The Ecology of Forage Fish in the Salish Sea
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Transcript of The Ecology of Forage Fish in the Salish Sea
The Ecology of Forage Fish in the Salish Sea
Tessa Francis University of Washington Tacoma
Puget Sound Institute
Ole Shelton Phil Levin
Greg Williams NOAA Fisheries
Pacific herring Clupea pallasii
Surf smelt Hypomesus pre/osus
Sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus
photo by Ground Truth Trekking
Meet the fish.
NOAA Fisheries West Coast
NOAA Fisheries West Coast
BRANDON COLE / WWW.BRANDONCOLE.COM! Redorbit.com!
The mysterious decline of !Puget Sound herring!
Forage fish are more valuable in the water than out.
Harbor Seals: 80%
Chinook salmon: 80%
Lingcod: 95%
Orcas
Rhinoceros auklet: 70%
Marbled murrelet: 60%
TuGed puffin
Photo by Peter Hodum
Forage fish are 30-‐60 Lmes more valuable in the water
Source: DFW 2008, TCW Economics; LenFest Forage Fish Task Force Report
Direct value SupporLve value
$25 million $0.4 – 0.8 million
Photo by Madeline Stevens
Key Indicators of Ecosystem Health Food web connec*ons
Forage fish
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
Predators
Vilchis et al. 2014 ConservaGon Biology
Key Indicators of Ecosystem Health Human impacts
Shoreline development Contaminants/pollutants Water quality
Human AcLviLes
Key Indicators of Ecosystem Health Human wellbeing
Psychological wellbeing Sense of place Cultural tradi/ons
Human Wellbeing
Part Deux
Cherry Point herring Recent research and findings
0
3,000
6,000
9,000
12,000
15,000
18,000
1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2018
TON
S Puget Sound Herring Abundance
No change
Decrease Increase
Eelgrass bed trends (2004-‐2009)
33% of shoreline altered
25% of shoreline armored
2005-‐2010 Rate of new armoring: 1.8 km/yr
Does the road to herring recovery go through eelgrass?
Rodger Jackman/ geVyimages.com
1. Which spawning habitat is the highest quality?
2. Are herring limited by the amount of this high quality habitat?
Puget Sound Herring Spawning Sites
1. Egg Loss on spawning habitat
2. Egg survival in the lab
P. Hillman
Eelgrass is not the only quality spawning habitat.!
Pro
babi
lity
of h
atch
ing
Shelton et al. MEPS In Press
Why does egg loss vary across Puget Sound?!What are the sources of egg loss?!
Pro
babi
lity
of h
atch
ing
Shelton et al. MEPS In Press
Pro
porti
on h
atch
ed
Pro
porti
on h
atch
ed
Proportion armored shoreline
Proportion impervious surface
Why does egg loss vary by site?!What are the sources of egg loss?!
Egg
loss
rate
Mean wave weight (m)
cage no cage
Prop
orGo
n of Eggs L
ost
Experimental Treatment
eelgrass
Sargassum mu/cum Zostera marina
sargassum
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48.6
48.7
48.8
48.9
49.0
49.1
−123.2 −123.0 −122.8 −122.6 −122.4Longitude
Latit
ude
Cherry Point 1976
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48.6
48.7
48.8
48.9
49.0
49.1
−123.2 −123.0 −122.8 −122.6 −122.4Longitude
Latit
ude
Cherry Point 2012
Eelgrass Sargassum Red branched algae
Photo by Madeline Stevens
We do know habitat ma]ers
• Herring populaGon is 2x more stable because of habitat diversity.
• Shoreline development degrades
forage fish spawning habitat. • Higher egg mortality • Higher temperatures • Loss of fresh sediment supply
What acLons are we taking?
• Puget Sound InsLtute has convened a panel of forage fish experts to fill key informaGon gaps using exisGng data.
• Puget Sound Partnership is tracking Pacific herring as an indicator of ecosystem health.
• Puget Sound Ecosystem Monitoring Program has prioriGzed measuring sand lance and surf smelt abundance.
• Dept of Fish & Wildlife is taking a precauGonary approach with fisheries management.
• Dept of Fish & Wildlife requires HPA permit to develop shorelines.
Thank you.