The early Universe just around the corner: Fornax · PDF fileThe early Universe just around...
Transcript of The early Universe just around the corner: Fornax · PDF fileThe early Universe just around...
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The early Universe just around thecorner: Fornax dSph
Andres del Pino MolinaUniversidad de La Laguna; Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, 2012
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 The data
3 Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution
4 Results
5 Discussion and Conclusion
2/34
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 The data
3 Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution
4 Results
5 Discussion and Conclusion
Introduction 3/34
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A dark matter UniverseVery brief description
Nowadays the most accepted scenario.
ΛCDM
Small systems =⇒ Big structures.
Dwarf galaxies survivors.
But there are some issues.
The missing satellites problem
Few found dwarf galaxies.
Models predict much more halos.
Introduction 4/34
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A dark matter UniverseVery brief description
Nowadays the most accepted scenario.
ΛCDM
Small systems =⇒ Big structures.
Dwarf galaxies survivors.
But there are some issues.
The missing satellites problem
Few found dwarf galaxies.
Models predict much more halos.
Introduction 4/34
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A dark matter UniverseQuenching the star formation: Dark halos
Three main processes proposed as inhibitors of SF:
Heating from the UV radiation arising from cosmicreionization (Barkana & Loeb 2001).
Effects from UV
{SF suppression. M . 109M�keep forming stars. M & 109M�
SNe feedback mass ejection (Mac Low & Ferrara 1999).
Effects from SNe
{Gas completely blown away. Mb . 107M�Galaxy conserve gas. Mb & 108M�
Tidal stirring ( Lokas et al. 2011, Mayer et al. 2006, 2008).
Observed galaxies below these limits
These galaxies must be dark!
Introduction 5/34
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A dark matter UniverseQuenching the star formation: Dark halos
Three main processes proposed as inhibitors of SF:
Heating from the UV radiation arising from cosmicreionization (Barkana & Loeb 2001).
Effects from UV
{SF suppression. M . 109M�keep forming stars. M & 109M�
SNe feedback mass ejection (Mac Low & Ferrara 1999).
Effects from SNe
{Gas completely blown away. Mb . 107M�Galaxy conserve gas. Mb & 108M�
Tidal stirring ( Lokas et al. 2011, Mayer et al. 2006, 2008).
Observed galaxies below these limits
These galaxies must be dark!
Introduction 5/34
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A dark matter UniverseQuenching too much.
Several theories have been proposed to overcome this apparentcontradiction:
Bullock et al. (2001): Halos formed during theprereionization era. 90% below observable limits.
Stoehr et al. (2002): Masses of dark matter halos larger thanthose measured at the optical limit.
Kravtsov et al. (2004): Larger halos in the pass.
Susa & Umemura (2004): Self-Shielding effect.
Busha et al. (2010): Inhomogeneous reionization.
Introduction 6/34
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Local Group GalaxiesA unique oportunity
Their proximity allow us to resolve their stars individually.
Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies (dSph)
The most common.
Low surface luminosity (∑
v . 0.002L�pc−2).
Small sizes (a few hundred of parsecs).
Lack of gas.
Relatively large velocity dispersion (>7 km s−1)
Abundant presence of dark matter.M/L ∼ 5− 500 In solar units (virialized).
Introduction 7/34
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Local Group GalaxiesA unique oportunity
Their proximity allow us to resolve their stars individually.
Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies (dSph)
The most common.
Low surface luminosity (∑
v . 0.002L�pc−2).
Small sizes (a few hundred of parsecs).
Lack of gas.
Relatively large velocity dispersion (>7 km s−1)
Abundant presence of dark matter.M/L ∼ 5− 500 In solar units (virialized).
Introduction 7/34
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Local Group GalaxiesThe Milky Way satellites
Figure: The Milky Way classic satellites
Introduction 8/34
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Fornax dSphOur particular object
Introduction 9/34
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Fornax dSphSome data
A quick look
Complex system.
The largest and most luminous of the dSphscompanion of the MW.
It host globular clusters.
Shows two shell structures.
Introduction 10/34
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Fornax dSphSome data
Fornax at glance
RA, α (J2000.0) 2h 39’ 53.1”Dec, δ (J2000.0) -34o 30’ 16.0”Galactic longitude, l (deg) 237.245Galactic latitude, b (deg) -65.663Heliocentric distance (kpc) 138±8Heliocentric radial velocity (km s−1) 55.3±0.1Luminosity, LV (L�) 15.5× 106
Ellipticity, e 0.30± 0.01Position angle (deg) 41±6Core radius (pc) ∼460 (13.8±0.8 arcmin)Tidal radius (kpc) ∼2.4 (71±4 arcmin)
Table: Fornax main data.
Introduction 11/34
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Fornax dSphSome data
Fornax at glance
RA, α (J2000.0) 2h 39’ 53.1”Dec, δ (J2000.0) -34o 30’ 16.0”Galactic longitude, l (deg) 237.245Galactic latitude, b (deg) -65.663Heliocentric distance (kpc) 138±8Heliocentric radial velocity (km s−1) 55.3±0.1Luminosity, LV (L�) 15.5× 106
Ellipticity, e 0.30± 0.01Position angle (deg) 41±6Core radius (pc) ∼460 (13.8±0.8 arcmin)Tidal radius (kpc) ∼2.4 (71±4 arcmin)
Table: Fornax main data.
Introduction 11/34
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 The data
3 Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution
4 Results
5 Discussion and Conclusion
The data 12/34
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Data setsThree kind of observations
−34◦ 50′
−34◦ 40′
−34◦ 30′
−34◦ 20′
δ 2000
2h 39m2h 40m2h 41m
α2000
2
4Hip 12393
3
E
N
Wide field photometry (Stetson2000, 2005)
mI . 23
∼ 0.7 degrees2 covered
Deep FORS1@VLT photometry
mI . 25
∼ 135 arcmin2 covered
Spectroscopy (Battaglia et al.2006)
CaT metallicities of RGB stars
The data 13/34
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Data setsThree kind of observations
−34◦ 50′
−34◦ 40′
−34◦ 30′
−34◦ 20′
δ 2000
2h 39m2h 40m2h 41m
α2000
Hip 12393
3
4
2E
N
Wide field photometry (Stetson2000, 2005)
mI . 23
∼ 0.7 degrees2 covered
Deep FORS1@VLT photometry
mI . 25
∼ 135 arcmin2 covered
Spectroscopy (Battaglia et al.2006)
CaT metallicities of RGB stars
The data 13/34
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Data setsThree kind of observations
−34◦ 50′
−34◦ 40′
−34◦ 30′
−34◦ 20′
δ 2000
2h 39m2h 40m2h 41m
α2000
2
4Hip 12393
3
E
N
Wide field photometry (Stetson2000, 2005)
mI . 23
∼ 0.7 degrees2 covered
Deep FORS1@VLT photometry
mI . 25
∼ 135 arcmin2 covered
Spectroscopy (Battaglia et al.2006)
CaT metallicities of RGB stars
The data 13/34
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 The data
3 Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution
4 Results
5 Discussion and Conclusion
Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution 14/34
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Wide field photometryObtaining the spatial distribution maps
Five regions in the CMD
HB: Old (& 11− 12Gyrs).
RGB: Intermediate-old(& 1− 2Gyrs).
RC: Intermediate-young.
BP: Young (& 1Gyr ,. 4Gyrs).
BBP: Very young(. 1− 2Gyrs).
Spatial distribution maps
2d histogram of 142 x 128 pixels.
Normalized & convolved with a gaussian filter.
Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution 15/34
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Wide field photometryObtaining the spatial distribution maps
Five regions in the CMD
HB: Old (& 11− 12Gyrs).
RGB: Intermediate-old(& 1− 2Gyrs).
RC: Intermediate-young.
BP: Young (& 1Gyr ,. 4Gyrs).
BBP: Very young(. 1− 2Gyrs).
Spatial distribution maps
2d histogram of 142 x 128 pixels.
Normalized & convolved with a gaussian filter.
Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution 15/34
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Deep photometryThe stars position
Deep photometric list selection
We define three regions:
Name of Region Surface (pc2) Galactocentric dist. (pc) No. of stars
Inside the Core 1 (IC1) 75770.1 56.8 69590Inside the Core 2 (IC2) 84248.6 360.4 69712Outside the Core (OC) 59181.5 473.6 38643
−34◦ 50′
−34◦ 40′
−34◦ 30′
−34◦ 20′
δ 2000
2h 39m2h 40m2h 41m
α2000
Hip 12393
3
4
2E
N
Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution 16/34
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Deep photometryThe stars position
Deep photometric list selection
We define three regions:
Name of Region Surface (pc2) Galactocentric dist. (pc) No. of stars
Inside the Core 1 (IC1) 75770.1 56.8 69590Inside the Core 2 (IC2) 84248.6 360.4 69712Outside the Core (OC) 59181.5 473.6 38643
−34◦ 50′
−34◦ 40′
−34◦ 30′
−34◦ 20′
δ 2000
2h 39m2h 40m2h 41m
α2000
OC
3
4
2
Hip 12393IC1
IC2
E
N
Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution 16/34
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Deep photometryObserved CMDs
Isochrones from BaSTI stellar evolution library: Z=0.004, 1Gyr(dotted-dashed green) and Z=0.001, 13.5 Gyr (red solid line).
Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution 17/34
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Deep photometryObserved CMDs
Isochrones from BaSTI stellar evolution library: Z=0.004, 1Gyr(dotted-dashed green) and Z=0.001, 13.5 Gyr (red solid line).
Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution 17/34
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Deep photometryObtaining the SFH
Synthetyc CMDs fitting techniques (Aparicio & Hidalgo 2009; Hidalgo etal. 2011).
Basic functions.
SFH defined as ψ(t, z), ψ(t, z)dtdz is the mass transformed in starsin t ′ (t < t ′ < t + dt) with z ′ (z < z ′ < z + dz).
IMF, Frequency and distribution of binary stars masses β(f , q), etc.
sCMD
We created a sCMD populated by millions of stars.
Stars distributed in n ×m simple populations.
Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution 18/34
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Deep photometryObtaining the SFH
Synthetyc CMDs fitting techniques (Aparicio & Hidalgo 2009; Hidalgo etal. 2011).
Basic functions.
SFH defined as ψ(t, z), ψ(t, z)dtdz is the mass transformed in starsin t ′ (t < t ′ < t + dt) with z ′ (z < z ′ < z + dz).
IMF, Frequency and distribution of binary stars masses β(f , q), etc.
sCMD
We created a sCMD populated by millions of stars.
Stars distributed in n ×m simple populations.
Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution 18/34
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Deep photometryObtaining the SFH
Simulating observational effects in the sCMD
Information provided by the completeness test.
S/N limitations.
Detector defects.
Stellar crowding.
etc.
Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution 19/34
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Deep photometryObtaining the SFH
Simulating observational effects in the sCMD
Information provided by the completeness test.
S/N limitations.
Detector defects.
Stellar crowding.
etc.
Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution 19/34
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Deep photometryObtaining the SFH
Sample and comparison of both CMDs
Observed CMD (ψ(t, z)) vs. synthetic CMD (∑n×m
i ψi ).
Process ends with the best solution found: ψ(t, z) = A∑
i αiψi .
We used χ2γ defined by Mighell (1999) as merit function.
Used codes
Four main codes are the mainstays of this method:
IAC-star (Aparicio & Gallart 2004).Obsersin (Hidalgo et al. 2011).IAC-pop (Aparicio & Hidalgo 2009).MinnIAC (Hidalgo et al. 2011).
Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution 20/34
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CaT spectroscopyObtaining the AMR and the metallicity map.
−35◦ 30′
−35◦ 00′
−34◦ 30′
−34◦ 00′
−33◦ 30′
δ 2000
2h 36m2h 40m2h 44m
α2000
4
3
2
15
E
N
Metallicity and age Maps
2d histograms of 30 x 33pixels.
Obtaining the AMR
Stars lying inside the core.
Combining metallicities fromCaT with positions in CMD.
Polynomial relationship(Carrera et al. 2008).
Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution 21/34
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CaT spectroscopyObtaining the AMR and the metallicity map.
−35◦ 30′
−35◦ 00′
−34◦ 30′
−34◦ 00′
−33◦ 30′
δ 2000
2h 36m2h 40m2h 44m
α2000
4
31
5
2
E
N
Metallicity and age Maps
2d histograms of 30 x 33pixels.
Obtaining the AMR
Stars lying inside the core.
Combining metallicities fromCaT with positions in CMD.
Polynomial relationship(Carrera et al. 2008).
Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution 21/34
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 The data
3 Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution
4 Results
5 Discussion and Conclusion
Results 22/34
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Spatial distributionStrong differences between populations
−15
0
15
∆δ 2
000
[′ ]
Hip
3
2
4
HB
E
N
3
Hip4
2
RGB
E
N
Hip4
3
2
RC
E
N
−15
0
15
∆δ 2
000
[′ ]
−15015
∆α2000 [′]
2
4Hip
3BP
E
N
−15015
∆α2000 [′]
3
2
Hip4
BBP
E
N
−15015
∆α2000 [′]
Hip4
3
2
Total
E
N
Strong asymetries found in the young populations.
Shell like structures of young stars (∼ 2− 3Gyrs).
Results 23/34
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The star formation historyGeneral view
Summary
Spread old population.
Narrower metallicityrange in the outskirts.
Results 24/34
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The star formation historyGeneral view
Summary
Spread old population.
Narrower metallicityrange in the outskirts.
Results 24/34
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The star formation historyDetailed view
0
2
4ψ
(10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
IC1
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
358 Z
× 1
0−
3
0.5124611
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
IC2
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
3
58
Z ×
10
−3
0.5124611
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
OC
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
3
58
Z ×
10
−3
0.5124611
Differences between regions
Last burst located in thecore.
Small differences in theAMR.
SF ends before as we moveoutwards.
Results 25/34
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The star formation historyDetailed view
0
2
4ψ
(10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
IC1
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
358 Z
× 1
0−
3
0.5124611
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
IC2
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
3
58
Z ×
10
−3
0.5124611
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
OC
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
3
58
Z ×
10
−3
0.5124611
Differences between regions
Last burst located in thecore.
Small differences in theAMR.
SF ends before as we moveoutwards.
Results 25/34
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The star formation historyGlobal and cosmological evolution
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
IC1
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
358 Z
× 1
0−
3
0.5124611
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
IC2
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
3
58
Z ×
10
−3
0.5124611
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
OC
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
3
58
Z ×
10
−3
0.5124611
Reionization and SNe effects
∼ 90% stars formed afterUV.
Has retained gas againstSNe feedback.
Results 26/34
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The star formation historyGlobal and cosmological evolution
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
IC1
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
358 Z
× 1
0−
3
0.5124611
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
IC2
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
3
58
Z ×
10
−3
0.5124611
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
OC
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
3
58
Z ×
10
−3
0.5124611
Reionization and SNe effects
∼ 90% stars formed afterUV.
Has retained gas againstSNe feedback.
Results 26/34
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The star formation historyPossible tidal interactions
0
2
4ψ
(10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
IC1
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
358 Z
× 1
0−
3
0.5124611
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
IC2
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
3
58
Z ×
10
−3
0.5124611
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
OC
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
3
58
Z ×
10
−3
0.5124611
Tidal interaction with the MW?
118 kpc of perigalacticon.
152 kpc apogalacticon.
3.2 Gyr of orbital period.
(Piatek et al. 2007)
Results 27/34
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CaT spectroscopyMetallicity and Age map
Metallicity map:
−35◦ 30′
−35◦ 00′
−34◦ 30′
−34◦ 00′
−33◦ 30′
δ 2000
2h 36m2h 39m2h 42m2h 45m
α2000
4
31
5
2
E
N
−2.50
−2.25
−2.00
−1.75
−1.50
−1.25
−1.00
−0.75
−0.50
[Fe/H
]
Age map:
−35◦ 30′
−35◦ 00′
−34◦ 30′
−34◦ 00′
−33◦ 30′
δ 2000
2h 36m2h 39m2h 42m2h 45m
α2000
2
4
15
3
E
N
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
7.5
9.0
10.5
12.0
Age
Metallicity and age distributions do not follow opticalshape.
Results 28/34
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CaT spectroscopyThe AMR
024681012
−1.5
−1
−0.5
Look−back time (Gyr)
[M/H
]redshift
1
3
5
8
Z ×
10
−3
0.5124611
Results 29/34
![Page 45: The early Universe just around the corner: Fornax · PDF fileThe early Universe just around the corner: Fornax dSph ... A unique oportunity ... (km s 1) 55.3 0.1 Luminosity, L V (L](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051718/5a714c2f7f8b9aac538cb18b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
CaT spectroscopyComparison between results
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
IC1
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
358 Z
× 1
0−
3
0.5124611
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
IC2
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
3
58
Z ×
10
−3
0.5124611
0
2
4
ψ (
10
−9 M
yr−
1 p
c−2)
⊙
redshift
OC
−1.5
−1
−0.5
[M/H
]
0246810120
0.5
1
Look−back time (Gyr)
Ψ(t
)
1
3
58
Z ×
10
−3
0.5124611
Fit perfectly!
We can use photometryinstead of spectroscopy.
Results 30/34
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 The data
3 Obtaining the SFH and the spatial distribution
4 Results
5 Discussion and Conclusion
Discussion and Conclusion 31/34
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Global and local considerations
Reionization and SNe effects on Fornax
� ∼ 90% stars formed after UV.
� Has retained gas against SNe feedback.
}M & 108 − 109M�
(Self-Shielding effect)
Possible tidal interactions
� Our results favored an interaction with a smaller system (∼ 3 Gyrs ago)� Strong asymetries found in the young populations.� Shell like structures of young stars (∼ 2− 3Gyrs).� Z = 0.004 for Clump stars (Olszewski et al. 2006).� Random motion kinematic (Walker & Mateo, 2006).
Discussion and Conclusion 32/34
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Global and local considerations
Reionization and SNe effects on Fornax
� ∼ 90% stars formed after UV.
� Has retained gas against SNe feedback.
}M & 108 − 109M�
(Self-Shielding effect)
Possible tidal interactions
� Our results favored an interaction with a smaller system (∼ 3 Gyrs ago)� Strong asymetries found in the young populations.� Shell like structures of young stars (∼ 2− 3Gyrs).� Z = 0.004 for Clump stars (Olszewski et al. 2006).� Random motion kinematic (Walker & Mateo, 2006).
Discussion and Conclusion 32/34
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Conclusions
Fornax has been forming stars continiously up to less than 1Gyr.
There exist strong differences as a function of the position.
Last burst located mostly at the center (. 4 Gyrs).Old population uniformly distributed well beyond the core(& 11 Gyrs, z . 0.002).Mean metallicity higher in the innermost regions.
Both, reionization and SNe feedback do not show decisiveeffects.
Our results favored an interaction with a smaller system (∼ 3Gyrs ago), and do not discard a tidal interaction with theMW.
Discussion and Conclusion 33/34
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And...
Thank you!
Discussion and Conclusion 34/34