr tjb inriugst`kib nt sbbgs rb`sak`dcb ear Yw`znc`km ta rbiaksnmbr tjb

tr`nknko cbvy `s pravnmbm ear dy datj tjb Uai`tnak`c `km Nkmustrn`c ]r`nknko @it (0>:4)

`km tjb Jug`k Tbsaurib Mbvbcapgbkt `km Vc`kknko Dncc (4669). ]jb cbvy g`y

ngpravb eukmnko ear ]UB]YM pravnmbrs, enk`kib irntni`c nker`struiturb `km ukmbrwrntb

p`rt ar `cc ae tjb iast ae atjbr sbrvnibs suij `s tr`mb tbstnko.



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km :0

Iakicusnak

Mbspntb tjb r`tb ae bgpcaygbkt irb`tnak, Yw`znc`km j`s ` sjartòb ae `rtns`ks,

tbijknin`ks, sagb praebssnak`cs, `km bktbrprnsb g`kòbrs. ]jb iauktry ns `csa

surraukmbm dy k`tur`c rbsauribrnij kbnojdars wntj ìutb slnccs sjartòbs. ]jb]UB]YM systbg ns iurrbktcy kat ob`rbm ta gbbt tjns k`tnak`c `km sudrbonak`c mbg`km

ear slnccs. Lby wb`lkbssbs pbrt`nk ta cìl ae ` pacniy er`gbwarl tj`t iaucm ij`rt tjb

str`tboni mnrbitnak ear ]UB]YM. K`tnak`c ensi`c iakstr`nkts j`vb cbm ta mbicnkbs nk ìibss

`t `cc cbvbcs, ìibss tj`t w`s `crb`my cngntbm nk tjb enrst pcìb. Ensi`c iakstr`nkts `rb

bxìbrd`tbm dy rbsaurib nkbeeninbkinbs ae tjb sudsbitar. Lby eìtars ae nkbeeninbkiy

nkicumb ukmbrutncnz`tnak ae pjysni`c eìncntnbs `km bqunpgbkt, caw tr`nkbbtankstruitar

r`tnas, `km bxibssnvbcy jnoj uknt iasts. _ntj cngntbm rbsauribs, tjb systbg còs dbjnkm

tj`t ae nts kbnojdarnko iauktrnbs, wjnij Yw`znc`km sjaucm db autpc`ynko ta obt ` sj`rb

ae tjbnr c`dar g`rlbt.

@iibss ns p`rtniuc`rcy caw ear `muct cb`rkbrs, rur`c mwbccbrs, `km wagbk.]jbrb `rb ka st`km`rms `km/ar qu`cneni`tnak er`gbwarl tj`t iaucm earg`cnzb tjbg

`km tj`t iaucm `rtniuc`tb ]UB]YM wntj atjbr cbvbcs ae tjb sbitar. Cìl ae st`km`rms `km

`k KPE j`s cbm ta systbg rnonmntnbs `km cngntbm p`tjw`ys wntjnk ]UB]YM, `km

dbtwbbk nt `km atjbr tbrtn`ry cbvbcs. ]jb systbg pravnmbs cnttcb ta ka ecbxndncnty,

p`rtniuc`rcy rbqunrbm dy `muct cb`rkbrs ta rbtaac `km/ar upslncc. Gast praor`gs i`tbr

ta prbbgpcaygbkt tr`nkbbs `km `rb taa cako nk mur`tnak.

]jb systbg ns kat rbspaksnvb ak g`ky erakts. Nt e`ncs ta prbp`rb tr`nkbbs ear

sudsbqubkt cbvbcs wntjnk nt, `km ear bktry nkta atjbr eargs ae tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km

tr`nknko. Rkcnlb obkbr`c bmui`tnak, nt j`s kat ybt iubm ta tjb kbbm ta rbspakm ta tjb

JNU siaurob. Ear ` r`kob ae rb`saks tjb systbg ns `csa mnsiakkbitbm erag tjb kbbms aetjb k`tnak`c `km sudrbonak`c c`dar g`rlbts.

Ak tjb pasntnvb snmb, ]UB]YM ns nktbrk`ccy beeninbkt ak sbvbr`c pankts. Tbpbtntnak

`km mrapaut r`tbs `rb caw. V`ss r`tbs `km iagpcbtnak r`tbs `rb ngprbssnvbcy jnoj. Yèb

ear tjb cìl ae st`km`rms, tjb systbg ns `csa ae jnoj qu`cnty. ]jns ns darkb dy tr`nkbb

pbrearg`kib ak nktbrk`tnak`c tbsts suij `s Vntg`k `km Inty `km Ouncms. Iurrbkt cbvbcs

ae qu`cnty pravnmb ` d`sb ear bxp`kmnko ìibss `km strbkotjbknko rbcbv`kib.

Katbs

0

Yw`znc`km NI@ rbpart, 4245.4 ]jbrb `rb tjrbb cbvbcs ae ibrtneni`tnak, wntj cbvbc akb dbnko tjb jnojbst.9 ]r`mb tbsts `rb prbp`rbm dy p`kbc gbgdbrs sbcbitbm erag prnv`tb sbitar, p`r`st`t`c nkstntutnaks,

oavbrkgbkt gnknstrnbs `km tr`nknko nkstntutnaks. MNU] `mgnknstbrs tjb tbsts `t oavbrkgbkt

iaktraccbm tr`nknko nkstntutnaks tjrauojaut tjb iauktry usnko nkmustry bxpbrts `km tr`nkbrs. MNU]

nkmni`tbs tj`t tjb ìtu`c iast ae pravnmnko ` tbst `t bìj cbvbc ns e`r `davb wj`t bìj i`kmnm`tb

p`ys taw`rms tjb tbst. ]jb iurrbkt ebbs p`nm dy i`kmnm`tbs `rb8 Or`mb 0426.66 B, Or`mb 4466.66

B, Or`mb 9026.66 B. Or`mb tbstnko ebbs `rb rbvnbwbm ak `k `kku`c d`sns dy NU]D.= Yauribs _arcm D`kl, K`gndn` Jug`k I`pnt`c `km Lkawcbmob Mbvbcapgbkt ear Biakagni Orawtj

wntj Bqunty `km @MB@ ’ 466: Dnbkk`cb ak Bmui`tnak nk @erni` ]jb Ij`ccbkob ae ]UB]YM Tbearg nk

Gaz`gdnqub8 Oa`cs, Aptnaks `km Iakstr`nkts.2

Ybiakm`ry sijaacs rbqunrb ebbs wjnij `rb dbyakm tjb gb`ks ae gast cawnkiagb p`rbkts.5 Ear nkst`kib nk Yautj @erni`, K`gndn`, Yiatc`km, Kbw Xb`c`km km @ustr`cn`.



:9

I J @ V ] B T 2

Jnojbr Bmui`tnak

Nktramuitnak

Jnojbr bmui`tnak pravnmbs jnoj cbvbc lkawcbmob warlbrs `km rbsb`rijd`sbm

lkawcbmob bssbktn`c ta suppart lkawcbmob mrnvbk orawtj. Bxpbrnbkib erag e`st

mbvbcapnko @sn`k iauktrnbs j`s sjawk jaw iaksnmbr`dcb sain`c `km biakagnimbvbcapgbkt i`k ìirub erag nkvbstgbkt nk lkawcbmob, bspbin`ccy nk sinbkib `km

tbijkacaoy. Bx`gpcbs nkicumb Larb` `km Ynko`parb wjnij datj bgpj`snzbm rbsb`rij

d`sbm tr`nknko ae sinbktnsts `km bkonkbbrs `t jnoj cbvbcs ae ì`mbgni qu`cnty, dut `csa

nkicumbm rb`c cneb `ppcni`tnaks ae tjb lkawcbmob, bspbin`ccy nk nkmustry. Rkeartuk`tbcy,

tjbsb iauktrnbs `km tjbnr str`tbonbs `rb ybt ta t`lb raat nk YY@. Yagb sg`cc Burapb`k

iauktrnbs, ear bx`gpcb Enkc`km `km Nrbc`km j`vb `csa usbm lkawcbmob ta i`t`cyzb e`st

biakagni mbvbcapgbkt. Nrbc`km nk p`rtniuc`r, wntj enk`kin`c suppart erag tjb BR, j`s

dbkbentbm sudst`ktn`ccy erag tjns str`tboy. Garb rbibktcy, sagb c`robr iauktrnbs,

kat`dcy Ijnk` `km Nkmn`, j`vb eaccawbm ` sngnc`r p`tj wntj kat`dcb suiibss. ]jb c`ttbr

twa j`vb dbbk j`rm ta avbrcaal, snkib tjby magnk`tb tjb ocad`c biakagnimbvbcapgbkt.

Gast @erni`k iauktrnbs, Yw`znc`km nkicusnvb, `rb ybt ta duncm tjb snzb `km qu`cnty ae

jnojbr bmui`tnak systbgs tj`t i`k pramuib lkawcbmob warlbrs rbqunrbm ta cb`m

lkawcbmobmrnvbk orawtj `km spur iagpbtntnvbkbss. @s suij, tjby cò dbjnkm atjbr

p`rts ae tjb warcm wntj rbspbit ta lkawcbmobd`sbm mbvbcapgbkt. ]jb kugdbr ae

rbsb`rijbrs pbr gnccnak pbapcb nk @erni` ns `daut 06 pbribkt ae tj`t nk Ijnk` `km 0

pbribkt ae tj`t nk cb`mnko nkmustrn`cnzbm iauktrnbs. ]jb autiagbs ae datj d`sni `km

`ppcnbm rbsb`rij nk @erni` `rb vbry gambst. Ear bx`gpcb, nk 466=/4662 tjb kugdbr ae

p`tbkts adt`nkbm dy rbsnmbkts nk @erni` w`s 05, iagp`rbm wntj 5?,666 nk B`st @sn`. @csa

@erni`„s sj`rb ae nktbrk`tnak`c rbsb`rij pudcni`tnaks ns bxtrbgbcy caw.0 ]jb rbonakpramuibs e`r ebwbr sinbkib, g`tjbg`tnis, `km tbijkacaoyd`sbm praebssnak`cs tj`k

atjbr mbvbcapnko rbonaks. Akcy > pbribkt ae uknvbrsnty or`mu`tbs `rb bkonkbbrs, wjncb

`cgast 26 pbribkt `rb tr`nkbm nk Jug`kntnbs `km Yain`c Yinbkibs `km 44 pbribkt nk

Bmui`tnak. Nk Yw`znc`km, `k bvbk sg`ccbr erìtnak (04 pbribkt) stumnbs Bkonkbbrnko. Ne

Yinbkib ns `mmbm, tjb erìtnak nkirb`sbs ta 5 pbribkt, iagp`rbm wntj, ear bx`gpcb, 26

pbribkt nk Ijnk`.4

Atjbr tj`k nts iaktrndutnak ta mbvbcapgbkt nk obkbr`c, jnojbr bmui`tnak pravnmbs

bssbktn`c praebssnak`c `km tbijkni`c cb`mbrs rbqunrbm ear tjb mbvbcapgbkt ae atjbr

cbvbcs ae tjb B]YMY. ]jbrbearb nt wncc db mneeniuct ear Yw`znc`km ta ngpravb nts B]YMY

wntjaut tjb suppart ae nts jnojbr bmui`tnak nkstntutnaks.



:= _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

Jnstarni`c Avbrvnbw

Yw`znc`km j`s ` yauko jnojbr bmui`tnak systbg wjasb raats oa dìl ta tjb 0>56s wntj

tjb bst`dcnsjgbkt ae tjb hankt Rknvbrsnty ae D`satjac`km, Dbiju`k`c`km `km Yw`znc`km

(RDDY). RDDY w`s bst`dcnsjbm nk 0>59, orawnko erag Vnus I`tjacni Rknvbrsnty Iaccbob`t Tag`< wjnij w`s ` iaccbob ae tjb tjbk garb cndbr`c Rknvbrsnty ae Yautj @erni`

(RKNY@). ]jb enrst pjysni`c prbsbkib ae RDDY nk Yw`znc`km i`gb nk 0>?4 wntj tjb

bst`dcnsjgbkt ae Eìucty ae @orniucturb nk Cuybkoa. Nk 0>?2, `km ètbr nkmbpbkmbkib ae

tjb tjrbb iauktrnbs, RDDY w`s rbiakenourbm nkta ` eucc Rknvbrsnty ae Datsw`k`, Cbsatja

`km Yw`znc`km (RDCY), ` uknak tj`t dralb up ` yb`r c`tbr cb`mnko ta tjb earg`tnak ae

tjb Rknvbrsnty ae Datsw`k` `km Yw`znc`km (RDY) nk 0>?5. ]jrauoj gutu`c òrbbgbkt,

RDY sbp`r`tbm nkta tjb twa k`tnak`c uknvbrsntnbs nk 0>:4. ]jns g`rlbm tjb earg`c

bst`dcnsjgbkt ae RKNY_@.

Ynkib 0>:4, RKNY_@ rbg`nks tjb akcy jnojbr bmui`tnak nkstntutnak `km `

magnk`kt pravnmbr ae tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko. Nt ìiaukts ear ?6 pbribkt aebkraccgbkt `t tjns cbvbc. ]jns i`rrnbs ` sudst`ktn`c rbspaksndncnty nk tbrgs ae tbijkni`c

cb`mbrsjnp ear lkawcbmobmrnvbk mbvbcapgbkt. Nt iurrbktcy j`s 9 i`gpusbs8

Lw`cusbkn, tjb g`nk i`gpus ear gast eìuctnbs, Cuybkoa I`gpus ear tjb Eìucty ae

@orniucturb, `km Gd`d`kb I`gpus ear tjb Eìucty ae Kursnko. @irass tjb 9 i`gpusbs

`rb ? eìuctnbs8 @orniucturb, Iaggbrib, Bmui`tnak, Jb`ctj Yinbkibs, Jug`kntnbs,

Yinbkib `km Yain`c Yinbkib, 4 nkstntutbs8 Nkstntutb ae Mnst`kib Bmui`tnak (NMB) `km tjb

Nkstntutb ae Vast Or`mu`tb Ytumnbs (NVOY), `km tjb RKNY_@ Eaukm`tnak. ]jb

Eaukm`tnak w`s bst`dcnsjbm nk 466= ear rbsaurib gadncnz`tnak wntj ` eaius ak

ngpravnko tjb uknvbrsnty nker`struiturb.

Avbr nts 45 yb`rs”0>:4 ta 466:”RKNY_@ j`s orawk dy ==6 pbribkt erag `daut0,666 ta vnrtu`ccy 2,==6 stumbkts.

RKNY_@„s iarb g`km`tb ns ta pramuib lkawcbmob `km slnccs ear tjb k`tnak`c

biakagy, `km tjns sbbgs ta j`vb iakstntutbm tjb r`tnak`cb ear tjb arnonk`c sbcbitnak ae

praor`gs ae stumy. Nt rbg`nks tjb earg`c hustneni`tnak ear ` g`har p`rt ae RKNY_@

praor`gs. Jawbvbr, nk rb`cnty tjns purpasb sbbgs ta j`vb praorbssnvbcy rbibnvbm cbss

`ttbktnak `s tjb eaius sbbgs ta j`vb sjnetbm ta pravnmnko yauko Yw`zns uknvbrsnty

qu`cneni`tnaks rbo`rmcbss ae tjbnr rbcbv`kib ta tjb biakagy `km ta avbr`cc k`tnak`c

mbvbcapgbkt.

Vacniy Arnbkt`tnak

@s wntj tjb rbst ae tjb sbitar, tjb 0>>> Bmui`tnak Vacniy ounmbs iurrbkt mbvbcapgbkt ae

tjb jnojbr bmui`tnak sudsbitar. Nmbktnen`dcb bcbgbkts tj`t `ppcy ta tjns sudsbitar

nkicumb tjb kbbm ta8

pravnmb tr`nkbm pbrsakkbc nk ìiarm`kib wntj tjb nmbktnenbm sain`c `km

biakagni kbbms ae tjb iauktry<

nkstntutb iast sj`rnko gbij`knsgs dbtwbbk tjb GaB `km dbkbenin`rnbs ae

tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak<

struiturb praor`gs ta sunt tjb ‚warcm ae warl„ `km sbcebgpcaygbkt<

t`lb iast ngpcni`tnaks `km rbcbv`kib nkta ìiaukt wjbk mbtbrgnknko tjb

mur`tnak ae praor`gs<



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km :2

ngp`rt rbsb`rij slnccs `km nkiuci`tb tjb iucturb ae rbsb`rij ear pbrsak`c,

praebssnak`c `km sain`c mbvbcapgbkt.‗

Atjbr k`tnak`c –pacniyrbc`tbm‗ maiugbkts tj`t sjaucm ounmb jnojbr bmui`tnak `rb

Unsnak 4644, tjb KMY `km tjb VTY@V. Nk `mmntnak, RKNY_@ pramuibs pbrnamnistr`tboni pc`ks ta ounmb sudsbitar mbvbcapgbkt”`cdbnt mnsiaktnkuauscy `km `cgast

iaksnstbktcy c`tb. ]jb prbvnaus pc`k bkmbm nk 4662. Nts sbqubc, m`tbm 466: ta 4604, ns stncc

nk mrèt. ]jb cnkl dbtwbbk tjb k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt arnbkt`tnak `km tjb sudsbitar

str`tboni pc`ks ns `t dbst adsiurb. ]jns iakstntutbs ` lby saurib ae mnsiakkbit dbtwbbk

tjb k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt òbkm` `km uknvbrsnty stumy, rbsb`rij `km iagguknty

mbvbcapgbkt praor`gs. ]jns o`p kbbms ta db icasbm.

Nkstntutnak`c `km G`kòbgbkt Er`gbwarl

Jns G`hbsty tjb Lnko Gsw`tn NNN ae Yw`znc`km ns tjb Ij`kibccar ae RKNY_@ `km nts

uctng`tb ibrbgaknaus jb`m. ]jb nkstntutnak ns oavbrkbm dy tjb Rknvbrsnty Iaukinc (RI)

wjnij `csa avbrsbbs nts `mgnknstr`tnak. Nts ij`nrpbrsak ns mnrbitcy `ppanktbm dy tjb

Lnko. ]jb iurrbkt RI ns magnk`tbm dy tjb pudcni sbrvnib `km j`s vbry cngntbm

rbprbsbkt`tnak ae aro`knz`tnaks `km nkmustrnbs tj`t iakstntutb euturb bgpcaybrs ae nts

or`mu`tbs. Yuij st`lbjacmbrs„ nkecubkib ak ì`mbgni, rbsb`rij `km iagguknty

mbvbcapgbkt praor`gs ns `t dbst kbocnondcb. ]jns ns `katjbr g`har saurib ae tjb

mnsiakkbit dbtwbbk RKNY_@ praor`gs `km tjb warcm tj`t nts or`mu`tbs `rb ta

eukitnak nk. Nk iaktr`st ta tjb RI, tjb da`rm ae tjb RKNY_@ Eaukm`tnak j`s ` rnij

rbprbsbkt`tnak ae dusnkbss cb`mbrs `km tjns iakstntutbs ` oaam prìtnib tj`t i`k db

bxtbkmbm ta tjb RI.

]jb `ppanktgbkt ae RI gbgdbrs ns kat kbibss`rncy gbrnt d`sbm. @s suij, nt cìls

d`c`kib dbtwbbk bxpbrtnsb `km bxpbrnbkib ae tjb gbgdbrs `km tjb gast ngpart`kt

sbitars ae tjb biakagy. Garbavbr, gbgdbrs `rb `ppanktbm ear cako pbrnams. ]jns cngnts

patbktn`c ear iakst`kt rbkbw`c ae tjb nkstntutnak. ]jb RI ns `csa magnk`tbm dy gbk.

]jns mabs kat rbecbit tjb obkmbr p`rnty sauojt ètbr nk tjb VTY@V.

Avbr`cc tjbrb sbbgs ta db cnttcb ta ka pacntni`c nktbrebrbkib wntj tjb ùtakagy `km

ì`mbgni erbbmag ae tjb nkstntutnak `s `ssurbm nk tjb Rknvbrsnty @it ae 0>:9. ]jb

Ybk`tb, suppartbm dy nts iaggnttbbs avbrsbbs ì`mbgni èe`nrs. M`ncy g`kòbgbkt `km

`mgnknstr`tnak ns avbrsbbk dy tjb Unib Ij`kibccar `km jns g`kòbgbkt tb`g

iagprnsnko tjb VraUnib Ij`kibccar, Tbonstr`r, Durs`r, Mb`ks ae rbspbitnvb Eìuctnbs`km Mnrbitars ae mneebrbkt Ibktbrs, Nkstntutbs, `km Eaukm`tnaks.

@s sjawk `davb, tjb g`kòbgbkt ae irntni`c enbcms `km ìtnvntnbs ns strbkotjbkbm

tjrauoj tjb irb`tnak ae ibktbrs wjnij `rb cb`m dy Mnrbitars. Gast Mnrbitars avbrsbb

tjbsb ibktbrs p`rttngb, nk `mmntnak ta tjbnr rbouc`r uknvbrsnty rbspaksndncntnbs. ]jb

Nkstntutbs `km tjb Ibktbrs `rb kat rbecbitbm nk tjb Rknvbrsnty @it ae 0>:9 `km tjns

pravnmbs oraukms ear nts rbvnsnak. ]jb tngb iaggntgbkt tj`t Mnrbitars i`k onvb ta

tjbsb ibktbrs g`y db taa cnttcb ta pragatb tjb enbcm ar ìtnvnty `s nktbkmbm. Enourb 2.0

sugg`rnzbs tjb avbr`cc g`kòbgbkt struiturb.



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km :?

@iiaukt`dncnty

RKNY_@„s ùtakagy `km ì`mbgni erbbmag iaucm db iagpcbgbktbm dy ` iagp`r`dcb

cbvbc ae ìiaukt`dncnty ear k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt, `s dra`mcy iakibnvbm `s passndcb. @s

katbm, nt waucm sbbg tj`t tjb uknvbrsnty j`s tr`ncbm erag nts iarb g`km`tb ta pramuibtbijkni`c cb`mbrs ear tjb biakagy. ]jb cnkbs tj`t iakkbit RKNY_@ ta iagguknty rb`c

cneb ij`ccbkobs, k`tnak`c `km sudrbonak`c c`dar g`rlbts, nkmustry, k`tnak`c, sud

rbonak`c, rbonak`c `km ocad`c mbvbcapgbkt òbkm`s, kbbm strbkotjbknko `km

nkstntutnak`cnz`tnak. @s katbm, tjb enrst saurib ae tjb mnsiakkbit cnbs wntj tjb

iakstntutnak ae tjb RI. @katjbr iakstr`nkt ns tjb `pp`rbkt cìl ae gbij`knsgs ear

`kijarnko uknvbrsnty praor`gs nk tjb avbr`cc k`tnak`c `km ocad`c mbvbcapgbkt

mn`caoub. ]jb uknvbrsnty aetbk intbs tjb cìl ae ` k`tnak`c jug`k rbsauribs

mbvbcapgbkt str`tboy tj`t iaucm j`vb ounmbm nts praor`gs. Jawbvbr, bvbk wntjaut

suij ` str`tboy, RKNY_@ i`k stncc usb k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt nkstrugbkts autcnkbm nk

Ij`ptbr 0, `km ocad`c lkawcbmob, ta arnbkt nts praor`gs. Garb ngpart`ktcy, RKNY_@iaucm i`rvb nts spìb nk tjb k`tnak`c mn`caoub `km t`lb ` cb`m nk nt.

Bqunty `km @iibss

@iibss j`s iaksnmbr`dcy nkirb`sbm avbr tjb c`st ebw mbi`mbs dut ns stncc e`r cawbr tj`k

beebitnvb mbg`km, tj`k nk atjbr Y@MI GNIs, `km, tj`k ear iauktrnbs tj`t beebitnvbcy usb

tjbnr uknvbrsntnbs ta suppcy tjb tbijkni`c cb`mbrsjnp rbqunrbm ta prapbc orawtj (t`dcb

2.0). Dbtwbbk 0>:4 `km 466:, tjb `vbròb `kku`c orawtj r`tb nk bkraccgbkt w`s :

pbribkt, wjnij ns jnojbr tj`k orawtj nk tjb papuc`tnak ae bcnondcb òb. @itu`c

bkraccgbkts rasb erag 0,666 nk 0>:4 ta 2==6 nk 466?/466:. Jawbvbr, ìibss ns caw, bvbk

wjbk iaksnmbrnko stumy `dra`m, wjnij ns quntb sudst`ktn`c. @raukm 4,006 Yw`zn

stumbkts wbrb stumynko `dra`m nk 466=, gast ae tjbg (0,::6) nk Yautj @erni`.9 Ytumy

`dra`m iaucm b`sncy r`nsb tjb OBT ta `raukm 5 pbribkt, wjnij ns stncc caw.

]`dcb 2.08 ]brtn`ry Bmui`tnak Bkraccgbkt Y@MI GNIs `km nk Ybcbitbm Tbonaks earYbcbitbm ^b`rs

Kbt bkraccgbkt r`tna

Iauktry 0>>0 0>>5 0>>> 466=

Datsw`k` 9.0 =.9 4.? 2.0

Gùrntnus 9.= 2.> 5.4 02.6

K`gndn` 4.2 5.6 =.2 =.:

Yautj @erni` 06.5 09.2 00.5 04.=

Yw`znc`km 9.4 2.4 9.? =.0

Tbonak

Yautjbrk @erni` >.5 04.= 06.2 00.9

YY@ 4.4 4.5 9.0 =.6

Yaurib8 RKBYIA Nkstntutb ear Yt`tnstnis.

Katb8 C`rob mneebrbkibs nk tjb kugdbrs g`y db nkecubkibm dy k`tnak`c mbenkntnaks ae wj`t iakstntutbstbrtn`ry bmui`tnak.



:: _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

_jncb avbr tjb cako tbrg, tjb nkirb`sb nk bkraccgbkt j`s dbbk sudst`ktn`c, tjb

prapartnak `kku`c nkt`lb ae qu`cnenbm i`kmnm`tbs mbicnkbm erag 5: pbribkt nk 4666 ta =4

pbribkt nk 466? (enourb 2.4), mub g`nkcy ta ` cìl ae OaY sijac`rsjnps. Tbc`tnvb ta

bcnondcb i`kmnm`tbs, ìibss ns mbicnknko nkstb`m ae orawnko.

Enourb 2.48 @mgnssnak T`tbs `s ` % ae Pu`cnenbm @ppcni`kts

Yaurib8 RKNY_@.

Bkraccgbkts v`ry snokneni`ktcy ìrass eìuctnbs, dut nt ns icb`r tj`t NMB mrnvbs guij

ae tjb rbibkt nkirb`sbs, eaccawbm dy tjb Eìucty ae @orniucturb (t`dcb 2.4). ]jb eìt tj`t

NMB magnk`tbs bkraccgbkts ns ` pasntnvb mbvbcapgbkt, onvbk nts cawbr uknt iast (sbb

Ij`ptbr ?), dut nts nkt`lb ns `csa ak tjb mbicnkb. NMB w`s `dcb ta ìibpt icasb ta :6

pbribkt ae qu`cnenbm `ppcni`kts uktnc 4662< snkib tjbk tjb sj`rb j`s mrappbm, rbìjnko

dbcaw =6 pbribkt dy 466? (sbb enourb 2.4 `davb).

]`dcb 2.48 Bkraccgbkt dy Eìucty, 4666’466?

4666/60 4660/64 4664/69 4669/6= 466=/62 4662/65 4665/6? 466?/6:

@orniucturb =0: =:9 225 5=9 ?00 ?50 :4: :29

Iaggbrib 209 200 25= 590 50= 2>? 2:0 25=Bmui`tnak 9=0 9>= 965 909 946 995 92: 925

Jb`ctj Yin. 446 45: 4:? 9=9 96: 90? 904 94=

Jug`kntnbs 259 2?0 22= 2>= 2?> 2?= 245 ==>

Yinbkib 4>= 969 90? 94> 9=> 9:6 9=> 9=4

Yai. Yin. 252 2?2 2:4 506 5=: 554 5=? 5=9

V.O.Y. 94 9: =2 22 =5 26 =? =:

NMB ?:6 0,622 0,4=5 0,==? 0,2>2 0,>=9 4,6=5 0,:56

]at`c ka. ae stumbkts 9,?45 =,0>: =,=2? =,>52 2,0?6 2,546 2,5>= 2,=9>

E]B* nk NMB 49= 90? 9?= =9= =?> 2:9 50= 22:

E]B ]at`c 9,0:6 9,=56 9,2:2 9,>24 =,62= =,456 =,454 =,09?

Yaurib8 Unib Ij`kibccar„s @kku`c Tbparts.* Eucc tngb bqunv`cbkt (E]B) kugdbr ae stumbkts i`ciuc`tbm dy guctnpcynko NMB bkraccgbkt dy 6.9, snkib

NMB praor`gs iarrbspakm ta 96 pbribkt ae tjb karg`c ca`m.

96

=6

26

56

?6

:6

>6

0>>5 0>>? 0>>: 0>>> 4666 4660 4664 4669 466= 4662 4665 466?

]at`c NMB

^b`r

V

b r i b k t



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km :>

@ or`pjni rbprbsbkt`tnak ae bkraccgbkt dy eìucty `km yb`r ns sjawk nk enourb 2.9.

Enourb 2.98 ]at`c Bkraccgbkt dy Eìucty 4666/60’466?/6:

Yaurib8 Unib Ij`kibccar„s `kku`c rbpart.

@iibss ns stncc cngntbm ta tjb ukmbror`mu`tb cbvbc ae stumnbs wntj cbss tj`k 0 pbribkt

ae stumbkts nk or`mu`tb praor`gs nk 466?, bxibpt ear tjasb nk tjb VastOr`mu`tb

Ibrtneni`tb nk Bmui`tnak. ]jbrbearb, RKNY_@ mabs kat pramuib tjb cbvbc ae lkawcbmobwarlbrs wja iaucm spb`rjb`m rbsb`rij `km wja iaucm eastbr rbsb`rij `km

mbvbcapgbkt (T&M) p`rtkbrsjnps wntj nkmustry. _ntj cngntbm or`mu`tb praor`gs,

RKNY_@ ns ` prbmagnk`ktcy tbìjnko uknvbrsnty. ]jns mabs kat ma guij ear

ngpravnko tjb rbsb`rij autput ae tjb praebssarn`tb ar ear tjb pramuitnak ae or`mu`tbs

wntj jnojcbvbc rbsb`rij `km `k`cytni`c slnccs. Nt `csa i`ccs nkta qubstnak tjb beeninbkiy ae

tjb utncnz`tnak ae praebssarcbvbc ì`mbgni stèe tj`t sjaucm db `dcb ta gaukt or`mu`tb

praor`gs, pramuib rbsb`rij autputs `km, pramuib ` suiibssnak ij`nk ae euturb

rbsb`rijbrs.

Obkmbr p`rnty j`s dbbk `tt`nkbm nk avbr`cc ìibss. ]jb caw ebg`cb p`rtninp`tnak

tj`t pbrsnstbm tjrauoj tjb enrst mbi`mb icasbm nk tjb c`tb 0>>6s, rbsureìbm nk tjb b`rcy4666 dut, sbbgs ta j`vb icasbm ò`nk nk 466? (enourb 2.=). Jawbvbr, wagbk `rb

sudst`ktn`ccy ukmbrrbprbsbktbm nk tjb eìuctnbs ae sinbkib, òrniucturb, iaggbrib, `km

nk past or`mu`tb stumnbs (enourb 2.2).

_agbk `rb avbrrbprbsbktbm nk jug`kntnbs `km bmui`tnak. ]jbnr magnk`kib nk

enbcms wntj caw bgpcaygbkt appartukntnbs”jug`kntnbs p`rtniuc`rcy”rnsls

pbrpbtu`tnko tjb obkmbrrbc`tbm nkbquntnbs nk b`rknkos tj`t wbrb autcnkbm nk Ij`ptbr 0.

Nt `csa rnsls tjb obkmbr bqunty oa`c ae tjb VTY@V, wjncb mbkynko jausbjacms tjb

wnmbcymaiugbktbm dbkbents ae wagbk„s biakagni pawbr. Ak tjb pasntnvb snmb,

wagbk magnk`tb tjb sai`ccbm ‚ebg`cb mag`nk„ ae jb`ctj, wjbrb rbonak`c `km ocad`c

mbg`km ns iurrbktcy jnoj, `km tjns g`y iagpbks`tb ear tjbnr sp`rsnty nk atjbr si`rib

slnccs enbcms. Jawbvbr, tjbsb `rb stncc `rb`s ae cawbr b`rknkos tj`k tjb atjbr sinbkib

d`sbm spbin`cnz`tnaks.

6

266

0,666

0,266

4,666

4,266

@ o r n i u c t u r b

I a g g

b r i b

B m u i ` t n a k

J b ` c t j Y

i n .

J u g

k n t n b s

Y i n b k

i b

Y a i . Y i n .

V . O . Y .

N M B

K a . a e s t u m b k t s

4666/60

4660/64

4664/69

4669/6=

466=/62

4662/65

4665/6?

466?/6:



>6 _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

Enourb 2.=8 ]at`c Bkraccgbkt dy Obkmbr, `km Mborbbs @w`rmbm 0>>4’466?

Yaurib8 RKNY_@.

Enourb 2.28 Vbribkt ae Ebg`cb ae ]at`c Bkraccgbkt dy E`iucty, 466?/6:

Yaurib8 Unib Ij`kibccar„s Tbpart 466?/6:.

@iibss ns nkbqunt`dcb dy YBY ta tjb `mv`kt`ob ae ijncmrbk erag jnojnkiagb

jausbjacms. Nk 466?, kb`rcy ?6 pbribkt ae RKNY_@ stumbkts wbrb erag tjb jnojbst

nkiagb qunktncb, rbc`tnvb ta = pbribkt erag tjb cawbst twa nkiagb qunktncbs (enourb 2.5).

6

266

0,666

0,266

4,666

4,266

9,666

9,266

=,666

=,266

2,666

2,266

5,666

0 > : 4

0 > : 9

0 > : =

0 > : 2

0 > : 5

0 > : ?

0 > : :

0 > : >

0 > > 6

0 > > 0

0 > > 4

0 > > 9

0 > > =

0 > > 2

0 > > 5

0 > > ?

0 > > :

0 > > >

4 6 6 6

4 6 6 0

4 6 6 4

4 6 6 9

4 6 6 =

4 6 6 2

4 6 6 5

4 6 6 ?

G`cbEbg`cb]at`cMborbbs

^b`r

B k r a c c g b k t

6

06

46

96

=6

26

56

?6


I a g g

b r i b

B m u i ` t n a k

J b ` c t j Y

i n .

J u g

k n t n b s

Y i n b k

i b

Y a i . Y i n .

V . O . Y .

N M B

@ v b r

o b

V b r i b k t




Vrnv`tb pravnsnak ae jnojbr bmui`tnak

]jb OaY `cgast sacbcy db`rs tjb durmbk ta bxp`km ìibss ta jnojbr bmui`tnak wntj cnttcb

ta ka prnv`tb sbitar suppart. Garbavbr, twa gast ngpart`kt tbrtn`ry nkstntutnaks,

K`z`rbkb ]bìjbr ]r`nknko Iaccbob `km tjb Iaccbob ae Kursnko, `rb akcy p`rtcy prnv`tb,

snkib stèe s`c`rnbs `rb p`nm dy tjb Oavbrkgbkt. ]jb iagdnkbm bkraccgbkt nk tjb

prnv`tb nkstntutnaks ns `daut > pbribkt ae tjb k`tnak`c tat`c tbrtn`ry bkraccgbkt< tjns ns

vbry caw iagp`rbm ta atjbr iauktrnbs nk tjb rbonak, sbb t`dcb 2.9.

]`dcb 2.98 Yj`rb ae Vrnv`tb ]brtn`ry Bmui`tnak 466=

Iauktrnbs Yj`rb ae prnv`tb bkraccgbkts (%) Ytumbkt kugdbrs

Datsw`k` 066 09,440

@koac` 94 =,02=

Gaz`gdnqub 94 ?,040

Gùrntnus 0: 9,460

Lbky` 09 02,?:9

Xngd`dwb 06 5,644

Ro`km` 06 :,:95

Yw`znc`km > 2>6

G`mò`si`r : 9,9?0

]`kz`kn` 2 4,0=?

Yaurib8 Ocad`c Bmui`tnak Mnobst 4665, RNY.

Katb8 Yw`znc`km kugdbrs `rb ear 4662< tjby wbrb i`ciuc`tbm erag GAB 4662 Yt`tnstnis `km nkicumb tjb

K`z`rbkb Iaccbobs ae Kursnko `km ]bìjbr ]r`nknko.

Pu`cnty `km Bqunty

Iurrniuc`/praor`gs/gambs ae mbcnvbry

RKNY_@„s eìuctnbs `km nkstntutbs aeebr 92 praor`gs. Bìj praor`g j`s ` r`kob ae

iaursbs `t tjb ibrtneni`tb, mnpcag`, mborbb, pastor`mu`tb, `km or`mu`tb cbvbcs. ]jb ducl

ae tjb praor`gs `rb aeebrbm `t ` mborbb cbvbc `km bxtrbgbcy ebw `t tjb ibrtneni`tb `km

or`mu`tb cbvbcs. @ lby nssub wntj tjb praor`gs ns tjb cìl ae `rtniuc`tnak `km tjb

rbsuct`kt cìl ae part`dncnty ae irbmnts wntjnk `km ìrass cbvbcs. Vaar `rtniuc`tnak `csa

cb`vbs `gpcb raag ear iaursb avbrc`ps `km tjb `ssain`tbm rbsaurib nkbeeninbkinbs. @s

wntj ]UB]YM, jnojbr bmui`tnak kbbms ta db nktbor`tbm nkta `k KPE tj`t wncc nktbor`tbnt nkta ` sb`gcbss CCC systbg wntj rb`c p`tjw`ys `km ecbxndncnty.

Ytumy praor`gs `rb quntb tr`mntnak`c, magnk`tbm dy cbiturbs `km j`rmcy usnko tjb

patbktn`c aeebrbm dy NI]s nk eìncnt`tnko tbìjnko `km cb`rknko. Jawbvbr, ` pasntnvb

`spbit ns tj`t nk tjb c`st yb`r ae tjb mborbb praor`g stumbkts ukmbrt`lb ` sg`cc

rbsb`rij prahbit. Nk `mmntnak, g`ky praor`gs nkicumb ` 06wbbl nktbrksjnp nk cai`c

dusnkbssbs. Nk tjb sinbkibd`sbm enbcms, cbiturbs `rb suppcbgbktbm dy c`dar`tary

sbssnaks. C`dar`tarnbs `rb obkbr`ccy wbccmbsnokbm `km spìnaus, `ctjauoj sagb kbbm

gambrknz`tnak. Jawbvbr, iurrbkt pravnsnak ae bqunpgbkt ns icb`rcy nksueeninbkt ear `

s`tnseìtary prbp`r`tnak ae stumbkts ear gambrk warlpcìbs. Nksueeninbkt `km

nk`mbqu`tb c`dar`tary bqunpgbkt ns aetbk intbm `s ` cngntnko eìtar ak stumbkt nkt`lb nkYinbkib `km Bkonkbbrnko.



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km >9

@ jb`vy rbcn`kib ak cbiturbs `km tr`mntnak`c c`dar`tary iaursbs (nkstb`m ae apbk

bkmbm warl nk tjb c`dar`tarnbs) mabs kat bkiauròb stumbkt nkmbpbkmbkt tjnklnko. ]jb

rbqunrbgbkt ae ` c`rob kugdbr ae –p`ssnvb‗ ic`ss jaurs rbmuibs tjbnr sbksb ae

rbspaksndncnty ear tjbnr awk cb`rknko. Nkmbpbkmbkt `km oraup warl iaucm gatnv`tb

stumbkts wjncb eìncnt`tnko jnojbrcbvbc cb`rknko `km mbbpbr ukmbrst`kmnko ae iakibpts.

NMB iaucm db usbm `s ` pc`tearg ta mnvbrsney mbcnvbry gambs `km ta bxpcant tjb

patbktn`c ae NI]s. Ytumbkts j`vb 96 pbribkt ae eìbtaeìb iaktìt jaurs, sijbmucbm

gastcy ak wbblbkms. ]jbsb `rb iagpcbgbktbm dy sbcenkstruitnak`c gamucbs. ]jb

nkstntutb ntsbce mabs kat sbbg ta db usnko NI]s guij nk nts mbcnvbry ae praor`gs `km tjns

iakstntutbs ` cast appartuknty.

Ytumbkt qu`cnty `t bktry

Mub ta tjb iagdnkbm sbcbitnvnty ae tjb systbg `km tjb cnklnko ae nkt`lb ta tjb cngntbm

kugdbr ae OaY, RKNY_@ j`s garb qu`cnenbm i`kmnm`tbs tj`k nt i`k `mgnt. Bxibptnaks

`rb enbcms tj`t rbqunrb jnoj p`ssbs nk g`tjbg`tnis `km sinbkib. Ytumbkt rb`mnkbss `tbktry ns tjbrbearb ` ij`ccbkob tj`t ns cngntbm ta tjbsb enbcms. _ntj tjb bxibptnak ae enbcms

tj`t rbqunrb g`tjbg`tnis `km sinbkib, RKNY_@ nkt`lb iagbs rb`my ta j`kmcb

uknvbrsnty stumnbs.

Ytèe qu`cneni`tnaks

Ytèe qu`cneni`tnaks j`vb ngpravbm nk rbibkt yb`rs. RKNY_@ ì`mbgni stèe jacm

rb`sak`dcy jnoj qu`cneni`tnaks `km garb sa ear tjb bxp`trn`tb stèe (enourb 2.?). Kb`rcy

j`ce (=?%) ae Yw`zn stèe jacm ` G`stbrs mborbbs. @katjbr =? pbribkt jacm Maitar`c

mborbbs cb`vnko akcy 5 pbribkt wntjaut tjb gnkngug rbqunrbm qu`cneni`tnak. Ear

bxp`trn`tbs, avbr ?6 pbribkt j`vb Maitar`c mborbbs `km tjb rbst jacm G`stbrs„ mborbbs.Nk 466?/6: RKNY_@ j`m 0? stèe gbgdbrs ak tr`nknko `dra`m. Ytèe `csa j`s tjb aptnak

ta upor`mb tjbnr qu`cneni`tnaks tjrauoj tjb @i`mbgni Mbvbcapgbkt Ibktbr, dut tjb

upt`lb ns obkbr`ccy caw.

Enourb 2.?8 Ytèe Pu`cneni`tnaks dy Intnzbksjnp, 4665/6?

Yaurib8 RKNY_@ Vc`kknko Ibktbr (RVI). D 7 Dìjbcar mborbb< G 7 G`stbr„s mborbb.

6

06

46

96

=6

26

56

?6

:6

D G VjM G VjM

Cai`c/Yw`zn Bxp`trn`tb

% a

e t a t ` c s t ` e e d y i n t n z b

k s j n p



>= _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

Gbk magnk`tb tjb ì`mbgni stèe (52%). Nk `mmntnak, wagbk `rb iakibktr`tbm nk

tjb cawbst pasntnaks `km tjns pravnmbs ` kbo`tnvb racb gambcnko ear stumbkts, wjncb

mbkynko wagbk tjb nkiagb rbqunrbm ta rb`cnzb tjb VTY@V obkmbr p`rnty oa`c. Akcy 09

pbribkt ae tjb tap ì`mbgni pasntnaks (praebssars `km `ssain`tb praebssars), `km cbss

tj`k 99 pbribkt ae tjb sbknar cbiturbr pasntnaks, `rb aiiupnbm dy wagbk. Nk iaktr`st,

wagbk iagprnsb == pbribkt ae tjb cawbst r`kl ae cbiturbrs (enourb 2.:).

Enourb 2.:8 @i`mbgni Ytèe dy T`kl `km Obkmbr, 466?/6:

Yaurib8 Unib Ij`kibccar Tbpart 466?/6:. C7 Cbiturbr< YC 7 Ybknar Cbiturbr< @V 7 @ssain`tb Vraebssar<

V 7 Vraebssar

]jb sj`rb ae ebg`cb ì`mbgnis v`rnbs orb`tcy ìrass eìuctnbs. ]jby iakstntutb :6

pbribkt ae tjb stèe nk tjb Jb`ctj Yinbkibs `km cbss tj`k 46 pbribkt ear Yinbkib `kmBkonkbbrnko. Ear tjb obkmbr p`rnty oa`cs ae tjb VTY@V, tjns ns kat sueeninbkt. Garbavbr,

nt mabs kat prbsbkt ebg`cb stumbkts tjb `ppraprn`tb racb gambcnko tjby kbbm nk armbr ta

drb`l tjb magnk`kib ae gbk `t tjns cbvbc. ]jb sntu`tnak nk atjbr eìuctnbs ns sagbwj`t

dbttbr, wntj 96=2 pbribkt ebg`cb ì`mbgni stèe gbgdbrs (enourb 2.>). ]jb avbr`cc

pniturb mbg`kms ` stèe rbiruntgbkt pacniy tj`t mbcndbr`tbcy sbbls aut qu`cnenbm `km/ar

tr`nk`dcb wagbk.

Enourb 2.>8 Ebg`cb ]bìjbrs nk Vbribktòb ae ]at`c 466?/6:

Yaurib8 Unib Ij`kibccar„s Tbpart 466?/6:.

6

46

=6

56

:6

066

046

0=6

056

0:6

466

Vraebssars @ssain`tbVraebssars

Ybknar Cbiturbrs

Cbiturbrs ]at`c

K u g d b r a e t b ` i j b r s

G`cb

Ebg`cb

6

06

46

96

=6

26

56

?6

:6>6

@ o r n i u c t u

r b

I a g g b r i b

B m u i ` t n a k

J b ` c t j

Y i n b

k i b s

J u g k n t n b

s

Y i n b k i b

Y a i n ` c Y

i n b k i

b ] a t ` c

V b r i b k t



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km >2

Iaksnstbkt wntj cbvbcs ae qu`cneni`tnaks, tjb sj`rb ae Yw`zns nk jnoj ì`mbgni

pasntnaks ns e`r cawbr tj`k earbnokbrs. ]jns sntu`tnak ns akcy ngpravnko scawcy. ]jns `csa

w`rr`kts iakibrtbm rbmrbss (enourb 2.06).

Enourb 2.068 Vbribktòb ae Yw`zn Ytèe dy T`kl, 4665/6?

Yaurib8 RKNY_@ Vc`kknko Ibktbr (RVI).

Vjysni`c eìncntnbs

Onvbk nkirb`sbs nk bkraccgbkt `km cngntbm i`pnt`c dumobts, tjbrb j`vb dbbk iakibrks

`daut avbrirawmnko ae tjb pjysni`c eìncntnbs `km nts patbktn`c ngpìt ak tbìjnko `kmcb`rknko beebitnvbkbss. Dbtwbbk 0>>> `km 4662, tjb `vbròb kugdbr ae squ`rb gbtbrs

pbr stumbkt `t tjb tjrbb i`gpusbs mbirb`sbm erag 0.9 ta 0.0 `t Lw`cusbkn, erag 4.6 ta

0.9 `t Cuybkoa, `km erag 9.> ta 0.? `t Gd`d`kb (enourb 2.00).

Enourb 2.008 @vbròb Ypìb pbr Ytumbkt dy I`gpus (0>>>’4662)

Yaurib8 Vjysni`c Vc`kknko Aeenib.

6

06

4696

=6

26

56

?6

:6

>6

066

]@ C YC @V V

] a t ` c s t ` e e ( % )

Bxp`trn`tb

Yw`zn

6.6

6.2

0.6

0.2

4.6

4.2

9.6

9.2

=.6

=.2

0>>>/66 4660/64 4664/69 4669/6= 466=/62 4662/65

s q . G p b r s t u m b k t Lw`cusbkn

CuybkoaGd`d`kb

^b`r




]jb `v`nc`dcb spìb pbr stumbkt `t datj tjb Cuybkoa `km Lw`cusbkn i`gpusbs ns

dbcaw tjb RKBYIA rbiaggbkmbm karg ae 0.2 g4 pbr stumbkt. Avbrirawmnko sbbgs

p`rtniuc`rcy ìutb nk tjb Eìuctnbs ae Jug`kntnbs `km ae Yain`c Yinbkib `t Lw`cusbkn. @

rbpart nk 4665 dy tjb Rknvbrsnty Vjysni`c Vc`kkbr st`tbm tj`t, –tjb `rb` `ccai`tbm ta tjb

Eìuctnbs ae Jug`kntnbs `km Yain`c Yinbkibs ns nk`mbqu`tb bvbk ear akb Eìucty.‗ ]jbsb

twa eìuctnbs j`m `k `vbròb ae akcy 6.2 g4 pbr stumbkt nk 4662. Jawbvbr, ` rbibkt

utncnz`tnak survby sjawbm ` mneebrbkt pniturb, `s sjawk nk enourb 2.04.

Enourb 2.048 Rsb Eìtar ae ]bìjnko Ypìbs dy ]ypb

Yaurib8 RKNY_@ survby, bxicumnko Cuybkoa I`gpus.

Katb8 Rsb eìtar ns mbenkbm `s tjb prapartnak ae `v`nc`dcb ic`ss pbrnams pbr wbbl (Gakm`yErnm`y) nk

wjnij tjb tbìjnko spìb w`s ìtu`ccy usbm ear `k aeenin`c ic`ss. ]jb m`t` rbebr ta tjb enrst sbgbstbr

@uoust Mbibgdbr, 466?. ]jb g`xngug usb passndcb ns `ssugbm ta db 56 pbrnams pbr wbbl.

]jb kugdbrs nk enourb 2.09 ma kat suppart ` obkbr`cnzbm iakibrk wntj

avbrirawmnko. ]jb usb ae kaktbìjnko spìbs”mnknko j`cc `km iaggak raags”ns

kat`dcb dut `cc tjb s`gb, tjb avbr`cc sntu`tnak mabs kat pankt ta ` irnsns nk tbìjnko

spìbs. Ear nkst`kib, sinbkib c`dar`tarnbs `rb usbm akcy 4= jaurs pbr wbbl, prng`rncy

dbiùsb nt ns ` tr`mntnak ta j`vb c`dar`tary ic`ssbs akcy nk tjb ètbrkaaks. _ntj dbttbr

pc`kknko nt g`y db passndcb ta bxp`km tjb usb ae tjb bxpbksnvb c`dar`tarnbs `km tjus

`ccaw ear `k nkirb`sb nk stumbkt nkt`lb. Jawbvbr, nt gust db katbm tj`t, nk `mmntnak ta

tjb tbìjnko tngb, =tj yb`r stumbkts usb sinbkib c`dar`tarnbs ear nkmnvnmu`c prahbit warl.

]jns g`y scnojtcy nkirb`sb tjb usb eìtar, dut kat ta ` cbvbc wjbrb nt iaucm db s`nm ta db

beeninbkt.

]jb ukmbrutncnz`tnak ae iagputbr c`dar`tarnbs ear tbìjnko purpasbs `vbrònko

akcy > jaurs pbr wbbl, ar 02 pbribkt ae tjb `v`nc`dcb tngb, ns strnlnko, `s tjb g`stbry ae

NI]s dbyakm tjb cbvbc ae cntbrìy auojt ta db iagpucsary ear `cc uknvbrsnty stumbkts.

Pu`cnty `ssur`kib

RKNY_@ stncc jb`vncy rbcnbs ak tjb acm `km cngntbm systbg ae bxtbrk`c bx`gnkbrs mr`wk

g`nkcy erag @kocapjakb @erni`, ear nts qu`cnty `ssur`kib. Dy nts k`turb, tjns systbg ns

nk`mbqu`tb ta pravnmb ` iagprbjbksnvb rbvnbw ae tjb qu`cnty `km mbvbcapgbkt

6

06

46

96

=6

26

56?6

:6

>6

066

Yinbkib

c`dar`tary

Cbiturb

tjb`tbr-

c`rob

Cbiturb

tjb`tbr-gbmnug

Ic`ssraag-

I? sg`cc

Ic`ssraag-

I: sg`cc

Ic`ssraag-

I04 sg`cc

Ic`ssraag-

I0 sg`cc

Mnknko j`cc-

c`rob

Iagputbr

c`dar`tary

% ` v ` n c ` d c b p b r n a m s ( G - E )



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km >?

rbcbv`kib ae praor`gs. Iaksnmbr`tnak sjaucm db onvbk ta iurrbkt qu`cnty`ssur`kib

systbgs tj`t aeebr ` iagprbjbksnvb rbvnbw ae praor`gs, nkputs, praibssbs, autputs `km

autiagbs, usnko ` p`kbc ae mnstnkounsjbm jnojbr bmui`tnak bxpbrts wja drnko ta db`r

tjb dbst nktbrk`tnak`c prìtnibs. Yuij rbvnbws sjaucm `csa db pbrnamni”bvbry 9 yb`rs”

`km rbouc`rnzbm.

]jb uknvbrsnty ns warlnko taw`rm ngpravnko nts `ssbssgbkt ae stèe pbrearg`kib.

Yagb bkvnsòbm strbkotjs ae tjb systbg nkicumb8 icb`r `rtniuc`tnak ae stèe had

mbsirnptnaks ò`nkst wjnij tjby waucm db `ssbssbm, `km `ccawnko ear stumbkt nkputs nk

tjb `ssbssgbkt ae stèe. ]jns nkntn`tnvb pravnmbs ` d`sb ear eurtjbr strbkotjbknko ae

qu`cnty `ssur`kib.

Autputs `km cb`rknko autiagbs

RKNY_@ autputs `rb caw `km j`vb kat orawk snkib 0>>>. ]jb kugdbr ae mborbbs

`w`rmbm nkirb`sbm iaksnmbr`dcy nk tjb c`tb 0>>6s, erag 9=9 nk 0>>5 ta 5:4 nk 0>>>, dut

j`vb cbvbcbm aee snkib tjbk, rbìjnko 59: nk 4665. (sbb enourb 2.=).Nrakni`ccy, iurrbkt m`t` sbts sjaw rb`sak`dcy jnoj iagpcbtnak r`tbs ear gast

eìuctnbs bxpbit ear tjb sinbkib/bkonkbbrnko. Iagpcbtnak r`tbs r`kob erag ?6 ta >6

pbribkt avbr`cc `km akcy 56= pbribkt ear sinbkib `km bkonkbbrnko `s wbcc `s ear tjb NMB

(enourb 2.09).

Enourb 2.098 @vbròb Iagpcbtnak Nkmbx dy Eìucty, 4666’466?

Yaurib8 Rknvbrsnty Vc`kknko Ibktbr d`sbm ak m`t` erag tjb Tbonstr`r.

Tbsb`rij autputs

Tbsb`rij autputs `rb caw bvbk ear ` prbmagnk`ktcy tbìjnko uknvbrsnty, `km bspbin`ccy

wjbk iaksnmbrbm ò`nkst tjb `crb`mykatbm oaam qu`cneni`tnaks ae tjb praebssarn`tb.

]jns ns rbo`rmcbss ae tjb eìt tj`t rbsb`rij ns akb ae tjb pragatnak irntbrn`. ]jns `csa nk

spntb ae tjb nkstntutnakcbvbc beeart ta sbt up struiturbs `km eukmnko gbij`knsgs ta

suppart rbsb`rij. Lby struiturbs tj`t auojt ta db stnguc`tnko rbsb`rij `rb tjbRknvbrsnty Tbsb`rij Da`rm, tjb Tbsb`rij `km Iaksuct`kiy Ibktbr, `km Eìucty spbineni

rbsb`rij iaggnttbbs.

6

6.4

6.=

6.5

6.:

0

0.4

0.=

0.5


I a g g

b r i b

B m

u i ` t n a k

J b ` c t j

Y i n b

k i b

J u g

k n t n b s

Y i n b k

i b

Y a i n ` c

Y i n b k

i b N M B

O r ` m u ` t b s ` s ` % a

e n k n t n ` c

b k t r ` k t s t a t j b p r a o r ` g

Mnpcag`

Mborbb



>: _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

@s nk gast ae @erni`„s uknvbrsntnbs, rbsb`rij eukmnko ns caw, iakstntutnko akcy 9

pbribkt ae tjb RKNY_@„s `kku`c dumobt. Jawbvbr, quntb uknqub ta Yw`znc`km, tjb caw

rbsb`rij eukmnko mabs kat sbbg ta db `k bxpc`k`tary eìtar dbjnkm tjb paar rbsb`rij

autput. Bìj yb`r, tjb uknvbrsnty `ccai`tbs rbsb`rij or`kts, dut g`ky ì`mbgni stèe

gbgdbrs ma kat `ppcy ear tjbg. Tbsb`rij or`kts pb`lbm nk 4665/? ta avbr YX0 gnccnak

dut mbicnkbm ta YX566,666 tjb eaccawnko yb`r nk ìiarm`kib wntj tjb obkbr`c OaY

iutdìl ak jnojbr bmui`tnak `ccai`tnak (t`dcb 2.=). ]jb caw upt`lb ae rbsb`rij or`kts

mabs kat pravnmb oraukms ear nkirb`sbm eukmnko.

]`dcb 2.=8 Tbsb`rij @ccai`tnaks nk YXC Gnccnak

^b`r

@ccai`tnak taTbsb`rij

Ibktbr]at`c Dumobtear Rknvbrsnty

% @ccai`tbm taRknv.

Tbsb`rij

@itu`c `km% @ccai`tbm ear

Tbsb`rij Or`kts

@itu`c `km %@ccai`tbm earApbr`tnaks

4669/6= =:6.2 94.0 0.= (9:=.=) :6.6 (>5.0) 46.6

466=/62 ?99.: 9=.? 4.0 (56:.9) :4.> (042.2) 0?.0

4662/65 0,66:.? 20.0 0.> (:2:.=) :2.0 (026.9) 0=.>

4665/6? 0,4:6.: 29.0 4.= (0,042.:) :?.> (022.6) 04.0

466?/6: ?>9.9 96.4 4.5 (2>2.6) ?2.6 (0>:.9) 42.6

Yaurib8 RKNY_@ Tbsb`rij Ibktbr.

Rknvbrsntyeukmbm rbsb`rij prahbits v`ry ìrass eìuctnbs, wntj tjb eìucty ae

@orniucturb g`lnko tjb dbst nkput (enourb 2.0=).

Enourb 2.0=8 Kugdbr `km @gaukt ae Eukmbm Tbsb`rij Vrahbits 4669/= ta 4665/?

Yaurib8 Rknvbrsnty Vc`kknko Ibktbr (RVI).

6

2

06

02

46

42

96

92

Y a i n ` c Y

i n b k i b

Y i n b k

i b

J u g

k n t n b s

J b ` c t j Y

i n .

B m u i ` t n a k

I a g g

b r i b

@ o r n i u c t u r b N M

B .

K u g d b r a e V r a h b i t s

6

466

=66

566

:66

0666

0466

0=66

@ g a u

k t ( B 6 6 6 s )

Ka.

@gt.



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km >>

Tbpartbmcy, tjbrb `rb garb rbsb`rij prahbits tj`t ma kat usb tjb uknvbrsnty or`kt

eukmnko (t`dcb 2.2). _j`t rbg`nks ukicb`r ns wjy suij rbsb`rij mabs kat bxpcant tjb

`v`nc`dcb eukmnko, jaw nt ns eukmbm, `km tjb qu`cnty ae nts autputs. Armnk`rncy, or`kt

eukmbm rbsb`rij oabs tjrauoj ` iagpbtntnvb rbvnbw praibss tj`t sjaucm bkj`kib nts

qu`cnty. ]jb prbmagnk`kib ae kakeukmbm rbsb`rij prahbits g`y tjbrbearb db

warrnsagb. Nt ns passndcb tj`t tjbsb typbs ae rbsb`rij prahbits, dy `vanmnko iagpbtntnvb

eukmnko, `rb ae cawbr rnoar `km qu`cnty. _ntjaut icb`r qu`cnty iaktracs ae rbsb`rij

autputs tjb qu`cnt`tnvb ngpcni`tnaks ae tjbsb prahbits wncc rbg`nk ukicb`r.

]`dcb 2.28 Tbsb`rij @itnvntnbs Kat Enk`kibm dy RKNY_@ Tbsb`rij Da`rm, 4665/6?

Eìucty/Ibktbr 466=/62 4662/65 4665/6? ]at`c

@orniucturb 0? 02 0? =>

Iaggbrib 0 6 ? :

Bmui`tnak 06 00 ? 4:

Jb`ctj Yinbkib 0= 05 0= ==

Jug`kntnbs 06 06 ? 4?

Yinbkib 05 0? 94 52

Yain`c Yinbkib : 06 5 4=

NMB 4 9 9 :

Vast-Or`mu`tb Ytumnbs 6 6 6 6

Jb`ctj Nkearg`tnak `km Iauksbcnko Ibktbr 0 6 0 4

Yw`znc`km Nkstntutb ear Tbsb`rij nk ]r`mntnak`cGbmninkb, Gbmnink`c `km Nkmnobkaus Eaam Vc`kts 4 2 ? 0=

Rknvbrsnty Tbsb`rij Ibktbr 6 9 6 9

]A]@C :0 >6 060 4?4

Yaurib8 RVI.

]jb RKNY_@ rbsb`rij iagguknty j`s rbg`nkbm nksuc`r, `km tjns g`y `mvbrsbcy

èebit tjb qu`cnty `km mbvbcapgbkt rbcbv`kib ae nts rbsb`rij autputs. Gbij`knsgs ear

st`lbjacmbr p`rtninp`tnak nk sbttnko tjb rbsb`rij òbkm` `rb ukicb`r. Tbsb`rij tbkms ta

db iakmuitbm wntjaut guij st`lbjacmbr p`rtninp`tnak. Nkst`kibs ae uknvbrsnty/nkmustry

iacc`dar`tnvb rbsb`rij `rb ebw `km e`r nk dbtwbbk. Gbij`knsgs ear tjb rbpìlònko,

dralbròb `km `mvaiìy ear tjb `ppcni`tnak ae rbsb`rijobkbr`tbm lkawcbmob dy

patbktn`c magbstni usbrs `rb ukicb`r `t dbst.

Mnssbgnk`tnak `vbkubs `rb cngntbm. Ear nkst`kib, ]jb RKNY_@ Tbsb`rij Haurk`c

ear @orniucturb, Yinbkib `km ]bijkacaoy”pudcnsjbm twnib ` yb`r”`km tjb RKNY_@

Tbsb`rij Haurk`c”pudcnsjbm akib ` yb`r”ma kat j`vb wnmb inriuc`tnak. ]jby `rb

prng`rncy rb`m dy RKNY_@ stèe gbgdbrs, dut j`rmcy autsnmb tjb iauktry. ]jb usb ae

nktbrkbt ta mnssbgnk`tb rbsb`rij autputs `csa tbkms ta db cngntbm. Iagdnkbm, tjbsb

eìtars mbky RKNY_@ tjb bxtbrk`c rbvnbw `km irntnqubs tj`t `rb nkv`cu`dcb ear

ngpravnko tjb qu`cnty, iurrbkiy `km mbvbcapgbkt rbcbv`kib ae rbsb`rij autputs.

Garbavbr, paar mnssbgnk`tnak rbmuibs ij`kibs ear tjb `ppcni`tnak ae lkawcbmob

pramuibm dy RKNY_@, tjus rbmuinko tjb rbcbv`kib ae tjb nkstntutnak ta Yw`znc`km„s

qubst ear lkawcbmobmrnvbk pramuitnvnty orawtj.

]jb akcy kat`dcb iakstr`nkts ta rbsb`rij autputs `rb tjb cngntbm nker`struiturb, nktbrgs ae spbin`cnzbm sinbkib c`dar`tarnbs `km gambrk bqunpgbkt, `km jnoj tbìjnko

adcno`tnaks ear tjb eìuctnbs ae Iaggbrib `km Jug`kntnbs.




RKNY_@„s nktbrk`tnak`c r`klnko

RKNY_@ ns r`klbm rbc`tnvbcy caw nktbrk`tnak`ccy, `km `gako @erni`k uknvbrsntnbs. ]jns

iaucm, p`rtcy db dbiùsb gast nktbrk`tnak`c r`klnkos bgpj`snzb rbsb`rij. ]jb –_arcm

Rknvbrsntnbs T`klnkos ak tjb _bd‗ dy tjb C`dar`tarna mb Nktbrkbt r`klbm RKNY_@

kugdbr 5,54= `gako warcm uknvbrsntnbs `km 5: `gako uknvbrsntnbs nk @erni`. ]jb

–_bdagbtrnis T`klnko ae _arcm Rknvbrsntnbs‗ ear Hucy 466? pcìbm RKNY_@ kugdbr

?,940 `gako warcm uknvbrsntnbs, `km := `gako @erni`k uknvbrsntnbs. ]jb r`klnko g`y

db `mvbrsbcy èebitbm dy tjb eìt tj`t RKNY_@ rbsb`rij autputs `rb iaggakcy kat

`v`nc`dcb ak tjb Nktbrkbt. Jawbvbr, atjbr @erni`k uknvbrsntnbs tj`t r`kl dbttbr tj`k

RKNY_@ waucm prad`dcy sueebr tjb s`gb cngnt`tnak.

Tbcbv`kib

@s prbvnauscy katbm, tjb cngntbm bkoòbgbkt ae irntni`c st`lbjacmbrs”bspbin`ccy

bgpcaybrs `km nkmustry”erag tjb RI, snokneni`ktcy iaktrndutbs ta tjb maudteucrbcbv`kib ae tbìjnko `km rbsb`rij praor`gs. Eurtjbr, tjbrb sbbgs ta db ka earg`c

praibssbs ear pcìnko tjb uknvbrsnty `t tjb ibktbr ae tjb k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt mn`caoub.

Atjbr intbm eìtars tj`t cngnt tjb mbvbcapgbkt `km g`rlbt rbspaksnvbkbss ae praor`gs

nkicumb ` cìl ae8 (n) ` jug`k rbsauribs mbvbcapgbkt str`tboy< (nn) nkearg`tnvb c`dar

survbys< (nnn) or`mu`tb trìbr stumnbs< `km (nv) ` sudrbonak`c c`dar g`rlbt adsbrv`tary.

Vbrj`ps mub ta tjbsb iagdnkbm iakstr`nkts, RKNY_@ bkraccgbkts tbkm ta db cawbr

nk enbcms wjbrb tjbrb ns jnoj c`dar g`rlbt mbg`km, suij `s Bkonkbbrnko `km Jb`ctj

(enourb 2.02). Ak tjb atjbr j`km sagb enbcms wntj caw mbg`km `km cbss cnlbcnjaam ae

onvnko or`mu`tbs t`kondcb bgpcaygbkt appartukntnbs magnk`tb bkraccgbkts”

Jug`kntnbs ear nkst`kib. ]jns `csa gb`ks tj`t tjb cngntbm OaY sijac`rsjnps `rb spbktak `rb`s wjbrb tjbrb g`y db ` jnoj rnsl ae or`mu`tbs kat rbp`ynko tjb ca`k p`rt ae tjbnr

sijac`rsjnps”26%”dbiùsb ae ukbgpcaygbkt. @kbimat`c bvnmbkib spb`ls ta tjb

pjbkagbkak ae ukbgpcaybm jug`kntnbs or`mu`tbs.

Enourb 2.028 ]at`c Bkraccgbkt dy Eìucty 4666/60’466?/6:

Yaurib8 Unib Ij`kibccar„s `kku`c rbpart.

6

466

=66

566

:66

0,666

0,466

0,=66

0,566

0,:66

4,666

N M B

@ o r n

i u c t u

r b

Y a i . Y i n .

I a g

g b r i b

J u

g k n t n b s

B m u

i ` t n a

k

Y i n b k

i b

J b ` c t j

Y i n .

V . O . Y .

K u g d b r a e s t u m b k t s




NMB bkraccgbkts eaccaw tjb s`gb p`ttbrk ae iakibktr`tnak nk jug`kntnbs, `km sain`c

sinbkib, bspbin`ccy tjb mnpcag` ae c`w `km iaggbrib (enourb 2.05). ]jns ns nrakni

dbiùsb NMB iaucm db sbrvnko ta rbtaac Yw`zns, nkicumnko tjb bmui`tbm ukbgpcaybm

ear `rb`s wjbrb tjbrb `rb dbttbr bgpcaygbkt appartukntnbs.

Enourb 2.058 NMB Bkraccgbkt dy Enbcm 466?/6:

Yaurib8 Tbonstr`r„s aeenib.

RKNY_@ praor`gs `csa sbbg ta kat db rbspakmnko ta rbonak`c c`dar g`rlbt

mbg`kms autcnkbm nk Ij`ptbr =. @s `katjbr bx`gpcb, NMB iaucm j`vb bxpcantbm

rbonak`c bgpcaygbkt appartukntnbs ear tjb ukbgpcaybm jug`kntnbs or`mu`tbs dy

gauktnko Vartuoubsb ir`sj iaursbs ear tjbg, `km bxpartnko tjbg ta kbnojdarnko

Cusapjakb iauktrnbs”Gaz`gdnqub `km @koac`”wjnij j`vb sjartòb ae Bkocnsj

tbìjbrs `km pbrj`ps atjbr pudcni sbrv`kts wntj ` oaam or`sp ae Bkocnsj. ]jb usb ae

Y@MI prataiacs ak bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko `km ak tjb erbb gavbgbkt ae pbapcb iaucm

db atjbr ukbxpcarbm patbktn`cs.

Yw`znc`km r`kls vbry caw nktbrk`tnak`ccy wntj rbspbit ta tjb pramuitnak ae

sinbktnsts `km bkonkbbrs. Akcy 5 pbribkt ae uknvbrsnty stumbkts spbin`cnzb nk sinbkib `km

bkonkbbrnko, rbc`tnvb ta 26 pbribkt nk Ijnk`, 9= pbribkt ear Enkc`km `km `daut 04

pbribkt nk @erni`. Nt g`y db `mmbm tj`t, sbvbr`c iauktrnbs, nkicumnko Enkc`km `km

@ustr`cn`, j`vb mbinmbm ta iaktrac bkraccgbkt nk tjbnr uknvbrsntnbs d`sbm ak c`dar

g`rlbt bxpbit`tnaks ear mneebrbkt spbin`cnz`tnaks. Nk p`rtniuc`r, tjb Enkknsj gambc

sbbgs ta warl wbcc.2

Tbsb`rij praor`gs tj`t spbineni`ccy t`robt iagguknty, k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt

ij`ccbkobs `km nkmustry kbbms `rb r`rb. @t tngbs, nt ns bvbk qubstnak`dcb ta wj`t bxtbkt

rbsb`rij ìtnvntnbs sbrvb tjb uknvbrsnty„s awk tbìjnko kbbms. ]jb usb ae rbsb`rij ta

eìncnt`tb tbìjnko `km cb`rknko iaucm db jnojcy iakstruitnvb, snkib rbsb`rij j`s tjb

patbktn`c ae irb`tnko nktbrbst, bvbk bxintbgbkt, `gako stumbkts, `km snkib stumbkts g`yg`lb iaksnmbr`dcb iaktrndutnaks ta tjb autiagb ae tjb rbsb`rij.

6

066

466

966

=66

266

566

?66

:66

D@

Jug`kntnbs

Mnpcag`

nk C`w

Mnpcag` nk

Iaggbrib

D.Iaggbrib D. BM.

@muct Bm.-

NMB

Ibrt. nk

Erbkij

Vraor`g

K u g

d b r a e s t u m b k t s




Ak tjb pasntnvb snmb, tjb Eìucty ae Iaggbrib aeebrs ` iaursb nk Bktrbprbkbursjnp.

]jb Eìucty ae @orniucturb `csa usbs stumbkt prahbits ear sngnc`r purpasbs. ]jb

prbmagnk`kib ae cbiturbs g`y kat suppart tjbsb nkntn`tnvbs wbcc, dut tjby `rb ` oaam

st`rt. Iaksnmbr`tnak sjaucm db onvbk ta tjb pncatnko ae ` r`kob ae gambrk pbmòaonbs,

suij `s Vradcbg D`sbm Cb`rknko (VDC), wntj ` eaius ak nggbmn`tb iaggukntnbs. Yuij

nkntn`tnvbs iaucm dbonk ta sbksntnzb stumbkts ta tjb kbbm ear tjbnr warl ta rbspakm ta

Yw`zn„s rb`c `km ebct kbbms.

Tbsb`rij `km tbìjnko praor`gs tj`t t`robt st`lbjacmbr kbbms g`y `ttrìt bxtbrk`c

eukmnko `km iaktrndutb ta rbvbkubs. @ rbibkt bx`gpcb ns tjb bcbitrni Vawbr Iagp`ky

ae Yw`znc`km, wjnij kbbms garb `km dbttbr bcbitrni`c bkonkbbrs, `km ns tjbrbearb rb`my

ta suppart tjb strbkotjbknko ae Bcbitrni`c Bkonkbbrnko `t RKNY_@.

Beeninbkiy

Vrad`dcy awnko ta tnojt sbcbitnak praibssbs `km tjb rbsuct`kt stumbkt rb`mnkbss `tbktry, RKNY_@ j`s gambst rbpbtntnak r`tbs, `vbrònko ? pbribkt nk 4665. Tbpbtntnak

r`tbs r`kob erag = pbribkt nk Jb`ctj Yinbkibs ta 00 pbribkt nk Yinbkib/Bkonkbbrnko

(enourb 2.0?). ]jb rbc`tnvbcy jnoj rbpbtntnak r`tb nk Yinbkib ns gast cnlbcy mub ta tjb

wb`l tbìjnko ae g`tjbg`tnis `km sinbkib `t tjb sbiakm`ry cbvbc `s autcnkbm nk

Ij`ptbr 9, iagdnkbm wntj wb`l ì`mbgni iauksbcnko `km wb`l rbgbmn`c tbìjnko `t

tjb uknvbrsnty.

Enourb 2.0?8 Tbpbtntnak T`tbs dy Eìucty `km ^b`r, 0>>>’4665

Yaurib8 RKNY_@ Rknvbrsnty Vc`kknko Ibktbr, i`ciuc`tbm erag m`t` erag tjb Tbonstr`r„s Aeenib.

]jb iurrbkt `vbròb eucctngbbqunv`cbkt stumbkt/stèe r`tna ae 0?80 ns rb`sak`dcb ear

` uknvbrsnty, dut iaucm db rbiaksnmbrbm ò`nkst Yw`znc`km„s cngntbm ìibss ta jnojbr

bmui`tnak. (t`dcb 2.5). Kat`dcy, tjns r`tna ns wntjnk tjb r`kob ae kbnojdarnko iauktrnbs,

6

6.64

6.6=

6.65

6.6:

6.0

6.04

6.0=

6.05


I a g g

b r i b

B m u i ` t n a k

J b ` c t j Y

i n .

J u g

k n t n b s

Y i n b k

i b

Y a i n ` c Y

i n . N M B

@ v b r

o b

V r a p

a r t n a k a e s t u m b k t s b k r a c c b m

0>>>

4666

4660

4664

4669

466=

4662

4665

@vb




dut nt ns jnojbr tj`k tjb 04 jaurs pbr wbbl rbiaggbkmbm dy RKNY_@. ]jb

stumbkt/stèe r`tna r`kobs erag ` caw ?.980 nk tjb Eìucty ae Yinbkib `km Bkonkbbrnko, ta

=6.980 nk tjb Eìucty ae Iaggbrib. ]jb caw kugdbr ear Yinbkib `km Bkonkbbrnko icb`rcy

rbc`tbs ta tjb tngbiaksugnko nkstruitnak nk c`dar`tary sbssnaks. Jawbvbr, tjb s`gb

bxpc`k`tnak j`rmcy jacms ear tjb Eìucty ae Bmui`tnak wntj ` r`tna ae akcy `daut 0680.

V`rt ae tjb bxpc`k`tnak ear tjb caw r`tna ns tjb r`kob ae sudhbit spbin`cnsts bgpcaybm ta

tr`nknko tbìjbrs ear tjb wnmb r`kob ae sudhbits katbm nk Ij`ptbr 9.

]`dcb 2.58 Ytumbkts pbr Ytèe dy Eìucty, 4664/69 ta 466?/6:

4664’69 4669’6= 466=’62 4662’65 4665’6? 466?’6:

@orniucturb 04.0 02.6 02.0 0=.> 05.5 02.2

Iaggbrib 9?.5 24.5 =6.> =4.5 =:.= =6.9

Bmui`tnak >.5 06.0 >.? 06.2 06.: 06.2

Jb`ctj Yinbkib 06.5 04.? 00.= 00.9 06.= 04.2

Jug`kntnbs 0?.9 46.2 0>.4 0?.2 0:.0 0=.2

Yinbkib/Bko. 5.4 5.? ?.0 :.9 ?.5 ?.9

Yain`c Yinbkib 0?.5 0>.? 0>.0 0>.2 0>.5 40.=

Yaurib8 I`ciuc`tbm erag tjb `kku`c Unib Ij`kibccar„s rbparts. Katb tj`t tjb kugdbrs ma kat nkicumb

stèe nk `mgnknstr`tnak, NMB, cndr`ry `km p`rt tngb stèe.

Ear ` c`rob kugdbr ae iaursbs, ic`ss snzbs tbkm ta db sg`cc, spbineni`ccy `t tjb

Lw`cusbkn I`gpus (enourb 2.0:). ]wbkty pbribkt ae `cc ic`ssbs j`vb ebwbr tj`k 2

stumbkts, 96 pbribkt j`vb ebwbr tj`k 06 stumbkts `km avbr 56 pbribkt j`vb ebwbr tj`k

42 stumbkts. Akcy 06 pbribkt ae tjb ic`ssbs j`m ` –karg`c‗ snzb, ae 42 ta =2 stumbkts.

Tbg`rl`dcy, `daut 06 pbribkt (065) ae tjb ic`ssbs j`m dbbk `ccai`tbm spìb, dut j`m ka

stumbkts bkraccbm. ]jns iakenrgs tjb `crb`mykatbm `mbquìy ae tbìjnko spìbs.

Enourb 2.0:8 @itu`c Ic`ss Ynzbs `t tjb Lw`cusbkn I`gpus, 466:

Yaurib8 RKNY_@ Vc`kknko Ibktbr (RVI).




]jb r`tna ae kakì`mbgni5 ta ì`mbgni stèe `t RKNY_@ ns rb`sak`dcb. Enourb 2.0>

dbcaw sjaws tj`t Yw`znc`km j`s ` 480 r`tna ae kakì`mbgni ta ì`mbgni stèe. ]jns ns

kb`r tjb `vbròb ear atjbr @erni`k uknvbrsntnbs.

Enourb 2.0>8 Kakì`mbgni ta @i`mbgni Ytèe T`tnas ear Ybcbitbm @erni`k Iauktrnbs

Yaurib8 M`rv`s, 466?.

Iaursb avbrc`ps `rb ` lby saurib ae rbsaurib nkbeeninbkiy. G`ky iaursbs avbrc`p ar

`rb onvbk ear ` vbry sg`cc kugdbr ae stumbkts. ]jns ns iastcy nk tbrgs ae pjysni`c spìb

`km nk tbrgs ae tbìjbr tngb `km s`c`rnbs. @ r`tnak`cnz`tnak ae tjb iaursb systbg `t

RKNY_@ gnojt cb`m ta ngpravbm beeninbkiy `km iaksnmbr`dcb s`vnkos.

]jb mur`tnak ae praor`gs ns `katjbr saurib ae rbsaurib w`stòb. G`ky mborbb

praor`gs `rb 2 yb`rs nk mur`tnak, wntj tjb enrst yb`r magnk`tbm dy rbpbtntnak ae

sbiakm`ry sijaac g`tbrn`c. ]jns tr`ksebrbkib ae sbiakm`ry sijaac bmui`tnak ta tjb

uknvbrsnty, wjbrb tjb uknt iast ns sa jnoj, ns ` mr`nk ak rbsauribs. Garbavbr, tjbrb

sbbgs ta db ka iakibrks wntj tjb qu`cnty ae stumbkts `t bktry, bxibpt ear g`tjbg`tnis

`km sinbkib. ]jb upor`mnko ae sbiakm`ry sijaac or`mu`tbs nk tjbsb sudhbits i`k

tjbrbearb db makb tjrauoj prbbktry praor`gs, wjasb pravnmbrs sjaucm db sbcbitbm ak

` iagpbtntnvb d`sns ta `vanm tjb rnsl ae uknvbrsnty i`pturb `km tjb rbnkst`tbgbkt ae tjb

pradcbg tj`t w`s dbnko `vanmbm nk tjb enrst pcìb.

@katjbr saurib ae rbsaurib nkbeeninbkiy ns tjb caw rbp`ygbkt r`tb ae tjb ca`k p`rt

(26%) ae stumbkts„ sijac`rsjnps. @s prbsbktbm c`tbr nk Ij`ptbr 5, tjb rbp`ygbkt r`tb ns

bstng`tbm `t : pbribkt.

Mub g`nkcy ta sjartòb ae sijac`rsjnps, tjb uknvbrsnty ns apbr`tnko `t `daut 56

pbribkt ae nts pjysni`c i`pìnty. ]jns iaksnttutbs ukèearm`dcb nkbeninbkinbs nk tjb usb ae

tjb tbìjnko stèe, pjysni`c eìncntnbs, pc`kt, bqunpgbkt `km eurknturb.




]jb uknvbrsnty ns `csa avbrmbpbkmbkt ak oavbrkgbkt eukmnko. T`nsnko tjb

prapartnak ae awksaurib rbvbkubs erag tjb iurrbkt 4 pbribkt ta 06 pbribkt waucm

s`vb sudst`ktn`c oavbrkgbkt rbsauribs.

Iakicusnak

@s nk atjbr iauktrnbs, Yw`znc`km„s jnojbr bmui`tnak systbgs iaucm eìncnt`tb tjb

iauktry„s tr`ksntnak ta lkawcbmobmrnvbk orawtj. Jawbvbr, ` sbt ae eìtars

sudst`ktn`ccy cngnts tjns patbktn`c. ]jb pacniy er`gbwarl tj`t ounmbs tjb mbvbcapgbkt

ae jnojbr bmui`tnak ns m`tbm `km aut ae syki wntj tjb iurrbkt mbvbcapgbkt mn`caoub. Nt

ns tjbrbearb jnojcy ukcnlbcy tj`t tjns òbm pacniy wncc ounmb tjb tr`ksearg`tnak ae

jnojbr bmui`tnak nkta ` lby cbvbr ae Yw`znc`km„s mbvbcapgbkt rbearg. ]jb cbo`c

er`gbwarl tj`t bkìts tjb sudsbitar mbvbcapgbkt ns bvbk acmbr, m`tnko dìl ta 0>:9.

]jb patbktn`c racb ae jnojbr bmui`tnak ns eurtjbr nkjndntbm dy nts cngntbm `km bvbk

mbicnknko ìibss. @iibss ns taa caw ta suppcy Yw`znc`km tjb tjrbsjacm ae jnojcbvbcslnccs rbqunrbm ta cb`m lkawcbmobmrnvbk orawtj. @iibss ns `csa nkbqunt`dcb dy obkmbr,

rur`c cai`tnaks `km caw YBY. Iagdnkbm, tjbsb nkbquntnbs cngnt tjb patbktn`c ta usb

jnojbr bmui`tnak `s ` lby cbvbr ear sain`c bqunty. Nk eìt, jnojbr bmui`tnak ns mnstnkitcy

prarnij nk vnrtu`ccy `cc `spbits, `km tjns mbenbs `cc beearts taw`rm sj`rbm orawtj.

@s wntj OB] `km ]UB]YM, Yw`znc`km„s JB ns ae rb`sak`dcb qu`cnty. Jawbvbr, tjb

mawk snmb ae tjns ìjnbvbgbkt ns tj`t tjb adsbrvbm qu`cnty g`y db sudst`ktn`ccy `nmbm

dy tjb systbg„s strnkobkt sbcbitnvnty `km bxicusnvnty. Tborbtt`dcy, tjb bxicusnvnty

iagpaukms ì`mbgni `km sain`c `mv`ktòb, tjus earinko ijncmrbk ae tjb paar aut ae tjb

jnojbr bmui`tnak systbg. ]jb rbsncnbkib ae tjb qu`cnty ns ybt ta db tbstbm dy tjb wnmb

r`kob ae stumbkt `dncnty tj`t karg`ccy ìiagp`knbs dra`m ìibss.Ear nts tbìjnko `km rbsb`rij praor`gs, jnojbr bmui`tnak j`s caw autputs. Ear

tbìjnko praor`gs, tjns ns `ttrndut`dcb ta tjb sjartòb ae oavbrkgbkt sijac`rsjnps. Ear

rbsb`rij, nt sbbgs ta db caw bxpbrtnsb wjnij, str`kobcy, iabxnsts wntj jnoj

qu`cneni`tnaks ae tjb praebssarn`tb. Atjbr sauribs ae nkbeeninbkinbs `rb tjb ukmbr

utncnz`tnak ae pjysni`c i`pìnty, caw ic`ss snzbs, paar iurrniuc` `rtniuc`tnak, cako

mur`tnak ae praor`gs `km iaursb avbrc`ps.

]jb uknvbrsnty j`s tbkmbm ta db nksuc`r `km tjns j`s sudst`ktn`ccy rbmuibm tjb

mbvbcapgbkt rbspaksnvbkbss ae nts praor`gs `km autputs. Atjbr iakstr`nkts `rb tjb

cìl ae icb`r gbij`knsgs ear ibktbrnko tjb uknvbrsnty nk tjb k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt

mn`caoub, paar nkearg`tnak ak tjb c`dar g`rlbt, cìl ae str`tboni ounm`kib nk tbrgs aetjb sbitar pacninbs `km str`tboni pc`ks `km cìl ae ` k`tnak`c jug`k rbsaurib

mbvbcapgbkt str`tboy. Garbavbr, tjb uknvbrsnty j`s cìlbm nkntn`tnvb ta irb`tb `

str`tboni euturb autcaal `km ta iakkbit ta tjb ocad`c mbvbcapgbkt mn`caoub.

@cc tjb s`gb, RKNY_@ prbsbkts ` oaam d`sb erag wjnij ta duncm ` jnoj qu`cnty,

beeninbkt `km mbvbcapgbktrbspaksnvb jnojbr bmui`tnak systbg.

Katbs

0

Ybb8 @iibcbr`tnko I`tijup. ]brtn`ry Bmui`tnak ear Orawtj nk YudY`j`r`k @erni`. ]jb _arcm D`kl,466>.




4 Ndnm.9 RKBYIA. 4665. Ocad`c Bmui`tnak Mnobst.= Mub ta ukrbsacvbm m`t` nkìiurìnbs, tjb NMB iagpcbtnak r`tb rbpartbm nk tjb avbr`cc uknvbrsnty

rbiarms ns garb tj`k maudcb wj`t iagbs aut ae NMB rbiarms `km tjns mneebrbkib iaucm kat dbrbsacvbm.2 H. M`vnbs, ]. _bla, C. Lng `km B._. ]jucstrup, –]jbg`tni Tbvnbw ae ]brtn`ry Bmui`tnak8

Enkc`km‗. ABIM, V`rns, 4665.5 Ear Yw`znc`km8 kakì`mbgnis nkicumb 24 `mgnknstr`tnvb stèe



06?

I J @ V ] B T 5

Iast `km Enk`kinko ae Bmui`tnak,]r`nknko, `km Ylnccs Mbvbcapgbkt

Nktramuitnak

]jrauoj Unsnak 4644 `km tjb VTY@V, Yw`znc`km j`s ukmbrt`lbk ta strbkotjbk nts

jug`k i`pnt`c d`sb wntjnk ` iaktbxt ae caw orawtj `km ensi`c strbss. ]jb iauktry

tjbrbearb eìbs ` mu`c ij`ccbkob ta nkirb`sb nkvbstgbkt nk tjb sbitar wjncb tnojtbknko

rbsaurib beeninbkiy. ]jb c`ttbr ij`ccbkob ns bvbk tjb j`rmbr dbiùsb tjb sbitar ns cai`tbm

wntjnk ` dra`mbr iaktbxt ae orawnko oavbrkgbkt bxpbkmnturb.

Oavbrkgbkt Enk`kibs

]`dcbs 5.0 `km 5.4 sjaw oavbrkgbkt rbvbkubs `km bxpbkmnturb avbr rbibkt yb`rs.

Dbtwbbk 4666/4660 `km 466:/466>, tjb sj`rb ae rbvbkubs `s ` pbribktòb ae OMV rasb

erag 4? pbribkt ta 9= pbribkt, jbcpbm g`nkcy dy Y@IR rbibnpts. ]jb >yb`r `vbròb earY@IR rbibnpts ìiauktbm ear 25 pbribkt ae tjb OMV. _jncb ` irntni`c rbsaurib, Y@IR

rbibnpts ecuitu`tb guij garb tj`k atjbr sauribs ae rbvbkub. ]jbrbearb, tjby `rb `

saurib ae nkst`dncnty `km ukprbmnit`dncnty nk tjb oavbrkgbkt„s rbvbkubs. Atjbr lby

iaktrndutars ta tjb rbvbkubs `rb pbrsak`c nkiagb t`x (0=%), s`cbs t`x (04%), `km

iagp`ky t`xbs (:%).

]`dcb 5.08Oavbrkgbkt Tbvbkub 4666/60 ta 466>/06

^b`r

]at`c Tbvbkub

Y@IRrbibnpts

Y@IRrbibnpts s% ae tat`crbvbkub Or`kts

Or`kts `s %ae tat`crbvbkub

Bg`c`kobkn(gnccnaks)

@s % aeOMV

Nkmbx46667066

4666/60 4,:42 45.> 066 0,=6? =>.: 004 0.:

4660/64 9,000 4?.2 006 0,26= =:.9 04? 0.5

4664/69 9,=45 4?.= 040 0,50> =?.4 059 0.=

4669/6= 9,>6: 4:.= 09: 0,:?: =:.0 09: 0.4

466=/62 =,:=4 90.2 0?0 4,??9 2?.9 005 0.4

4662/65 2,=>> 99.0 0>2 9,09? 2?.6 0?4 0.6

4665/6? 5,22? 9=.: 494 =,60? 50.9 >6 6.>

466?/6: :,>>: =9.= 90: 5,4>0 5>.> 066 6.:

466:/6> :,66? 92.0 4:9 2,666 54.= >: 6.:466>/06 :,4=6 99.2 4>4 2,666 56.? >5 6.?

Yaurib8 Gnknstry ae Enk`kib< NGE (466:).




]`dcb 5.48 ]at`c Oavbrkgbkt Bxpbkmnturb 4666/60 ta 466>/06

^b`r

]at`cbxpbkmnturb

Iurrbktbxpbkmnturb

Nktbrbst ak `ccpudcni mbdt

Nktbrbst akbxtbrk`c mbdt

Bg`c`kobkn(gnccnak)

@s ` % ae OMV @s `

r`tna aetat`coavt.

rbvbkub

@s ` % aetat`c

bxpbkmnturb

@s `% aeOMV

@s ` % aetat`c

bxpbkmnturb

@s %ae

OMV

@s ` %ae tat`cmbdt

nktbrbst

@s `% aeOMV% Nkmbx

4666/60 4,>5: 4:.4 066 0.62 ??.2 49.: 4.0 6.5 >0.0 6.5

4660/64 9,=22 96.2 005 0.00 ?6.5 44.2 9.6 6.> >=.= 6.>

4664/69 =,60: 94.0 092 0.0? ?0.5 49.= =.4 0.9 066.6 0.9

4669/6= =,902 90.9 0=2 0.06 ?2.5 49.0 9.0 0.6 ?:.? 6.>

466=/62 2,22? 95.4 0:? 0.02 ?=.9 4?.> 9.6 0.0 ?6.: 6.:

4662/65 2,:45 92.0 0>5 0.65 56.2 40.4 =.= 0.5 50.> 6.?

4665/6? 5,:?5 95.2 494 0.62 :=.2 96.: =.> 0.: k.`. k.`.

466?/6: :,==5 =6.: 4:2 6.>= :?.6 92.2 4.4 6.> k.`. k.`.

466:/6> :,=>9 9?.4 4:5 0.65 k.`. k.`. k.`. k.`. k.`. k.`.

466>/06 :,566 9=.> 4>6 0.6= k.`. k.`. k.`. k.`. k.`. k.`.

Yaurib8 Gnknstry ae Enk`kib< NGE (466:).

k.`. Kat `ppcni`dcb.

Or`kts `rb ` e`nrcy nksnokneni`kt partnak ae tjb oavbrkgbkt rbvbkubs. Garbavbr,

tjbnr iaktrndutnak mbicnkbm erag 0.: pbribkt nk 4666/60 ta 6.? pbribkt nk 466>/06. ]jb

oavbrkgbkt„s kakrbcn`kib ak bxtbrk`c or`kts ns jb`ctjy, `km snok`cs patbktn`c

sust`nk`dncnty ae praor`gs. Jawbvbr, tjb sust`nkbm scaw orawtj, ensi`c strbss `km

nkirb`snko mbg`km ear nkvbstgbkt, bspbin`ccy nk sain`c sbitars, g`y kbibssnt`tb `k

nkirb`sb nk tjb prapartnak ae or`kts.

Nk rbibkt yb`rs, oavbrkgbkt bxpbkmnturb j`s nkirb`sbm sudst`ktn`ccy garb tj`k

nkirb`sbs nk rbvbkubs.0 ]at`c bxpbkmnturbs nkirb`sbm erag 4: pbribkt ae tjb OMV nk

4666/60, `km g`y rbìj 92 pbribkt nk 466>/06 (t`dcb 5.4). @s ` iaksbqubkib, tjb dumobt

mbenint rasb ta garb tj`k 2 pbribkt ae tjb OMV nk 4665/6?, erag ` strako dumobt surpcus

nk 0>>?/6: wjncb ensi`c praspbits sjaw ka snoks ae cakotbrg ngpravbgbkt. ]jb ensi`c

strbss j`s nts arnonks nk tjb iagdnkbm scawnko t`x rbvbkub orawtj `km nkirb`sbm

upw`rm prbssurb ak spbkmnko. Ensi`c strbss ns `csa bvnmbkt nk dumobt avbrruks `km

bvbk nk ` c`rob sjarte`cc nk tjb pudcni pbksnak eukm.

Vudcni Ypbkmnko ak tjb B]YMY

Yw`znc`km„s cbvbc ae nkvbstgbkt nk tjb sbitar ns jnojbr tj`k wj`t RKBYIA obkbr`ccy

usbs `s ` mbsnr`dcb t`robt ear mbvbcapnko iauktrnbs”5 pbribkt. ]jb sj`rb ae sbitar

bxpbkmnturb `s ` pbribktòb ae tjb OMV nkirb`sbm erag 5 pbribkt nk 4666 ta ?.? pbribkt

nk 466=, dut dbo`k ta mbicnkb rbìjnko `k bstng`tbm 5.? pbribkt nk 466>. Ear gast ae tjb

mbi`mb nkvbstgbkt lbpt icasb ta ? pbribkt ae tjb OMV wntj ` pb`l ae kb`rcy : pbribkt nk

466=.

Bmui`tnak spbkmnko `s ` pbribktòb ae tat`c oavbrkgbkt bxpbkmnturb (]OB)

mbicnkbm erag 40 pbribkt nk 4666 ta 0?.5 pbribkt nk 466?, `km ns prahbitbm ta nkirb`sb ta0>.4 pbribkt nk 466> (t`dcb 5.9).




]`dcb 5.98 Vudcni Ypbkmnko ak Bmui`tnak `s ` Yj`rb ae OMV `km ]OB (4666’466>)

4666 4660 4664 4669 466= 4662 4665 466? 466: 466>

Iurrbkt prnibs (YXCg)

OMV (@) 06,26> 00,99= 04,20> 09,??2 02,929 05,50? 0:,:2= 46,?06 44,:6: 4=,56>

]at`c oavt. bxp. (D) 4,>5: 9,=22 =,60: =,902 2,22? 2,:45 5,:?5 :,==5 :,=>9 :,566

]at`c bmui. Bxp. (I) 54> 550 :64 >=5 0,0:6 0,40> 0,496 0,=:2 0,2?6 0,5=>

Oavt bxp. sj`rb (D/@) 4:.4 96.2 94.0 90.9 95.4 92.0 95.2 =6.: 9?.4 9=.>

Bmui. sj`rb ae OMV(I/@)

5.6 2.: 5.= 5.> ?.? ?.9 5.2 ?.4 5.> 5.?

Bmui. sj`rb ae oavt.bxp. (I/D)

40.4 0>.0 46.6 40.> 40.4 46.> 0?.> 0?.5 0:.2 0>.4

Iakst`kt 466? prnibs

OMV 0?,2?2 0?,?29 0:,6?? 0:,??? 0>,420 0>,5?9 46,490 46,?06 40,044 40,224

Orawtj r`tb ae rb`c OMV 0.6 0.: 9.> 4.2 4.4 4.: 4.= 4.6 4.6

]at`c oavt. Bxpbkmnturb =,>5= 2,=04 2,:64 2,::4 5,>5: 5,:>: ?,9?> :,==5 ?,:52 ?,290

]at`c bmui. Bxpbkmnturb 0,624 0,692 0,02: 0,4>6 0,=:6 0,==9 0,946 0,=:2 0,=2= 0,===

Yaurib8 Gnknstry ae Enk`kib< NGE, 466: (ear OMV `km OMV mbec`tar enourbs).

Katb8 Oavbrkgbkt spbkmnko enourbs `rb iakenrgbm ìtu`cs ear yb`rs up ta 4662, rbpartbmcy rbcn`dcb

bstng`tbs ae ìtu`cs ear 4665, `km `ppravbm dumobt enourbs ear 466? ta 466>.^b`r 4666 rbebrs ta enk`kin`c

yb`r 4666/60, `km sa ak.

]rbkms nk pudcni spbkmnko prbsbktbm nk enourb 5.0 wbrb mub ta ij`kobs nk tjb

biakagni snzb ae tjb oavbrkgbkt `s ` wjacb `km kat sa guij ta ij`kobs nk sbitar

prnarntnbs. Mbspntb tjb mbicnkb dbtwbbk 4666 `km 466? bmui`tnak„s sj`rb ae oavbrkgbktbxpbkmnturb, pudcni spbkmnko ak bmui`tnak nk rb`c tbrgs, nkirb`sbm dy `daut =6

pbribktòb pankts. Jawbvbr, tjb 466? gbmnugtbrg bxpbkmnturb er`gbwarl (G]BE)

prahbitbm ` mbicnkb nk bmui`tnak spbkmnko nk rb`c tbrgs dbtwbbk 466? `km 466>, mub

g`nkcy ta mbicnknko orawtj.

Enourb 5.08 Bmui`tnak Ypbkmnko nk Tb`c ]brgs nk tjb K`tnak`c Iaktbxt

Yaurib8 @s ae t`dcb 5.4.

Katb8 4666 v`cubs `rb nkmbxbm `t 066.

>6

066

006

046

096

0=6

026

0560?6

0:6

4666 4660 4664 4669 466= 4662 4665 466? 466: 466>

OMV

]at`c oavbrkgbkt bxpbkmnturb

]at`c bmui`tnak bxpbkmnturb




Adsbrvbm sj`rp nkirb`sbs nk pudcni spbkmnko j`vb dbbk mub ta tjb rnsb nk tjb invnc

sbrvnib wòb dncc p`rtniuc`rcy nk 466=. ]jb tbgpar`ry mnp nk 4665 w`s mub ta ` akbyb`r

erbbzb ae kagnk`c nkirb`sbs nk tjb sbitar.

Mrnvbk g`nkcy dy `k uksust`nk`dcb wòb dncc,4 rbiurrbkt bxpbkmnturb magnk`tbs

avbr`cc pudcni bxpbkmnturb. Nk 4662, ear nkst`kib, rbiurrbkt spbkmnko ìiauktbm ear ?:

pbribkt ae tat`c oavbrkgbkt bxpbkmnturb cb`vnko akcy 44 pbribkt ear i`pnt`c

bxpbkmnturb.9 I`pnt`c spbkmnko nk tjb B]YMY ns guij cawbr tj`k ear tjb avbr`cc

oavbrkgbkt cbvbc. ]jb pbribktòb mbvatbm ta i`pnt`c spbkmnko j`s kbvbr bxibbmbm :

pbribkt. ]jb `vbròb ear tjb 4666 ta 466> pbrnam ns =.2 pbribkt (t`dcb 5.=).

]`dcb 5.=8 I`pnt`c Ypbkmnko ak B]YMY (4666’466>)

4666 4660 4664 4669 466= 4662 4665 466? 466: 466>

]at`c bmui. Bxpbkmnturb 54> 550 :64 >=5 0,0:6 0,40> 0,496 0,=:2 0,2?6 0,5=>

Bmui. i`pnt`c spbkmnko =5 9= =5 4= 9= 5? 50 25 2> 54

I`pnt`c/]at`c ?.9 2.0 2.? 4.2 4.> 2.2 2.6 9.: 9.: 9.:

Yaurib8 Gnknstry ae Enk`kib.

]jb avbr`cc pniturb ns akb ae sbrnaus dumobt`ry iakstr`nkts nk tjb iagnko yb`rs,

cnklbm c`robcy ta stòk`kt biakagni orawtj `km ` passndcb mbtbrnar`tnak mub ta tjb

mbbpbknko ocad`c enk`kin`c irnsns. Nt sbbgs cnlbcy tj`t tat`c pudcni spbkmnko ak

bmui`tnak wncc mbirb`sb nk rb`c tbrgs. ]jns ukmbrcnkbs tjb ngpart`kib ae eaiusnko ak

pacniy ijanibs tj`t pragatb beeninbkiy o`nks, `km ak dumobt`ry tr`mbaees dbtwbbk

bmui`tnak sudsbitars.

Vudcni Ypbkmnko ak tjb Ybitar nk ` Yudrbonak`c Vbrspbitnvb

Tbc`tnvb ta nts OMV pbr i`pnt` VVV, tjb prapartnak ae tjb OMV tj`t Yw`znc`km `ccai`tbs

ta tjb sbitar ns e`r cbss tj`k ear Datsw`k` `km K`gndn`. Jawbvbr, nt ns tjb enetj jnojbst

nk tjb nggbmn`tb sudrbonak= `km sbbgs e`nrcy wntjnk tjb karg (enourb 5.4).

Bxibpt ear tjb nkvbstgbkt rbeargs prapasbm nk tjns rbpart, tjbrb sbbgs ta db ka

nggbmn`tbcy `pp`rbkt rb`sak ear Yw`znc`km ta bntjbr nkirb`sb ar mbirb`sb nts avbr`cc

spbkmnko. Nt ns katbwartjy tj`t tjb warcmwnmb p`ttbrk wjbrb spbkmnko ak bmui`tnak

tbkms ta nkirb`sb wntj nkirb`sbs nk OMV pbr i`pnt`2 ns akcy e`nktcy vnsndcb nk tjb sud

rbonak.

Vrnv`tb Ypbkmnko ak B]YMY

Yw`zn jausbjacms iaktrndutb ta tjb bmui`tnak ae tjbnr ijncmrbk e`r garb tj`k nk atjbr

Y@IR iauktrnbs wntj jnojbr `vbròb jausbjacm nkiagbs”Yautj @erni`, Datsw`k`,

`km K`gndn`. ]`dcb 5.2 sjaws tj`t prnv`tb enk`kinko ìiaukts ear 0> pbribkt ae tat`c

spbkmnko. Nk sijaacs (pudcni `km prnv`tb), ebbs p`nm dy jausbjacms ìiaukt ear >>.:

pbribkt ae avbr`cc spbkmnko ak BIIM, 0= pbribkt ae prng`ry bmui`tnak spbkmnko `km

96 pbribkt ae sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak spbkmnko.5 Nk iagp`rnsak ta Yautj @erni`, tjb

prapartnaks ae prnv`tb enk`kinko ae prng`ry `km sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak wbrb 2 `km 06

pbribkt rbspbitnvbcy `km, tjns w`s nk 4662 dbearb sudst`ktn`c ebb rbmuitnaks tj`t

eaccawbm tjb nktramuitnak ae ‚ka ebb sijaacs„. Vbrj`ps, akb waucm bxpbit tjb enourbs ta

db jnojbr nk Yautj @erni`,? onvbk tjb jnojbr cbvbcs ae jausbjacm nkiagb. ]jb eìt tj`t




tjb appasntb ns tjb i`sb suoobsts tj`t sijaac ebbs nk Yw`znc`km `rb taa jnoj (t`dcb 5.2).

_b bstng`tb tj`t Yw`znc`km„s cawnkiagb jausbjacms spbkm, ak `vbròb, 44 pbribkt ae

tjbnr nkiagb ak prng`ry bmui`tnak. ]jns ns kbntjbr hust kar sust`nk`dcb.

]`dcb 5.28 Vudcni km Vrnv`tb Enk`kinko ae B]YMY (466?)

Vudcni Vrnv`tb ]at`c

YXCg % ae tat`c spbkmnko YXCg % ae tat`c spbkmnko YXCg

BIIM 6.0 6.4 45.6 >>.: 45.0

Vrng`ry sijaacs 245.4 :2.> :5.6 0=.0 504.9

Ybiakm`ry sijaacs 209.4 5>.5 44=.? 96.= ?9?.:

]UB]YM (earg`c) 4:.2 >0.= 4.? :.5 90.0

@DB]/]UB]YM ?.9 066.6 6.6 6.6 ?.9

]bìjbr bmui`tnak 94.: 066.6 6.6 6.6 94.:

Rknvbrsnty 4=9.: >:.0 =.? 0.> 4=:.2

Atjbr* 094.? 066.6 6.6 6.6 094.?

]at`c 0,=:=.2 :0.4 9==.0 0:.: 0,:4:.5

Yaurib8 Gnknstry ae Enk`kib, Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak.

* G`nkcy `mgnknstr`tnak `km suppart sbrvnibs.

]jb rbg`rl`dcy caw prnv`tb iaktrndutnak ta tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko st`kms

aut nk st`rl iaktr`st ta tjb vbry jnoj prnv`tb iaktrndutnaks `t tjb OB] `km BIIM cbvbcs

(t`dcb 5.2). Ear gast iauktrnbs, tjb iaggak p`ttbrk ns ear pastsbiakm`ry bmui`tnak ta`ttrìt garb prnv`tb eukmnko tj`k prng`ry `km sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak. Nk Yautj @erni`,

ear nkst`kib, jausbjacms p`y ear `daut j`ce ae tjb iast ae pastsbiakm`ry bmui`tnak,

Enourb 5.48 Yudrbonak`c Vrapartnaks ae OMV avbr OMV pbr i`pnt` VVV @ccai`tbm taBmui`tnak

Yaurib8 RKBYIA8 RNY (466:) `km NGE (466:).

Katb8 ]jb gast rbibkt RNY v`cub w`s usbm, `km tjb 4665 NGE enk`kin`c enourbs.




bntjbr tjrauoj uperakt ebb p`ygbkts, ar tjrauoj pudcni ar prnv`tb ca`ks. ]jns ns makb nk

vnbw ae tjb jnoj prnv`tb rbturks ta pastsbiakm`ry bmui`tnak `km tjb iaggak ukmbr

rbprbsbkt`tnak ae tjb paar `t tjns cbvbc. ]jns hustnenbs struiturnko pudcni enk`kinko nk

suij ` w`y tj`t jausbjacms p`y garb `t tjb pastsbiakm`ry cbvbc. ]jb rbvbrsb p`ttbrk

ae prnv`tb enk`kinko ae bmui`tnak nk Yw`znc`km pankts ta ` systbg tj`t ns nkbeeninbkt `km

kat sueeninbktcy prapaar.

Bxtbrk`c Enk`kinko ae tjb Ybitar

Bxtbrk`c eukms iagprnsb `k nksnokneni`kt prapartnak ae sbitar eukmnko `km `rb kat

iurrbktcy cnstbm nk tjb GaB„s dumobt daal. Jawbvbr, ` ebw òbkinbs `rb pragnkbktcy

iaktrndutnko ta sbitar mbvbcapgbkt. Bx`gpcbs `rb RKNIBE„s pravnsnak ae sijaac or`kts

nk ibrt`nk mnstrnits nk suppart ae AUIs, tjb _arcm Eaam Vraor`g (_EV) iaktrndutnaks

ta sijaac ebbmnko praor`gs, `km tjb Burapb`k Iaggnssnak (BI) sbitar or`kts

`gauktnko ta YX42 gnccnak dbtwbbk 4665 `km 4606.

Yj`rb ae Vudcni Ypbkmnko dy Yudsbitar

]`dcb 5.5 prbsbkts bkraccgbkt `km spbkmnko p`ttbrks ìrass cbvbcs ae tjb sbitar< usnko

Nktbrk`tnak`c Yt`km`rm Ic`ssneni`tnak ae Bmui`tnak (NYIBM) cbvbcs. Bkraccgbkts `km

tat`c spbkmnko `rb bxprbssbm `s pbribktòbs ae tjb tat`c, `km bxpbkmnturb pbr stumbkt ns

bxprbssbm `s guctnpcbs ae uknt iast ear prng`ry bmui`tnak.

]`dcb 5.58 Vudcni Tbiurrbkt Rknt Iast dy Cbvbc ae B]YMY (466?)

NYIBMcbvbc

Vudcni

spbkmnko(YXCg)

% ae

pudcnispbkmnko Bkraccgbkt

% ae tat`cbkraccgbkt

Vbr pupncspbkmnko

T`tna aeprng`ry

6 BIIM 6.0 6.6 =5,666 06.5 0 6.6

0 Vrng`ry 245.4 92.= 44=,666 20.: 4,9=> 0.6

Ybiakm`ry 209.4 9=.5 ?=,=4> 0?.4 5,:>2 4.>

4 Cawbr sbiakm`ry 9?=.> 42.9 29,406 04.9 ?,6=2 9.6

9 Rppbr sbiakm`ry 09:.9 >.9 40,0== =.> 5,2=0 4.:

=I/2D ]UB]YM (earg`c) 4:.2 0.> 5?4 6.4 =4,9?5 0:.6

=I @DB]/]UB]YM ?.9 6.2 0,9>> 6.9 2,0:= 4.4

2D ]bìjbr bmui`tnak 94.: 4.4 594 6.0 20,>59 44.0

Rknvbrsnty 4=9.: 05.= 2,==2 0.9 ==,?5> 0>.0

2@ Rkmbr-or`mu`tb 4=0.0 05.4 2,9:2 0.4 ==,?5> 0>.0

5 Vast-or`mu`tb 4.? 6.4 56 6.6 ==,?5> 0>.0

Atjbr* 094.? :.>

]at`c 0,=:=.2 066.6 =94,9?? 066.6 9,=99


* G`nkcy mgnknstr`tnak km suppart sbrvnibs.

Erag ` enk`kinko pbrspbitnvb, nt i`k db sèbcy iakicumbm tj`t BIIM ns kat `

prnarnty ear tjb OaY. Eukmnko ns orasscy nk`mbqu`tb `km j`s mbicnkbm erag 6.6: pbribkt

ae tjb 4666/4660 sbitar dumobt ta 6.62 pbribkt nk 4665/466?. ]jns i`k j`rmcy suppart tjb

dra`mbknko ae ìibss ta qu`cnty BIIM sbrvnibs prapasbm nk tjns rbpart. Vudcni eukmnko




`gaukts ta `k `vbròb ae YX= pbr ijncm pbr yb`r, wjnij nk`mbqu`tbcy iavbrs tbìjnko

`km cb`rknko g`tbrn`cs.

_ntjaut pudcni suppart, BIIM ibktbrs rbcy ak ebbs ear tjbnr survnv`c. ]jb

bstng`tbm `vbròb `kku`c ebbs `rb YXC?52 pbr tbrg.: @k bxibptnak ns KIVs tj`t rbibnvb

makar eukmnko, `km tjbrbearb ij`rob kagnk`c ebbs. Ebbs v`ry wnmbcy d`sbm ak tjb YBY

ae ijncmrbk i`tbrbmear nk tjb ibktbrs (enourb 5.9). ]jby r`kob erag YX96 ta B?,:66 pbr

yb`r. @p`rt erag prnv`tb `km oavbrkgbkt iaktrndutnaks, sbvbr`c atjbr ìtars gambstcy

iaktrndutb taw`rms BIIM sbrvnibs. Bx`gpcbs nkicumb RKNIBE, _EV, Y`vb tjb

Ijncmrbk, KBTIJ@, nktbrk`tnak`c kakoavbrkgbkt`c aro`knz`tnaks (NKOAs), cai`c

KOAs, `km e`ntjd`sbm oraups.

Enourb 5.98 Ebbs Ij`robm dy BIIM Ibktbrs

Yaurib8 4665 BIIM survby.

]jb prapartnaks ae pudcni rbiurrbkt spbkmnko `ccai`tbm ta prng`ry `km ta

sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak j`vb nkirb`sbm avbr tngb, dut kat `mbqu`tbcy ta eìncnt`tb dra`m

d`sbm ìibss ta qu`cnty OB]. Ear prng`ry bmui`tnak, tjb prapartnak nkirb`sbm erag 90pbribkt nk 0>>0 ta 92 pbribkt nk 466?. @rou`dcy, tjns ns stncc vbry caw dy warcm

st`km`rms. Ak tjb atjbr j`km, tjb sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak sj`rb rasb erag 4? pbribkt nk

0>>> ta 92 pbribkt nk 466?. Jawbvbr, ` drb`lmawk ae tjbsb prapartnaks sjaws tj`t 42

pbribkt ns `ccai`tbm ta huknar sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak wjncb cbss tj`k 06 pbribkt ns

`ccai`tbm ta sbknar sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak. ]jbsb enourbs wncc kbbm ta db sudst`ktn`ccy

nkirb`sbm ne Yw`znc`km ns ta bxp`km ìibss ta sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak. @s rbecbitbm nk t`dcb

5.2, ]bìjbr Bmui`tnak, ]UB]YM, `km @DB] ìiaukt ear kbocnondcb prapartnaks ae tjb

sbitar„s rbiurrbkt bxpbkmnturb. Nk iaktr`st, ` snokneni`kt 05 pbribkt ns `ccai`tbm ta jnojbr

bmui`tnak, ò`nkst cbss tj`k 4 pbribkt ae tjb tat`c stumbkt papuc`tnak. Bvbk wjbk

iaksnmbrnko tjb jnoj iast ae sbrvnibs `t tjns cbvbc, tjns sbbgs mnsprapartnak`tbcy jnoj.

Ypbkmnko ak `mgnknstr`tnak j`s mnspc`ybm ` warrynko upw`rm trbkm nk rbibkt

yb`rs, bvbk ètbr kak`mgnknstr`tnak ntbgs, suij `s AUI or`kts, `rb rbgavbm erag tjb

6

46

=6

56

:6

066

046

0=6

Ebbs Ij`robm Vbr ]brg

K u g d b r a e B I I M I b k t b r s

Jjajja

Cudagda

G`kznkn

Yjnsbcwbkn

]at c

Jjajja 6 9 96 0: 00 45

Cudagda : 9: 40 0 0 4

G`kznkn 5 == =4 : 0 4

Yjnsbcwbkn 9 99 :

]at`c 0? 00: 060 4? 09 96

3 B066 B066-466 B466-266 B266-?26 B?26-0666 ; B0666




]`dcb 5.?8 Enk`kinko Mbt`ncs ear Vrng`ry Bmui`tnak (466?)

Enk`kinko pbr pupnc dy saurib B % ae tat`c

Vudcni spbkmnko 4,9=> :?.4

Vrnv`tb spbkmnko (ebbs) 9== 04.:]at`c 4,5>9 066.6

]bìjbr iast mbt`ncs

]bìjbr iaukt (@) 5,?=0

@vbròb tbìjbr p y (D) 5?,2=?

Bkraccgbkt (I) 44=,666

V/] r`tna (M7I/@) 99.4

Enk`kinko pbr pupnc dy i`tboary

]bìjbrs (D/M) 4,699 ?2.2

Kaktbìjnko stèe 6 6.6

Kakpbrsakkbc rbiurrbkt 542 49.4

I`pnt`c bxpbkmnturb 92 0.9

Vudcni bxpbkmnturb ak pupnc sudsnstbkib 6 6.6

]at`c 4,5>9 066.6


Mnstnkounsjnko eb`turbs ae tjb prng`ry sudsbitar enk`kinko nkicumb8 ` rb`sak`dcb

prapartnak ae tbìjbr iasts (?2 pbribkt), ka bxpbkmnturb nk kaktbìjnko stèe, `km

sudst`ktn`c prnv`tb iaktrndutnaks ta tjb rbvbkubs. @cc tjbsb eb`turbs `rb r`rb nk tjb sudrbonak. @katjbr mnstnkounsjnko eb`turb ns tjb icasb ta kakbxnstbkti`pnt`c bxpbkmnturb,

wjnij kbbms urobkt `ttbktnak.

Vrnv`tb spbkmnko ak prng`ry bmui`tnak

Vrnv`tb spbkmnko, mbrnvbm g`nkcy erag ebbs, ìiaukts ear 09 ta 0= pbribkt> ae tjb

sudsbitar rbvbkub. ]jb prìtnib ae `ccawnko pudcni nkstntutnaks ta ij`rob ebbs, `km tjbk

usnko pudcni eukms ta sudstntutb sagb ar `cc ae tjb ebbs ij`robm”kat kbibss`rncy ear tjb

paarbst pupncs, `s wncc db sbbk nk tjb pastsbiakm`ry sbitars”ns ` lby eb`turb ae

bmui`tnak enk`kinko nk Yw`znc`km.

Vrng`ry bmui`tnak uknt iast

]jb iagdnkbm prnv`tb `km pudcni rbvbkubs tr`ksc`tb nkta ` uknt iast ae B4,5>9 wjnij ns

guij cawbr tj`k nk kbnojdarnko iauktrnbs, dut iarrbc`tbs wntj Yw`znc`km„s OMV pbr

i`pnt` (enourb 5.=). Nk obkbr`c, pudcni spbkmnko pbr prng`ry pupnc tbkms ta db ` enxbm

pbribktòb ae OMV pbr i`pnt`”`raukm 02 ta 46 pbribkt. Yw`znc`km ns ak tjb trbkmcnkb,

suoobstnko tj`t spbkmnko pbr pupnc ns garb ar cbss wj`t nt sjaucm db onvbk tjb cbvbc ae

OMV pbr i`pnt`.




Enourb 5.=8 Yw`znc`km„s Vrng`ry Bmui`tnak Rknt Iast nk ` Tbonak`c Vbrspbitnvb

Yaurib8 RKBYIA8 RNY, 466:. NGE, 466:.

Lby nssubs nk tjb enk`kinko ae prng`ry bmui`tnak

Vrng`ry bmui`tnak sijaac ebbs `rb nktacbr`dcy jnoj, bspbin`ccy onvbk tjb cbvbc ae

pavbrty nk tjb iauktry. Ebbs `rb jnojbr tj`k ear kbnojdaurnko iauktrnbs”Datsw`k`,K`gndn` `km Yautj @erni`”wjnij j`vb ` c`robr gnmmcbic`ss d`sb.06 ]jb `vbròb

prng`ry sijaac ebb ns bstng`tbm ta db YX226 pbr yb`r. ]jauoj nt ns mneeniuct ta adt`nk

rbibkt enourbs ak jausbjacm nkiagb, rbpartbmcy tjb cawbst gaktjcy wòb nk tjb earg`c

sbitar ns `raukm YX4,666 pbr gaktj, `km nk tjb nkearg`c sbitar nt iaucm db `s caw `s

YX966. @ssugnko akb wòb b`rkbr pbr pupnc”gast ibrt`nkcy e`r cbss tj`k tjns ear gast

jausbjacms”tjb `vbròb ebb, wjnij ns `raukm B226 pbr yb`r,00 iagbs ta `raukm 44

pbribkt ae tjb `kku`c b`rknkos ae tjb nkearg`c sbitar wòb b`rkbr.

]jb jnoj cbvbc ae ebbs suoobsts tj`t sijaacs ma kat ngpcbgbkt tjb pacniy ak sbttnko

ebbs.

]jb pacniy st`tbs tj`t p`rbkts sjaucm j`vb ` mbinmnko vatb ak tjb cbvbc ae ebbs.

Jawbvbr, nk prìtnib, jb`m tbìjbrs `rb s`nm ta j`vb iaksnmbr`dcb nkecubkib nk sbttnko

tjb cbvbc ae ebbs, bspbin`ccy nk paar iaggukntnbs `km wjbrb p`rbkts j`vb caw cbvbcs ae

bmui`tnak.

Tbibkt OaY nkntn`tnvbs tj`t auojt ta j`vb cawbrbm ebbs sbbg ta kat j`vb j`m tjb

mbsnrbm ngpìt. Ear g`ky yb`rs, sijaac ebbs wbrb gb`kt ta iavbr `cc tjb kakpbrsakkbc

rbiurrbkt iasts ae tjb sijaac. Jawbvbr, nk rbibkt yb`rs, tjb erbb tbxtdaals sijbgb

sudst`ktn`ccy nkirb`sbm pudcni eukmnko ae kakpbrsakkbc ntbgs. Dbtwbbk 4662 `km 466?,

tjb rb`c ar nkec`tnak`mhustbm nkirb`sb nk tjb dumobt `ccai`tnak ear prng`ry sijaacs„

‚iaksug`dcb g`tbrn`cs `km suppcnbs„ w`s 44 pbribkt. ]jns sjaucm j`vb rbsuctbm nk `

iarrbspakmnko rbmuitnak nk sijaac ebbs, dut obkbr`ccy tjns mnm kat aiiur. ]jb YX9== `km

YX542 v`cubs nk t`dcb 5.: nkmni`tb tj`t iurrbktcy, ebbs ìiaukt ear hust ukmbr j`ce ae

kakpbrsakkbc rbiurrbkt spbkmnko nk pudcni prng`ry sijaacs.




]jb pravnsnak ae AUI or`kts `csa sbbgs ta kat j`vb cawbrbm ebbs. Ne `kytjnko,

kakAUI ijncmrbk `rb sudsnmnznko AUI. Nk 466?, tjb oavbrkgbkt iaktrndutbm B426 pbr

AUI pupnc. ]jbrb wbrb `raukm ?6,666 AUIs pupncs, wjnij gb`ks tj`t 96 pbribkt ae `cc

bkraccbm cb`rkbrs wbrb rbinpnbkts ae tjns eukmnko. Jawbvbr, tjb or`kt w`s hust ukmbr

j`ce ae tjb `vbròb sijaac ebb ij`robm, tjauoj tjns ns `t `k òorbo`tb cbvbc.04 Nt ns tìntcy

ìibptbm tj`t sijaacs sjaucm kat ij`rob AUIs `ky ebbs. ]jus, tjb beebit nk gast sijaacs

ns tj`t kakAUI pupncs sudsnmnzb AUI pupncs. Ak `vbròb, B04> ae tjb B226 sijaac ebb

pbr kakAUI oabs taw`rms sudsnmnznko AUI pupncs.

@kbimat`c bvnmbkib pankts ta snokneni`kt `km iaggak nrrbouc`rntnbs wntj tjb

g`kòbgbkt `km usb ae sijaac ebbs `km tjb AUIs or`kts”tjb c`ttbr p`nm mnrbitcy nkta

tjb sijaac d`kl ìiaukt. V`rbkts `rb aetbk kat `w`rb ae jaw gakby ns spbkt. ]jb GaB

mabs kat rbouc`rcy ùmnt sijaac ìiaukts `km enk`kibs, suppasbmcy dbiùsb ae `

sjartòb ae ùmntars ta pbrearg tjns t`sl ak `k `kku`c d`sns. Nk sagb sijaacs, prapbr

ùmntnko akcy aiiurs wjbk tjb jb`m tbìjbr rbtnrbs. Vacniy `ccaws tjb bgpcaybr ta

mbmuit gakby erag tjb jb`m tbìjbr„s pbksnak ìiaukt ta iagpbks`tb ear gnssnko

eukms, `km nt ns iaggak ear tjb jb`m tbìjbr„s rbtnrbgbkt ta db ìiagp`knbm dy `k

ùmnt. ]jns ns icb`rcy nk`mbqu`tb.

Vudcni iaktrndutnak ta tjb i`pnt`c bxpbkmnturb ak prng`ry bmui`tnak ns rbg`rl`dcy

caw, ìiauktnko ear 0 pbribkt ae tat`c spbkmnko. Iaggukntnbs `rb bxpbitbm ta r`nsb

eukms ear kbw iakstruitnak `km ear g`nktbk`kib. ]jbrbearb, jausbjacms iaucm

iaktrndutb garb tj`k tjb ebbs rbecbitbm nk t`dcb 5.?. M`t` ak tjbsb iaktrndutnaks `rb

si`kt. Gast sijaacs b`rg`rl ` partnak ae tjb ebbs ta ` spbin`c i`pnt`c nkvbstgbkt eukm.

Erag tjb sijaac dumobt mbt`ncs iaccbitbm dy tjb GaB, tjns `ccai`tnak r`kobs dbtwbbk

B26 `km B066 pbr pupnc. ]jb GaB„s `ppraìj j`s dbbk ta prnarntnzb nkirb`snko pudcnieukmnko ear kakpbrsakkbc rbiurrbkt ntbgs, `s appasbm ta i`pnt`c ntbgs. @rou`dcy, tjns

prìtnib bxìbrd`tbs tjb enk`kin`c durmbk ear bmui`tnak ak jausbjacms.

Vudcni spbkmnko ak sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak

@s ` prapartnak ae tjb sudsbitar rbvbkubs, tjb pudcni spbkms cbss ak sbiakm`ry tj`k ak

prng`ry bmui`tnak (t`dcb 5.:). Vudcni spbkmnko ìiaukts ear ?= pbribkt ae tat`c rbvbkub.

Vudcni sudsnmnbs ear tjb paar ìiaukt ear ? pbribkt ae tat`c rbvbkub. @raukm =6 pbribkt

ae stumbkts (`ppraxng`tbcy 96,666) rbibnvb `k `vbròb sudsnmy ae B0,266.

Jnojcnojts ae spbkmnko p`ttbrks ak sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak

]bìjbr s`c`rnbs ìiaukt ear ` rbg`rl`dcy caw 2> pbribkt ae tat`c spbkmnko `km bqu`ccyrbg`rl`dcb ns tj`t kakpbrsakkbc iasts `gaukt ta 9= pbribkt ae tat`c spbkmnko. ]jb jnoj

bxpbkmnturb ak kakpbrsakkbc ntbgs ns g`mb passndcb dy jnoj ebbs. Ear nkst`kib,

kakpbrsakkbc spbkmnko bxibbms ebb nkiagb dy ` sg`cc g`ronk, wjnij rbecbits sagb

GaB spbkmnko ak ntbgs suij `s aeenib st`tnakbry ear sijaacs (sbb t`dcb 5.:). ]jbsb `rb

r`rb prapartnaks dy `ky iagp`rnsak.

@s wntj prng`ry bmui`tnak, i`pnt`c spbkmnko ns vbry caw”5 pbribkt. Bvbk eurtjbr,

tjb 5 pbribkt w`s bxibptnak`c ear 466?. Ear gast yb`rs, tjb `ccai`tnak j`s dbbk dbtwbbk

0 `km 4 pbribkt.




]`dcb 5.:8 Enk`kinko Mbt`ncs ear Ybiakm`ry Yijaacs (466?)

B % ae tat`c

Enk`kinko pbr pupnc dy saurib

Vudcni spbkmnko 5,:>2 ?=.=Vrnv`tb spbkmnko (ebbs) 4,9?5 42.5

]at`c >,4?0 066.6


]bìjbr iaukt (@) =,0=5

@vbròb tbìjbr p`y (D) >?,=?0

Bkraccgbkt (I) ?=,=4>

V/] r`tna (M7I/@) 0:.6


]bìjbrs (D/M) 2,=96 2:.5

Kaktbìjnko stèe :5 6.>

Kakpbrsakkbc rbiurrbkt 9,022 9=.6


Vudcni bxpbkmnturb ak pupnc sudsnstbkib 6 6.6

]at`c >,4?0 066.6


Vrnv`tb spbkmnko ak sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak

Vrnv`tb spbkmnko ak pudcni sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak ns kat akcy vbry jnoj, dut nt `csa

ìiaukts ear ` jnoj prapartnak ae avbr`cc sbiakm`ry sijaac rbvbkub (bxt. 45 ta 96%).

Ybiakm`ry bmui`tnak uknt iast

Mub g`nkcy ta caw Y]T, pudcni spbkmnko ak huknar sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak ns jnojbr

(B?,6=2) tj`k ear tjb sbknar cbvbc (B5,2=0). Jawbvbr, ij`kobs nk Y]T prapasbm nk

Ij`ptbr 9 sjaucm jbcp mrnvb mawk tjbsb uknt iasts. Mub ta m`t` cngnt`tnaks, nt ns

mneeniuct ta oùob bxìtcy jaw sbiakm`ry sijaac tbìjbrs `rb mbpcaybm ìrass tjb twa

cbvbcs. ]jbrbearb aur iast bstng`tbs `ssugbm tj`t tbìjbr utncnz`tnak w`s garb ar cbss

tjb s`gb ear huknar `km sbknar sbiakm`ry sijaacs.

@s wntj prng`ry bmui`tnak, tjb sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak uknt iast sbbgs ta db nk cnkb

wntj Yw`znc`km„s OMV pbr i`pnt` (enourb 5.2).09 Jawbvbr, nt ns cnlbcy tj`t ` rbonak`c

iagp`rnsak tj`t nkicumbm datj pudcni `km prnv`tb eukmnko ae pudcni sijaacs waucm

pcìb Yw`znc`km `t `k bxibptnak`ccy jnoj spbkmnko cbvbc.




Enourb 5.28 Ybiakm`ry Bmui`tnak Rknt Iast nk ` Tbonak`c Iaktbxt


Lby nssubs nk tjb enk`kinko ae sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak

]jb `vbròb ebb ear ` pudcni sbiakm`ry sijaac ns bstng`tbm ta db ` tat`c ae B9,966, `km

B4,4?6 wjbk bxicumnko AUI or`kts. @o`nk, tjns ns bxibbmnkocy jnoj ear Yw`zns. Bvbkg`ky kakpaar jausbjacms waucm enkm sbiakm`ry sijaac ebbs, wjnij i`k rbìj B:,666

nk urd`k `rb`s, jnoj. Nk Yautj @erni`, ear nkst`kib, tjb `vbròb ebbs `rb `daut T:46

(4665 bst.). Bvbk stumbkts wja `rb bcnondcb ear sudsnmnbs gust p`y ebbs dbiùsb tjb

sudsnmy ns nk`mbqu`tb ta iavbr tjb eucc ebb `gaukt. ]jbrbearb, ukcnlb nk prng`ry

bmui`tnak tjb prnkinpcb tj`t sudsnmnz`tnak ae AUI stumbkts ns t`lbk `s `k `mbqu`tb

sudstntutb ear suij ebbs, mabs kat `ppcy. ]jb caw Y]T mnstarts tjb uknt iast wntj tjb

cawbr sbiakm`ry iast dbnko jnojbr tj`k ear sbknar sbiakm`ry.

Ear tjb juob cbvbcs ae prnv`tb iaktrndutnaks, nt w`s kat passndcb ta adt`nk mbt`ncs ak

wj`t ebb nkiagb nk sbiakm`ry sijaacs ns spbkt ak”`t cb`st kat ta tjb mborbb tj`t w`s

passndcb ear prng`ry sijaacs. Vaar sijaac enk`kin`c g`kòbgbkt prìtnibs `rb dc`gbm.Garbavbr, tjbrb `rb suspninaks tj`t ` sudst`ktn`c `gaukt ae eukmnko sngpcy

mns`ppb`rs.

Yurprnsnkocy, onvbk tjb jnoj cbvbc ae kakpbrsakkbc spbkmnko, tjb obkbr`c

ngprbssnak ns tj`t sbiakm`ry sijaacs `rb cbss tj`k gambstcy rbsauribm. ]jns ns bvnmbkt

nk pjysni`c eìncntnbs, g`nktbk`kib, gbmn` ibktbrs, st`tnakbry `km sa ak.

I`pnt`c nkvbstgbkt ns sngnc`rcy `s caw `s nk prng`ry bmui`tnak `km tjbrbearb

sngnc`r iaksbqubkibs waucm ìirub ta tjns cbvbc `s wbcc.

Vudcni spbkmnko ak tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko

]jns sbitnak mb`cs bxicusnvbcy wntj pudcni tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko `s pravnmbmnk ]UB]YM nkstntutnaks, UAI]NG, YIA], `km twa tbìjbr tr`nknko iaccbobs.0= ]jb eaur




pudcni nkstntutnaks trb`tbm dbcaw ìiaukt ear `daut 0: pbribkt ae pudcni pastsbiakm`ry

spbkmnko (sbb t`dcb 5.>).

]`dcb 5.>8 Enk`kinko Mbt`ncs ear ]UB]YM”YIA] `km UAI]NG (466?)

B % ae tat`c


Vudcni spbkmnko =4,9?5 >0.=

Vrnv`tb spbkmnko (ebbs) 9,>59 :.5

]at`c =5,99: 066.6


]bìjbr iaukt (@) 066

@vbròb tbìjbr p`y (D) 005,4=6

Bkraccgbkt (I) 5?4

V/] r`tna (M7I/@) 5.?


]bìjbrs (D/M) 0?,4>: 9?.9

Kaktbìjnko stèe 5,990 09.?

Kakpbrsakkbc rbiurrbkt 02,26: 99.2


Vudcni bxpbkmnturb ak pupnc sudsnstbkib ?,469 02.2

]at`c =5,99: 066.6


Uai`tnak`c `km Iaggbrin`c ]r`nknko Nkstntutb G`ts`p` (UAI]NG)

UAI]NG ents Yw`znc`km„s avbr`cc p`ttbrk ae bxibbmnkocy jnoj ebbs. @vbròb `kku`c

tuntnak ns `daut B?,666, `km B05,666 wjbk nkicusnvb ae sudsnstbkib ntbgs `km da`rmnko.

]r`nkbbs ma kat rbibnvb pudcni sudsnmnbs. @daut ` tjnrm ae tjb tr`nkbbs wja j`m kat

iagpcbtbm or`mb 04 pravnmb ear tjbnr sudsnstbkib prnv`tbcy02 `km tjns g`lbs tjb

`k`cysns ae rb`c iasts `km `ccai`tnaks mneeniuct. Rknt iast ns `csa jnoj. Tbouc`r st`tb

eukmnko ns envb tngbs wj`t nt ns nk sbiakm`ry sijaacs”ak ` pbr i`pnt` d`sns”`km ebbs

`rb tjrbb tngbs `s jnoj. Jnojbxpbkmnturb uknt iast ns bvnmbkibm nk vbry jnoj

kakpbrsakkbc rbiurrbkt spbkmnko ae B>,005 pbr stumbkt, `km `k bxtrbgbcy caw Y]T ae2.>80. @s prbsbktbm nk Ij`ptbr =, tjns p`ttbrk ns p`rtcy tjb rbsuct ae tjb eìt tj`t

bkraccgbkt mbicnkbm dy `daut ` tjnrm dbtwbbk 4664 `km 466?, wjncst eukmnko rbg`nkbm

garb ar cbss ukij`kobm. Nk nts iurrbkt st`tb, UAI]NG sbbgs uksust`nk`dcb. ]a dbiagb

sust`nk`dcb, uknt iast gust db mrnvbk mawk dy ` iagdnk`tnak ae nkirb`sbm bkraccgbkt

`km Y]T.

Yw`znc`km Iaccbob ae ]bijkacaoy (YIA])

Rkcnlb UAI]NG, YIA] tr`nkbbs rbibnvb ` 26 pbribkt sudsnmy `km tjby `rb ta

iagpcngbkt nt wntj ` 26 pbribkt oavbrkgbkt ca`k aeebrbm `t ` 2 pbribkt enxbm nktbrbst

r`tb. ]jb iagdnkbm pìlòb ns rbebrrbm ta `s ` sijac`rsjnp. Yijac`rsjnps `ppcy ta tjb

rbst ae pastsbiakm`ry nkstntutnaks, nkicumnko tjb prnv`tb tbìjbr tr`nknko iaccbob. Nt

waucm, tjbrbearb, `ppb`r tj`t sijac`rsjnps `rb usbm `s `k nkibktnvb ear cb`rkbrs ta




iagpcbtb sbknar sbiakm`ry sijaac. Tbinpnbkts ae sijac`rsjnps obt `daut 02 pbribkt ae

tjb gakby `s ` i`sj sudsnstbkib `ccaw`kib. @irass `cc nkstntutnaks, rbvbkubs erag

rbp`ygbkts ìiauktbm ear akcy `daut : pbribkt ae tjb tat`c spbkmnko. Onvbk tjb

kbocnondcb rbp`ygbkt cbvbcs, tjb t`dcbs nk tjns rbpart rbecbit tjb wjacb `gaukt ae tjb

sijac`rsjnp `km, tjbrbearb, nokarb tjb rbp`ygbkt r`tb.

]jb `vbròb sijac`rsjnp ear YIA] ns B04,55= pbr yb`r. Jawbvbr tjns mneebrs ìrass

tr`nkbbs. @daut 96 pbribkt `rb p`rttngb stumbkts, `km ma kat rbibnvb tjb p`rt ae tjb

sijac`rsjnp iarrbspakmnko ta sudsnstbkib. @daut 06 pbribkt j`vb kat iagpcbtbm Or`mb

04 `km `rb stumynko ear qu`cneni`tnaks dbcaw ` mnpcag` cbvbc. ]jby taa ma kat rbibnvb

sijac`rsjnps. Nk `mmntnak ta katb rbibnvnko tjb sudsnstbkib `ccaw`kib, tjby p`y eucc ebbs.

Nk rb`c tbrgs, YIA] g`y rbouc`rcy rbibnvb cbss rbvbkub tj`k rbecbitbm nk tjb aeenin`c

enourbs mub ta ` rbpartbm –tapscninko‗ ae eukms aeenin`ccy b`rg`rlbm ear YIA] dy tjb

GaB. ]jns pjbkagbkak ns kat s`nm ta db iarrupt ar nccbo`c, dut ns r`tjbr `mgnknstr`tnvb.

Nt w`s kat passndcb ta `sibrt`nk tjb bxìt bxtbkt ae tjns, dut nt `ppb`rs ta db cngntbm ta

kakpbrsakkbc eukmnko. Jawbvbr, bvbk ne ` c`rob partnak ae eukms ma kat rbìj YIA], tjns

waucm kat ij`kob tjb iakicusnak tj`t pbr stumbkt eukmnko `t YIA] ns rbg`rl`dcy jnoj.

]`dcb 5.06 prbsbkts st`tnstnis ear tjb twa pudcni tbìjbr tr`nknko iaccbobs wjasb

praencb ns sngnc`r ta tj`t ae YIA].

]`dcb 5.068 Enk`kinko Mbt`ncs ear Vudcni ]bìjbr Bmui`tnak (466?)

B % ae tat`c


Vudcni spbkmnko* ==,55? 066.6

Vrnv`tb spbkmnko (ebbs) 6 6.6]at`c ==,55? 066.6


]bìjbr iaukt (@) >2

@vbròb tbìjbr p`y (D) 065,604

Bkraccgbkt (I) 594

V/] r`tna (M7I/@) 5.?


]bìjbrs (D/M) 02,>92 92.?

Kaktbìjnko stèe 5,620 09.2

Kakpbrsakkbc rbiurrbkt 0=,2=2 94.5


Vudcni bxpbkmnturb ak pupnc sudsnstbkib :,092 0:.4

]at`c ==,55? 066.6


* ]jns t`dcb iavbrs tjb eukmnko ae tjb twa pudcni tbìjbr tr`nknko iaccbobs akcy, sa enourbs jbrb waucm

mneebr scnojtcy erag tjasb iavbrnko `cc tjrbb iaccbobs.

Lby nssubs nk tjb enk`kinko ae tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko

]jns sudsbitar bqu`ccy rbecbits bxibssnvb ebbs `km jnoj uknt iast. Nk `mmntnak,

sijac`rsjnps ar cìl tjbrbae `rb sbt `t tjb s`gb cbvbc rbo`rmcbss ae stumbkts„ YBY. ]jns

ukmucy dbkbents tjb rnij wja j`ppbk ta magnk`tb `t tjns cbvbc. ]jb ca`k rbp`ygbktsijbgb ns kat bkearibm, pbrj`ps st`ynko trub ta nts c`dbc ae –sijac`rsjnp.‗ Mbspntb tjbnr

`mv`ktòbm dìloraukms, stumbkts `rb kat bxpbitbm ta p`y uperakt ebbs tjrauoj




prnv`tb gb`ks. ]jns ns `k nkbqunt`dcb usb ae pudcni rbsauribs, bspbin`ccy ò`nkst tjb

obkbr`ccy jnoj prnv`tb rbturks ae pastsbiakm`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko. ]jb pukntnvb

`ppraìj ta stumbkts wja j`vb kat iagpcbtbm or`mb 04 ns ukhustnen`dcb bspbin`ccy nk `

iauktry tj`t iaucm usb garb slnccs tj`k nt pramuibs. Enk`kin`c g`kòbgbkt ae pudcni

nkstntutnaks ns jnojcy ibktr`cnzbm. ]jns j`s dbiagb ` sbrnaus mnsnkibktnvb ear nkstntutnaks

tj`t iaucm j`vb r`nsbm tjbnr awk rbvbkubs.

Enk`kinko jnojbr bmui`tnak

Avbr`cc, tjb `vbròb uknt iast ae RKNY_@ ns B==,?5>”dut wntjaut t`lnko nkta ìiaukt

tjb : pbribkt ca`k rbp`ygbkt. Ear tjb kb`rcy =,666 eucctngb stumbkts tjb uknt iast ns

bstng`tbm `t B29,666. Ear tjb `ppraxng`tbcy 0,566 p`rttngb stumbkts nt ns `raukm

B42,666. Ytumbkts bkraccbm `t tjb NMB tjbrbearb iast j`ce tjb eucc tngb stumbkt. ]jbnr

cawbr iast ns g`nkcy `ttrndut`dcb ta tjbnr rbmuibm usòb ae nkstntutnak`c rbsauribs `km ta

tjb eìt tj`t tjby ma kat rbibnvb sudsnstbkib `ccaw`kibs.

Dy vnrtub ae tjb tuntnak ij`robm, NMB stumbkt sudsnmnzb eucctngb stumbkts. ]jb`vbròb tuntnak ebbs ear NMB stumbkts `rb `raukm B2,266, ò`nkst B:,266 ear eucctngb

stumbkts. ]jbrbearb, NMB stumbkts p`y 6.52 wj`t eucctngb stumbkts p`y bvbk tjauoj

tjby iast 6.26 ae ` eucc tngb stumbkt„s iast. ^bt tjb iast ae bmui`tnko `k NMB stumbkt ns

`daut j`ce ae tjb iast ae bmui`tnko ` eucctngb stumbkt. ]jus tjb wnmbsprb`m pbribptnak

tj`t NMB stumbkts `rb sudsnmnznko eucctngb stumbkts ns kat ukeaukmbm”tjauoj

uctng`tbcy `cgast `cc tjb eukmnko iagbs erag tjb oavbrkgbkt.

]`dcb 5.00 pravnmbs `k avbrvnbw ae tjb `ccai`tnak ae rbsauribs nk RKNY_@.

]`dcb 5.008 Enk`kinko Mbt`ncs ear tjb Rknvbrsnty (466?)

B % ae tat`c


Vudcni spbkmnko ==,?5> >:.0

Vrnv`tb eukmnko :?4 0.>

]at`c =2,5=0 066.6


]bìjbr iaukt (@) 992

@vbròb tbìjbr p`y (D) 999,25?

Bkraccgbkt (I) 2,==2

V/] r`tna (M7I/@) 05.9

Enk`kinko pbr pupnc dy i`tboary]bìjbrs (D/M) 46,264 ==.>

Kaktbìjnko stèe >,46= 46.4

Kakpbrsakkbc rbiurrbkt 2,405 00.=


Vudcni bxpbkmnturb ak pupnc sudsnstbkib 06,0>: 44.9

]at`c =2,5=0 066.6


Tbo`rmcbss ae wjnij enourb akb usbs, tat`c `kku`c spbkmnko pbr uknvbrsnty stumbkt

nk Yw`znc`km `ppb`rs ta db jnoj. Nk Yautj @erni`, tat`c pudcni jnojbr bmui`tnak

eukmnko, nkicumnko tjb kbt pudcni iast ae tjb iauktry„s stumbkt ca`k systbg ns `raukm

B46,666. Enourb 5.5 sjaws tjb uknt iast nk sbcbitbm Y@IR iauktrnbs.




Enourb 5.58 RKNY_@ Rknt _ntjnk ` Yud-rbonak`c Iaktbxt


Katb8 Datsw`k` w`s cbet aut `s nts bxpbkmnturb pbr pupnc v`cub, `t `raukm RY$96,666, sbbgs ta db

nkiarrbit.

]jb e`it tj`t Yw`znc`km ns ` sg`cc iauktry r`nsbs tjb passndncnty tj`t mnsbiakagnbs

ae si`cb iaucm bxpc`nk tjb bxibptnak`ccy jnoj uknt iast. Jawbvbr, tjns bxpc`k`tnak mabs

kat jacm wjbk Yw`znc`km ns iagp`rbm ta Cbsatja `km K`gndn`. Nk `mmntnak, tjb

iarrbc`tnak dbtwbbk pbr stumbkt eukmnko `t tjb uknvbrsnty cbvbc `km papuc`tnak, eariauktrnbs wntj ` papuc`tnak ae cbss tj`k 02 gnccnak, ns beebitnvbcy zbra, wjbrb`s ` kbo`tnvb

iarrbc`tnak waucm j`vb dbbk bxpbitbm ne biakagnbs ae si`cb j`m bxnstbm (enourb 5.?).

Enourb 5.?8 Jnojbr Bmui`tnak Rknt Iast dy Vapuc`tnak Ynzb





Lby nssubs nk tjb enk`kinko ae jnojbr bmui`tnak

Tbc`tnvb ta tjb prapartnak ae stumbkts (cbss tj`k 4 pbribkt) uknvbrsnty bmui`tnak

ìiaukts ear ` mnsprapartnak`tbcy jnoj pbribktòb ae tjb sbitar dumobt (05 pbribkt).

Eurtjbrgarb, stumbkt sudsnstbkib `ccaw`kibs ear ìiaggam`tnak `km gb`cs `rb `

irntni`c iast mrnvbr, ìiauktnko ear kb`rcy 49 pbribkt ae pudcni spbkmnko (t`dcb 5.00).

Onvbk tj`t tjb ducl ae uknvbrsnty stumbkts iagb erag èecubkt jausbjacms, ` eucc pudcni

sudsnmy ear tjbnr sudsnstbkib avbr `km `davb tjb tbijkni`ccy eucc sudsnmy ear tjbnr

tuntnak j`rmcy sbbgs iaksnstbkt wntj tjb bqunty `km sj`rbm orawtj prnkinpcbs ae Unsnak

4644 `km tjb VTY@V. ]jns ns garb sa nk ` iauktry wjbrb kb`rcy :6 pbribkt ae tjb

papuc`tnak cnvbs ak cbss tj`k RY$4 pbr m`y, wjbrb g`ky ijncmrbk ma kat j`vb ìibss ta

d`sni bmui`tnak, cbt `cakb tjb dbkbent ae sijaac ebbmnko praor`gs.

]jb uknt iast ns taa jnoj `km kbbms ta db `cnokbm wntj tjasb ae iauktrnbs ae

iagp`r`dcb nkiagb `km papuc`tnak snzb. Mnvbrsb gbij`knsgs sjaucm db usbm ta mrnvb

mawk tjb uknt iast nkicumnko tjb nktramuitnak ae iagpbtntnak tjrauoj prnv`tbuknvbrsntnbs.

Vrnv`tb eukmnko ae jnojbr bmui`tnak ìiaukts ear ` caw 4 pbribkt ae tat`c rbvbkubs

bvbk wjbk t`lnko iarpar`tb mak`tnaks nkta ìiaukt (t`dcb 5.00). ]jns ns vbry caw,

p`rtniuc`rcy wjbk huxt`pasbm wntj tjb sudst`ktn`c prnv`tb enk`kinko ae OB]. ]jbrb

sbbgs ta db guij raag ear ngpravbgbkt. Nk Yautj @erni` uknvbrsntnbs„ nkiagb erag

‚prnv`tb onets `km or`kts„ j`s jnstarni`ccy iagb ta `raukm = pbribkt ae tat`c rbvbkub.05

]jb kakpbrsakkbc rbiurrbkt spbkmnko `gaukt wjnij `ppb`rs caw”nk `dsacutb pbr

stumbkt tbrgs”ns cawbr tj`k ear `ky ae tjb iaccbobs.

@vbròb stèe iasts `ppb`r jnoj nk iagp`rnsak ta Yautj @erni`, wjnij beebitnvbcy

sj`rbs tjb s`gb c`dar g`rlbt. Onvbk tj`t stèe uknt iasts `rb mneeniuct ta rbmuib wntjautcasnko qu`cnenbm stèe, rbmuitnaks nk tjb tat`c iast waucm kbbm ta aiiur tjrauoj r`nsnko

Y]Ts. Nk Ij`ptbr 2, wb sjawbm tj`t tjbrb `rb sg`cc sudhbit aeebrnkos wjasb rbsaurib

nktbksnty ns kat hustnenbm dy tjbnr c`dar g`rlbt rbcbv`kib ar ngpart`kib ta tjb iauktry„s

mbvbcapgbkt str`tboy.

]jb iast pbr or`mu`tb ns taa jnoj p`rtcy dbiùsb ae tjb cako mur`tnak ae praor`gs

`km tjb cìl ae vbrtni`c `rtniuc`tnak ae praor`gs. Onvbk tjb qu`cnty ae stumbkts `t bktry,

gast ae tjb uknvbrsnty = `km 2 yb`r praor`gs iaucm db rbmuibm dy ` yb`r. Dbiùsb ae

paar `rtniuc`tnak ae praor`gs pbapcb wntj ibrtneni`tb `km/ar mnpcag`s j`vb ta rbst`rt

tjbnr stumnbs erag yb`r 0 ne tjby sjaucm w`kt ta ìqunrb mborbbs. ]jns warls aut ta `k

ukhustnen`dcb ? ta : yb`rs ae `k ukmbror`mu`tb mborbb praor`g”rbebr ta Ij`ptbr 2.

Bqunty ae Vudcni Ypbkmnko

Tbsauribs `ccai`tbm ta tjb sbitar mnsprapartnak`tbcy dbkbent tjb rnij bxibpt `t tjb

prng`ry cbvbc (sbb enourb 5.:). Onvbk tjb jnoj prnv`tb rbturks ta pastd`sni bmui`tnak

`km tr`nknko, tjns p`ttbrk ruks iaktr`ry ta tjb oa`cs ae tjb VTY@V ta rbmuib sain`c

nkbqu`cntnbs `km ta bgpawbr tjb paar ta o`nk sust`nk`dcb nkiagb.

Avbr`cc, tjb paarbst =6 pbribkt ae tjb papuc`tnak rbibnvb akcy 90 pbribkt ae pudcni

spbkmnko ak bmui`tnak, wjncb tjb rnijbst 46 pbribkt rbibnvbs 94 pbribkt. ]jb spbkmnko

r`tna pbr gbgdbr ae tjb papuc`tnak ear tjbsb twa oraups ns tjus garb tj`k 4 ta 0 nk

e`var ae tjb rnijbr oraup. ]jb rnijbst 46 pbribkt ae tjb papuc`tnak rbibnvbs 05 pbribkt

ae spbkmnko ak prng`ry bmui`tnak `km tjns ns praorbssnvb. Nk iaktr`st, tjby rbibnvb 4:

pbribkt ae spbkmnko ak sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak wjnij ns wbcc `davb tjbnr sj`rb `km `k




bkargaus 5: pbribkt ae spbkmnko ak tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko (enourb 5.:) wjbrb

icasb ta ?6 pbribkt ae stumbkts iagb erag tjb rnijbst qunktncb.

Nrakni`ccy, tjb prapartnak ae pudcni spbkmnko ns cawbr prbinsbcy `t tjb cawbr cbvbcs

ae tjb systbg wjbrb tjb paar j`vb gast `iibss.

Enourb 5.:8 Ensi`c Nkinmbkib ae Bmui`tnak Ypbkmnko 4665’466?

Yaurib8 Awk i`ciuc`tnaks erag GaB m`t` `km IYA (466:).

Mbspntb tjb uke`var`dcb dbkbent nkinmbkib pniturb, nt ns katbwartjy tj`t wntjnk tjb

prng`ry sijaacnko cbvbc, tjb akcy cbvbc ear wjnij wb j`vb nktbrk`tnak`ccy iagp`r`dcb

bmui`tnak`c pbrearg`kib m`t`, Yw`znc`km j`s dbbk rbc`tnvbcy suiibsseuc nk iakt`nknko

nkbqu`cnty nk bmui`tnak`c qu`cnty. ]jauoj paarbr pupncs pbrearg warsb tj`k rnijbr

pupncs nk rb`mnko `km g`tjbg`tnis, tjb o`p ns sg`ccbr tj`k nk g`ky atjbr iauktrnbs

wntjnk tjb rbonak. ]jbrbearb, yauko Yw`zns ma kat bxpbrnbkib `k bxibptnak`ccy ukbqu`c

bmui`tnak systbg, `t cb`st kat `t tjb prng`ry cbvbc. Jawbvbr, `s akb gavbs up tjb

cbvbcs ae tjb systbg, nt dbiagbs nkirb`snkocy ukbqu`c, c`robcy mub ta ukbqu`c `iibss ta

pudcni bmui`tnak. ]jns rbsucts nk `k avbr`cc pniturb ae nkbqu`cnty tj`t ns warsb nk

Yw`znc`km tj`k nk iagp`r`dcb iauktrnbs. Icb`rcy pacninbs ta drnko `daut orb`tbr bqunty

kbbm ta iakibktr`tb ak tjb sbiakm`ry `km tbrtn`ry cbvbcs.

Iakicusnak

Avbr`cc Yw`znc`km nkvbsts hust scnojtcy cnttcb `davb tjb RKBYIA karg ear ` mbvbcapnko

iauktry. @daut ? pbribkt ae OMV `km 46 pbribkt ae tjb ]OB `rb `ccai`tbm ta tjb sbitar.]jns cbvbc ae nkvbstgbkt ns `mbqu`tb ear tjb iurrbkt B]YMY. Jawbvbr, tjb prapasbm

sbitar rbeargs wncc, `t cb`st nk tjb nggbmn`tb ta gbmnug tbrg, mbg`km garb rbsauribs

6

06

46

96

=6

26

56

?6

:6

>6

066

6 06 46 96 =6 26 56 ?6 :6 >6 066

Vrng`ry

Ybiakm`ry

]brtn`ry

@cc bmui`tnak

Vbribkt

V b r i b k t




tj`k iurrbktcy nkvbstbm. Onvbk tjb `crb`my jnoj prapartnak ae oavbrkgbkt nkvbstgbkt

nk tjb sbitar, rbqunrbm `mmntnak`c rbsauribs waucm j`vb ta iagb erag ` iagdnk`tnak ae

beeninbkiy `km bxtbrk`c or`kt enk`kinko.

Vudcni spbkmnko `cgast tat`ccy bxicumbs BIIM. ]jauoj nkirb`sbm avbr tngb, tjb

sj`rbs ae prng`ry `km sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak `rb taa caw ta eìncnt`tb dra`m d`sbm ìibss

ta qu`cnty OB]. Vudcni spbkmnko mnsprapartnak`tbcy e`vars tjb tbrtn`ry cbvbc ae tjb

systbg wjnij ns magnk`tbm dy tjb rnij. @t tjb s`gb tngb, tjb tbrtn`ry cbvbc ns rbsaurib

nkbeeninbkt. ]jb avbr`cc iast `km tjb uknt iast ae tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak ns ukhustnen`dcy jnoj.

]jb c`ttbr ns mub g`nkcy ta tjb mbicnkb nk bkraccgbkt `km tjb iaksbqubkt caw Y]Ts.

Ytrnkobkt beeninbkiy gb`surbs `rb rbqunrbm ta rbcb`sb tjb eukms guij rbqunrbm ta apbk

prapaar ìibss ta tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko.

Vrnv`tb iaktrndutnaks ta BIIM `km ta OB] `rb uksust`nk`dcy `km ukhustnen`dcy

jnoj. Nk iaktr`st, tjbrb ns cnttcb ta ka prnv`tb iaktrndutnak ta tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km

tr`nknko, bxibpt ear stumbkts wja bktbr wntjaut j`vnko iagpcbtbm or`mb 04. ]jb

pukntnvb `ppraìj ta bktr`kts wja j`vb kat iagpcbtbm or`mb 04 ns nkbxpcni`dcb `km

j`rmcy hust.

Mbspntb tjbnr patbktn`c ta r`nsb eukms, tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko nkstntutnaks

`rb avbrmbpbkmbkt ak tjb oavbrkgbkt ear tjbnr enk`kinko. Ear ]UB]YM nkstntutnaks

sagb ae tjb mnsnkibktnvb ta r`nsb p`rt ae tjbnr rbvbkub ns tjbnr avbribktr`cnzbm

g`kòbgbkt, nkicumnko tjb g`kòbgbkt ae tjbnr enk`kibs. ]jb Oavbrkgbkt sbbgs ta

kat j`vb bkmarsbm ` p`yracc cbvy tj`t iaucm j`vb jbcpbm ta enk`kib ]UB]YM. Nk

`mmntnak, tjb Oavbrkgbkt sbbgs ta j`vb tbrgnk`tbm ar suspbkmbm t`x drb`ls tj`t

bktbrprnsbs usbm ta rbibnvb ear tr`nknko tjbnr bgpcaybbs.

Tbc`tnvb ta iauktrnbs ae iagp`r`dcb nkiagb `km ae iagp`r`dcb oavbrk`kib r`tnkos,Yw`znc`km j`s ` strnlnko mb`rtj ae nktbrk`tnak`c p`rtkbrs ear sbitar mbvbcapgbkt. @cc

tjbsb eìtars put tjb durmbk ear enk`kinko tjb sbitar `cgast sacbcy ak tjb oavbrkgbkt.

Vudcni eukmnko ae bmui`tnak mnsprapartnak`tbcy dbkbents tjb rnij, bxibpt `t tjb

prng`ry cbvbc.

@cc s`nm, Yw`znc`km wncc kbbm sudst`ktn`c rbsauribs ta enk`kib sbitar rbeargs tj`t

wncc bk`dcb nt ta strbkotjbk nts jug`k i`pnt`c mbvbcapgbkt `s prapasbm nk tjns rbpart

`km nk cnkb wntj tjb VTY@V. Mnvbrsneni`tnak ae eukmnko sauribs `km ngpravbm rbsaurib

beeninbkiy wncc db irntni`c ear ngpcbgbktnko prapasbm sbitar rbeargs.

Katbs0 Gnknstry ae Biakagni Vc`kknko `km Mbvbcapgbkt. 4665.4 Atjbr sauribs ae prbssurb iagb erag orawnko kbbms nk tjb sain`c sbitars (jb`ctj, bmui`tnak,

sain`c wbce`rb) bxìbrd`tbm dy pavbrty km JNU/@NMY.9 Gnknstry ae Biakagni Vc`kknko `km Mbvbcapgbkt. 4665.= ]jb iauktrnbs `rb8 Yw`znc`km, Yautj @erni`, Cbsatja, Datsw`k , K`gndn`, @koac`, Gaz`gdnqub,

Xngd`dwb, X`gdn`, G`c`wn, ]`kz`kn`, Lbky` `km Ro`km`. ]jbsb `rb tjb iaktnkbkt`c Y@IGBP

iauktrnbs, wntj tjb `mmntnak ae @koac`. Garbavbr, tjb oraup nkicumbs `cc iaktnkbkt`c Y@MI

iauktrnbs wntj tjb bxibptnak ae tjb Mbgair`tni Tbpudcni ae Iakoa (ear wjnij bmui`tnak st`tnstnis

`rb p`rtniuc`rcy ukrbcn`dcb).2 Ybb ear nkst`kib Gnko`t `km ]`k (0>>:).5 Mub ta nkiaksnstbkinbs nk m`t` sauribs, tjbsb bstng`tbs v`ry nk atjbr p`rts ae tjns rbpart. M`t`

rbiakincn`tnak ns stncc akoanko.




? @k`cysns ae Yautj @erni`„s 4662 Nkiagb km Bxpbkmnturb Yurvby.

4665 BIIM survby. KD8 ]jb `vbròb ebb ns cnlbcy ta db slbwbm dbiùsb ae tjb nkicusnak ae ` ebw

sijaacs wjnij ij`rob jnoj ebbs.

> ]jb bxìt pbribktòb iaucm kat db bstng`tbm mub ta m`t` nkiaksnstbkinbs tj`t `rb stncc dbnkonkvbstno`tbm.06 Nk 4665, Yautj @erni` nkstntutbm ` pacniy ae kaebbsijaacs tj`t beebitnvbcy iavbrs sijaacs sbrvnko

tjb paarbst =6 pbribkt ae cb`rkbrs. ]jns ns `k nkstruitnvb pacniy tj`t Yw`znc`km g`y w`kt ta

iaksnmbr. Bvbk dbearb tjb pacniy, nk 4662, tjb gb`k prng`ry sijaac ebb pbr pupnc nk Yautj @erni`

i`gb ta T=??, dut tjb gbmn`k i`gb ta akcy T26 (awk `k`cysns ae Yautj @erni`, 4665). Onvbk tj`t

jnoj ebbs nk gnmmcb ic`ss sijaacs nk Yautj @erni` pusj tjb gb`k up, `km onvbk tj`t tjb Yautj

@erni`k gnmmcb ic`ss ns prapartnak`ccy c`robr tj`k tjb Yw`znc`km akb, tjb rbcbv`kt iagp`rnsak ta

tjb Yw`znc`km gb`k waucm db sagbwjbrb dbtwbbk tjb T=?? `km T26 v`cubs. Ebbs `t tjb prng`ry

cbvbc rb tjbrbearb ukmaudtbmcy jnojbr tj`k tjby rb (ar wbrb up ta 4665) nk Yautj @erni`.00 ]jb mneebrbkib dbtwbbk tjb B226 `gaukt `km tjb B9== enourb nk t`dcb 5.? ns mub ta tjb eìt tj`t

ebbs rb obkbr`ccy kat iaccbitbm erag AUI or`kt rbinpnbkts.04 ]jbrb `rb iaksnmbr`dcb mneebrbkibs dbtwbbk sijaacs wntj rbo`rm ta tjb ebb ij`robm, `km rbcn`dcb

st`tnstnis rb kat v`nc`dcb.09 KD8 ]jb RYM enourb ae hust cbss tj`k 0,666 adt`nkbm ear Yw`znc`km erag RNY m`t` t`ccnbs wbcc

wntj tjb B5:>2 pudcni rbvbkub pbr pupnc v`cub nk t`dcb 5.>.0= ]jb prnv`tb tbìjbr tr`nknko iaccbob”K`z`rbkb”w`s jawbvbr nkicumbm nk tjb avbr`cc sbitar

enk`kinko (t`dcb 5.?).02 @s ` g`ttbr ae prìtnib `cc tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko stumbkts wja j`vb kat iagpcbtbm

or`mb 04 ma kat rbibnvb oavbrkgbkt sijac`rsjnps.05 Ybb jttp8//www.bmui tnak.oav.z`/myk`gni/ngosjaw.`spx1nm700=> ear mbt`ncs.



04:

I J @ V ] B T ?

Iakicusnaks `kmTbiaggbkm`tnaks

Nktramuitnak

]jns ij`ptbr sugg`rnzbs lby enkmnkos `km rbiaggbkm`tnaks erag tjb `davb prbsbktbm

`k`cysns ae tjb `mbquìy ae Yw`znc`km„s B]YMY ta beebitnvbcy suppart orawtj

ìibcbr`tnak, sain`c bqunty, `km ocad`c iagpbtntnvbkbss `s bkvnsòbm nk Unsnak 4644,

KMY, `km tjb VTY@V. Ear nts dra`m er`gbwarl, tjb `k`cysns w`s ounmbm dy gambrk

biakagni orawtj tjbary wjnij nmbktnenbs jug`k i`pnt`c/slnccs, tbijkacaoy `dsarptnvb

i`pìnty/nkkav`tnak, `km nkvbstgbkt icng`tb ta db bqu`ccy `s ngpart`kt mbtbrgnk`kts

ae orawtj `s c`dar `km i`pnt`c. ]jbrbearb, ` lby qubstnak `mmrbssbm nk tjb `k`cysns w`s

wjbtjbr tjb iurrbkt B]YMY i`k beebitnvbcy suppcy tjb jug`k i`pnt`c/slnccs rbqunrbm ta

iagpcbgbkt tjb iurrbkt tbijkacaoy `km nkvbstgbkt icng`tb nk eìncnt`tnko sbce

sust`nknko orawtj. Jug`k i`pnt`c jbrb ns k`rrawcy iakibnvbm ta gb`k bmui`tbm,tr`nkbm `km slnccbm c`dar.

Ear `k `kswbr ta tjb rbvbrsb qubstnak ae wjbtjbr Yw`znc`km„s nkvbstgbkt icng`tb

`km nts tbijkacaoy rb`mnkbss i`k `mbqu`tbcy iagpcbgbkt slnccs nk spurrnko orawtj

ìibcbr`tnak, wb rbcnbm ak enkmnkos ae rbibkt _arcm D`kl suppartbm NI@ (466?), tjb

rbsucts erag tjb _DN„s 466> Lkawcbmob @ssbssgbkt Gbtjamacaoy (L@G), `km tjb 466>

_BE„s r`klnko ae iauktrnbs„ ocad`c iagpbtntnvbkbss.

]jb `k`cysns iavbrbm `cc cbvbcs ae tjb B]YMY erag BIIM ta JB `km `csa nkicumbm

irasssbitar`c nssubs ae iast `km enk`kinko, JNU/@NMY `km NI]s. Nt `csa iavbrbm tjb

earg`c `km kakearg`c sbitars. ]jb nkearg`c sbitar w`s akcy g`ronk`ccy iavbrbm nk

tbrgs ae tjb rbiaokntnak ae prnar cb`rknko (TVC) tjrauoj ]UB]YM tr`mb tbsts. Ear `garb spbineni `k`cytni`c er`gbwarl, bìj sudsbitar w`s `k`cyzbm ear tjb `mbquìy ae

nts ìibss, qu`cnty, bqunty, rbcbv`kib, beeninbkiy, `km mbcnvbry i`pìnty.

Ytr`tboni Arnbkt`tnak

Atjbr tj`k lby k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt rbearg maiugbkts”Unsnak 4644, KMY `km tjb

VTY@V”tjb `k`cysns w`s str`tboni`ccy arnbktbm dy twa lby prbgnsbs. ]jb enrst ns tj`t

Yw`znc`km„s orawtj ìibcbr`tnak ns gast cnlbcy ta db lkawcbmob mrnvbk kat akcy

dbiùsb ocad`ccy, lkawcbmob ns ` lby mrnvbr ae orawtj, dut `csa dbiùsb Yw`znc`km j`s

cngntbm k`tur`c rbsauribs. Nts irntni`c rbsaurib ns tjbrbearb nts jug`k i`pnt`c. ]jbrbearb,

ear Yw`znc`km, `k beebitnvb orawtj str`tboy j`s ta kbibss`rncy bkt`nc nktbksnvb jug`k

i`pnt`c mbvbcapgbkt.




]jb sbiakm prbgnsb ns tj`t dbiùsb ae cngntbm nktbrk`c sauribs ae orawtj,

Yw`znc`km„s orawtj str`tboy j`s ta bkt`nc ` mbcndbr`tb j`rvbstnko ae appartukntnbs

pravnmbm dy nts nggbmn`tb sudrbonak”gastcy dut kat bxicusnvbcy Y@MI iauktrnbs.

Erag tjb pankt ae vnbw ae jug`k i`pnt`c, ` lby sudrbonak`c appartuknty tj`t iaucm

pc`y ta Yw`znc`km„s `mv`ktòb ns tj`t nt ns nggbmn`tbcy surraukmbm dy e`st orawnko”

sèb ear tjb iurrbkt ocad`c biakagni mawkturk”k`tur`c rbsauribrnij iauktrnbs wntj

ìutb slnccs sjartòb. ]jbrbearb, Yw`znc`km g`y iaksnmbr str`tboni`ccy arnbktnko nts

B]YMY taw`rm tjb bxpart ae slnccs. ]jb sjarttbrg dbkbents wncc db rbgntt`kibs `km tjb

mbbpbknko ae tjb i`pìntnbs ae bxpartbm slnccs. Cakotbrg dbkbents wncc tjb dr`nk

inriuc`tnak rbqunrbm ta cb`m tjb iauktry„s tr`ksearg`tnak nkta ` lkawcbmob `km

tbijkacaoymrnvbk biakagy.

Iakicusnaks

_b`l pacniy `km str`tboni mnrbitnak]jb mbvbcapgbkt ae tjb sbitar ns ounmbm dy ` m`tbm pacniy (0>>>,) wjnij ka cakobr

rbecbits iurrbkt mbvbcapgbkt tjnklnko nk Yw`znc`km ar ocad`ccy. ]jauoj nt j`s kat`dcb

`rb`s ae strbkotj `km iurrbkiy, tjb pacniy ns ka cakobr sueeninbkt ta ounmb tjb

tr`ksearg`tnak ae tjb sbitar nkta `k beebitnvb taac tj`t supparts tjb k`tnak`c

mbvbcapgbkt rbearg òbkm`.

Lby sbitar ij`ccbkobs `km/ar bgbronko nssubs j`vb `csa dbbk g`kòbm wntjaut

guij pacniy ounm`kib `km tjns j`s nk gast i`sbs cbm ta nk`mbqu`tb rbspaksbs ta tjb

nssubs. Bx`gpcbs `rb NI]s nk bmui`tnak, JNU/@NMY, `km bmui`tnak, tjb pravnsnak ae

daals `km nkstruitnak`c g`tbrn`cs `km sudsbitars cnlb BIIM, JB, ]UB]YM, `km @DB].

]jb cbo`c er`gbwarl ear tjb sbitar ns bvbk garb m`tbm< oanko dìl ta 0>:9 `kmobkbr`ccy wb`l. Bgbronko cbo`c nssubs nk tjb pudcni sbitar j`vb tbkmbm ta db j`kmcbm

tjrauoj nkiajbrbkt nkstrugbkts suij `s aeenib inriuc`rs. Vrnv`tb pravnsnak ae B]YMY

sbrvnibs ns `cgast iagpcbtbcy ukrbouc`tbm, bspbin`ccy ear BIIM, OB], `km ]UB]YM.

Atjbr tj`k tjb m`tbm pacniy, tjb sbitar j`s dbbk apbr`tbm wntjaut ` str`tboni

er`gbwarl tj`t ns wbcc`kijarbm nk tjb avbr`cc k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt rbearg str`tboy

`km tj`t ns pbrnamni`ccy upm`tbm `s mbvbcapgbkt ij`ccbkobs ij`kob. _ntjaut ` wbcc

`rtniuc`tbm `km k`tnak`ccyawkbm sbitar str`tboy, tjb sbitar j`s aetbk dbbk cbet wntjaut

` icb`r mnrbitnak ak tjb lby mbvbcapgbkt ij`ccbkobs nt auojt ta db rbspakmnko ta. ]jb

sbitar j`s `csa dbbk cbet vuckbr`dcb ta iakvbknbkt irntninsg ae kat dbnko rbspaksnvb,

wjbk tjb ‚iaktbxt„ ta wjnij nt sjaucm rbspakm j`s rbg`nkbm ukmbenkbm.

]jb wb`l sbitar pacniy `km cìl ae str`tboni pc`k j`s cbm ta `m jai sbitar

mbvbcapgbkt wntj cnttcb ta ka bstng`tbs ae cakotbrg iast ngpcni`tnaks, èearm`dncnty,

`km sust`nk`dncnty ae bvacvnko mbvbcapgbkts. ]jb cìl ae str`tboy j`s `csa cbet tjb

sbitar `t rnsl ae iaktr`mnitary tìnt pacninbs `km ukd`c`kibm mbvbcapgbkt.

]jb sbitar j`s `csa apbr`tbm wntjaut ` k`tnak`c jug`k rbsauribs mbvbcapgbkt

str`tboy tj`t, nk tjb nggbmn`tb tbrg, iaucm j`vb ounmbm tjb typbs `km kugdbr ae

bxpbitbm autputs. ]jb jug`k rbsauribs mbvbcapgbkt str`tboy (JTMY) wjnij ns

iurrbktcy ukmbr mbvbcapgbkt dy GaVYN sjaucm db enk`cnzbm `km `ppcnbm `s p`rt ae tjb

str`tboni mnrbitnak ear tjb sbitar.




Erògbktbm g`kòbgbkt

]jb g`kòbgbkt ae tjb sbitar j`s gastcy dbbk erògbktbm wntj sudsbitars, `km bvbk

p`rts ae snkocb sudsbitars apbr`tnko `s ‚caasbcy iaupcbm„ bktntnbs r`tjbr tj`k ` systbg.

]jb uksystbgni `ppraìj ta tjb g`kòbgbkt ae tjb sbitar ns dbst g`knebst nk tjb cìl

ae vbrtni`c `rtniuc`tnak ìrass sudsbitars `km, tjb wb`l jarnzakt`c `rtniuc`tnak wntjnk

`km ìrass sudsbitars. Vaar `rtniuc`tnak j`s tr`ksc`tbm nkta cngntbm p`tjw`ys `km

bxibssnvbcy bxpbksnvb upw`rm gavbgbkt wntjnk tjb sbitar. ]jb erògbkt`tnak ns `csa

bvnmbkt nk tjb cìl ae iaarmnk`tnak ìrass mnvbrsb st`lbjacmbrs `km sbrvnib pravnmbrs,

bvbk pudcni sbrvnib pravnmbrs wntj ]UB]YM `km BIIM dbnko tjb warst ae tjb i`sbs.

_b`l i`pìnty ear nkearg`tnak g`kòbgbkt

Yw`znc`km„s bmui`tnak nkearg`tnak g`kòbgbkt ns hust taa nkìiur`tb, ukrbcn`dcb,

uktngbcy, `km taa cngntbm nk iavbròb ta suppart sbitar `k`cysns, pc`kknko ear sbitar

mbvbcapgbkt, gakntarnko, bv`cu`tnak `km ngpìt `ssbssgbkts. Nk `mmntnak, tjbrb ns

cngntbm `k`cytni`c i`pìnty rbqunrbm ta tr`ksearg m`t` `km nkearg`tnak nkta iarb nkputs

ear pacniy mbinsnaks, str`tboni pc`kknko, beebitnvb gakntarnko `km bv`cu`tnak, `km

ngpìt `ssbssgbkt.

Cngntbm bxtbrk`c enk`kinko d`sb ear tjb sbitar

Yw`znc`km sbbgs ta j`vb cngntbm i`pìnty ta gadncnzb bxtbrk`c rbsauribs ear sbitar

mbvbcapgbkt. ]jb mb`rtj ae nktbrk`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt p`rtkbrs nk tjb sbitar ns

strnlnko, bspbin`ccy wjbk iagp`rbm ta iauktrnbs ae garb rbsauribs `km/ar iagp`r`dcb

oavbrk`kib nssubs.

]brtn`ry nkstntutnaks tj`t sjaucm db `dcb ta r`nsb tjbnr awk eukms `km `ccbvn`tb tjb

enk`kinko durmbk ak tjb oavbrkgbkt `rb kat euccy bxpcantnko tjbnr patbktn`c. Earnkst`kib, awk saurib rbvbkubs ìiaukt ear 4 pbribkt ae tjb uknvbrsnty rbvbkubs. ]jb

iurrbkt enk`kinko ae jnojbr bmui`tnak mabs kat bk`dcb tjb uknvbrsnty ta iaccbit uperakt

ebbs erag stumbkts wja `rb `dcb ta p`y. Nk `mmntnak, tjb rbp`ygbkt ae tbrtn`ry stumbkt

ca`ks ns ` caw : pbribkt. Dbiùsb ae tjb caw nktbrbst r`tb ae tjb stumbkt ca`ks (2%) `km

icb`r praspbits ae kakp`ygbkt, e`gncnbs tj`t iaucm èearm iaggbrin`c ca`ks ear tjbnr

ijncmrbk„s tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak j`vb ka nkibktnvb ta sbiurb suij ca`ks. Mub ta avbr

ibktr`cnzbm g`kòbgbkt `km iaktrac, nkicumnko enk`kin`c iaktrac, YIA] `km UAI]NG

sbbg ta j`vb cast tjb nkibktnvb ta r`nsb eukms. ]jb bkm rbsuct ns tj`t tjb Oavbrkgbkt

j`s ta `cgast sacbcy d`rb tjb enk`kinko durmbk ae ]UB]YM `km ae tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak.

]jb oavbrkgbkt mabs kat sbbg ta j`vb bxpcantbm appartukntnbs ear bxtbrk`c

enk`kinko ae tjb sbitar. @ p`yracc cbvy tj`t iaucm j`vb dbbk `ppcnbm ta rbmuib tjb

oavbrkgbkt„s enk`kinko durmbk ear ]UB]YM j`s kat dbbk bkmarsbm. ]`x drb`ls tj`t

bgpcaybrs usbm ta rbibnvb ear tr`nknko tjbnr bgpcaybbs sbbg ta db ‚suspbkmbm ar

tbrgnk`tbm.„ Bgpcaybrs j`vb intbm tjns `s ` mnsnkibktnvb ear tr`nknko. ]jns eurtjbr

rbmuibs bxtbrk`c enk`kinko sauribs ear tjb sbitar.

_b`l sbitar dumobt struiturb

]jb iurrbkt dumobt struiturb i`kkat suppart beebitnvb gakntarnko ae spbkmnko.

Ypbkmnko i`tboarnbs `rb kat `cw`ys icb`r. Bx`gpcbs nkicumb tjb nktbor`tnak ae AUI

or`kts nkta tjb `mgnknstr`tnak iasts, tjb gbronko ae @DB] `km ]UB]YM dumobts, `kmtjb sbp`r`tnak ae sijac`rsjnps erag tjbnr rbspbitnvb sudsbitars. Ear nkst`kib, uknvbrsnty




sijac`rsjnps `rb kat ntbgnzbm ukmbr uknvbrsntyrbc`tbm dumobt ntbgs. ]jb dumobt

struiturb ns `csa slbwbm taw`rm tbrtn`ry cbvbcs ae tjb sbitar.

Gnxbm `km pra-rnij qu`cnty

Tbc`tnvb ta Y@IR iauktrnbs, Yw`znc`km st`kms aut `s j`vnko ` guij dbttbr qu`cnty aeOB] `s bvnmbkt nk nts pbrearg`kib ak Y@IGBP NN. Yw`zn cb`rkbrs `csa pbrearg vbry

wbcc ak k`tnak`c prng`ry sijaac cb`vnko bx`gnk`tnaks, nktbrk`tnak`c bkm aesbiakm`ry

sijaac bx`gnk`tnaks, nktbrk`tnak`c ]UB]YM bx`gnk`tnaks suij `s Vnttg`k, Inty `km

Ouncms, `km tjb RL@II@ bx`gnk`tnaks. V`ss r`tbs `t tbrtn`ry nkstntutnaks `rb `csa

ngprbssnvbcy jnoj. Jawbvbr, wb strakocy jacm tj`t jnoj p`ss r`tbs `t tjb sbiakm`ry

`km tbrtn`ry cbvbcs `rb jbcpbm dy tjb strnkobkt sbcbitnvnty `km bxicusnvnty ae tjb systbg

tj`t mabs kat beebitnvbcy suppart ijncmrbk ae tjb paar `s tjby try ta icngd tjb B]YM

c`mmbr. Dy tjb uknvbrsnty cbvbc, ?6 pbribkt ae tjasb rbt`nkbm nk tjb systbg iagb erag

tjb jnojbst nkiagb qunktncb. Bvbk `t tjb cawbr cbvbcs, cb`rkbrs ae jnoj YBY e`nr dbttbr

tj`k tjbnr iauktbrp`rts. Ne rbsaurib nkputs `rb `kytjnko ta oa dy, BIIM sbrvnibs `rb ae dbttbr qu`cnty ear jnoj nkiagb ijncmrbk. @s sjawk nk Ij`ptbr 9, YBY ns snokneni`ktcy

`ssain`tbm wntj pbrearg`kib ak Y@IGBP tbsts. Dbyakm tjb avbr`cc p`ss r`tbs, cb`rknko

autiagbs ear g`tjbg`tnis, sinbkib `km snYw`tn `rb vbry caw. ]jb jnoj rbpbtntnak r`tbs

wntjnk OB] i`st eurtjbr maudts ak tjb tbìjnko `km cb`rknko beebitnvbkbss `km

tjbrbearb tjb qu`cnty ae bmui`tnak. ]jb cìl ae st`km`rms ear datj OB] `km ]UB]YM

`csa g`lbs nt mneeniuct ta `ssbrt tjb cbvbc ae qu`cnty `s wbcc `s ta `dsacutbcy `km

rbc`tnvbcy dbkijg`rl nt. @cc tjb s`gb, Yw`znc`km j`s dunct ` earg`c B]YM systbg ae `

qu`cnty tj`t pravnmbs ` sacnm d`sb ear euturb sbitar ngpravbgbkts. ]jns i`kkat db s`nm

ear Y@IR GNIs.

Cngntbm ìibss

Iurrbkt cbvbcs ae ìibss `rb sbvbrbcy nk`mbqu`tb ta suppcy Yw`znc`km wntj tjb slnccs

rbqunrbm ta iagpcbgbkt tjb iurrbkt tbijkacaoy `km nkvbstgbkt icng`tb nk spurrnko

sbcesust`nknko `km lkawcbmob mrnvbk orawtj. @iibss ns cngntbm `t `cc cbvbcs ae tjb

sbitar `km ns gast sbvbrbcy sa ear BIIM, sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak, ]UB]YM `km JB. Akcy

92 pbribkt ae ijncmrbk ae bcnondcb BIIM òb `rb bkraccbm nk ibktbrs. Bvbk tjbk, gast ae

tjbsb ibktbrs aeebr p`rtn`c `spbits ae wj`t auojt ta db ` eucc BIIM praor`g. Ynxtbbk

pbribkt ae ijncmrbk ae prng`ry sijaac òb `rb kat bkraccbm nk prng`ry bmui`tnak. @

stòobrnko ?= pbribkt `km :: pbribkt ae ijncmrbk ae bcnondcb òb `rb kat bkraccbm nk

huknar sbiakm`ry `km sbknar sbiakm`ry sijaacs rbspbitnvbcy. @s sjawk nk Ij`ptbr 9,tjb kakearg`c sbitar bkraccs ` cngntbm kugdbrs ae ijncmrbk wja `rb aut ae earg`c

sijaacs. Nk 466?, `k bstng`tbm =:6 wbrb bkraccbm nk KRVB. Nk 466:, `daut 946 `km 9:6

wbrb bkraccbm nk huknar sbiakm`ry `km sbknar sbiakm`ry kakearg`c praor`gs

rbspbitnvbcy. @daut ? pbribkt ae sijaac cb`vbrs o`nk ìibss ]UB]YM. @ r`kob ae

pc`teargs aeebr ]UB]YM ta yautj `km `mucts dut tjbsb `rb wntjaut st`km`rms `km `rb

ukrbouc`tbm. Nk 4665, `daut 256 wbrb nk kakearg`c ]UB]YM. @k `mmntnak`c 566 ta :66

wbrb nkvacvbm nk sagb earg ae nkearg`c tr`nknko `km prbsbktbm tjbgsbcvbs ear TVC

tjrauoj tr`mb tbsts. Bktbrprnsbs tr`nkbm 4? pbribkt ae tjbnr ukslnccbm warlbrs. @daut

4260 tr`nkbbs wbrb bkraccbm nk ukrbouc`tbm prnv`tb tr`nknko nkstntutnaks gastcy eaiusnko

ak iaggbrin`c tr`nknko ear wjnij tjbrb ns cngntbm g`rlbt mbg`km. JB KBT ns

bstng`tbm `t 4.5 pbribkt. OBT ns `daut = pbribkt `km `daut 2 pbribkt wjbk iaksnmbrnko

stumy `dra`m (466? bst.).




Ear jausbjacms, `km ear tjb oavbrkgbkt, tjb iast ae bmui`tnak, tr`nknko `km slnccs

mbvbcapgbkt sbrvnibs ns ` prng`ry iakstr`nkt ta dra`mbknko ìibss. Vrng`ry sijaac ebbs

`cakb ìiaukt ear kb`rcy 44 pbribkt ae tjb nkiagb ae paar jausbjacms. @daut 0= pbribkt

ae prng`ry bmui`tnak bxpbkmnturbs `km 96 pbribkt ae sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak bxpbkmnturb

`rb iaktrndutbm dy jausbjacms. ]jbsb `rb ukprbibmbktbm prapartnaks, bspbin`ccy ear `

iauktry wjbrb :6 pbribkt ae tjb papuc`tnak cnvbs ak cbss tj`k RY$4 pbr m`y! Jnoj ebbs

`rb `gako tjb lby mbtbrgnk`kts ear ijncmrbk mrappnko aut ae sijaac `km eurtjbr

rbmuinko ìibss. Ear tjb oavbrkgbkt, tjb uknt iast ear `cc eargs ae tbrtn`ry bmui`tnak

`km tr`nknko `rb taa jnoj `km tjbsb cngnt tjb kugdbr ae sijac`rsjnps tjb Oavbrkgbkt

i`k èearm ta onvb. Ear sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak, tjb cngntbm pjysni`c i`pìnty ae tjb systbg

tr`ksc`tbs nkta caw ìibss. Cngntbm i`pìnty `csa tr`ksc`tbs nkta ukdb`r`dcy cako

mnst`kibs tj`t OB] cb`rkbrs j`vb ta w`cl ta sijaac, sagb `vbrònko 0? lncagbtbrs. Yuij

cako mnst`kib g`y bkiauròb cb`rkbr t`rmnkbss, tru`kiy `km mrappnko aut. @iibss ns

`csa cngntbm ear cb`rkbrs wntj mns`dncntnbs.

Tbsaurib nkbeeninbkiy

Ear mneebrbkt rb`saks `km `cako mneebrbkt mngbksnaks, `cc cbvbcs ae tjb B]YMY `rb

rbsauribnkbeeninbkt `km tjns cngnts tjb rbsauribs tjb Oavbrkgbkt iaucm usb ta dra`mbk

ìibss `km mbbpbk qu`cnty. Ear BIIM, ]UB]YM `km JB, tjb ukmbrutncnz`tnak ae

bxnstnko pjysni`c i`pìnty ns ` lby saurib ae rbsaurib nkbeeninbkiy. Ear tjb c`ttbr twa

cbvbcs, ukmbrutncnz`tnak rbsucts erag tjb cngntbm oavbrkgbkt sijac`rsjnps, wjnij

tr`ksc`tb nkta caw nkt`lb, ukmbrutncnz`tnak ae `cc pjysni`c rbsauribs, caw Y]T, jnoj uknt

iast `km tjb iaksbqubkt rbsaurib nkbeeninbkiy. ]jb bxtbkmbm mur`tnak ae gast

uknvbrsnty praor`gs `km tjb iaksbqubkt rbsaurib ngpcni`tnaks sbbg ukhustnenbm onvbk

tjb stumbkt qu`cnty `t bktry. Vaar vbrtni`c `rtniuc`tnak ae iurrniuc`/praor`gs ìrass tjb

B]YMY avbrbxtbkms tjb mur`tnak ae upor`mnko praor`gs, eurtjbr mr`nknko si`rib

rbsauribs. ]jns b`sncy iasts tjb Oavbrkgbkt `km jausbjacms ?2 pbribkt garb ta

pramuib bìj upor`mnko or`mu`tb. ]jb iurrbkt : pbribkt rbp`ygbkt ae tbrtn`ry stumbkt

ca`ks `mms ta tjb iast ae tjb systbg `km rbsaurib w`stòb. Ear OB], jnoj rbpbtntnak

r`tbs, jnoj yb`rnkput pbr or`mu`tb `km dra`m iurrniuc`”nkicumnko prbvai`tnak`c `km

prìtni`c sudhbits”`rb ` mr`nk nk rbsauribs.

Nt ns wartj katnko tj`t sagb nktbrk`c beeninbkiy nkmni`tars `t tjb tbrtn`ry cbvbc `rb

vbry oaam. Tbpbtntnak `km mrapaut r`tbs `rb rbg`rl`dcy caw, bspbin`ccy wjbk

iagp`rbm ta Yautj @erni` `km K`gndn` ear nkst`kib. Bqu`ccy ngprbssnvb `rbpraorbssnak `km iagpcbtnak r`tbs. G`nkt`nknko tjbsb oaam `spbits ae tjb systbg wjncb

apbknko ìibss ear tjasb wja `rb iurrbktcy bxicumbm, waucm db ` cùm`dcb ìjnbvbgbkt

ear Yw`znc`km.

Nkbqunty ae ìibss, nkputs, `km autiagbs

Ak mnvbrsb erakts, tjb systbg ns ijrakni`ccy nkbqunt`dcb `km tjns rbkmbrs nt `k

nkbeebitnvb taac ear rbmnstrndutnko nkiagb `km eìncnt`tnko sain`c bqunty `s nktbkmbm nk

tjb VTY@V. Ne `kytjnko, tjb iurrbkt systbg rbpramuibs `km ibgbkts iurrbkt sain`c

nkbqu`cntnbs.

Vbapcb ae jnoj YBY j`vb ` dbttbr ij`kib ae ìibss ta qu`cnty B]YM. ]jby j`vb

dbttbr BIIM `km OB] sbrvnibs, dbttbr ìibss ta ]UB]YM, `km tjby magnk`tb

p`rtninp`tnak nk JB.




Tur`c mwbccbrs j`vb cngntbm ìibss ta B]YM. Ijncmrbk ae urd`k `km garb èecubkt

e`gncnbs j`vb dbttbr ìibss ta vnrtu`ccy `cc cbvbcs ae tjb B]YMY dut garb sa ear BIIM

`km JB. @cc earg`c ]UB]YM nkstntutnaks `rb nk urd`k ibktbrs `km tjns onvbs urd`k

mwbccbrs b`snbr ìibss tj`k tjbnr rur`c iauktbrp`rts. RKNY_@„s i`gpusbs `rb `csa

gastcy nk urd`k `km/ar pbrnurd`k ibktbrs. ]jb kakearg`c sbiakm ij`kib appartukntnbs

ear OB] i`tbr g`nkcy ta urd`k mwbccbrs dy vnrtub ae tjbnr cai`tnak. Tur`c mwbccbrs tbkm

ta j`vb ìibss ta cawbr cbvbcs ae ]UB]YM. ]jns sntu`tnak mabs kat damb wbcc ear tjb

VTY@V beearts ta drnmob nkiagb `km sain`c nkbqu`cntnbs dbtwbbk urd`k `km rur`c `rb`s.

@muct cb`rkbrs j`vb cngntbm p`tjw`ys ta OB], ta upor`mb tjbnr slnccs, `km ta rb

taac tjbgsbcvbs ear bgbronko appartukntnbs. @mucts g`y kat usb tjb kakearg`c

p`tjw`y ta `tt`nk ` prng`ry sijaac ibrtneni`tb. _ntjaut tjns ibrtneni`tb, nt ns mneeniuct ear

tjbg ta praorbss tjrauoj tjb OB] cbvbcs. ]UB]YM praor`gs g`nkcy t`robt prb

bgpcaygbkt tr`nkbbs `km tjus cb`vb aut `mucts wja iaucm j`vb dbkbentbm erag tjbg.

]jb praor`gs `rb g`nkcy ae cako mur`tnak `km tjns iakstntutbs ` mnsnkibktnvb ear `mucts

ta upslncc ar ta o`nk kbw slnccs. Yngnc`rcy, tbrtn`ry nkstntutnaks j`vb vbry cngntbm sjart

tbrg iaursbs tj`t waucm dbkbent `mucts. ]jb cngntbm appartukntnbs ear hustnktngb

sjarttbrg iaursbs rbstrnit Yw`znc`km„s òncnty ta rbspakm ta ukbxpbitbm appartukntnbs

suij `s tjasb pravnmbm dy EMNs `km dy c`dar g`rlbt ij`kobs.

Cb`rknko autiagbs `rb `csa dbttbr ear cb`rkbrs ae jnoj YBY. Caoni`ccy, tjby j`vb

dbttbr cbvbcs ae bmui`tnak`c `tt`nkgbkt. ]jns ns gast bvnmbkt nk tjb mnstrndutnak ae OB]

cb`rknko autiagbs `km nk tjb prbmagnk`kib ae jnoj YBY cb`rkbrs nk tjb jnojbr cbvbcs ae

tjb systbg.

Pu`cntybkj`kinko rbsaurib nkputs `rb iakibktr`tbm nk urd`k ibktbrs wjbrb `

c`robr prapartnak ae ijncmrbk `rb erag garb èecubkt e`gncnbs. ]jns ns gast bvnmbkt nktjb rbsaurinko ae BIIM ibktbrs `km nk tjb mbpcaygbkt ae qu`cnenbm OB] tbìjbrs.

Vudcni spbkmnko mnsprapartnak`tbcy dbkbents tjb rnij bxibpt `t tjb prng`ry cbvbc.

]jb tap qunktncb rbibnvbs 4: pbribkt ae pudcni sudsnmnbs ta sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak `km 5:

pbribkt ae sudsnmnbs ta jnojbr bmui`tnak. ]jbsb nkbquntnbs `rb bvbk garb st`rl wjbk

iaksnmbrnko tj`t ?6 pbribkt ae uknvbrsnty stumbkts iagb erag tjb rnijbst qunktncb.

Vrnv`tb ar jausbjacms iaktrndutnaks ta tjb sbitar `rb jnojbst `t tjb OB] wjbrb tjb

ducl ae tjb paar p`rtninp`tb `km vnrtu`ccy kakbxnstbkt `t tjb tbrtn`ry cbvbc wjnij ns

magnk`tbm dy tjb rnij.

Maudteuc rbcbv`kib

Mub g`nkcy ta paar vbrtni`c `rtniuc`tnak, tjb systbg j`s caw nktbrk`c rbcbv`kib. Cawbr

cbvbcs sbbg ta kat db `dcb ta beebitnvbcy prbp`rb cb`rkbrs ear sudsbqubkt cbvbcs. Jnoj

OB] rbpbtntnak r`tbs suoobst tj`t cb`rkbrs bktbr tjns cbvbc wntjaut tjb rbqunsntb

rb`mnkbss ta cb`rk. ]jns ns mub g`nkcy ta tjb paar ìibss ta ‚‚qu`cnty‗ BIIM praor`gs

bvbk ear tjb 92 pbribkt ae ijncmrbk wja `rb bkraccbm. ]jns ns `csa bvnmbkt wjbk tbrtn`ry

nkstntutnaks nksnst tj`t upor`mnko stumbkts rbst`rt praor`gs ae stumnbs erag sir`tij. Nt

ns `csa icb`r nk tjb cngntbm p`tjw`ys wntjnk `km ìrass sudsbitars `km dbtwbbk tjb

earg`c `km tjb kakearg`c systbgs.




]jb iagdnkbm cìl ae k`tnak`c `km sudrbonak`c c`dar g`rlbt nkearg`tnak, trìbr

stumnbs, `km k`tnak`c jug`k rbsauribs mbvbcapgbkt str`tboy cb`vbs tjb systbg wntj

cngntbm iubs ak tjb typbs ae autputs nt gust suppcy. ]brtn`rycbvbc iaursbs sbbg ta db

mbtbrgnkbm dy tjb `v`nc`dncnty ae rbsauribs suij `s tbìjbrs `km eìncntnbs r`tjbr tj`k dy

tjb g`rlbt mbg`km. ]jb tbrtn`ry systbg sbbgs ta kat j`vb bst`dcnsjbm gbij`knsgs ear

st`ynko nk tukb wntj `km rbspakmnko ta tjb kbbms ae tjbnr nggbmn`tb iaggukntnbs,

nkmustry `km ta tjb avbr`cc k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt ij`ccbkobs. Gbij`knsgs ear

nkvacvnko st`lbjacmbrs nk mbtbrgnknko praor`gs ae stumy `km rbsb`rij praor`gs `rb

wb`l `km gast lby st`lbjacmbrs j`vb cnttcb appartuknty ear nkputs.

]UB]YM praor`gs `rb ybt ta g`nkstrb`g JNU/@NMY. Nk `mmntnak, `cc cbvbcs ae tjb

B]YM j`vb wb`l ta ka p`star`c iauksbcnko praor`gs ear cb`rkbrs/stumbkts.

]`dcb ?.08 Lby Tbiaggbkm`tnaks nk Ybqubktn`c Armbr

Nggbmn`tb (466>/4606) Gbmnug-tbrg (4600/4602) Cako-tbrg (4605/4646)

Ytrbkotjbk pacniy `km str`tboni mnrbitnak ear euturb sbitar mbvbcapgbkt

Tbvnsb tjb 0>>> sbitar pacniywntj bgpj`sns ak tr`ksc`tnko tjbsbitar nkta ` k`tnak`c `kmsb`gcbss CCC systbg wntj rb`cp`tjw`ys `km bqu`cappartukntnbs ear `cc. ]jb pacniysjaucm rbspakm ta tjb iurrbktk`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt rbeargòbkm`. Nt sjaucm `csa dbiaoknz`kt ae iurrbkt ocad`ctjnklnko ak tjb racb ae B]YM nksuppartnko lkawcbmob-mrnvbkorawtj `km sain`c bqunty.

Mbvbcap ` cako-tbrg sbitarstr`tboy tj`t apbr`tnak`cnzbs tjbk`tnak`c sbitar pacniy `km tj`tpragatbs ` d`c`kibmmbvbcapgbkt ae tjb sbitar.

Mbvbcap ` snguc`tnak gambc ta

bstng`tb tjb iast ae prapasbmsbitar rbeargs, èearm`dncnty `kmsust`nk`dncnty ae tjb str`tboy `kmta ounmb pacniy mbd`tbs `kmmbinsnaks ak tr`mb-aees dbtwbbknkvbstgbkts nk tjb sbitar.

Enk`cnzb tjb mrèt ]UB]YMpacniy nk cnkb wntj tjb k`tnak`csbitar pacniy.

Enk`cnzb tjb mrèt BIIM pacniy`km `cnok nt ta tjb sbitar pacniy.

Mbvbcap `k @DB] pacniy.

Mbvbcap ` sbitar-spbineni NI]spacniy tj`t ns `kijarbm nk tjbk`tnak`c NI]s pacniy.

Mbvbcap ` sbitar-spbineniJNU/@NMY pacniy.

Mbvbcap ` OB] tbxtdaal pacniy

ta ounmb pravnsnak, mnstrndutnak,g`kòbgbkt `km utncnz`tnak.

Mbvbcap jnojbr-bmui`tnakpacniy wjnij bgpj`snzbs tjbsudsbitar„s cb`mbrsjnp nklkawcbmob km nkkav`tnak,k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt `kmYw`znc`km„s ocad`ciagpbtntnvbkbss.

Rpm`tb tjb 0>:9 Bmui`tnak @itta dbttbr bk`dcb tjbngpcbgbkt`tnak ae kbw pacninbs.

Rpm`tb sudsbitar spbineni Dnccs`km @its nk `cnokgbkt wntj tjbkbw Bmui`tnak @it.

\GaVYN ta enk`cnzb tjb JTMYW

Vbrnamni`ccy upm`tb tjb sbitarpacniy, `km str`tboy ta rbecbitkbw mbvbcapgbkt ij`ccbkobs.

(]`dcb iaktnkubs ak kbxt pòb)




]`dcb ?.0 (iaktnkubm)


@mapt ` d`c`kibm bxp`ksnak ae ìibss ta B]YM

@ppcy tjb `davb gbktnakbmsnguc`tnak gambc ta ounmb `k`ppraprn`tb d`c`kib nkbxp`ksnak ae ìibss, st`ynkoiaoknz`kt ae tjb k`tnak`cmbvbcapgbkt ngpbr`tnvbs.

Erag 4606, ngpcbgbkt tjbuknvbrs`c erbb prng`ry bmui`tnakpacniy (REVB).

Bxtbkm tjb prng`ry sijaac bktryta : yb`rs nk armbr ta e`st trìl

REVB. _jbrb mbg`km w`rr`kts nt,

bxtbkm Ybdbkt` praor`gs tasbcbit prng`ry sijaacs `kmpravnmb KRVB praor`gs ta `ccijncmrbk ae prng`ry sijaac-oankoòb.

Dbkijg`rl KRVB cbvbcs tatjasb ae earg`c prng`rybmui`tnak `km `ccaw ear prng`rysijaac rb-bktry `t or`mb/òb`ppraprn`tb cbvbcs.

G`lb pravnsnak ear `muctcb`rkbrs wja iagpcbtb KRVB tawrntb prng`ry sijaac cb`vnkobx`gnk`tnaks.

@mapt ` pacniy ta mnssain`tb tjbnkt`lb ae YIA] `km RKNY_@erag tjb kugdbr ae `v`nc`dcbOavbrkgbkt sijac`rsjnps. ]jbpacniy sjaucm `csa `ccaw ear ebb-p`ynko stumbkts ta db `mgnttbmdy tjbsb nkstntutnaks.

Bxp`km pra-paar BIM ìibss tarbìj 56 pbribkt KBT `kmbxp`km pra-paar prb-prng`ryìibss ta rbìj :6 pbribkt KBT.

Bxp`km earg`c `km kakearg`cprng`ry bmui`tnak ìibss tabk`dcb ` ‚066 pbribkt„ KBT.

Yust`nk tjb bxtbkmbm prng`rysijaac bktry òb uktnc 4604, `kmtjbk rbvbrt ta tjb 5-yb`r bktry.

Bxp`km pjysni`c i`pìnty ear `

066 pbribkt praorbssnak eragprng`ry ta huknar sbiakm`rybmui`tnak.

Bxp`km sbknar sbiakm`rybmui`tnak ìibss ta 26 pbribktKBT.

Tb-rbonstbr `cc –nccbo`c sijaacs‗d`sbm ak tjbnr iagpcn`kib wntjtjb DGV (dbcaw).

Bxp`km pjysni`c i`pìnty ear 02pbribkt praorbssnak erag huknar

sbiakm`ry sijaac ta UB]. Rpor`mb = TBIs nkta U]I `km

nktramuib Cbvbc NNN tr`nknko earsbiakm`ry sijaac cb`rkbrs.

@tt`nk eucc apbr`tnak`c i`pìnty earYIA] `km RKNY_@.

Bxp`km pra-paar BIM ìibssta rbìj :6 pbribkt KBT `kmpra-paar prb-prng`ry ìibss tarbìj 066 pbribkt KBT.

Bxp`km sbknar sbiakm`rybmui`tnak ìibss ta rbìj ` 56pbribkt KBT.

Rpor`mb = TBIs nkta U]Is`km sust`nk tjb pravnsnak aeCbvbc NNN tr`nknko ear sbiakm`rysijaac cb`rkbrs.

Bxp`km pjysni`c i`pìnty ear `96 pbribkt praorbssnak erag huknar sbiakm`ry ta UB]

Bxp`km pjysni`c i`pìnty ear:6 pbribkt praorbssnak r`tberag sbknar sbiakm`ry tatbrtn`ry bmui`tnak `km tr`nknkoiagprnsnko8

=6 pbribkt ]UB]YM, nkicumnkokursnko bmui`tnak `km jb`ctjsinbkibs<

46 pbribkt JB< 46 pbribkt bmui`tar tr`nknko.







Br`mni`tb sauribs ae nkbqu`cntnbs ae B]YM appartukntnbs

@mapt ` pbr i`pnt` enk`kinkoer`gbwarl ear OB] `km]UB]YM ta bk`dcb ensi`crbsauribs ta eaccaw stumbktsr`tjbr tj`k eaccaw kakensi`crbsauribs.

Br`mni`tb enk`kin`c d`rrnbrs taprng`ry bmui`tnak dy`dacnsjnko mnrbit `km nkmnrbitiasts ear `cc prng`ry bmui`tnakpupncs wntjnk tjb earg`c `km

kakearg`c systbg. Yust`nk or`kts ear AUI.

Mbvbcap `k nkicusnvb bmui`tnakpacniy.

@rtniuc`tb ` quat` systbg ear`mgnttnko ijncmrbk erag rur`c`km paarcy rbsauribm sijaacsta or`mb : `km or`mb 00 `kmmbvbcap ì`mbgni suppartpraor`gs ta bk`dcb tjbg tai`tij up wntj tjbnriauktbrp`rts.

Mbsnok `k nkibktnvb pìlòbnkicumnko s`c`ry nkirbgbkts `kmpragatnak irntbrnak `kmrbmbpcay qu`cnenbm tbìjbrs tarur`c sijaacs.

Irb`tb pjysni`c i`pìnty ear ` 56pbribkt KBT ear BIM.

@mapt ` pbr i`pnt` enk`kinkoearguc` ear BIM `km prb-prng`rybmui`tnak.

Yust`nk or`kts ear AUI `km g`lbtjbg iakmntnak`c ak suiibsseuciagpcbtnak.

Br`mni`tb pjysni`c d`rrnbrs taìibss ta OB] dy8

a ngpcbgbktnko tjb nkicusnvbbmui`tnak pacniy<

a `rtniuc`tnko, `maptnko `kmngpcbgbktnko ` i`tijgbkt `rb`pacniy tj`t bk`dcbs `cc OB]cb`rkbrs ta db wntjnk ` 9lncagbtbr r`mnus ae tjbnr sijaacar wntjnk ` 96 gnkutb w`clnkomnst`kib erag tjbnr sijaac<

a mbvbcapnko ` cb`rkbr tr`kspartpacniy `km ngpcbgbktnko nt<

a mbvbcapnko `k apbr`tnak`c pc`k

ear gntno`tnko saina-iuctur`cd`rrnbrs ta OB] cb`rkbrs suij`s JNU/@NMY stnog`, iuctur`cmnsirngnk`tnak `km ic`ssmnsirngnk`tnak<

Ngpcbgbkt tjb or`mb : `km or`mb00 `mgnssnak quat` systbg.

Irb`tb pjysni`c i`pìnty ear `k:6 pbribkt KBT ear BIM.

Yust`nk iakmntnak`c or`kts earAUIs.

@rtniuc`tb `km earg`ccy `mapt ÒB] eukmnko earguc` tj`t`ccaws ear ` jausbjacm-ta-Oavbrkgbkt iaktrndutnak r`tnaae 068>6 ear huknar sbiakm`rybmui`tnak `km 468:6 ear sbknarsbiakm`ry bmui`tnak.

Br`mni`tb pjysni`c d`rrnbrs taOB] dy8

a irb`tnko i`pìnty ear :6pbribkt praorbssnak r`tberag prng`ry ta sbiakm`rybmui`tnak<

a mbvbcapnko km ngpcbgbktnko` jastbc pacniy wjbrb tjbi`tijgbkt `rb` `km cb`rkbrtr`kspart `rb kat beebitnvbsacutnaks<

a ngpcbgbktnko tjb apbr`tnak`cpc`k ear gntno`tnko saina-iuctur`c d`rrnbrs ta OB]ìibss.







Ngpravb `km iaksacnm`tb tjb qu`cnty ae B]YM

Earg`ccy `mapt ` iagpbtbkiyd`sbm OB] `km ]UB]YM.

@mapt ` pacniy ta nktramuib `tngb daukm tbìjbr/nkstruitarcnibksbb.

@mapt ` pacniy ta ngpartqu`cnenbm g`tjbg`tnis, sinbkib`km NI]s tbìjbrs.

@rtniuc`tb ` cai`cnz`tnak pc`k earg`tjbg`tnis, sinbkib `km NI]sbxp`trn`tb tbìjbrs.

@mapt ` pacniy ta nktramuibtbrtn`ry prb-bktry praor`gs earg`tjbg`tnis, sinbkib `kmNI]s. ]jb sbrvnib pravnmbr eartjbsb praor`gs sjaucm dbsbcbitbm ak ` iagpbtntnvbd`sns.

Mbenkb iagpbtbkinbs ta dbìqunrbm `t bìj OB] `km]UB]YM cbvbc.

Mbenkb iagpbtbkinbs tj`ttbìjbrs/nkstruitars kbbm tatbìj `t bìj cbvbc ae tjb B]YMY.

Tbvnsb OB] `km ]UB]YMiurrniuc` nk cnkb wntj iagpbtbkiy-d`sbm bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko(IDB]).

Tbvnsb `ssbssgbkt taacs ta

rbecbit òrbbm OB] `km ]UB]YMiagpbtbkinbs.

Tbvnsb stumbkt rbpart i`rms taiaggukni`tb ìqunsntnak aeòrbbm iagpbtbkinbs.

Mbvbcap st`km`rms ear OB] `km]UB]YM.

Mbvbcap nkput kargs earOB]/UB] nkstntutnaks `km`rtniuc`tb ` DGV ear bìj cbvbc aetjbsb nkstntutnaks.

Mbvbcap `km `mapt tjb k`tnak`cqu`cneni`tnak er`gbwarl (KPE)d`sbm ak tjb st`km`rms earstumbkts `kmbmui`tars/nkstruitars.

Tbvnsb tbìjbr bmui`tnak `kmnkstruitar iurrniuc` ta prbp`rbbmui`tars ear IDB].

Mbvbcap ` tngb daukmtbìjbr/nkstruitar cnibksb systbg.

Mbenkb iagpbtbkinbs ear OB]

`km ]UB]YM sijaac/nkstntutnakjb`ms

Mbvbcap ` gamuc`rnzbmsijaac/nkstntutnak jb`m tr`nknkopraor`g `km nktbor`tb enk`kin`cg`kòbgbkt nk tjb tr`nknkopraor`g.

Ngpcbgbkt tbrtn`ry prb-bktrypraor`gs.

Ngpcbgbkt ` tngb daukmtbìjbr/nkstruitar cnibksbbsystbg.

Cai`cnzb `cc g`tjbg`tnis,sinbkib `km NI]s tbìjbrs.

]r`nk `cc sijaac/nkstntutnakjb`ms, mbvbcap tjbnrpbrearg`kib st`km`rms `kmpcìb tjbg ak pbrearg`kibiaktrìts.

Tb-rbonstbr `cc OB]/UB]

nkstntutnaks nk iagpcn`kib wntjtjb KPE `km tjb DGV.

Akib `cc OB]/UB] nkstntutnaks`rb nk iagpcn`kib wntj tjbDGV, `rtniuc`tb tjb aptngugpìlòb ear `cc nkstntutnaks taiagpcy wntj.







Ngpravb rbsaurib beeninbkiy `km mnvbrsney tjb enk`kinko d`sb

Aptngnzb tjb usb ae iurrbktpjysni`c i`pìnty ear BIIM,]UB]YM `km JB i`pìnty.

Ngpcbgbkt tjb iurrbktrbpbtntnak pacniy.

@mapt tjb pacniy ta nkirb`sbY]T `t `cc cbvbcs ae tjb systbg.

@ppankt ` prnv`tb bktnty tag`kòb tjb tbrtn`ry stumbktca`k sijbgb, `km ij`rob nt taaptngnzb rbp`ygbkt r`tbs ta 96

pbribkt.

Tbmbsnok tjb sijac`rsjnpsijbgb nkta ` euccy-rbiavbr`dcb ca`k sijbgb, `kmmbcbo`tb nts g`kòbgbkt ta tjbprnv`tb bktnty.

Mbibktr`cnzb tjb g`kòbgbktae YIA] `km UAI]NG `km`ccaw tjbg ta g`kòb tjbnrawk saurib rbvbkubs.

Nkstntutb tjb p`yracc cbvy.

@rtniuc`tb `km ngpcbgbkt `kapbr`tnak`c pc`k ear rb-`ttrìtnko nktbrk`tnak`cmbvbcapgbkt p`rtkbrs ta tjbsbitar.

T`tnak`cnzb tjb OB] iurrniucugnkta = iarb sudhbits `km 9bcbitnvbs.

]r`ksebr prbvai`tnak`c sudhbitserag OB] sijaacs ta UB]nkstntutnaks `km rbpcìb tjbg wntj` cbvbc NNN qu`cneni`tnak.

Nkirb`sb Y]T ta =680 ear prng`rybmui`tnak, 9280 ear sbiakm`rybmui`tnak, `km 0280 ear tbrtn`rynkstntutnaks.

Tbmuib tbrtn`ry uknt iast dybxp`kmnko bkraccgbkts (rbebr tarbiaggbkm`tnak ak ìibss) `kmtjus nkirb`snko tjb Y]T `sautcnkbm `davb.

Tbmuib tjb mur`tnak ae RKNY_@iaursbs dy 0 yb`r.

Ngpcbgbkt tjb kbw stumbkt ca`ksijbgb.

Aptngnzb tjb tbrtn`ry ca`ksrbp`ygbkt r`tb ta 56 pbribkt.

Ytrb`gcnkb `km ngpravb tjbsbitar dumobt struiturb ta bk`dcbbeebitnvb gakntarnko ae spbkmnko.]jns sjaucm nkicumb icb`rbmsbp`r`tnak ae spbkmnko ntbgs cnkb,ukdukmcnko AUIs or`kts erag–`mgnknstr`tnak,‗ icb`r mbcnkb`tnakae @DB] `km ]UB]YMbxpbkmnturb, `km tjb nkicusnak aesijac`rsjnps ukmbr tjb dumobts aerbspbitnvb rbinpnbkt nkstntutnak.

YIA] `km RKNY_@ sjaucmiaktrndutb 06 pbribkt ae tjbnrbxpbkmnturb erag tjbnr awksaurib rbvbkubs.

Aptngnzb tbrtn`ry rbp`ygbktr`tbs ta ka cbss tj`k :6pbribkt.







Ngpravb rbcbv`kib

Bst`dcnsj tjb K]@ wntjbgpcaybr g`harnty `kmbgpcaybb rbprbsbkt`tnak nk tjbda`rm ae mnrbitars.

Bxp`km nkmustry rbprbsbkt`tnakak tjb Rknvbrsnty Iaukinc.

Iaggbkib ` pj`sbmngpcbgbkt`tnak ae IDB].

Ngpcbgbkt tjb KPE.

Tbouc`rnzb stumbkt trìbr stumnbsbxpcantnko tjb patbktn`c ear wbd-d`sbm sbce-trìbr.

Tbouc`rnzb pbrnamni rbvnbw ae]UB]YM praor`gs.

\GaBB ta rbouc`rnzb c`darsurvbys.W

Ytrbkotjbk g`kòbgbkt i`pìnty

@o`nkst `k `maptbm sbitarstr`tboy, ukmbrt`lb ` eucc ùmntear tjb GaB„s mbcnvbry i`pìnty,`km mbvbcap ` i`pìntymbvbcapgbkt praor`g.Jawbvbr, nggbmn`tbcy8

bxp`km tjb BGNY dy sbiakmnkotwa qu`cnenbm pbrsakkbc eragtjb IYA ta tjb GaB ta rb-bst`dcnsj tjb BGNY uknt `t tjb

GaB<a rbmbsnok tjb BGNY `km nts

yb`rcy pudcni`tnak ta eìncnt`tbbeebitnvb gakntarnko ae sbitarpraor`gs<

a strbkotjbk tjb i`pìnty aetjb pc`kknko uknt ae tjb GaBdy `ppanktnko `k `mmntnak`cpacniy rbsb`rij `km pc`kknkospbin`cnst<

a bc`dar`tb tjb g`km`tb ae tjbpc`kknko uknt ta nkicumb tjb

gakntarnko `km bv`cu`tnak aetjb sbitar praor`gs<

a tr`nk `t cb`st twa stèe ae tjbpc`kknko uknt ak dumobtnko.

Mbvbcap ` i`pìnty mbvbcapgbktpraor`g `km nktbor`tb nt nkta tjbenrst gbmnug-tbrg sbitarpraor`g.

Ngpcbgbkt tjb i`pìntymbvbcapgbkt praor`g.



0=6

Tbebrbkibs

@MB@. 466:. 466: Dnbkk`cb ak Bmui`tnak nk @erni`. ]jb Ij`ccbkob ae ]UB]YM Tbearg nk

Gaz`gdnqub8 Oa`cs, Aptnaks `km Iakstr`nkts. @MB@.

@NMY Nkearg`tnak Ibktbr. 4666. L`gp`c`. Ro`km`.

@ccbk, Nrg` @. 0>:2. ]jb Mbvbcapgbkt ae ` K`tnak`c Iarb Iurrniucug ear VrbYijaac Ytèe

Mbvbcapgbkt nk Yw`znc`km. Tbpart prbsbktbm ta Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak `km

RKNIBE, Yw`znc`km.

@ctg`k, G. `km G`ybr, G. 4669. –Avbrvnbw ae Nkmustrn`c Vacniy,‗ nk Jug`k Yinbkibs

Tbsb`rij Iaukinc (4669), Jug`k Tbsaurib Mbvbcapgbkt Tbvnbw 46698

Bmui`tnak, Bgpcaygbkt `km Ylnccs nk Yautj @erni`, JYTI Vrbss, I`pb ]awk.

@tija`rbk`, M`vnm `km Vùc Bsqunbu, bms. 4664. Vrnv`tb ]bijkni`c `km Uai`tnak`c

Bmui`tnak nk YudY`j`r`k @erni`8 Vravnsnak, V`ttbrks `km Vacniy Nssubs. NNBV,

RKBYIA, V`rns.

D`tr`, O. `km @kmrbw Ytakb. 466=. –_arcm Dusnkbss Bkvnrakgbkt Yurvby,‗ nk Ocad`c

Iagpbtntnvbkbss Tbpart 466=/62< `km Nkvbstgbkt Icng`tb, I`p`dncntnbs `km EnrgVbrearg`kib8 Bvnmbkib erag tjb _arcm Dusnkbss Bkvnrakgbkt Yurvby. _`sjnkotak,

M.I., _arcm D`kl.

D`kbrhbb, @., O`cn`kn Y., Cbvnksajk, H. `km _aac`rm, N. 4665. –_jy ns Rkbgpcaygbkt Ya

Jnoj nk Yautj @erni`1‗ INM Yautj @erni` Vrahbit Tbpart, J`rv`rm Rknvbrsnty,

Hucy.

Dbcc, D, Mbv`r`h`k, Y., Obrsdìj, J. 4669. –]jb CakoTuk Biakagni Iasts ae @NMY8

]jbary `km `k @ppcni`tnak ta Yautj @erni`.‗_arcm D`kl, _`sjnkotak, MI.

Dbkkbcc, Vùc. 0>>>. –Cb`rknko ta Ij`kob8 Ylnccs Mbvbcapgbkt @gako tjb

Biakagni`ccy Uuckbr`dcb `km Yain`ccy Bxicumbm nk Mbvbcapnko Iauktrnbs.‗ NCA,

Bgpcaygbkt `km ]r`nknko _arlnko V`pbr Ka. =9, NCA8 Obkbv`.Dcaag, M`vnm B., @h`y G`j`c, `km Tnvbr V`tj @ssain`tbs. 4664. –JNU/@NMY `km tjb

Vrnv`tb Ybitar ’ @ Cntbr`turb Tbvnbw.‗

Dcaag M., I`kknko M. `km Ij`k L. 4665. –Jnojbr bmui`tnak `km mbvbcapgbkt nk

@erni`.‗ @erni` Tbonak Jug`k Mbvbcapgbkt _arlnko V`pbr. 064. _arcm D`kl.

_`sjnkotak M.I.

Djar`t, J. Cukm`cc, V. Tasp`db, Y. 4664. –]jb Yautj @erni`k C`dar G`rlbt nk `

Ocad`cnznko _arcm8 Biakagni `km Cbonsc`tnvb Iaksnmbr`tnaks.‗ Nktbrk`tnak`c

C`dar Aro`knz`tnak. NYDK >4400962?5.

Djar`t, J. `km Cukm`cc, V. 46648 –Bgpcaygbkt, wòbs `km slnccs mbvbcapgbkt8 Enrg

spbineni beebits ’ Bvnmbkib erag twa enrg survbys nk Yautj @erni`.‗ MbvbcapgbktVacniy Tbsb`rij Rknt8 _arlnko V`pbr Ka. 64/5:, I`pb ]awk.



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km 0=0

Durobr, T. `km û, M., 466?. –_òb ]rbkms nk Vast@p`rtjbnm Yautj @erni`8

Iakstruitnko `k B`rknkos Ybrnbs erag Jausbjacm Yurvby M`t`.‗ _arlnko V`pbrs

>56>, Rknvbrsnty ae I`pb ]awk, Mbvbcapgbkt Vacniy Tbsb`rij Rknt.

Ibktr`c Yt`tnstni`c Aeenib 466:. Yw`znc`km mbgaor`pjni `km jb`ctj survby 46656?.

Gd`d`kb (rbpart `km m`t`sbt). @v`nc`dcb erag8 3jttp8//www.gb`surbmjs.iag;

\@iibssbm Hucy 466:W.

Ij`turvbmn, B., D.I. Yrnv`st`v`, H.U. Ynkoj, `km G. Vr`s`m. 0>:?. –Ngpìt ae Ynx ^b`rs„

Bxpasurb ta tjb NIMY Yijbgb ak Vsyijasain`c Mbvbcapgbkt.‗ Nkmn`k Vbmn`trnis

4=80295=.

Ijnsjacg C., G`l`wtn, O., G`rapb, G. `km Yèucn, Y. 0>>:. Y@MI nkntn`tnvbs nk

bmui`tnak pacniy mbvbcapgbkt, pc`kknko `km g`kòbgbkt8 Tbpart ae ` kbbms

`ssbssgbkt stumy. J`r`rb8 RKBYIA `km Gd`d`kb8 Y@MI Jug`k Tbsauribs

Mbvbcapgbkt Ybitar.

M@KNM@. 4664. –Bv`cu`tnak Tbpart8 M`knsj @ssnst`kib ta Uai`tnak`c Bmui`tnak `km

]r`nknko.‗ Gnknstry ae Earbnok @ee`nrs, Iapbkjòbk.

M`jcg`k, I., Xbko, M. `km _`ko. Y. 466?. Bkj`kinko Ijnk`„s iagpbtntnvbkbss tjrauoj

cnebcako cb`rknko. ]jb _arcm D`kl, _`sjnkotak M.I.

Mn`s, T. `km Vasbc, M. 466?. –Rkbgpcaygbkt, Bmui`tnak `km Ylnccs Iakstr`nkts nk Vast

@p`rtjbnm Yautj @erni`.‗ MVTR _arlnko V`pbr 6?/046, G`rij. jttp8//www.

iaggbrib.uit.ì.z`/rbsb`rijQuknts/mpru/_arlnkoV`pbrs/VMEQEncbs/_VQ6?

046.pme

Mrèt @itnak Vraor`g ear tjb Tbmuitnak ae Vavbrty (4662’4602), VTY@V Uacugb 4.

Vavbrty Tbmuitnak ]`sl Earib, Gnknstry ae Biakagni Vc`kknko `km

Mbvbcapgbkt, G`rij 4662, Yw`znc`km.B`rtjtrbkms Iauktry Vraencbs. Biakagni Nkmni`tars”Yw`znc`km. Jttp8//b`rtjtrbkms.

wrn.aro/pmeQcndr`ry/iauktryQpraencbs/biaQiauQ?=:.pme.

Bmw`rms, C. 4669. –@ enrgcbvbc `k`cysns ae tr`mb, tbijkacaoy `km bgpcaygbkt nk

Yautj @erni`,‗ Mnsiussnak V`pbr 2, Ocad`cnz`tnak `km Vavbrty Vraor`g,

Mbp`rtgbkt ae Biakagnis, Rknvbrsnty ae I`pb ]awk, I`pb ]awk.

Bmw`rms, C. `km T. C`wrbkib. 4665. –Yautj @erni`k ]r`mb Vacniy G`ttbrs8 ]r`mb

Vbrearg`kib `km ]r`mb Vacniy.‗ K`tnak`c Durbù ae Biakagni Tbsb`rij

_arlnko V`pbr Ka. 04?56.

E`snj ]. 466:. –Cnklnko bmui`tnak pacniy ta c`dar g`rlbt autiagbs.‗ _`sjnkotak, MI,

_arcm D`kl.Ecbtjijbr, Er`kibs O`nc. 0>>9. –]jb ]bkmbr ^b`rs8 @ Ounmb `km Tbebrbkib ear Vrb

Yijaac ]bìjbrs nk Yw`znc`km.‗ K`tnak`c Ypnrntu`c @ssbgdcy ae D`j`„ns ae

Yw`znc`km, V.A. Dax 4>:, Gd`d`kb.

Eaam & Dbvbròb YB]@. 4662. –Ybitar`c Ylnccs Vc`k8 46624606.‗ Mrèt Maiugbkt8

Aitadbr 4662, Eaam & Dbvbròb YB]@, Vrbtarn`.

Earsytjb 4664. _j`ccby, @gy `km @c`k _jntbsnmb. 466? –Tbvnbwnko Bgbrobkinbs

Yjnetnko tjb V`r`mnog ear ` Kbw Br`,‗ K`tnak`c Bgbrobkiy Iaukinc ak

JNU/@NMY (KBTIJ@), Ybptbgdbr.

Obrbnk, K., Orbbk, D, `km Vb`rsak, Y. 4665. –]jb Ngpcni`tnaks ae Yjartòbs ae Jb`ctj

Vraebssnak`cs ear G`tbrk`c Jb`ctj nk YudY`j`r`k @erni`.‗ Tbpramuitnvb Jb`ctj G`ttbrs 0=(4?)8 =6’26.



0=4 _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

Ocbwwb, V., J.O. Hìady, `km B.G. Lnko. 4660. –B`rcy Ijncmjaam Kutrntnak `km

@i`mbgni @ijnbvbgbkt8 @ Cakontumnk`c @k`cysns.‗ Haurk`c ae Vudcni Biakagnis

:0(9)8 9=2’95:.

Ocbwwb V., B. G`no`, `km J. Xjbko 466?. –]jb iaktrndutnak ae bmui`tnak ta biakagni

orawtj nk sudY`j`r`k @erni`8 Tbvnbw ae bvnmbkib.‗ Mbp`rtgbkt ae @ppcnbm

Biakagnis. Rknvbrsnty ae Gnkkbsat`.

Oacmdbro, Ntzj`l, Cbb Dr`kstbttbr, Hajk O`drnbc Oamm`rm, `km Ygnt` Lurn`lasb. 466:.

–Ocad`cnz`tnak `km ]bijkacaoy @dsarptnak nk Burapb `km Ibktr`c @sn`8 ]jb

Tacb ae ]r`mb, EMN, `km Irassdarmbr Lkawcbmob Ecaws.‗ _arlnko V`pbr Ka.

026. _arcm D`kl, _`sjnkotak, MI.

Oavbrkgbkt ae tjb Lnkomag ae Yw`znc`km. ]jb Nkmustrn`c `km Uai`tnak`c ]r`nknko @it,

0>:4. @it Ka. 05 ae 0>:4. Gnknstry ae Bktbrprnsb `km Bgpcaygbkt.

”””. 0>:=. K`tnak`c Bmui`tnak Tbvnbw Iaggnssnak (KBTIAG).

”””. 4669. ]jb Jug`k Tbsauribs Vc`kknko `km Mbvbcapgbkt Dncc, 4669. Mrèt warlnko

maiugbkt.

Or`ktj`gGiOrboar, Y.G., I.@. Vawbcc, Y.V. _`clbr, `km H.J. Jngbs. 0>>0.

–Kutrntnak`c Yuppcbgbkt`tnak, Vsyijasain`c Ytnguc`tnak, `km Gbkt`c

Mbvbcapgbkt ae Ytuktbm Ijncmrbk8 ]jb H`g`ni` Ytumy.‗ C`kibt 99:802.

Oustèssak, G. `km v`k mbr Dbro, Y. Biakagni `km enk`kin`c `spbits ae bmui`tnak nk

Yw`znc`km8 Nkput nkta _arcm D`kl Tbvnbw ae Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko nk Yw`znc`km

J`kusjbl B. `km Lngla M. 4666. –Yijaacnko, c`darearib qu`cnty `km tjb orawtj ae

k`tnaks.‗ @gbrni`k Biakagni Tbvnbw. >6800:=046:.

J`kusjbl B. `km _õÑg`kk. 466?. Bmui`tnak qu`cnty `km biakagni orawtj.

_`sjnkotak MI. ]jb _arcm D`kl. Mb Ebrr`ktn bt `c. 4669. Icasnko tjb o`p nkbmui`tnak `km tbijkacaoy. _`sjnkotak MI, ]jb _arcm D`kl.

NNBV8 Y@IGBP (466=). Y@IGBP NN 4666 m`t`sbt. J`r`rb.

Nktbrk`tnak`c Gakbt`ry Eukm. 466:. Ytèe Tbpart ear tjb 466? @rtnicb NU Iaksuct`tnaks.

NGE.

”””. 4665. Ytèe Tbpart ear tjb 4662 @rtnicb NU Iaksuct`tnaks. NGE.

”””. 466:. _arcm Biakagni Autcaal M`t`d`sb.

Nktbrk`tnak`c Aro`knz`tnak ear Gnor`tnak. 466:. _arcm Gnor`tnak Tbpart 466: , p. =00.

M`vnbs, H., ]. _bla, C. Lng `km B._. ]jucstrup, –]jbg`tni Tbvnbw ae ]brtn`ry

Bmui`tnak8 Enkc`km.‗ ABIM, V`rns, 4665.

Haj`ksak, Tnij`rm. 466=. –Ngpcni`tnaks ae Ocad`cnz`tnak `km Biakagni Tbstruiturnkoear Ylnccs Mbvbcapgbkt nk YudY`j`r` @erni`,‗ NCA Obkbv`, Hukb 466=.

Haj`ksak, Tnij`rm, `km @rvnc U`k @m`gs. 466=. Ylnccs Mbvbcapgbkt nk YudY`j`r`k

@erni`. _arcm D`kl, _`sjnkotak, M. I.

Lnko, Lbkkbtj `km Tadbrt V`cgbr. 4665. –Ylnccs Mbvbcapgbkt `km Vavbrty Tbmuitnak.‗

]jb Vastd`sni Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko _arlnko V`pbr Ybrnbs Ka. >. Bmnkduroj8

Ibktrb ear @erni`k Ytumnbs, `km –Ylnccs, Vavbrty Tbmuitnak, Orawtj `km Bqunty8

]jb Cbssaks.‗

Lnt`bv, Noar. 4664. –Yyktjbsns ae G`nk Enkmnkos erag ]wa Ytumnbs ak Vrnv`tb ]bijkni`c

Uai`tnak`c Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko nk Oj`k` `km X`gdn`. (Vj`sb NN)‗, mrèt NCA

Nktbrk`tnak`c ]r`nknko Ibktbr, ]urnk.Lrubobr, @. `km Cnkmj`c G. 4660. –Bmui`tnak `km Orawtj8 _jy `km ear _jag1

Haurk`c ae Biakagni Cntbr`turb 9> (=)8 006095




Cntijenbcm, M`pjkb A. 466?. @k nkvbstno`tnak ae pradcbgs eìbm dy tjb prbsijaac praor`g nk

tjb G`kznkn rbonak. ]jbsns sudgnttbm nk p`rtn`c eucenccgbkt ae tjb rbqunrbgbkt ear

tjb mborbb ae Dìjbcar ae Bmui`tnak Eìucty ae Bmui`tnak, Rknvbrsnty ae

Yw`znc`km

Calsjnk, Gnij`bc G., Bcbk` Ocnksl`y`, `km G`rnta O`rin`. 4666. –]jb beebit ae b`rcy

ijncmjaam mbvbcapgbkt praor`gs ak wagbk„s c`dar earib p`rtninp`tnak `km

acmbr ijncmrbk„s sijaacnko nk Lbky`‗. Vacniy Tbsb`rij _arlnko V`pbr ka. _VY

49?5. _arcm D`kl, _`sjnkotak, M.I.

Cugdnc`. L. 4662. –_j`t g`lbs EMN warl1 @ p`kbc `k`cysns ae tjb orawtj beebit ae EMN

nk @erni`.‗ @erni` Tbonak _arlnko V`pbr Ka. :6. _arcm D`kl, _`sjnkotak M.I.

Gìwbcb, G & Goatn`g`, X. 4664.‗ Yw`znc`km8 @muct d`sni `km cntbrìy bmui`tnak nk

Y@MI8 ]aw`rms ` rbonak`c str`tboy.‗ V`pbr prbsbktbm `t tjb Ibktrb ear @muct

Bmui`tnak, Rknvbrsnty ae K`t`c Vnbtbrg`rntzduro, 95 Mbibgdbr.

G`rapb. G.]. 4662. K`gndn` jug`k i`pnt`c `km lkawcbmob mbvbcapgbkt ear orawtj

wntj bqunty. ]jb _arcm D`kl, _`sjnkotak, M.I. KD8 ]jb Jnojbr rbturks nk

K`gndn` iaucm rbecbit tjb si`rinty prbgnug.

Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak. 0>>>. K`tnak`c Bmui`tnak Vacniy Yt`tbgbkt.

Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak `km RKNIBE, Yw`znc`km. I`rnko ear Aur Ijncmrbk8 G`ku`c ear

I`rbonvbrs.

Gnknstry ae Biakagni Vc`kknko `km Mbvbcapgbkt (GBVM). 4665`. Uac. 08=4.

”””. 4665d. ^nkoi`gu8 Vavbrty Tbmuitnak Ytr`tboy `km @itnak Vraor`g. Uacugbs 0 `km

4. ]jb Vavbrty Tbmuitnak ]`sl Earib.

”””. 4665i. ^nkoi`gu8 ]aw`rms Yj`rbm Orawtj `km Bgpawbrgbkt. Vavbrty

Tbmuitnak Ytr`tboy `km @itnak Vraor`g, Uacugb 0. Yw`znc`km.Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak. 0>>6. –Ylnccs ear tjb Euturb8 ]jb Tbcbv`kib ae Yijaac `km

]brtn`ry Bmui`tnak ta tjb _arcm ae _arl.‗ Tbpart ae tjb Ypbin`c Iaggnttbb ta

Ytumy VrbUai`tnak`c Bmui`tnak, Gd`d`kb. Aitadbr.

Gnknstry ae Enk`kib, 466:. Bstng`tbs ear yb`rs erag 0st @prnc 466? ta 90st G`rij 4606.

Gd`d`kb.

Gnknstry ae Vudcni Ybrvnib `km Nkearg`tnak (GAVYN). 4662. K`tnak`c Ylnccs Yurvby,

Yw`znc`km8 Enk`c Tbpart. RKNY_@ Iaksuct`kiy `km ]r`nknko Ibktbr. Ebdru`ry 4:.

Gsndn, ]jbgd` I. 0>>:. Tacb `km eukitnak ae prbsijaac bmui`tnak nk prbp`rnko ijncmrbk ear

tjb enrst tjrbb or`mbs nk prng`ry sijaac nk Yw`znc`km. ]jbsns sudgnttbm nk p`rtn`c

eucenccgbkt ae tjb rbqunrbgbkt ear tjb mborbb ae Dìjbcar ae Bmui`tnak. Eìucty aeBmui`tnak, Rknvbrsnty ae Yw`znc`km

Gutuc`, Y. `km U`k Dr`lbc, V. 466?. –NI] slnccs rb`mnkbss ear tjb bgbronko ocad`c mnont`c

biakagy `gako sg`cc dusnkbssbs nk mbvbcapnko iauktrnbs. I`sb Ytumy ae

Datsw`k`.‗ Ebdru`ry 466?.

Gybrs, Tadbrt. 0>>2. ]jb ]wbcvb _ja Yurvnvb8 Ytrbkotjbknko Vraor`gs ae B`rcy

Ijncmjaam Mbvbcapgbkt nk tjb ]jnrm _arcm. 4km Bm. ^psnc`ktn, Gnij.8

Jnoj/Yiapb Vrbss.

Gybrs, Tadbrt, bt `c. 0>:2. –Vrbsijaac Bmui`tnak `s ` I`t`cyst ear Iagguknty

Mbvbcapgbkt.‗ Tbpart prbp`rbm ear R.Y. @obkiy ear Nktbrk`tnak`c Mbvbcapgbkt,

Cng`, Vbru.K`tnak`c Mbvbcapgbkt Ytr`tboy. 0>>>. Unsnak 4644, Lby gìra `km sbitar`c str`tbonbs.

Gd`d`kb8 Oavbrkgbkt Vrnktbr.



0== _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

K`tnak`c Tbvnbw Iaggnssnak ak Bmui`tnak (K@TIAG Tbpart), 0>:2. –Tbearg ]jrauoj

Mn`caoub,‗ Ebdru`ry.

KBTIJ@. 466:. Vrbsbkt`tnak.

Kniin B`rcb & @kmrbw KG V`tbrsak ]jb sj`pb ae mbg`km ear jnojcbvbc òrniuctur`c

slnccs nk tjb Yautj @erni`k c`dar g`rlbt nk Mbvbcapgbkt Yautjbrk @erni`. Uac.

4=, Ka. =, Aitadbr 466?.

KATT@O Kbws Ka. 9?. –Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko Aut ae Vavbrty8 @ Yt`tus Tbpart.‗

G`y.

ABIM. 4666. –Cnkls dbtwbbk Vacniy `km Orawtj8 Irass Iauktry Bvnmbkib.‗ Biakagni

Autcaal. 5:809902=.

”””. 4662. Bmui`tnak `t ` Oc`kib. V`rns.

’”””. 466:. @erni`k Biakagni Autcaal 466: ’ Gaz`gdnqub Iauktry Tbpart.

’”””. 466:. @erni`k Biakagni Autcaal 466: ’ K`gndn` Iauktry Tbpart.

V`bs mb D`rras, T., `km T. Gbkmakï`. 0>>>. –Iasts `km Dbkbents ae Vrbsijaac Bmui`tnak

nk Dr`znc.‗ Tna mb H`kbnra8 Nkstntutb ae @ppcnbm Biakagni Tbsb`rij.

Vjysnin`ks ear Jug`k Tnojts. 466?. Bpnmbgni ae Nkbqu`cnty8 _agbk„s Tnojts `km

JNU/@NMY nk Datsw`k` `km Yw`znc`km. I`gdrnmob, G`ssìjusbtts.

Vrbss Tbcb`sb, Iaksuct`, Y`k Hasb Iast` Tni`, Aitadbr 42, 466?

(jttp8//www.n`md.aro/rbs/Iaksuct`Y`kHasb/).

Tbpartbrs _ntjaut Darmbrs. 4665 @kku`c Tbpart.

Tadbrts, Hbkknebr. Mbibgdbr 4669. –Uai`tnak`c Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko nk tjb Lnkomag

ae Yw`znc`km,) Y@MI UB] Vrahbit.

Yijaac Tbebrr`c Vraor`g Ngpcbgbkt`tnak Tbpart (4665).

Ybdbkt` K`tnak`c Nkstntutb. 466:`. Ybdbkt` K`tnak`c Nkstntutb8 str`tboni pc`k, 466:4600.Gd`d`kb8 Cw`tna G`kòbgbkt Ybrvnibs.

’”””. 466:d. Ybdbkt` K`tnak`c Nkstntutb8 @kku`c enk`kin`c st`tbgbkts ear tjb yb`r 90

G`rij, 466?. Gd`d`kb8 Vrnib w`tbr jausb.

’”””. 466:i. @kku`c rbpart 4665. Gd`d`kb8 Ybdbkt` K`tnak`c Nkstntutb.

Ynìnwbk`, T. 466?. @ rbvnbw ae tjb Nkstntutb ae Mnst`kib Bmui`tnak (NMB) ae tjb Rknvbrsnty ae

Yw`znc`km8 @ stumy iaggnssnakbm dy tjb Iaggakwb`ctj ae Cb`rknko , U`kiauvbr,

I`k`m`.

Yngbc`kb, ]. 466:. Kbw @NMY enourbs8 45% JNU pasntnvb. Tbtrnbvbm ak tjb :tj @uoust, 466:

erag tjb _arcm _nmb _bd8 jttp/www.asns`.aro/kamb/>295.

Yautj @erni`. 4662. Nkiagb `km Bxpbkmnturb Yurvby.Yw`znc`km Iaccbob ae ]bijkacaoy. –466?/466: Vraspbitus.‗

Yw`znc`km Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak `km Burapb`k Mbvbcapgbkt Eukm. 466>. Yuppart ta

Bmui`tnak `km ]r`nknko nk Yw`znc`km< Mnrbit Mbibktr`cnzbm Apbr`tnak< Vraor`g

Bstng`tb Ka. 9, Apbr`tnak`c Vbrnam erag 05 Kavbgdbr 466? ta 90 G`rij 466>.

]bcbiag K`gndn`. 4665. @kku`c Tbpart 4662/4665.

]uil, Tak. 466?. @k Nktramuitary Ounmb ta K`tnak`c Pu`cneni`tnak Er`gbwarls8 Iakibptu`c

`km Vrìtni`c Nssubs ear Vacniy G`lbrs. NCA, Obkbv`.

RKMV. 466>. Jug`k Mbvbcapgbkt Tbpart. jttp8//jmrst`ts.ukmp.aro/iauktrnbsQeìtQ

sjbbts/ityQesQY_X.jtgc. @iibssbm H`k 05, 466>.

RKBYIA8 RNY. 466:. Bmui`tnak st`tnstnis (m`t`sbt). Gaktrb`c. @v`nc`dcb erag83jttp8//www.uns.ukbsia.aro/bvQbk.pjp1RTCQNM79?29&RTCQMA7MAQ]AVNI&

RTCQYBI]NAK7460; \@iibssbm Hucy 466?W.




RKBYIA. 4665. Ocad`c Bmui`tnak Mnobst. V`rns.

RKBYIA DTBM@. 4662. BE@ p`vnko tjb w`y ear ìtnak. RKBYIA, M`l`r. Ybkbo`c.

RKNIBE. 4660. ]jb Yt`tb ae tjb _arcm„s Ijncmrbk Tbpart.

RKNIBE. 4665. Tbpart ak tjb @ssbssgbkt ae Kbnojdarjaam I`rb Vankts, Yw`znc`km.

RKNY_@ Iaksuct`kiy `km ]r`nknko Ibktbr, K`tnak`c Ylnccs survby, Yw`znc`km8 Enk`c

Tbpart. Ebdru`ry 4:, 4662

Ubrspaar @. G. wntj YBN@ ]b`g. 466:. –@t tjb Irassra`ms. Ijanibs ear Ybiakm`ry

Bmui`tnak nk YudY`j`r`k @erni`.‗ ]jb _arcm D`kl. _`sjnkotak MI.

Unc`l`zn, Cnkba. 4666. Yntu`tnak @ssbssgbkt Tbpart8 B`rcy Ijncmjaam I`rb `km Mbvbcapgbkt

nk Yw`znc`km. Gnknstry ae Bmui`tnak `km RKNIBE.

UAI]NG. 466?. @kku`c Tbpart ta tjb GaB.

Z`d`, Gncmrbm. 4665. Yijaac Jb`ctj Vraor`g Tbpart, 4665. Gnknstry ae Jb`ctj `km Yain`c

_bce`rb, 4665, Yw`znc`km.

âuko, G`ry B., `km Cnkm` G. Tnij`rmsak. 466?. –B`rcy Ijncmjaam Mbvbcapgbkt8

Erag Gb`surbgbkt ta @itnak.‗ Ijncmrbk `km âutj Rknt, Jug`k Mbvbcapgbkt

Kbtwarl. _arcm D`kl, _`sjnkotak, MI.

âuko, Gnij`bc. 4662. –K`tnak`c qu`cneni`tnaks er`gbwarls8 ]jbnr eb`sndncnty ear

beebitnvb ngpcbgbkt`tnak nk mbvbcapnko iauktrnbs.‗ Ylnccs _arlnko V`pbr Ka. 44.

NCA, Obkbv`.

_arcm D`kl. 4666. I`k @erni` Ic`ng tjb 40st Ibktury1 _`sjnkotak, M.I.

_arcm D`kl. 4665. –Yw`znc`km8 @ijnbvnko Bmui`tnak ear @cc Ij`ccbkobs `km Vacniy

Mnrbitnaks.‗ _`sjnkotak, MI, _arcm D`kl.

”””. Hukb 466?. –@k @ssbssgbkt ae tjb Nkvbstgbkt Icng`tb nk Yw`znc`km,‗ Tbonak`c

Bktbrprnsb Mbvbcapgbkt Vraor`g, Vrbtarn`. Mrèt. (Jbrbnkètbr rbebrrbm ta `s–NI@‗ rbpart). _`sjnkotak MI. _arcm D`kl.

”””. 466:`. Lnkomag ae Yw`znc`km Nktbrng Ytr`tboy Katb. _`sjnkotak MI8 _arcm D`kl.

”””. 466:d. _arcm Mbvbcapgbkt Nkmni`tars. _`sjnkotak MI. _arcm D`kl.

”””. 466>`. @iibcbr`tnko I`tijup. ]brtn`ry Bmui`tnak ear Orawtj nk YudY`j`r`k @erni`.

_`sjnkotak MI. _arcm D`kl.

”””. 466>d. Vudcni Bxpbkmnturb Tbvnbw8 Ensi`c Yust`nk`dncnty `km tjb G`kòbgbkt

ae Yw`znc`km„s Y@IR Tbvbkub _nkme`cc. _`sjnkotak, MI, _arcm D`kl.

”””. B`rcy Ijncmjaam Mbvbcapgbkt _bdsntb. jttp8//wbd.warcmd`kl.aro/_DYN]B/

BZ]BTK@C/]AVNIY/BZ]I^/BZ]BIM/6,,iaktbktGML8464564?4~gbkuVL82405?

0~pòbVL840662:~pnVL8406654~tjbYntbVL89==>9>,66.jtgc_arcm Biakagni Earug. 466>. Ocad`c Iagpbtntnvbkbss Tbpart.



0=5

@ V V B K M N Z

@ppcni`dcb Vrìtnibs `kmCbssaks erag tjb Tbpudcni

ae Larb` `km Ynko`parb

trako `km eaiusbm oavbrkgbkt cb`mbrsjnp dìlbm dy radust orawtj bk`dcbm tjb

ngpcbgbkt`tnak ae sudst`ktn`c sbitar rbeargs wntjnk ` rb`sak`dcy sjart pbrnam ae

tngb. Dbtwbbk 0>52 `km 0>>>, Ynko`parb„s OMV guctnpcnbm dy ` eìtar ae ?, wjncb tj`t ae

tjb Tbpudcni ae Larb` nkirb`sbm dy ` eìtar ae ?.:. Larb`„s OMV pbr i`pnt` nkirb`sbm

erag RY$066 nk tjb 0>56s ta RY$02,666 nk 4662, wntj bxparts cb`pnko erag RY$0 dnccnak

nk tjb 0>?6s ta RY$426 dnccnak nk 4662. ]jns cbvbc ae orawtj bk`dcbm tjb oavbrkgbkts ta

èearm tjb rbeargs `km ta rbmuib prnv`tb iasts ta B]YM.

Icb`r str`tboni arnbkt`tnak `km prnarntnz`tnak ae mbvbcapgbkt rbeargs8 Ynko`parb

mbcndbr`tbcy pc`kkbm mbvbcapgbkt rbeargs wntj tjrbb mnstnkit pj`sbs8 (n) ` tjnrm tnbrr`pnm `km c`dar `dsardnko nkmustrn`cnznko biakagy erag tjb b`rcy 0>56s, (nn) ` sbiakm

tnbr i`pnt`c nktbksnvb biakagy st`rtnko nk tjb b`rcy 0>:6s `km (nnn) ` lkawcbmobd`sbm

biakagy st`rtnko nk tjb b`rcy 0>>6s. Larb` praorbssbm tjrauoj eaur pc`kkbm

mbvbcapgbkt pj`sbs8 (n) biakagni mnsruptnak `km rbiavbry 0>=20>56, (nn) bxpart

arnbktbm jnojorawtj 0>500>?>, (nnn) struitur`c `mhustgbkt `km st`dncnzbm orawtj 0>:6

4666, `km (nv) tr`ksntnak ta ` LDB 4660ta m`tb.

@cnoknko sbitar rbeargs wntj avbr`cc k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt rbearg òbkm`8 @irass

tjb twa i`sbs, g`har sbitar rbeargs wbrb ngpbccbm dy tjb kbbm ta rbspakm ta tjb

jug`k i`pnt`c kbbms bgbronko erag tjb k`tnak`c mbvbcapgbkt rbearg òbkm`.

Ynko`parb„s mbvbcapgbkt rbeargs ngpbccbm tjrbb w`vbs ae sbitar rbeargs8 st`rtnko wntj` tbijkni`ccyarnbktbm systbg wjbrb bgpj`sns w`s pcìbm ak bxpasnko cb`rkbrs ta

tbijkni`c slnccs, eaccawbm dy `k beeninbkiymrnvbk bmui`tnak, tjbk `k `dncntymrnvbk

pj`sb. Larb`„s sbitar rbeargs rbspakmbm ta nts eaur stòbs ae mbvbcapgbkt `km

eaccawbm tjbsb eaur pj`sbs8 (n) rbiakstruitnak `km tjb bxp`ksnak ae ìibss wntj

bgpj`sns ak `tt`nknko RVB< (nn) bxp`ksnak ae sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak ìibss `km tjb

mbvbcapgbkt ae ]UB]YM nkicumnko tbijkni`c jnoj sijaacs< (nnn) ngpravnko tjb qu`cnty

ae obkbr`c bmui`tnak `km tr`nknko, iaupcbm wntj tjb bxp`ksnak ae ìibss ta jnojbr

bmui`tnak, wntj tjb c`ttbr bgpj`snznko rbcbv`kib `km iagpbtntnvbkbss< `km (nv) jug`k

rbsauribs mbvbcapgbkt wntj bgpj`sns ak rbcbv`kib, ìqunsntnak ae iarb iagpbtbkinbs,

`km tjb pragatnak ae CCC `gako atjbrs.Bgpj`sns ak c`dar g`rlbt rbspaksnvbkbss8 _ntj icb`r snok`cs erag tjb avbr`cc

mbvbcapgbkt rbearg, Ynko`parb„s sbitar praor`gs wbrb iaksnstbktcy `m`ptbm ta tjb

Y



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km 0=?

bgbronko c`dar g`rlbt mbg`kms. Nk 0>5= Ynko`parb bst`dcnsjbm vai`tnak`c sbiakm`ry

sijaacs ta gbbt g`rlbt mbg`kms ae tjb nktbkmbm r`pnm c`dar`dsardnko

nkmustrn`cnz`tnak. Dy 0>5:, `cc g`cb stumbkts wbrb ta j`vb ` twayb`r bxpasurb ta

tbijkni`c sudhbits, wjncb ebg`cb stumbkts wbrb onvbk `k aptnak ta rbonstbr ear jagb

biakagnis `km akb tbijkni`c sudhbit. _ntjnk twa mbi`mbs, 46 pbribkt ae sbiakm`ry

stumbkts wbrb t`lnko tbijkni`c bmui`tnak. Nk tjb b`rcy 0>:6s tjby bgpj`snzbm sinbkib

`km tbijkacaoy ta irb`tb ` c`dar earib tj`t waucm suppart nts avbr`cc str`tboy ta `ttrìt

jnojtbij EMNs `km ta pragatb T&M. ]jb sbiakm pj`sb ae mbvbcapgbkt, tjbrbearb,

bkt`ncbm tjb bxp`ksnak ae ìibss ta jnojbr bmui`tnak wntj `k bgpj`sns ak sinbkib `km

bkonkbbrnko or`mu`tbs. ]jb 0>>6s s`w ` sjnet erag tjb beeninbkiyd`sbm bmui`tnak ae tjb

0>:6s ta `dncntymrnvbk bmui`tnak. ]jb gavb ta LDB `csa ngpcnbm tjb kbbm ear

iaktnkuaus cb`rknko.

Yust`nkbm, òorbssnvb, `km sbqubkibm bxp`ksnak ae ìibss st`rtnko `t tjb cawbr

cbvbcs8 wntjnk 4 mbi`mbs Ynko`parb `tt`nkbm RVB `km uknvbrs`c cawbr sbiakm`ry

bmui`tnak, `ccawnko ear `ttbktnak ta db eaiusbm ak qu`cnty. Nk tjb c`tb 0>=6s, Larb` j`m

29 pbribkt `muct nccntbrìy, `km 04.5 pbribkt ae nts papuc`tnak j`m sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak

ar jnojbr. _ntjnk 2 mbi`mbs, nt j`m rbìjbm >6 pbribkt KBT ear prng`ry, gnmmcb sijaac,

`km jnoj sijaac dy 0>2?, 0>>6, `km 0>>>, rbspbitnvbcy. Garb tj`k 26 pbribkt ae jnoj

sijaac or`mu`tbs bktbrbm jnojbr bmui`tnak.

]jb g`ssneni`tnak ae qu`cnty bmui`tnak dìlbm dy c`dar`dsardnko orawtj `km

beebitnvb mbg`km ear slnccs bk`dcbm sj`rbm orawtj.

Bgpj`sns ak qu`cnty8 _ntjnk =6 yb`rs”0>52 ta 4662”Ynko`parb mbvbcapbm `k

bmui`tnak systbg erag ` st`tb tj`t w`s iagp`r`dcb ta tj`t ae gast iurrbkt mbvbcapnko

iauktrnbs, ta akb tj`t ns iagp`r`dcb ta ABIM iauktrnbs, `km bvbk dbttbr nk sagbrbspbits. Yagb ae tjb qu`cnty bkj`kinko str`tbonbs wbrb8 mneebrbktn`tbm iurrniuc`,

strb`gnko ae prng`ry sijaac cb`rkbrs erag or`mb 4 (nk 0>?>) `km ae sbiakm`ry cb`rkbrs

erag Earg 4 (nk 0>:6), bgpj`sns ak jnojbr armbr tjnklnko `km tjb ukmbrst`kmnko ae

iakibpts, rbouc`r stumbkt `ssbssgbkt, bkj`kibm usb ae NI]s `s ` g`kòbgbkt taac `km

ta eìncnt`tb cb`rkbribktbrbm nkstruitnak, `km iacc`dar`tnvb cb`rknko. Nk `mmntnak,

sijaacs wbrb onvbk ùtakagy avbr tjb iurrniucug `km iaucm iustagnzb nt ta tjbnr

stumbkts„ pbribnvbm `dncntnbs `km bxprbssbm nktbrbsts. Bkrnijgbkt praor`gs ear 5 ta 05

yb`r acms wbrb mbvbcapbm, nkicumnko ` earbnok iauktry vnsnt praor`g. @ttrìtnvb

nkibktnvb pìlòbs wbrb mbvbcapbm ta rbt`nk qu`cnty tbìjbrs. ]jby wbrb aeebrbm jnojbr

rbgukbr`tnak tj`k gbmni`c maitars, invnc sbrv`kts, `km bktry pankt c`wybrs, `km ` euccysudsnmnzbm 066 jaurs ae nksbrvnib praebssnak`c tr`nknko pbr yb`r.

Bgpj`sns ak bqunty8 _bccstruiturbm sbitar pc`ks bk`dcbm Ynko`parb ta ngpravb

bmui`tnak st`km`rms wntj bqu`c trb`tgbkt ear `cc cb`rkbrs. B`rcy ak tjb systbg

bgpj`snzbm g`tjbg`tnis `km sinbkib. Larb` `dacnsjbm bktr`kib bx`gnk`tnaks ear

prng`ry `km sbiakm`ry sijaacs, `km rbpcìbm tjbg wntj ` cattbry `ssnokgbkt. ]jby

rbpcìbm spbineni jnojbr bmui`tnak nkstntutnak bktr`kib bx`gnk`tnaks wntj ` k`tnak`c

akb, nkstntutbm `km bkearibm ` i`tijgbkt `rb` systbg, `ccai`tbm garb rbsauribs ta

sijaacs nk ` paar iakmntnak, rbmuibm iasts dy pravnmnko erbb tbxtdaals, `km mbic`rbm

prnv`tb tutarnko nccbo`c `km rbpcìbm nt wntj sijaac dra`mi`st praor`gs.

Icb`r prnarnty sbttnko `km `ppraprn`tb dumobtnko8 Nk 0>52, Ynko`parb„s bmui`tnak dumobt ìiauktbm ear kb`rcy 4> pbribkt ae tjb tat`c oavbrkgbkt dumobt, 2> pbribkt ae



0=: _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbr

wjnij w`s `ccai`tbm ta prng`ry bmui`tnak, 4? pbribkt ta sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak, `km 0=

pbribkt ta jnojbr bmui`tnak.

Tbsaurib beeninbkiy8 Murnko tjb b`rcy beearts ta uknvbrs`cnzb ìibss, Ynko`parb

nkstntutbm ` r`kob ae iast s`vnko gb`surbs suij `s maudcb `km bvbk trnpcb sjnetnko ae

pjysni`c eìncntnbs, g`kònko tbìjbrs„ s`c`rnbs, jnoj Ytnrs, `km caw iast dut jnoj qu`cnty

daals `km nkstruitnak`c g`tbrn`cs. Larb` `csa `maptbm rbsauribbeeninbkt gb`surbs nk

tjb b`rcy stòbs, nkicumnko c`rob ic`ssbs `km maudcb ta trnpcb sjnets.

I`p`dcb nkstntutnaks wntj i`pìnty ta ngpcbgbkt rbeargs8 I`p`dcycbm nkstntutnaks

`km ukw`vbrnko iaggntgbkt ta ngpcbgbkt rbeargs wbrb `csa lby ta Ynko`parb„s

suiibsseuc rbeargs.



Bia-@umnt

Bkvnrakgbkt`c Dbkbents Yt`tbgbkt

]jb _arcm D`kl ns iaggnttbm ta prbsbrvnko Bkm`kobrbm Earbsts `km k`tur`c rbsauribs.

_b prnkt _arcm D`kl _arlnko V`pbrs `km Iauktry Ytumnbs ak pastiaksugbr rbiyicbm

p`pbr, praibssbm ijcarnkb erbb. ]jb _arcm D`kl j`s earg`ccy `orbbm ta eaccaw tjb

rbiaggbkmbm st`km`rms ear p`pbr us`ob sbt dy Orbbk Vrbss Nkntn`tnvb”` kakpraent

praor`g suppartnko pudcnsjbrs nk usnko endbr tj`t ns kat sauribm erag Bkm`kobrbm

Earbsts. Ear garb nkearg`tnak, vnsnt www.orbbkprbssnkntn`tnvb.aro.

Nk 466:, tjb prnktnko ae tjbsb daals ak rbiyicbm p`pbr s`vbm tjb eaccawnko8

]rbbs* Yacnm _`stb _`tbrKbt Orbbkjausb

O`sbs]at`c Bkbroy

4:> :,600 090,>== 4?,9>5 >4 gnc.*=6 ebbt nk

jbnojt km

5’: nkijbs nk

mn`gbtbr

Vaukms O`ccaksVaukms IA4

Bqunv`cbktD]Rs



]jb Bmui`tnak Yystbg nk Yw`znc`km ns p`rt ae tjb _arcm D`kl_arlnko V`pbr sbrnbs. ]jbsb p`pbrs `rb pudcnsjbm ta iaggu-kni`tb tjb rbsucts ae tjb D`kl„s akoanko rbsb`rij `km ta stng-

uc`tb pudcni mnsiussnak.

Vacniy g`lbrs rbiaoknzb tj`t mbvbcapnko i`pìnty ear lkawc-bmob `km tbijkacaoy mrnvbk orawtj ns kbibss`ry earYw`znc`km ta stb`mncy nktbor`tb nkta tjb ocad`c biakagy `km

ta db iagpbtntnvb< nk p`rtniuc`r dbiùsb Yw`znc`km ns kat rnijnk bxpcant`dcb k`tur`c rbsauribs. ]jb Bmui`tnak ]r`nknko `kmYlnccs Mbvbcapgbkt Ybitar (B]YMY) ae Yw`znc`km„s cako-tbrg

mbvbcapgbkt `km rbearg praor`g iavbrs `cc cbvbcs ae bmui`-tnak, erag b`rcy ijncmjaam ta past-sbiakm`ry bmui`tnak. ]jns

p`pbr bv`cu`tbs tjb `mbquìy ae tjb B]YMY nk cnojt ae tjbbkj`kibm bmui`tnak`c oa`cs ear tjb iauktry. @ilkawcbmonkotj`t enk`kinko rbeargs wncc db ` ij`ccbkob, tjns p`pbr g`lbs

m n j j „ ee n

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