The Economic Importance of Arts and Cultural Attractions in the Louisville Area Paul Coomes, Ph.D....

The Economic Importance of Arts and Cultural Attractions in the

Louisville Area

Paul Coomes, Ph.D.Professor of Economics, and

National City Research Fellowand

Barry KornsteinSenior Research Associate

University of Louisville

DRAFT: October 15, 2007

Economic importance of arts and cultural attractions in Louisville

About this studyThis file contains the findings from our 2007 study of arts and cultural attractions in Louisville. This updates our 2001 study, which is available online at: http://monitor.louisville.edu/arts/Arts_Report.pdf

The study has two major components – a rollup of activity by individual groups in the Louisville area, and a comparison of activity in Louisville to that in a set of peer metropolitan areas.

See the next slide for a table of contents. The topics shown are hyperlinked to the page containing the relevant findings. You can page down between slides, or jump back to the table of contents by clicking on the home button in the bottom right hand corner.

This study was commissioned by the Arts and Cultural Attractions Council, an industry network of Greater Louisville Inc. Special thanks to Stephen Klein and the executive committee, as well as Lauren Hardwick at GLI. Of course, the study would not have been feasible without the participation of all the local arts and cultural groups, who generously provided internal data, help with interpretation, and assisted in obtaining national comparison data. We greatly appreciate your help. And, as always, we want to acknowledge the generous and ongoing research support from National City, which provides us the resources to deepen and enhance important economic development projects like this.

II. HOW LOUISVILLE COMPARES TO OTHER MARKETS

Performing Arts – Symphony OrchestraPerforming Arts – TheatrePerforming Arts – OperaPerforming Arts – BalletMuseums, Zoos, Historic Sites - SummaryMuseums – ArtMuseums – Science and natural historyMuseums – Children’s Museums – SportsZoos and AquariumsArboretums and Nature CentersHistoric Sites and HousesFinancial data on tax-exempt organizationsPrivate art galleries

APPENDICESA. List of participating organizationsB. Letter and data template used for

studyC. Comparison Markets – peer MSAs,

component counties, populationEconomic importance of arts and cultural attractions in Louisville

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. SIZE OF ARTS AND CULTURAL ATTRACTIONS INDUSTRY IN LOUISVILLE Scope and definitionsAttendanceEmploymentVolunteersWages, salaries, benefitsRevenues by typeExpenditures by typeTaxes paidGrowth since 2000

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe arts and other cultural attractions are integral to the quality of daily life for residents and visitors to the greater Louisville area. We enjoy music, theatre, dance, exhibits, paintings, zoos, and other cultural amenities at all stages of life. Indeed, we enjoy these treasures so much and so often that we sometimes take them for granted. The impact of cultural attractions is not only social and spiritual, but also economic in nature. The human and financial resources deployed to offer the daily menu of cultural offerings in Louisville constitute an industry, one we investigate in this report.

There is also a more subtle economic development dimension to arts and cultural activities in our market. Community assets, like museums, opera, theatres, ballet, zoos, historic homes, and orchestras, attract talented people to move here. Potential residents, comparing Louisville to other large urban markets in the midwest and south, size up both the array of our cultural offerings and their perceived quality. Major corporations, in particular, have long understood the importance of the performing arts in attracting top management talent to Louisville. Except for education, probably no other (manmade) piece of the quality of life quilt is as important as art and cultural assets. In fact, we find that much of attendance and associated revenues for ACA groups comes from delivering programs to school children.

Conceived by executives of major cultural organizations in the area, the study has three primary objectives. First, we seek to carefully document the size and scope of the arts and cultural attraction industry in Louisville. Second, we seek to document how Louisville compares to other similarly sized markets in the various cultural dimensions. Third, we want to learn how the ‘industry’ has changed since our last study, in 2001.

To this end, we have surveyed 50 top arts and cultural organizations in the Louisville area. They have generously provided attendance, budget, and other economic data, but also many hours of help with interpretation of the information. We have also acquired and organized data from membership associations that track cultural activity in markets across the country. Among the most important and interesting research findings described in this report are:


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (cont) Louisville area Arts and Cultural Attractions (ACA) organizations are collectively supporting an attendance of at least 4.9 million per year, over four contacts per metro area resident. Further we estimate that about 23 percent of attendees and visitors to ACA organizations reside outside the Louisville metropolitan area. In that regard, the ACA groups are an important component of Louisville’s tourism industry. The largest source of export sales - those to visitors - appears to be from the museums (especially the Louisville Slugger Museum, the Kentucky Derby Museum, the Louisville Science Center, and the Speed Art Museum), performing arts (especially the PNC Broadway Series productions, the Kentucky Center for the Arts, Derby Dinner Playhouse, Actors Theatre, and the Louisville Ballet), and the Zoo.

The ACA organizations have collective annual revenues of around $109 million. Over forty percent of the revenues are generated from ticket sales and concessions. Government grants and private donations account for about one-fourth each. Revenues from other sources, including contracts to deliver programs to school groups, have grown in importance and now account for about eight percent of revenues. We estimate that ACA activities generate at least $5.6 million in tax receipts annually for state and local governments.

These organizations collectively employ about 1,820 persons, and have a combined annual labor cost (including contract labor) of $52 million. Part-time employment rose, while full-time employment fell slightly since our 2001 study. Annual earnings per job of ACA employees average about $23,200, well below the average for all jobs in the Louisville MSA. This partly reflects the heavy reliance on part-time workers by ACA groups.

Attendance overall was up about 14 percent since our 2001 study, with a majority of the net growth due to new organizations. Paid attendance overall was up modestly, about 2 percent, due to paid admissions at the new attractions. Overall revenues and expenditures were up 31 percent, with 19 percentage points due to growth at organizations included in our 2001 study, and the rest due to new organizations. Employment overall was flat, with payroll expenses up 44 percent.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (cont)

While there has been overall growth in the ACA economic activity during the current decade, the growth among organizations and sectors varies widely. For example, an important museum saw a decline in attendance, which was more than offset by activity at a new museum – the Frazier International History Museum. Moreover, overall museum revenues grew dramatically, from $19 million in 2000 to $34 million in 2006.

Attendance, both paid and unpaid, was down by about ten percent overall for the performing arts organizations. The Kentucky Center posted strong growth in attendance, but not enough to offset declines for the Louisville Orchestra, the Louisville Ballet, Actors Theatre, and the Kentucky Opera. Despite a drop in attendance, the groups managed to boost revenues, expenses, and payrolls, thanks largely to a 35 percent increase in private contributions.

Louisville’s nature attractions saw an increase in overall attendance of 27 percent, with growth in paid attendance of 10 percent this decade. This sector is dominated by Louisville Zoo, the Falls of Ohio State Park Interpetive Center, and Bernheim Arboretum and Research. Employment was unchanged from 2000, though payroll expenses rose nearly 49 percent, due largely to strong growth at the Zoo (which saw a 16 percent growth in earned revenue).

The number of visitors to Louisville’s historic and heritage sites was essentially unchanged from 2000, as was the overall number of employees in this sector. However, strong growth in grant activity boosted revenues and expenditures by 35 percent overall, led primarily by growth at the Filson Club, Riverside, The Farnsley-Moreman Landing, and Locust Grove.

Relative to fourteen other metropolitan areas in its size class, Louisville ranks very high in sports museum and theatre activity. In most other categories, including art museums, science museums, orchestras, opera, ballet and zoos, Louisville’s ranking falls about where one would expect based upon population size.


Scope and DefinitionsBroadly defined, arts and cultural attractions include any organized activity whose purpose is to enlighten, educate, and entertain local residents and/or visitors. Taken literally, this definition includes such diverse activities as movie theatres, night clubs, bible study groups, and bowling allies. To keep this research project manageable, the Arts and Cultural Attractions (ACA) Research Committee directed us to focus on the following general categories:

Museums: visual art, science, children’s, sports,Performing Arts: orchestra, theatre, ballet, operaHeritage Sites: historic homes, heritage research

facilitiesNature Attractions: zoos, arboretums, gardens, Ohio

River


We have excluded, for example, schools and religious organizations, libraries, city and state parks, sports, rock concerts, and seasonal events. This has the disadvantage of missing some major attractions, like Thunder Over Louisville, Kentucky Kingdom, the Derby, University of Louisville sports, the Louisville Riverbats, and the St. James Art Fair. However, the limited scope does allow us to focus more sharply on the activities of most interest to the sponsors. A listing of the participating organizations is provided as Appendix A. A copy of the survey instrument is included as Appendix B.

For similar reasons, we also had to restrict the types of information collected. Our efforts focused on obtaining good data on attendance, performances, revenues, expenditures, employees, payrolls, and physical assets. We did not attempt to examine marketing or management issues.

The reference time periods for the estimates vary, depending upon the reporting cycles of the organizations. We asked all organizations for their latest accurate information. In some cases, the data refer to the 2006-07 fiscal year; others refer to 2005-06, and a few reported calendar year 2006 data. In all cases, we have used annual totals. In a few cases, where organizations did not respond, we made estimates of activity based on good data from other similar attractions.

3%

35%

32%

30%

Museums

Performing Arts

Nature Attractions

HeritageSites

Attendance at the ACA Organizations

Total = 4.9 million


Total attendance is about 4.9 million annually, of which about 2.8 million were paid admissions.

Most attendees lived in the Louisville MSA, but about 1 million were not residents. The biggest attractors of nonresident visitors are the Zoo, the Kentucky Derby Museum, the Louisville Slugger Museum, the Louisville Science Center, and the Frazier International History Museum.

1,501,830

1,595,314

128,938

1,721,930

810,955

34,198

1,288,578

707,422

Museums Performing Arts Heritage Sites Nature Attractions

Total Attendance

Paid Attendance

Paid v/s Total Attendance


4%16%

15%

59%

Museums

Performing Arts

Nature Attractions

Heritage Sites

100% = 1,846 full- and part-time employees

Employment by ACA Organizations

Collectively the ACA organizations employed 1,846 people, almost equally split between full-time and part-time workers. The performing arts groups are by far the largest employers, with 1,092 artists, production, and administrative people.


Collectively the ACA organizations relied on over 11,000 volunteers, who contributed over 400,000 hours of service. Performing arts groups were the major beneficiaries.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

Museums Performing Arts Heritage Sites Nature Attractions

no. o

f V

olun

teer

s

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

Vol

unte

er H

ours

no. of volunteers

Annual Volunteer Hours

Number of Volunteers and Annual Volunteer Hours for ACA Groups


Collectively the ACA groups had an annual payroll of $41.0 in wages and salaries, plus $8.4 million in fringe benefits. They had an additional $3.8 million in contract labor costs.

5%

19%

22%

54%

100%= $49.4 mil

Museums

Performing Arts

Nature Attractions

Heritage Sites

Total Payroll and Benefits of the ACA Organizations


Collectively, the ACA groups reported gross income of $109 million. Over half ($56 million) of that was received by performing arts groups, followed by museums ($34 million), nature attractions ($14 million), and historic sites ($5 million).

Nature attractions and performing arts groups received over half their income from ticket sales and concessions, with museums earning on average 42 of their income. Performing arts are the most dependent on private contributions.

42% 6% 28% 26%

51% 5% 37% 11%

17% 8% 27% 44%

55% 18% 11% 14%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Museums

Performing Arts

Hertitage Sites

Nature Attractions

*Earned Income Grants from Govt. Private Contributions Other Revenue

* Earned Income = Revenues from Admission + revenues from concessions + other revenues from sales

Sources of Income of ACA Organizations


Collectively, the ACA groups reported spending $108 million. Over half ($58 million) of that was spent by performing arts groups, followed by museums ($31 million), nature attractions ($14 million), and historic sites ($5 million).

Labor costs accounted two-thirds of expenditures for nature attractions, and between 38 and 49 percent in other categories. Performing arts had the most expenditures on materials and services, about $22 million.

30% 5% 3% 13% 14% 5% 29%

38% 7% 3% 13% 25% 2% 12%

38% 8% 3% 12% 27% 4% 11%

52% 14% 1% 16% 18% 1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Museums

Performing Arts

Heritage Sites

Nature Attractions

Total Payroll Benefits Contract Labor Expenditures for materials Exp. For Services Exp for real estate Other Expenditures

Expenditures by the ACA Organizations


We have used the payroll and sales data to estimate the taxes paid by ACA groups to local and state governments. The groups pay about $800,000 annually in occupational taxes to Louisville-Jefferson County, Jefferson County Schools, and TARC. They are also associated with about $4.8 million annually in income and sales taxes to Kentucky and Indiana state governments.

in downtown Louisville $26,472,585rest of Jefferson County $13,098,866

southern Indiana $3,030,749other Kentucky counties $1,387,945

Total $43,990,145

Concessions, gift shop sales, etc $21,746,177

Louisville-Jefferson County Government $494,643Jefferson County School System $237,429Transit Authority of River City $79,143

Kentucky state government $4,375,283Indiana state government $448,699

Total Occupational, Income, and Sales Taxes $5,635,197

State income and sales taxes

Estimated Annual Tax Base and Tax RevenuesLinked to Louisville Arts and Cultural Attractions

Wages and salaries, contract labor, paid by ACA organizations

Local occupational taxes


We have added several new organizations since our 2001 study, including the Frazier International History Museum. Their activity boosted overall attendance above that in our last study. Nature attractions saw the greatest growth in attendance, both paid and total. Performing arts groups saw a decline of about 10 percent in attendance, both paid and total.

For comparison, the population of the Louisville MSA grew by 4.9 percent between 2000 and 2006.

Growth in Attenance, 2000 to 2006paid and unpaid

-400,000

-200,000

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

Nature attractions Heritage sites Performing arts Museums

New organizations

Organizations included in 2001 Study

Growth in Paid Attenance, 2000 to 2006

-250,000

-200,000

-150,000

-100,000

-50,000

0

50,000

100,000

150,000


New organizations



Overall employment was about the same as in our 2001 study, with contributions from new groups just offsetting a decline by existing organizations. For comparison, the Louisville MSA had a net loss of 0.5% in total jobs between 2000 and 2006.

Total expenses grew by 31.7% overall, with the greatest growth in museums and performing arts organizations.

For comparison, there was a 20.4% growth in per capita income of Louisville MSA residents between 2000 and 2006; and a 14.9% in the national price level (inflation) for personal consumption expenditures.

Growth in Employees, 2000 to 2006full-time equivalents

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60


New organizations


Growth in Total Expenditures, 2000 to 2006

$0

$5,000,000

$10,000,000

$15,000,000

$20,000,000

$25,000,000


New organizations


Metropolitan Population and Symphony Orchestra AttendanceLouisville and Eleven Peer MSAs

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000

Population, 2005

Atten

danc

e, 2

005-

06 S

easo

n

Louisville

Source: Orchestra Statistical Report, 2905-2006 Season, American Symphony Orchestra League.


Data on orchestra activity is available for most of Louisville’s competitor markets. The American Symphony League produces statistical reports for twelve of the markets. The Louisville Orchestra ranks 11th in attendance, with 66 attendees per 1,000 residents. It ranks 9th in number of musicians, 8th in annual operating expenses, and 7th in salaries.

Total and Salary Expenses per CapitaSymphony Orchestras in Louisville and Eleven Peer MSAs

$0.00

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

$3.00

$3.50

$4.00

$4.50

$5.00

$0.00 $2.00 $4.00 $6.00 $8.00 $10.00 $12.00 $14.00 $16.00 $18.00

Total Orchestra Expenses per Capita

Sala

ry E

xpen

ses pe

r Cap

ita

Louisville

Source: Orchestra Statistical Report, 2905-2006 Season, American Symphony Orchestra League.


On a per capita basis, the Louisville Orchestra ranks 11th in attendance, 9th in total orchestra expenses, and 5th in orchestra salaries.

Metropolitan Population and Symphony Orchestra Attendance54 MSAs

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000 14,000,000 16,000,000 18,000,000 20,000,000

Population, 2005

Atten

danc

e, 2

005-

06 S

easo

n

LouisvilleSource: Orchestra Statistical Report, 2905-2006 Season, American Symphony

Orchestra League.


Nationally, Louisville ranks 46th in attendance among the 54 metropolitan areas where orchestra reports are available.


Comparable theatre data is only available for a few prominent companies. Nevertheless, the latest data support prior findings that Louisville truly stands out in theatre activity. Actors Theatre pushes Louisville to the top in terms of performances, attendance, and operating expenses for a market in its size class.Theatre Attendance and Budgets, 2005

$0

$2,000,000

$4,000,000

$6,000,000

$8,000,000

$10,000,000

$12,000,000

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000

Total attendance

Tot

al e

xpen

ses

Louisville

Kansas City

Indianapolis

MemphisDayton

CharlotteSource: Theatre Communications Group; data shown are for

metropolitan area totals, and may include activity at more than one theatre organization.

OperaOpera is the most hierarchical of all

performing arts, with New York accounting for over 30% of all company expenditures and attendance in US;

…add in San Francisco, Chicago, and Los Angeles to account for half of all activity.

The Kentucky Opera in Louisville ranks 33rd in expenditures per capita, 56th in attendance per capita; Louisville MSA ranks 33rd in population size among 69 MSAs for which opera data available.


Expenditures by Opera Companies66 Metropolitan Statistical Areas

$0

$10,000,000

$20,000,000

$30,000,000

$40,000,000

$50,000,000

$60,000,000

$70,000,000

0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000

Population, 2004

Exp

ense

s, 2

003-

04 S

easo

n

Source:Opera America "Professional Opera Survey Report: A Fiscal and Operational Overview of Professional Opera Companies", Level 3, 2003-2004 Season. Not all companies reported.

Omitted for scaling purposes: New York ($230 mil), Los Angeles ($53 mil) and Chicago ($51 mil).

Louisville

Santa FeSalt Lake City

Seattle

San Francisco

Philadephia

Dallas - Ft. Worth

Miami

Houston

Detroit

Atlanta

San Diego


Per Capita Opera Expenditures and Attendance per 1,000 Residents68 Metropolitan Statistical Areas

$0

$2

$4

$6

$8

$10

$12

$14

$16

$18

$20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Attendance per 1,000 residents

Exp

endi

ture

s pe

r ca

pita

Source:Opera America "Professional Opera Survey Report: A Fiscal and Operational Overview of Professional Opera Companies", Level 3, 2003-2004 Season. Not all companies reported. Santa Fe (595, $116 omitted from this chart to control scale.

Louisville

Salt Lake City

San Francisco

New York

Sarasota

SeattleNapa Valley

Charlottesville, VA

Milwaukee


Metropolitan Statistical Area Population, 2004Total

ExpendituresMainstage Attendance

Expenditures per capita

Attendance per 1,000 residents

Birmingham-Hoover, AL 1,080,135 $410,792 4,872 $0.38 4.5Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC 1,472,619 $3,096,013 22,173 $2.10 15.1Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 2,074,789 $6,409,354 33,963 $3.09 16.4Columbus, OH 1,689,263 $2,088,184 16,206 $1.24 9.6Dayton, OH 843,546 $1,917,428 20,148 $2.27 23.9Indianapolis-Carmel, IN 1,617,406 $2,737,028 13,664 $1.69 8.4Kansas City, MO-KS 1,925,536 $3,401,589 20,991 $1.77 10.9Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN 1,200,526 $2,561,789 9,368 $2.13 7.8Memphis, TN-MS-AR 1,244,757 $1,302,386 8,927 $1.05 7.2Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin, TN 1,393,618 $2,518,253 21,842 $1.81 15.7Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA 802,003 $2,518,253 21,842 $3.14 27.2Source: Opera America "Professional Opera Survey Report: A Fiscal and Operational Overview of Professional Opera Companies", Level 3, 2003-2004 Season.Greensboro is served by the Greensboro Opera Company, but they are not listed in the report.No opera company was found for Jacksonville, FL.The Virginia Opera serves Richmond, Norfolk and other Virginia markets.Raleigh has The Opera Company of North Carolina, but they are not listed in the report.

Louisville and Peer MSAsOpera Companies, 2003-2004 Season



Comparable ballet data is available from Dance America for most of Louisville’s comparison cities. Clearly, ballet budgets are a function of market size, with Louisville activity where one would expect for a city our size. Raleigh and Richmond appear to be above average, while Birmingham and Nashville appear below average.Ballet Company Expenditures vs. MSA Population

$0

$1,000,000

$2,000,000

$3,000,000

$4,000,000

$5,000,000

$6,000,000

0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000

MSA Population, 2006

Tot

al e

xpen

ses, F

Y05

Lexington

Greensboro

Birmingham

Dayton Nashville

MemphisLouisville

Indianapolis

RaleighRichmond

Charlotte

Columbus

CincinnatiKansas City

Sources: Dance USA and US Census Bureau


We have used the Official Museum Directory, 2006*, to identify museums, galleries, zoos, historical sites and other attractions located in the fifteen peer markets. We organized the attendance museum data into seven categories: art museums, science and natural history museums and planetariums, children’s museums, sports museums, zoos and aquariums, arboretums and nature centers, historic sites and houses. Attendance figures for each category are shown in the following slides.

We also add attendance across all the categories, to get a measure of overall activity. See next slide. Louisville ranks highly in this regard, primarily due to its large showing in the science museum and sport museum categories. The Louisville Science Center, the Kentucky Derby Museum, and the Louisville Slugger Museum are major attractions, with sufficient attendance to boost Louisville to the top of the rankings among the peer markets for comparable museum types.

Louisville also scores well in nature sites, with attendance above what would be expected for a market with a population of 1.2 million. With no venues, Louisville ranks below average in attendance at aquariums, botanical gardens, and children’s museums.

* While the most comprehensive listing available, the Directory does not have entries for all attractions. For Louisville, important omissions include the Frazier Museum and the Falls of Ohio state park.

Museums, Historical Sites, Zoos


Attendance at all Area Art, Children's, History, Natural History, Science, & Sports Museums, Arboretums,

Botanical Gardens, Nature Centers, Zoos, Aquariums, Planetariums, and Historic Sites 2005

1,267,513

1,399,887

1,647,042

2,308,396

2,455,114

2,624,481

2,790,187

2,847,532

2,867,967

3,219,109

3,389,120

3,520,710

3,803,609

4,379,391

4,561,051

0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000

Greensboro

Charlotte

Raleigh

Birmingham

Richmond

Dayton

Omaha

Nashville

Memphis

Louisville

Columbus

Kansas City

Jacksonville

Indianapolis

Cincinnati

Attendance, 2005Source: The Official Musuem Directory, 2006.

Per Capita Attendance at all Area Art, Children's, History, Natural History, Science, & Sports Museums,

Arboretums, Botanical Gardens, Nature Centers, Zoos, Aquariums, Planetariums, and Historic Sites 2005

0.92

1.73

1.81

1.88

1.99

2.00

2.09

2.12

2.18

2.28

2.66

2.67

3.05

3.12

3.43

0 1 2 3 4 5

Charlotte

Raleigh

Kansas City

Greensboro

Columbus

Nashville

Richmond

Birmingham

Cincinnati

Memphis

Louisville

Indianapolis

Jacksonville

Dayton

Omaha

Per Capita Attendance, 2005Source: The Official Musuem Directory, 2006.


Attendance at all Area Art Museums and Galleries, 2005

190,522

216,795

222,051

227,724

235,200

259,228

277,604

278,752

283,053

296,394

442,400

457,645

471,692

686,339

729,286

0 150,000 300,000 450,000 600,000 750,000

Richmond

Memphis

Greensboro

Birmingham

Jacksonville

Raleigh

Omaha

Louisville

Charlotte

Dayton

Kansas City

Columbus

Indianapolis

Nashville

Cincinnati


Louisville ranks eighth in total art museum attendance among the fifteen metropolitan areas, and ninth on a per capita basis. The Speed Art Museum accounts for most of the attendance in Louisville. The figures also include attendance at the Kentucky Museum of Art and Craft, the Hite Gallery, the Carnegie Center for Art and History. Nashville now tops the per capita ranking, boosted by 301,000 attendees at the new Frist Center alone.

Per Capita Attendance at all Area Art Museumsand Galleries, 2005

0.16

0.17

0.19

0.19

0.21

0.23

0.23

0.27

0.27

0.29

0.33

0.34

0.35

0.35

0.48

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Richmond

Memphis

Charlotte

Jacksonville

Birmingham

Kansas City

Louisville

Columbus

Raleigh

Indianapolis

Greensboro

Omaha

Cincinnati

Dayton

Nashville



Louisville ranks second in attendance in the category of Science Museums, Natural History Museums, and Planetariums.. Figures include attendance at the Louisville Science Center and at the Gheens Planetarium (UL). Raleigh’s North Carolina Museum of Natural Science had over 700,000 visitors..Charlotte’s Discovery Place had attendance of 525,000.Attendance at all Area Science and Natural History

Museums and Planetariums, 2005

0

20,000

95,000

165,000

200,000

292,807

300,000

376,650

400,000

410,848

505,000

534,850

591,794

641,000

703,000

0 150,000 300,000 450,000 600,000 750,000

Omaha

Indianapolis

Jacksonville

Greensboro

Memphis

Dayton

Nashville

Birmingham

Kansas City

Richmond

Cincinnati

Columbus

Charlotte

Louisville

Raleigh


Per Capita Attendance at all Area Science and Natural History Museums and Planetariums, 2005

0.00

0.01

0.08

0.16

0.21

0.21

0.24

0.24

0.31

0.35

0.35

0.35

0.39

0.53

0.74

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Omaha

Indianapolis

Jacksonville

Memphis

Kansas City

Nashville

Cincinnati

Greensboro

Columbus

Birmingham

Dayton

Richmond

Charlotte

Louisville

Raleigh



Indianapolis and Cincinnati have major Children’s museums, and dominate this ranking.

Louisville has a Science Center with many of the same attributes (next slide), but is not classified as a museum primarily as for children..Attendance at all Area Children's Museums, 2005

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

81,983

85,000

143,405

176,000

180,000

182,610

500,000

1,200,000

0 250,000 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 1,250,000

Birmingham

Charlotte

Columbus

Dayton

Greensboro

Jacksonville

Louisville

Raleigh

Nashville

Memphis

Omaha

Richmond

Kansas City

Cincinnati

Indianapolis


Per Capita Attendance at all Area Children's Museums, 2005

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.06

0.09

0.09

0.11

0.15

0.22

0.24

0.73

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Birmingham

Charlotte

Columbus

Dayton

Greensboro

Jacksonville

Louisville

Nashville

Raleigh

Kansas City

Memphis

Richmond

Omaha

Cincinnati

Indianapolis



Per Capita Attendance at all AreaSports Related Museums, 2005

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.20

0.21

0.32

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Charlotte

Cincinnati

Dayton

Kansas City

Memphis

Nashville

Omaha

Raleigh

Richmond

Columbus

Birmingham

Greensboro

Jacksonville

Indianapolis

Louisville


Louisville tops the list in terms of attendance at Sports museums, with two major attractions: the Kentucky Derby Museum and the Slugger Museum. The only sports museums among the peers with comparable attendance are the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum (350,000), and the World Golf Hall of Fame (250,000) in Jacksonville.


Eleven of the comparison markets have zoos. Charlotte, with a population of 1.5 million, is easily the largest metro area without a zoo. Cincinnati and Omaha top the rankings in terms of attendance, with Omaha standing out due to its small population size (812,000). Louisville ranks in the middle of the metros. Because of the scheduling of special events, 2005 was an off year for the Louisville Zoo, which had attendance of over 810,000 in 2006-07.Attendance at all Area Zoos and Aquariums, 2005

0

0

0

0

450,000

470,000

494,033

700,000

750,000

810,000

827,880

1,200,000

1,407,259

1,600,662

1,700,000

0 300,000 600,000 900,000 1,200,000 1,500,000 1,800,000

Charlotte

Dayton

Raleigh

Richmond

Birmingham

Kansas City

Nashville

Greensboro

Louisville

Memphis

Jacksonville

Indianapolis

Columbus

Omaha

Cincinnati

Attendance, 2005Source: The Official Musuem Directory, 2006.Cincinnati includes a conservative estimate of Newport Aquarium attendance.

Per Capita Attendance at all Area Zoos and Aquariums, 2005

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.24

0.35

0.41

0.62

0.64

0.66

0.73

0.81

0.82

1.04

1.97

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Charlotte

Dayton

Raleigh

Richmond

Kansas City

Nashville

Birmingham

Louisville

Memphis

Jacksonville

Indianapolis

Cincinnati

Columbus

Greensboro

Omaha

Per Capita Attendance, 2005Source: The official Musuem Directory, 2006.Cincinnati includes a conservative estimate ofNewport Aquarium attendance.


One finds a similar pattern when looking only at zoos, and using data from the Association of Zoos and Aquariums for 2005. Louisville and Memphis are nearly identical in zoo activity and population size. Omaha and Greensboro stand out in terms of zoo activity in a smaller market, while Kansas City, Nashville have below average zoo activity. Charlotte and Richmond have private zoos, with no data published.

Zoo Attendance and Annual Budgets, 2005

$0

$5,000,000

$10,000,000

$15,000,000

$20,000,000

$25,000,000

$30,000,000

0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 1,600,000

Attendance

Bud

get

Source: Association of Zoos and Aquariums, 2007 Directory.

Dayton

Cincinnati

Columbus

Omaha

Indianapolis

Jacksonville

Memphis

Greensboro

Louisville

Kansas City

Birmingham

Nashville


Twelve of the comparison markets have arboretums, botanical gardens or nature center. Indianapolis, with a population of 1.6 million, is easily the largest metro area without such an attraction. Dayton tops the rankings in terms of attendance, due primarily to its Cox Arboretum and Gardens Metropark. Louisville ranks above average, thanks to 250,000 reported visitors to Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest.

Attendance at all Area Arboretums, Botanical Gardens and Nature Centers, 2005

0

0

0

15,000

20,000

90,000

150,819

170,000

170,000

175,000

195,000

250,000

300,000

378,500

501,000

0 90,000 180,000 270,000 360,000 450,000 540,000

Indianapolis

Jacksonville

Kansas City

Greensboro

Raleigh

Omaha

Charlotte

Memphis

Nashville

Richmond

Cincinnati

Louisville

Birmingham

Columbus

Dayton


Per Capita Attendance at all Area Arboretums, Botanical Gardens and Nature Centers, 2005

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.02

0.02

0.09

0.10

0.11

0.12

0.14

0.15

0.21

0.22

0.28

0.60

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Indianapolis

Jacksonville

Kansas City

Raleigh

Greensboro

Cincinnati

Charlotte

Omaha

Nashville

Memphis

Richmond

Louisville

Columbus

Birmingham

Dayton



All of the comparison markets have historic sites and houses. Jacksonville tops the rankings in terms of attendance, with eight listed attractions. The largest are the Fort Matanzas National Monument (700,000 visitors) and the Castillo de San Marcos National Monument (650,000). Eleven sites are listed for the Louisville area, with my Old Kentucky Home state park posting the greatest attendance (100,0000).

Attendance at all Area Historic Sites & Houses, 2005

20,000

39,000

72,443

76,504

104,595

150,000

186,500

191,780

305,949

346,752

655,458

661,075

1,052,672

1,080,769

1,825,314

0 400,000 800,000 1,200,000 1,600,000 2,000,000

Greensboro

Raleigh

Columbus

Cincinnati

Charlotte

Birmingham

Omaha

Dayton

Indianapolis

Louisville

Nashville

Memphis

Kansas City

Richmond

Jacksonville


Per Capita Attendance at all Area Historic Sites& Houses, 2005

0.03

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.07

0.14

0.19

0.23

0.23

0.29

0.46

0.53

0.54

0.92

1.46

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Greensboro

Cincinnati

Raleigh

Columbus

Charlotte

Birmingham

Indianapolis

Dayton

Omaha

Louisville

Nashville

Memphis

Kansas City

Richmond

Jacksonville



One fairly comprehensive measure of the arts and cultural economic footprint is from data reported to the IRS by tax-exempt groups. We organized data on 810 tax-exempt museums, performing arts groups, botanical gardens and arboreta, zoos and aquariums in the fifteen comparison metros. The 37 Louisville groups reporting had $50 million in revenues, and $46 million in expenditures in 2005 (11th highest per capita). Continued….

Total Revenues of Tax Exempt Museums, Performing Arts Groups, Botanical Gardens & Arboreta, and Zoos &

Aquariums, 2005

$14,010,274

$25,797,378

$33,124,176

$43,132,769

$47,749,987

$50,292,785

$54,019,659

$64,762,472

$84,105,916

$85,929,709

$94,235,355

$96,345,687

$98,053,378

$151,869,896

$163,054,004

$0 $60,000,000 $120,000,000 $180,000,000

Greensboro

Raleigh

Birmingham

Memphis

Dayton

Louisville

Jacksonville

Charlotte

Nashville

Richmond

Omaha

Columbus

Kansas City

Indianapolis

Cincinnati

Total Revenue

Source: National Center for Charitable Statistics, Dataweb, Core Data on Public Charities, 2005.

Total Expenses of Tax Exempt Museums, Performing Arts Groups, Botanical Gardens & Arboreta, and Zoos &

Aquariums, 2005

$12,159,059

$25,015,047

$34,383,274

$41,236,365

$45,904,235

$45,949,147

$52,955,552

$57,363,546

$64,362,266

$66,906,908

$70,853,505

$88,232,251

$92,232,836

$141,576,454

$170,362,624

$0 $50,000,000 $100,000,000 $150,000,000 $200,000,000

Greensboro

Raleigh

Birmingham

Jacksonville

Richmond

Louisville

Memphis

Dayton

Nashville

Omaha

Charlotte

Kansas City

Columbus

Indianapolis

Cincinnati

Total Expenses



The Louisville groups reported assets of $189 million, 8th highest among the fifteen metropolitan areas, and 7th highest on a per capita basis. Total contributions to the groups were $24 million, 10th highest overall and per capita.

Net Assets or Fund Balances of Tax Exempt Museums, Performing Arts Groups, Botanical Gardens & Arboreta,

and Zoos & Aquariums, 2005

$8,033,171

$38,791,176

$59,967,670

$97,053,974

$114,796,868

$145,086,613

$174,523,063

$189,103,122

$230,528,787

$257,028,075

$295,868,015

$328,206,186

$458,357,048

$516,935,286

$1,065,729,494

$0 $300,000,000 $600,000,000 $900,000,000 $1,200,000,000

Raleigh

Greensboro

Birmingham

Memphis

Charlotte

Jacksonville

Nashville

Louisville

Columbus

Dayton

Richmond

Omaha

Cincinnati

Kansas City

Indianapolis

Net Assets or Fund Balances


Total Contributions, Public & Private, to Tax Exempt Museums, Performing Arts Groups, Botanical Gardens &

Arboreta, and Zoos & Aquariums, 2005

$7,952,937

$12,142,857

$16,545,065

$18,175,603

$22,633,152

$24,306,892

$27,164,845

$28,313,555

$40,165,093

$42,101,951

$46,653,600

$54,216,726

$57,172,454

$63,013,077

$66,549,774

$0 $20,000,000 $40,000,000 $60,000,000 $80,000,000

Greensboro

Raleigh

Birmingham

Dayton

Memphis

Louisville

Jacksonville

Charlotte

Nashville

Columbus

Kansas City

Indianapolis

Omaha

Richmond

Cincinnati

Total Contributions



B. DeemerCanoeCarnegie Center for Art and HistoryCarr + Waite StudiosccHillCelia’s @ MellwoodGayle Cerlan / Jacque Parsley Gallery and StudioChapman Friedman Gallery (2)Chez Moi GalleryCobalt ArtworksMary Craik GalleryCrescent Hill GalleryDunbar & Bryant Art StudioEdenside GalleryFischer GalleryFlame RunGalerie HertzGallery at Actors TheatreGallery JanjobeGallery at The Kentucky CenterGallery Nulu

Garner - Furnish StudioGlassworks GalleryHess GalleryHidden Hill Nursery / Sculpture GardenHite Art Institute (2)Kaviar Forge & GalleryKentucky Museum of Art and CraftLionheart GalleryLouisville Visual Art AssociationMad About ArtMellwood Arts & Entertainment CenterMerridian Fine ArtObjects of DesirePaul Paletti GalleryPresents GalleryPYRO GalleryDavid Schuster CreationsSpeed Art MuseumSwanson Reed Contemporary21C MuseumZephyr Gallery

According to LOOK, a consortium of area art galleries, there are currently 44 galleries in Louisville. Some of these are counted in other categories, such as the museums and the activity at the Kentucky Center, Actors Theatre, and University of Louisville. Several establishments are more than art galleries, including the studios, Glassworks, Kaviar, Hidden Hill. The First Friday Gallery Hop and the Frankfort Avenue Trolley Hop, hosted by many of these galleries, have become cultural attractions as well.


Most art galleries are privately owned and small, and hence there is little publicly available data on their economic activity.

The last economic census shows 14 art gallery establishments in the Louisville metropolitan area, with combined sales of $3.8 million. They employed 51 people, with annual payroll of $707,000.

Louisville ranks 13th among the comparison metros in terms of number of galleries per capita. All the metros but Omaha are below the national average, and Louisville has only about one-half the concentration as the US overall. Continued…….

Number of Retail Art Dealers per Million Residents

Louisville and Comparison MSAs

9.8

11.8

11.9

12.7

13.3

13.9

14.2

15.1

15.2

15.4

15.7

16.0

17.1

20.5

24.3

22.0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Memphis

Dayton

Louisville

Cincinnati

Nashville

Raleigh

Charlotte

Richmond

Greensboro

Kansas City

Columbus

Birmingham

Indianapolis

Jacksonville

Omaha

United States

Source: US Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census. Data for NAICS industry 45392, Art Dealers.


…due to federal confidentiality laws, sales, jobs, and payroll data were only published for thirteen of the MSAs. Louisville ranked 11th in terms of sales per capita, and 8th in terms of jobs per capita. By most measures, Memphis and Dayton are at the bottom of the rankings, while Omaha, Jacksonville, and Birmingham are at the top.

Revenues of Retail Art Dealers, per CapitaLouisville and Comparison MSAs

$3.05

$3.08

$3.25

$3.71

$4.10

$4.58

$4.71

$4.75

$4.75

$5.01

$6.00

$7.08

$7.77

$14.70

$0 $2 $4 $6 $8 $10 $12 $14 $16

Dayton

Memphis

Louisville

Greensboro

Kansas City

Indianapolis

Columbus

Richmond

Raleigh

Charlotte

Nashville

Birmingham

Jacksonville

United States


Employees at Retail Art Dealers, per CapitaLouisville and Comparison MSAs

15.5

22.5

37.3

39.1

40.2

43.2

43.8

44.1

45.7

45.9

47.3

69.1

79.8

76.1

$0 $10 $20 $30 $40 $50 $60 $70 $80 $90

Memphis

Dayton

Richmond

Charlotte

Kansas City

Louisville

Indianapolis

Raleigh

Greensboro

Columbus

Nashville

Jacksonville

Birmingham

United States



Appendix A.

Museums Performing Arts

Callahan Museum: American Printing House for the Blind Actors Theatre

Carnegie Center for Art & History Blue Apple Players

Frazier International History Museum Choral Arts Society

Hite Galleries, University of Louisville Clifton Center

Howard Steamboat Museum Comedy Caravan

Jeffersontown Historical Museum Derby Dinner Playhouse

Kentucky Museum of Art and Craft Fund for the Arts

Kentucky Derby Museum Kentucky Center for the Performing Arts

Kentucky Railway Museum Kentucky Shakespeare Festival

Louisville Science Center Louisville Ballet

Louisville Slugger Museum Kentucky Opera (KCA)

Louisville Visual Art Association Kentucky Watercolor Society

Portland Museum Louisville Orchestra

Speed Art Museum Mellwood Arts & Entertainment Center

Music Theatre Louisville (amphitheatre)

Heritage and Cultural Sites Ogle Cultural and Community Center (IUS)

Cathedral Heritage Foundation Palace Theatre

Crane House PNC Bank Broadway Series

Farmington Historic Home Stage One: The Louisville Children's Theatre, Inc.

Filson Club The Louisville Chorus

Locust Grove Walden Theatre

National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution

My Old Kentucky Home State Park Nature Attractions

Riverside, The Farnsley-Moreman Landing Bernheim Arboretum and Research

Thomas Edison House Botanica

Whitehall Falls of the Ohio State Park Interpretive Center

Louisville Zoo

Yew Dell Gardens

Arts and Cultural Organizations Included in Study


Appendix B. Letter and Data Template Used for StudyMay 8, 2007

Dear ………, As you may know, we are working with the Arts and Cultural Attractions Council of Greater Louisville, Inc. to update our 2000 study “The Economic Importance of Arts and Cultural Attractions in the Louisville Area”. That study provided a first-ever rollup of activity and financial data on the major ACA organizations in the region, as well as a comparison with other similarly sized metropolitan areas. The report remains available on the ACA website (www.greaterlouisville.com/ acanet/ resources.asp). The Council has used the study to elevate the collective profile of our arts and cultural attractions in the perceptions of elected officials, economic development professionals, and the general public. It is time for an update, to see how the ‘industry’ has grown this decade and what has changed in Louisville relative to other markets. We need your help again. In particular, we need some basic data on your organization. You may or may not have developed a database of economic activities – employment, payrolls, volunteers, visits, paid admissions, revenues, expenditures, assets. We are not asking you to do a lot of research, but to share some of your already compiled internal data. As before we promise not to release your data to anyone, but simply to combine it with that of your colleagues and report summary measures by type of activity. Would you please provide entries in the attached table, as available and appropriate for your latest reporting year, using estimates for the current fiscal year if it is about to conclude? You can respond by email, mail or fax. If more convenient we will visit you at your office to go through it in person. This flexible format worked well last time. We would like a response by Friday, May 18. We very much value and appreciate your time in this research. In fact, we cannot compile the statistical snapshot without your help. Feel free to make suggestions as to the best measures for your ACA activities – we recognize that the various organizations may have very different economic concepts and measurement protocols. Sincerely, Paul Coomes, Ph.D. Stephen Klein Professor of Economics, and President of The Kentucky Center, and National City Research Fellow Chair, Arts and Cultural Attractions Council University of Louisville


Appendix B. Letter and Data Template Used for Study (cont)

NAME:

ORGANIZATION:

Reference Year *

* please specify calendar or fiscal year range

from admissions/ ticket sales

Visits/ attendance annually, paid and unpaid from concessions

Paid visits/ attendance from other sales

Estimated % of visitors that are not residents* from government grants

* not residents of 13-county Louisville MSA from private grants and contributions

from investment income

Average monthly full-time employment other

Average monthly part-time employment Total annual revenues

Estimate of FTE of the part-time workforce

Total annual payroll, excluding fringe benefits for personnel

Fringe benefits for materials, supplies, equipment

Annual contract labor costs for services (utilities, advertising, legal, etc)

for real estate (rent, mortgage)

Number of volunteers (individuals) annually other

Annual volunteer hours Total annual expenditures

Insured value of real estate, equipment Square feet of office space utilized

Value of financial assets Parking spots controlled

Please email to [email protected], or fax to 852.7672, or mail to Paul Coomes, College of Business, University of Louisville, Louisville KY 40292. Call with questions, 852.4841. Thanks.

Annual Budget Summary

Expenditures

Revenues

FootprintAssets

Workforce and payrolls

Services


Area Code* MSA……………..……………..Counties

Population 2002 Area Code* MSA….………...……….………..Counties

Population 2002 Area Code* MSA………..…...….…...…..Counties

Population 2002

71000 Birmingham, AL 935,168 73480 Indianapolis, IN 1,655,097 74920 Memphis, TN-AR-MS 1,160,06501009 Blount, AL 52,968 18011 Boone, IN 48,277 47047 Fayette, TN 31,20201073 Jefferson, AL 661,153 18057 Hamilton, IN 205,610 47157 Shelby, TN 905,67801115 St. Clair, AL 67,215 18059 Hancock, IN 58,343 47167 Tipton, TN 53,43601117 Shelby, AL 153,832 18063 Hendricks, IN 114,301 05035 Crittenden, AR 51,291

18081 Johnson, IN 121,604 28033 De Soto, MS 118,45871520 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC 1,584,898 18095 Madison, IN 132,06837025 Cabarrus, NC 140,182 18097 Marion, IN 863,429 75360 Nashville, TN 1,270,52037071 Gaston, NC 193,443 18109 Morgan, IN 67,791 47021 Cheatham, TN 36,98637109 Lincoln, NC 66,598 18145 Shelby, IN 43,674 47037 Davidson, TN 570,78537119 Mecklenburg, NC 737,950 47043 Dickson, TN 44,23137159 Rowan, NC 133,359 73600 Jacksonville, FL 1,154,809 47147 Robertson, TN 57,44637179 Union, NC 139,611 12019 Clay, FL 152,093 47149 Rutherford, TN 194,93445091 York, SC 173,755 12031 Duval, FL 806,120 47165 Sumner, TN 136,170

12089 Nassau, FL 60,558 47187 Williamson, TN 136,88971640 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN PMSA 1,669,136 12109 St. Johns, FL 136,038 47189 Wilson, TN 93,07939015 Brown, OH 43,46439025 Clermont, OH 183,352 73760 Kansas City, MO-KS 1,828,247 75920 Omaha, NE-IA 734,27039061 Hamilton, OH 833,721 29037 Cass, MO 87,310 31025 Cass, NE 24,83939165 Warren, OH 175,133 29047 Clay, MO 191,381 31055 Douglas, NE 472,74421015 Boone, KY 93,290 29049 Clinton, MO 19,632 31153 Sarpy, NE 129,31921037 Campbell, KY 88,604 29095 Jackson, MO 660,773 31177 Washington, NE 19,21121077 Gallatin, KY 7,836 29107 Lafayette, MO 33,125 19155 Pottawattamie, IA 88,15721081 Grant, KY 23,620 29165 Platte, MO 77,65521117 Kenton, KY 152,164 29177 Ray, MO 23,811 76640 Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC 1,267,67621191 Pendleton, KY 14,815 20091 Johnson, KS 476,536 37037 Chatham, NC 53,89318029 Dearborn, IN 47,333 20103 Leavenworth, KS 70,789 37063 Durham, NC 234,19918115 Ohio, IN 5,804 20121 Miami, KS 28,904 37069 Franklin, NC 50,449

20209 Wyandotte, KS 158,331 37101 Johnston, NC 133,15971840 Columbus, OH 1,583,907 37135 Orange, NC 120,45839041 Delaware, OH 125,399 74280 Lexington, KY 489,717 37183 Wake, NC 675,51839045 Fairfield, OH 129,161 21017 Bourbon, KY 19,57639049 Franklin, OH 1,086,814 21049 Clark, KY 33,726 76760 Richmond-Petersburg, VA 1,023,41939089 Licking, OH 148,731 21067 Fayette, KY 263,618 51036 Charles City, VA 7,23939097 Madison, OH 40,365 21113 Jessamine, KY 40,740 51041 Chesterfield, VA 271,14239129 Picaway, OH 53,437 21151 Madison, KY 73,334 51053 Dinwiddie, VA 24,747

21209 Scott, KY 35,320 51075 Goochland, VA 17,52372000 Dayton-Springfield, OH 947,446 21239 Woodford, KY 23,403 51085 Hanover, VA 92,05039023 Clark, OH 143,416 51087 Henrico, VA 268,27039057 Greene, OH 149,964 74520 Louisville, KY-IN 1,039,599 51127 New Kent, VA 14,15739109 Miami, OH 99,596 21029 Bullitt, KY 63,800 51145 Powhatan, VA 23,99739113 Montgomery, OH 554,470 21111 Jefferson, KY 698,080 51149 Prince George, VA 34,135

21185 Oldham, KY 49,310 51570 Colonial Heights city, VA 17,06373120 Greensboro-Winson Salem-High Point, NC 1,286,265 18019 Clark, IN 98,198 51670 Hopewell city, VA 22,52537001 Alamance, NC 135,893 18043 Floyd, IN 71,633 51730 Petersburg city, VA 33,11537057 Davidson, NC 151,238 18061 Harrison, IN 35,244 51760 Richmond city, VA 197,45637059 Davie, NC 36,734 18143 Scott, IN 23,33437067 Forsyth, NC 314,93337081 Guilford, NC 430,93737151 Randolph, NC 134,21737169 Stokes, NC 44,98437197 Yadkin, NC 37,329

* Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) codes, for metropolitan areas defined as of June 30, 1996; and for counties as of January 1, 1990.

Population data from US Census Bureau.

Component Counties of 16 Competitor Metros

The Economic Importance of Arts and Cultural Attractions in the Louisville Area Paul Coomes, Ph.D....

Documents

Transcript of The Economic Importance of Arts and Cultural Attractions in the Louisville Area Paul Coomes, Ph.D....