The Early Republic

Early RepublicI.Federalist and Republicans

(summaryA. Hamilton and Federalist

A. 1

B. 2.

C. 3

B. Enacting Federalist ProgramsA. 1.

B. 2.

C. 3

C. Republican OppositionA. 1.

B. 2.

C. 3

II.Establishing Notational Sovereignty

I. Securing the FrontierII. Native Americans and the

new nation

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Washington and Hamilton and the shaping of the National Government

New Government

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UNIT 3 HippocampusLesson 17-22

George WashingtonCabinet

Foreign affairs (state) Thomas Jefferson

Finance (Treasury) Alexander Hamilton

War (Defense) Henry KnoxJudiciary Act 1789

Federal District Court in each state3 circuit courts to hear appealsSupreme Court has final say

Strengthened Federal control▫ Bill of Rights

Ratified 1791 Eased Anti-Federalist fears of

Strong Central Government

Washington and Hamilton and the shaping of the National Government

The New Government

• Hamilton’s Financial Program Enhance National Authority Favor financiers and merchants

▫ National Bank 1790 Owned by Federal Government

and Private Stock holders Make Loans Issue Bills of Credit 20 Year charter

Jefferson and other Anti-Federalist claimed unconstitutional

Loose Interpretation of Constitution “Necessary and Proper”

Clause Washington signed the

law

Washington and Hamilton and the shaping of the National Government

New Government

•Hamilton’s Financial Program▫Funding of State Debt

Federal Government took state loans and honored them on face value Benefited speculators Hurt shopkeepers, farmers

and soldiers Interest bearing

securities Permanent National Debt

▫Debt held by wealthy families

Washington and Hamilton and the shaping of the National Government

New Government

• Hamilton’s Financial Program▫ Pay interest on debt ▫ Raise Revenue

Tariffs, Taxes and Whiskey Foreign Imports Not protective but to defray

expenses Encouraged settlement in the

West▫Government could sell

western lands at lower prices

▫ Whiskey Rebellion 1794 Protest on tax on distilled

spirits raise price and cut demand

Back country rebellion Washington sent in troops and

dispersed the rebellion

NOTE Taking Skills

Listen to a presentation Take NotesWrite a summary of the Presentation

•http://www.gilderlehrman.org/historians/podcasts/podcast.php?podcast_id=547

Development of political parties: Federalist and Republicans

The New Government

•Political Parties▫ Interpreting the

Constitution Loose Vs Strict

▫States Rights Anti-Federalist Democratic Republicans South – Jefferson Yeomen Farmers

▫Strong National Government Federalist North Hamilton Finance and Merchants

▫First Party System

Washington and Hamilton and the shaping of the National Government

Foreign Policy

•Great Britain▫Jay ‘s Treaty

Britain's right to remove smuggled goods from American ships

US Pay British merchants for Pre-Revolutionary war debts

British remove troops from Northwest Territory

•European Wars▫Washington Declared

Neutrality▫Merchants can trade with

both British and French

Washington and Hamilton and the shaping of the National Government

Washington's Farewell address

List words that characterize Washington during this time period.

Consider: Jay’s TreatyHamilton vs. JeffersonNeutrality

Table group analysis:1. Analyze one section of the address2.Write a two or three sentence

summary of your section.3.Pick ONE word that sums up your section of the address.4.Support your summary and word using a selected quote from the document.

•Document Analysis▫Washington’s Farewell

Address

•What implications does Washington’s Farewell address have for today?

Washington and Hamilton and the shaping of the National Government

Discussion

• Was the passage of the Bill of Rights a reaction to former British rule or a new American Government ideas?

• Evaluate Hamilton's economic policies in terms of immediate political implications and long term economic effects.

• Analyze the political implications of the Whiskey Rebellion.

• Has the two-party system benefited the nation?

• Analyze political and economic philosophies of Hamilton and Jefferson.

Development of political parties: Federalist and Republicans

Election of 1796

•First Party System▫Federalist –

Washington's Birthday Creditors Artisans Merchants

▫Democratic Republicans – July 4th

Tobacco and rice planters Western Farmers Germans and Scot-Irish

•1796▫Federalist – John Adams

Development of political parties: Federalist and Republicans

John Adams

•Nation above Party▫XYZ Affair

French Minister wanted a bribe (offered by agents X,Y & Z)

Adams said America was insulted

Congress cut off trade with France and seized French ships

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afB5NJmER5M

Development of political parties: Federalist and Republicans

John Adams

•Party above Nation▫Naturalization Act

Increased the time to be an American Citizen from 5 to 14 years. Right to vote took longer

▫Alien Acts Can deport foreigners

▫Sedition Acts Prohibited publication of

insults on the president or members of congress.

Development of political parties: Federalist and Republicans

John Adams

•Party Above Nation▫Virginia and Kentucky

resolves Acts have ‘No Force” States Rights

Interpretation of Constitution

•Judiciary act of 1801•New Federal Judges to

court system•Congress approved 16 new

courts and six additional circuit courts all filled with Federalist Judges

• John Marshall appointed Chief Justice of Supreme Court

Development of political parties: Federalist and Republicans

Discussion

• What side was more effective during the presidency of John Adams:

Nation above Party Party above Nation

• In what ways do the Virginia and Kentucky resolves reflect the attitude towards the nature of the Federal Government at that time? Do these attitudes exist today?

• Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790s▫ (Washington & Adams)

• The debate over the Alien and Sedition acts of 1798 revealed bitter controversies on a number of issues. Discuss the issues involved and explain why these controversies developed.

significance of Jefferson’s presidency

Thomas Jefferson

•Revolution of 1800▫Thomas Jefferson -

Republican▫Aaron Burr - Republican

Tied at 73 electoral votes House votes 35x to break tie

▫Alexander Hamilton – Federalist Persuaded Federalist in the

House to elect Jefferson

•Bloodless Transfer of power in times of bitter partisanship

significance of Jefferson’s presidency

Thomas Jefferson

Virginia DynastyJeffersonMadisonMonroe

Two terms each

• Jefferson - Beginning of Virginia Dynasty▫ West Expansion

Yeomen farmers, planters w/slaves and speculators Kentucky and Tennessee

New cotton plantations in Georgia and South Carolina

Native Americans refused to assimilate Backlash against Christianity and

farming Native American Women had more

rights▫ Judiciary

Midnight appointments Judges approved at midnight or just

before Adams left office▫ Marbruy v Madison later

▫ Opposition Quids – Republicans opposed to

Jefferson Essex Junto – New England Federalist

▫ Seperate

expansion into the trans-Appalachian West and the American Indian Resistance.

Jefferson

Louisiana PurchaseFrom France for $15 million

▫Constitutional Scruples Domestic Consideration

Required ‘loose’ interpretation of ‘necessary and proper’ clause

Foreign Considerations US out of Napoleonic

wars (for now)• Expeditions

▫Lewis and Clark Survey Plants and Animals

▫Zebulon Pike

significance of Jefferson’s presidency

Thomas Jefferson

•Jefferson• Foreign Policy

▫ Pinckney's Treaty w/ Spain Allowed settlers in the

Mississippi Valley and use the Port of New Orleans

▫ Barbary Pirates – North Africa Refused to pay ‘tribute’ to

protect ships in North Africa. Ordered US Navy to protect ships. Renegotiated tribute.

▫ Napoleonic Wars – Peaceful Coercion Embargo act

US ships not leave port until France and Britain repealed restrictions

Disaster for Economy▫ Republican James Madison elected

in 1808

Development of political parties: Federalist and Republicans

Document Analysis

• Jefferson’s Third Annual Message to Congress▫October 17 1803

•What is Jefferson Saying?▫Barbary Wars▫Louisiana Purchase▫Indian Relations▫Neutrality▫US Finances

•Write a response from the Quid or Essex Junto point of view.

Development of political parties: Federalist and Republicans

Discussion

In what ways were the elections of 1796 and 1800 forced the alteration of the Electoral College?

Evaluate the impact of Jefferson’s decision to purchase the Louisiana Territory on the future of the nation?

In what ways did the Embargo Act affect the election of 1808?

expansion into the trans-Appalachian West and the American Indian Resistance.

James Madison

• Embargo replaced with Economic restrictions▫ Non- Intercourse Act

Lifted Embargo except for ships bound for Britain and France

▫ Britain and France still refused to recognize American Interest

• Native American Unrest▫ Tecumseh and the Prophet

Supplied by British guns Nativist message – return to

tradition Founded holy village of

Prophetstown▫ Tippecanoe

Wm. Henry Harrison Governor of Ohio territory mobilized troops and burned prophets’ town

• War in Europe▫ Macon's Bill No. 2

Would lift embargos on Britain or France if they would stop attacking American ships

War of 1812 and its consequences

War of 1812

• Causes▫ Overt

▫ Britain's seizure of merchant ships and impressment of American sailors

▫ Covert▫ Want western lands of British Canada

and Spanish Florida

▫ War Hawks▫ Henry Clay – Kentucky▫ John C. Calhoun – South Carolina

Battle Ground▫ Great Lakes

▫ Detroit

▫ Baltimore-Washington▫ British burned government buildings

including the Capitol

▫ New Orleans▫ Andrew Jackson

War of 1812 and its consequences

War of 1812

• Hartford Convention▫ Proposed Amendments

▫ Revise the Constitution to end Virginia’s domination of the presidency

▫ Embargos last 60 days and require 2/3 vote to declare war, prohibit trade and allow new states into the union

▫ Some delegates proposed succession▫ Treaty of Ghent – December 24 1814

▫ British wanted peace▫ 20 year war with France drained

money and energy▫ Prewar boarders of the United

States• Results

▫ Nationalism▫ Moral Victory

▫ Death of Federalist▫ Undercut Hartford Convention▫ End of First Party System

War of 1812 and its consequences

Discussion

• The War of 1812 was the second war for American Independence – Assess the validity of this statement

• What implications did the Hartford Convention have for Federalist Party?

• “The War of 1812 was a minor war for America, but one which had great long range consequences for America”▫ What would be the long range

consequences?

War of 1812 and its consequences

Era of Good FeelingsJames Monroe

• Era of Good Feelings▫ James Monroe last president to run

unopposed and last of Virginia Dynasty Peace Prosperity Liberty

▫ Great Britain Rush-Bagot Treaty

Reduced tensions along Canadian boarder▫ Disarmed both Navys on the Great

Lakes▫ Set US- Canada boundary

▫ Spain Adams-Onis Treaty

Spain ceded Florida to US US renounced claims on Texas Boarders to Pacific set

▫ Western Hemisphere Monroe Doctrine

American Continent no longer open to European colonization.

America would not interfere with European affairs or existing colonies

Era of Good FeelingsSectional Interest“good feelings” with hard feelings underneath

• Missouri Compromise▫ Missouri applied for statehood 1819▫ Slavery was established in Missouri▫ Tallmadge Amendment

No further introduction of slaves and emancipation for those already there

▫ Henry Clay Main Free State Missouri Slave State Prohibit Slavery north of the southern boundary of

Missouri

• Federal Land Sales▫ Push

East coast populations No new lands to farm

▫ Pull Move Indian tribes west

Forts and Factor System

Marshall Court

• John Marshall Supreme Court Justice▫ One of Adams “midnight judges”▫ Strengthen Judicial and molded the

development of the Constitution

• National Government over State Government▫ McCulloch v Maryland

Judicial Review Consider Kentucky and Virginia Resolves

“Implied Powers”

▫ Gibbons v Ogden Regulate interstate commerce

• Federal Courts over State Courts▫ Martin v Hunter’s Lessee

• Property Rights▫ Dartmouth v Woodward▫ Fletcher v Peck

John Quincy Adams

• Election of 1824Corrupt bargain

John Quincy Adams Secretary of State

Henry Clay Speaker of House

Andrew Jackson Hero of war 1812

▫More popular and electoral votes, but no majority

Clay gave support to Adams who was elected president by the House of Representatives

Clay was named Sectary of state by Adams

• Tariff Tax on imported goods Favored in the North Called ‘tariff of abominations’ in

the South

discussion

• How has the Monroe Doctrine continue to effect relationships with Latin American and Europe today?

• How did the Marshall Court tip the scales in favor of the National Government supremacy over the states?

• Did the Supreme Court have constitutional authority to establish the concept of Judicial review?

• Consider the time period 1887-1828. Has America become more united or divided?

describe and give the significance of the Second Great Awakening

• Origins▫ Yale and East Coast students▫ 1801 Cane Ridge Kentucky

“Camp Meetings” Re-admit God & Christ into

lives▫Daily life of Piety

• Effects▫ Growth of Denominations

Presbyterians, Methodist and Baptist

▫ Create order and stability in frontier.

▫ Opportunities for Women, Blacks and Indians.

• Opposition▫ Freethinkers

Skeptics

describe and give the significance of the Second Great Awakening

Philosophical chairs

What was the PRIMARY cause of the Second Great Awakening?

Matt McCook Transformation came from institutions like the industrial revolution and regional differences.

Curtis JohnsonIdeological and institutional

changes in the church.

Republican Motherhood

Role of women is to raise children for the Republic.

Raise children for the country women were expected to scarifice

Transfer of England's Industrial Revolution

•Factory▫Lowell System

•Machines▫Steam Engine▫Sewing Machine▫Safety Pin▫Typewriter

•Process▫Vulcanization of rubber▫Iron into steel

•Agriculture▫Cotton Gin▫Plow and reaper

Transfer of England's Industrial Revolution

•Transportation and Communication▫Roads & Turnpikes▫Bridges▫Canals▫Steamboats▫Locomotive/Railroad▫Telegraph

•Military▫Breech Loading

Flintlock▫Revolver▫Repeating Rifle

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