The Economic Accomplices to the Argentine...

The Economic Accomplices to the Argentine Dictatorship

Much has been written about the Argentine dictatorship and the transitional justice movement that brought its members to justice. However, there has been no study to date of the economic accomplices to this dictatorship and the recent advancements in Argentina toward holding these actors accountable. What was the role of banks, companies, and individuals in perpetuating a murderous regime? To what extent should they be held responsible?

As the fi rst academic study on economic complicity in Argentina, this book attempts to answer these questions. Renowned human rights scholars investigate the role played by such actors as Ford, Mercedes Benz, the press, foreign banks, and even the Catholic Church. Across numerous case studies, the authors make a compelling argument for the legal responsibility of economic accomplices.

A groundbreaking interdisciplinary study, this book will be essential to anyone interested in transitional justice, business, and human rights.

Horacio Verbitsky is President of Argentina’s Center for Legal and Social Studies (CELS) and a member of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and of the Board of Human Rights Watch Americas. Author of twenty-one books, he has been named the best journalistic anchorman on Argentine TV.

Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky is the United Nations Independent Expert on Foreign Debt and Human Rights. A doctor of law with wide experience in international relations and litigation, he is the author of numerous books and articles on sovereign fi nancing, economic complicity, and human rights.

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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-11419-7 - The Economic Accomplices to the Argentine Dictatorship: Outstanding DebtsEdited by Horacio Verbitsky and Juan Pablo BohoslavskyFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9781107114197

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The Economic Accomplices to the Argentine Dictatorship

Outstanding Debts

Edited by

HORACIO VERBITSKY Center for Legal and Social Studies, Buenos Aires

JUAN PABLO BOHOSLAVSKY UN Independent Expert on Foreign

Debt and Human Rights

Translated into English by

LAURA PÉREZ CARRARA






32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107114197 Spanish editions © Siglo Veintiuno Editores Argentina S.A. 2013, 2014 English translation © Cambridge University Press 2016

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Originally published in Spanish as Cuentas pendientes: Los cómplices económicos de la dictadura by Siglo Veintiuno Editores, Buenos Aires 2013 Third Spanish edition 2014 First English edition 2016 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cuentas pendientes. English The economic accomplices to the Argentine dictatorship : outstanding debts / [edited by] Horacio Verbitsky, Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-11419-7 (hardback) 1. Argentina – Economic policy. 2. Argentina – Economic conditions – 1945–1983. 3. Argentina – History – Dirty War, 1976–1983 – Economic aspects. 4. Business people – Argentina – Attitudes – History – 20th century. I. Verbitsky, Horacio. II. Bohoslavsky, Juan Pablo. III. Title. HC 175. C 79513 2015 330.982′064–dc23 2015017086 ISBN 978-1-107-11419-7 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URL s for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






v

Contents

Notes on Contributors page ix

Acknowledgments xv

Abbreviations xvii

Introduction: State Terrorism and the Economy: From Nuremberg to Buenos Aires 1 Horacio Verbitsky and Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky

Part I. Past and Present of Economic Complicity

1 Why Was the Economic Dimension Missing for So Long in Transitional Justice? An Exploratory Essay 19 Naomi Roht-Arriaza

2 Accountability for Corporate Complicity in Human Rights Violations: Argentina’s Transitional Justice Innovation? 29 Leigh A. Payne and Gabriel Pereira

Part II. Theoretical Framework and International Dimension

3 Economic Ideas and Power during the Dictatorship 47 Mariana Heredia

4 Foreign Powers, Economic Support, and Geopolitics 61 Jorge E. Taiana






Contentsvi

Part III. The Macroeconomics of the Dictatorship

5 The Legacy of the Dictatorship: The New Pattern of Capital Accumulation, Deindustrialization, and the Decline of the Working Class 75 Eduardo M. Basualdo

6 Public Finances 90 Alfredo Fernando Calcagno

7 Complicity of the Lenders 105 Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky

Part IV. Complicity and the Law

8 Corporate Complicity and Legal Accountability: Report of the International Commission of Jurists International Commission of Jurists Expert Panel 119

9 Corporate Responsibility for Complicity: International and Local Perspectives 130 Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky

10 Statute of Limitations in Actions for Complicity 143 Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky, Agustín Cavana, and Leonardo Filippini

Part V. Company-Ordered Disappearances

11 The Cases of Ford and Mercedes Benz 159 Victoria Basualdo, Tomás Ojea Quintana, and Carolina Varsky

12 Acindar and Techint: Extreme Militarization of Labor Relations 174 Victorio Paulón

13 Between Historical Analysis and Legal Responsibility: The Ledesma Case 186 Alejandra Dandan and Hannah Franzki

14 Contributions to the Analysis of the Role of Labor Leadership in Worker Repression in the 1970s 201 Victoria Basualdo

15 Suppression of Workers Rights 217 Héctor Recalde






Contents vii

Part VI. Industrial and Agricultural Business Associations: Complicity and Benefits

16 Industrial Economic Power as Promoter and Benefi ciary of Argentina’s Refounding Project (1976–1983) 235 Martín Schorr

17 The Complicity of Agricultural Business Chambers 253 Mario Rapoport and Alfredo Zaiat

Part VII. Illegal Appropriation of Companies

18 Organized Pillaging 269 Federico Delgado

19 The National Securities Commission and the Assault on “Economic Subversion” 277 Alejandra Dandan

20 The Papel Prensa Case: Notes for a Study 292 Andrea Gualde

Part VIII. A Range of Generous and Interested Supports

21 The Media: Unifi ed Discourse and Business Deals under Cover of State Terrorism 307 Damián Loreti

22 The Price of the Church’s Blessing 323 Horacio Verbitsky

23 The Hidden Italy Connection 339 Claudio Tognonato

24 The Lawyers: From Repression to Neoliberalism 351 Horacio Verbitsky

Conclusion: Outstanding Debts to Settle: Work Agenda 364 Horacio Verbitsky and Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky

Index 373






ix

Contributors

Eduardo M. Basualdo holds a BA in Economics from the Pontifi cal Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) and a PhD in history from the School of Philosophy and Letters of the University of Buenos Aires (UBA). He is a senior researcher at the National Science and Technology Research Council (CONICET) and researcher and coordinator of the Economy and Technology area and the Master’s Degree Program in Political Economy at the Latin American School of Social Sciences (FLACSO). He is also a member of the board at the Center for Legal and Social Studies (CELS) and coordinator of the Research and Training Center of the Republic of Argentina (CIFRA) of the Federation of Workers of Argentina (CTA).

Victoria Basualdo holds a PhD in history from Columbia University. She is a researcher at the CONICET based in FLACSO-Argentina and a professor in the Political Economy Master’s Degree Program (FLACSO). She specializes in economic and labor history and has published books and several chapters and peer-reviewed journal articles on the subject.

Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky is Independent Expert on Foreign Debt and Human Rights of the United Nations. He previously worked at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and as a consultant for the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). He has earned a doctoral degree in law, and his published works include books and articles on public debt, direct foreign investment, and human rights.

Alfredo Fernando Calcagno is an economist with a PhD from University Paris I. He is head of the Macroeconomics and Development Policies Branch at UNCTAD in Geneva. From 1984 to 1989, he held positions at the Secretariat of Planning, the National Economy Ministry, the Central Bank of the Republic of Argentina, and the International Economy Center. From 1989 to 2003, he worked as economist at ECLAC. He coauthored the book El universo neoliberal (2006), with Alfredo Eric Calcagno.






Contributorsx

Agustín Cavana , a lawyer with a degree from the UBA, is an assistant legal and reporting counsel of the Court of Cassation in Criminal Matters of the Province of Buenos Aires. He was advisor to the National House of Representatives of Argentina. He is an undergraduate teaching assistant in the Criminal Law and Criminology Department, School of Law, UBA.

Alejandra Dandan holds a degree in social communications from the UBA and is currently pursuing a master’s degree in anthropology (IDES-IDAES, National San Martín University). She is a journalist for Página/12 and has coauthored the books Los Juárez (2004), Joe Baxter: la historia secreta de un guerrillero (2006), and Nunca más y los crímenes de la dictadura (2007).

Federico Delgado is a lawyer (UBA) and holds a bachelor’s degree in political science (UBA). He is currently a lecturer at the University of Palermo and has taught in the past at the UBA and the Judicial School of the Association of Magistrates and Employees of the National Justice System. He is fi rst instance prosecutor in the Criminal and Federal Correctional Courts of the City of Buenos Aires. He has published works on political philosophy, law, and sociology. He has completed a postgraduate course on corruption (UCA).

Leonardo Filippini is a lawyer (UBA) with a master’s degree in law (University of Palermo and Yale University). He is a professor of undergraduate and graduate courses in the Universities of Buenos Aires and Palermo, and a parliamentary advisor. He has been a researcher at the International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) and a consultant for organizations such as the German Technical Cooperation Agency (GTZ), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the ICTJ, and CELS.

Hannah Franzki holds a bachelor’s degree in political science and a master’s degree in international law, having studied in Marburg (Germany), Montevideo (Uruguay), and Warwick (United Kingdom). She is a doctoral candidate at the School of Law, Birkbeck College, University of London, with a scholarship from the Heinrich Böll Foundation. Her current project is concerned with the legal construction of the economic dimensions of state crimes. Her academic interests include critical theory of law, international criminal law, postcolonial studies, and philosophy of history. She is a member of the research team of the “Transnational Corporations and State Terrorism” DeCyt Project (UBA).

Andrea Gualde is a lawyer (UBA) with a master’s degree in administrative law and a visiting researcher at Yale Law School. She served as National Director for Legal Affairs at the Human Rights Secretariat and is currently a professor at the Torcuato Di Tella University and in the Master’s Degree Program on Human Rights at ECAE-UNTREF (School for Lawyers Employed by the State, Tres de Febrero






Contributors xi

National University). She was an instructor at the Raphael Lemkin Seminar for Genocide Prevention, Auschwitz Institute (AIPR), Poland. In the past, she has chaired the Memorials and Museums Working Group of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance.

Mariana Heredia is a sociologist (UBA) and holds a PhD in sociology from École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in Paris. She is a researcher at CONICET, a lecturer and researcher at the Institute of Higher Social Studies (IDAES) of the University of San Martín, a lecturer at the UBA, and an associate researcher at Institut des Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur les Enjeux Sociaux (IRIS-EHESS). She specializes in sociology of the elites and recent historical sociology of Argentina. She has published several articles in national and foreign journals, as well as the book A quoi sert un économiste (Paris: La découverte).

The International Commission of Jurists , composed of 60 eminent judges and lawyers from all regions of the world, promotes and protects human rights through the Rule of Law, by using its unique legal expertise to develop and strengthen national and international justice systems. Established in 1952 and active on the fi ve continents, the ICJ aims to ensure the progressive development and effective implementation of international human rights and international humanitarian law.

Damián Loreti is a lawyer and holds a PhD in information sciences. He is CELS secretary and professor of information law at the School of Social Sciences of the UBA. He specializes in freedom of expression and the right to communication, and his published works include América Latina y la libertad de expresión (2005) and Derecho a la información: relación entre medios, público y periodistas (1995).

Victorio Paulón is a member of the action committee that organized the 1975 strike in the metalworks industry. He was arrested in 1975 and imprisoned until 1981. After his release he lived in exile in France until 1984, when he was reinstated in his job at the Villber factory, where he was elected for the position of press secretary of the UOM-Villa Constitución trade union with 88 percent of the votes. From 2000 to 2008 he served as general secretary of this organization. He is currently an international affairs secretary of the CTA.

Leigh A. Payne is Professor of Sociology and Latin America at the University of Oxford. Together with Tricia D. Olsen she has created the Corporate Human Rights Database. She has written extensively in books and journals on how societies reckon with past violence in authoritarian and civil confl ict situations.

Gabriel Pereira is a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Sociology of the University of Oxford. He completed his PhD in politics at the same institution. He writes in journals and books on fi elds including transitional justice, human rights,






Contributorsxii

and judicial politics. He teaches political science at the University of San Pablo-T (Argentina). He is also Deputy Director of the human rights organization ANDHES.

Tomás Ojea Quintana is a lawyer specializing in human rights. He worked at the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and was a coordinator of the OHCHR Program for Protection and Promotion of Human Rights in Bolivia. He represented the Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo Association and was litigating counsel in cases of crimes against humanity, including the criminal action brought against Ford Argentina executives. He is currently UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar.

Mario Rapoport holds a bachelor’s degree in political economy (UBA), a PhD in history (University of Paris I / Pantheon-Sorbonne), and a Doctor Honoris Causa degree from the National University of San Juan. He is a consultant professor at the School of Economic Sciences and the School of Social Sciences, UBA, and a senior researcher at CONICET. His leading books include Historia económica, política y social de la Argentina, 1880–2003 (2012, fi fth ed.) and Las crisis económicas del capitalismo contemporáneo (2010). He was awarded the Bernardo Houssay prize for scientifi c research (CONICET) in 1987.

Héctor Recalde is a lawyer (UBA) specializing in labor law. He is a university professor, a national representative, chairman of the Labor Law Committee of the national House of Representatives, and a member of the National Council of the Judiciary. He has written various books and articles published in newspapers, magazines, and specialized journals.

Naomi Roht-Arriaza is Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law. She is the author of Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice (1995) and The Pinochet Effect (2005), coeditor of Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century (2006), and coauthor of The International Legal System (2010, sixth ed.). She is president of the Board of the Due Process of Law Foundation and member of the Advisory Council of the Center for Justice and Accountability.

Martín Schorr holds a PhD in social sciences from FLACSO. He is a member of the Scientifi c Researcher Course program at CONICET, a researcher at the Economy and Technology area of FLACSO, and a lecturer in undergraduate and graduate programs at the UBA, FLACSO, and the National San Martín University (UNSAM). His research focuses on Argentine economy in the period beginning in 1976.

Jorge E. Taiana is a sociologist (UBA), an elected representative in the Legislature of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, and Director of the International






Contributors xiii

Center for Political Studies at the National San Martín University (UNSAM). He has held public offi ce as Ambassador and as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Argentina (2005–2010), among other high-ranking positions. At the international level, he served as Executive Secretary of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States (1996–2001). He frequently lectures at universities and other institutions around the world and publishes articles on international relations and human rights. He has been decorated by several states in Latin America and other regions.

Claudio Tognonato holds a PhD in sociology and philosophy (Sapienza University of Rome) and teaches Economic Sociology and Development and History of Sociological Thought at Roma Tre University. A Jean Paul Sartre scholar, he founded a group for Sartrean studies in Italy. His publications include Affari nostri. Diritti umani e rapporti Italia Argentina, 1976–1983 (2012), Economia senza società. Oltre i limiti del mercato globale (2014), and Le corps du social. Esquisse pour une sociologie existentielle (2014).

Carolina Varsky is a lawyer (UBA) and Assistant Secretary in Legal Matters at the Public Prosecutor’s Offi ce. She has worked at CELS since 1998, where she headed the Memory and Struggle against State Terrorism Impunity program, and later the Litigation and Legal Defense program. She has taught Human Rights and Constitutional Law and Information Law at the UBA. She has written numerous articles published in books and specialized journals.

Horacio Verbitsky is a writer and journalist. He is the author of twenty-one books on political, military, economic, ecclesiastic, and human rights issues. He is head of CELS and is member of the board of Human Rights Watch (Advisory Committee – Americas Division) and of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. He was a member of the steering council of Fundación del Nuevo Periodismo Iberoamericano since it was founded by Gabriel García Márquez.

Alfredo Zaiat is a journalist and economist. He is a feature writer at Página/12 and chief of the Economy section. He works in radio and television as host and columnist. Among his published works are the books Economistas o astrólogos (2004), Historia de la economía argentina del siglo XX (2007), coauthored with Mario Rapoport, and Economía a contramano (2012). He is a lecturer in the Amartya Sen Program of the Economic Sciences School at the UBA. He served as an advisor for the “Economía y política. 200 años de historia” exhibit at Casa Nacional del Bicentenario (2011).






xv

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Laura Pérez Carrara for her work translating the book, Cambridge University Press for embarking on this project, Leigh Payne for encouraging us and helping us publish this version in English, Ricardo Julio de Titto for preparing the index, and Siglo Veintiuno Editores for authorizing this publication.






xvii

Abbreviations

ACDE Asociación Cristiana de Dirigentes de Empresa (Christian Association of Business Leaders)

ACHR American Convention on Human Rights ADEBA Asociación de Bancos Argentinos (Association of

Argentine Banks) ADEPA Asociación de Entidades Periodísticas Argentinas (Association

of Argentine News Bodies) AECL Atomic Energy of Canada Limited AICA Agencia Informativa Católica Argentina (Argentine Catholic

Information Agency) ANCLA Agencia de Noticias Clandestina (Clandestine News Agency) APCEA Asamblea Plenaria de la Conferencia Episcopal Argentina

(Plenary Assembly of the Argentine Episcopal Conference) APEGE Asamblea Permanente de Entidades Gremiales Empresarias

(Permanent Assembly of Business Associations) ATCA Alien Tort Claims Act ATE Asociación Trabajadores del Estado (Association of State

Workers) ATS Alien Tort Statute BAC Banco de Análisis y Computación (Analysis and

Computing Bank) BADECEL Base de Datos Estadísticos de Comercio Exterior (Foreign

Commerce Statistical Database) BANADE Banco Nacional de Desarrollo (National Development Bank) BCRA Banco Central de la República Argentina (Central Bank of

the Republic of Argentina) BEABA Boletín Eclesiástico del Arzobispado de Buenos Aires

(Ecclesiastic Bulletin of the Archbishopric of Buenos Aires)






Abbreviationsxviii

BIT Bilateral Investment Treaty CACBA Colegio de Abogados de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (Bar

Association of the City of Buenos Aires) CADHU Comisión Argentina de Derechos Humanos (Argentine

Human Rights Commission) CAL Comisión de Asuntos Legislativos (Legislative Affairs

Commission) CARBAP Confederaciones de Asociaciones Rurales de Buenos Aires

y La Pampa (Confederation of Rural Associations of Buenos Aires and La Pampa)

CAFRA Comitato Antifascista contro la Repressione in Argentina CEA Consejo Empresario Argentino (Argentine Business Council) CEA Conferencia Episcopal Argentina (Argentine Episcopal

Conference) CELS Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales (Center for Legal and

Social Studies) CEMA Centro de Estudios Macroeconómicos de Argentina (Center

for Macroeconomic Studies of Argentina) CEPED Centro de Estudios de Población, Empleo y Desarrollo

(Center for Population, Employment, and Development Studies)

CGE Confederación General Económica (General Economic Confederation)

CGT Confederación General del Trabajo (General Confederation of Labor)

CGTA CGT de los Argentinos (Argentines’ CGT) CIAE Compañía Ítalo Argentina de Electricidad CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIFRA Research and Training Center of the Republic of Argentina CISH Centro de Investigaciones Socio Históricas (Socio-Historical

Research Center) CNV Comisión Nacional de Valores (National Securities

Commission) COMFER Comité Federal de Radiodifusión (Federal Broadcasting

Committee) CONADE Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo (National Development

Council) CONADEP Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas

(National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons)






Abbreviations xix

CONAE Convocatoria Nacional Empresaria (National Business Call) CONAREPA Comisión Nacional de Responsabilidad Patrimonial (National

Commission for Asset Responsibility) CONICET National Science and Technology Research Council CONINAGRO Confederación Intercooperativa Agropecuaria Limitada

(Agricultural Inter-Cooperative Confederation Limited) CONINTES Conmoción Interna del Estado (State Internal Unrest) CPI Consumer Price Index CPM Comisión Provincial por la Memoria (Provincial Commission

for Memory) CPVR Comisión Peruana de la Verdad y Reconciliación (Peruvian

Truth and Reconciliation Commission) CRA Confederaciones Rurales Argentinas (Rural Confederations of

Argentina) CRM Cuenta de Regulación Monetaria (Monetary Regulation

Account) CSJN Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación (National Supreme

Court) CTA Central de Trabajadores de la Argentina (Federation of

Workers of Argentina) DFID Department for International Development DIPBA Dirección de Inteligencia de la Policía de la Provincia de

Buenos Aires (Intelligence Division of the Buenos Aires Province Police)

ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean EHESS École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales ENI Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi ERP Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People’s

Revolutionary Army) ESC rights Economic, social, and cultural rights ESMA Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada (Naval Mechanics

School) FAA Federación Agraria Argentina (Argentine Agrarian Federation) FACA Federación Argentina de Colegios de Abogados (Argentine

Federation of Bar Associations) FETIA Federación de Trabajadores de la Industria y Afi nes

(Federation of Industry and Related Workers) FIEL Fundación de Investigaciones Económicas Latinoamericanas

(Foundation for Latin American Economic Research)






Abbreviationsxx

FLACSO Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (Latin American School of Social Sciences)

FNIA Fiscalía Nacional de Investigaciones Administrativas (National Prosecutor’s Offi ce for Administrative Investigations)

FONAVI Fondo Nacional de la Vivienda (National Housing Fund) FORES Foro de Estudios sobre la Administración de Justicia (Forum

for Justice Administration Studies) FOTIA Federación Obrera Tucumana de la Industria del Azúcar

(Tucumán Sugar Industry Workers’ Federation) GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP Gross Domestic Product GTZ German Technical Cooperation Agency IACHR Inter-American Commission on Human Rights I/A Court HR Inter-American Court of Human Rights IADE Instituto Argentino para el Desarrollo Económico (Argentine

Institute for Economic Development) IAPA Inter-American Press Association IATRA Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICC International Chamber of Commerce ICE Istituto del Commercio Estero ICJ International Commission of Jurists ICSID International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes ICTJ International Center for Transitional Justice IDAES Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales (Institute of Higher Social

Studies) IDEP Instituto de Estudios sobre Estado y Participación – CTA

(Institute for Studies on State and Participation) IDES Instituto para el Desarrollo Económico y Social (Economic

and Social Development Institute) IEERAL-FM Instituto de Estudios Económicos de la Realidad Argentina y

Latinoamericana de la Fundación Mediterránea (Institute for Economic Studies on Argentine and Latin American Reality of the Mediterranean Foundation)

IMF International Monetary Fund INDEC Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (National Statistics

and Census Institute) INGO International nongovernmental organization JTP Juventud Trabajadora Peronista (Peronist Working Youth) LCT Ley de Contrato de Trabajo (Employment Contract Act)






Abbreviations xxi

LIA Liga Independiente Antiimperialista (Anti-Imperialist Independent League)

Merval Mercado de Valores de Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires Stock Market)

NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Nongovernmental Organization OAS Organization of American States OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPIC Overseas Private Investment Corporation PCR Partido Comunista Revolucionario (Revolutionary

Communist Party) PFA Policía Federal Argentina (Federal Police of Argentina) PLANARA Plan Nacional de Radiodifusión (National Broadcasting Plan) SCBA Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires

(Supreme Court of Justice of the Province of Buenos Aires) SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SMATA Sindicato de Mecánicos y Afi nes del Transporte Automotor

(Union of Automotive Transport Mechanics and Related Workers)

SOEAIL Sindicato de Obreros y Empleados del Azúcar del Ingenio Ledesma (Union of Sugar Workers and Employees of Ingenio Ledesma)

SOMISA Sociedad Mixta Siderúrgica Argentina SRA Sociedad Rural Argentina (Argentine Rural Society) SWIID Standardized World Income Inequality Database TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa) UBA University of Buenos Aires UCA Pontifi cal Catholic University of Argentina UCR Unión Cívica Radical (Radical Civic Union Party) UCRI Unión Cívica Radical Intransigente (Intransigent Radical

Civic Union Party) UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade Law UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Program UNGS Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento UNITA União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola UNSAM Universidad Nacional de San Martín UNTS United Nations Treaty Series UOM Unión Obrera Metalúrgica (Metalworkers’ Union)






Abbreviationsxxii

UTA Unión Tranviarios Automotor (Automotive Tramway Workers’ Union)

VAT Value Added Tax YPF Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (State Oil Company)






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