The Early & High Middle Ages
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Transcript of The Early & High Middle Ages
The Early & High Middle Ages
Timeframe: 500-1,000 CE Important people: Clovis, Charles Martel, & Charlemagne
Important places: Europe Important things: Catholic church - extremely powerful - dominated all aspects of life.
Feudalism…nobles, knights, & peasants.
The Early Middle Ages
The Fall of the Roman EmpireRiddled with social, economic, and political
problems, the territories in the Roman Empire fell from invasions.
New Germanic Kingdoms
When W. Rome fell in 476 CE, Germanic invaders carved up Western Europe into small kingdoms.
Franks = FranceVisigoths = SpainOstrogoths = ItalyAnglo-Saxons = EnglandByzantium Empire = Eastern Roman Empire
The FranksOnly one German kingdom proved long lasting…The Franks
Frankish kingdom was established by Clovis
Strong military leader1st Germanic ruler to convert to Christianity (500 AD)
Gained the support of Roman Catholic Church.
*Made Vikings part of European society by settling them and converting them to Christianity.
By 510, Clovis had created a powerful new kingdom that stretched from Pyrenees in the SW (in Spain) to modern day France & W. Germany.
The Franks
Tomb of Clovis at the Basilica of St. Denis in the suburbs of Paris.
By 622 Islam had spread and was a growing huge empire
Muslim armies overran Palestine, N. Africa, and Spain.
The Muslim World
Charles MartelAs the Islamic caliphates pushed over the Pyrenees
Mtns in Spain and deeper into W. Europe , they were
stopped by…
Charles Martel in the Battle of Tours in 732
This is significant b/c
it kept Muslims
out of Europe
except in Spain.
In the 800s, Charlemagne reunited much of Europe.Set up a strong efficient
government (model)He revived learningExtended Christian civilization
into northern EuropeFurther blended German,
Roman, and Christian traditionsAfter Charlemagne died, his heirs battled for power In 843, they split the empire into
three regions.
Age of Charlemagne
Summary
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4-5 sentences.
Feudalism Feudalism is a social system
based on mutual obligations between lords, vassals & serfs.
Feudalism emerged b/c people needed protection from competing interests and invasions.
Feudalism created a strict order in medieval society.
The heart of feudalism – vassalage, which meant warriors swore loyalty to a lord, who in turn took care of their needs.
Serfs/PeasantsFarm land/provided shelter
Feudalism
Monarch
Lords
Lesser Lords
Knights
Peasants
Knights adopted a code of conduct called Chivalry
Which required them to be brave, loyal, and true to their word
In warfare to fight fairly and be generous to their enemies
Rules in chivalry applied to nobles only (not commoners).
Knights
Peasants made up the majority of medieval society They lived and worked on the
lord’s estate or manor Most peasants on the manor
were serfs Were bound to the land In theory they were
guaranteed food, housing and land.
Peasant Life
Daily life Avg life span was 35 yrs Everyone worked No school or learning Simple diet of black bread & few veggies Believed in elves, fairies, love potions,
and magic charmsPriests tried to Christianize them
Peasant Life
It was thee most powerful secular force in medieval Europe The pope claimed authority over all men Taught all men were sinners and doomed unless saved through
Sacraments Taught that men and women were equal before God But on Earth women were inferior to men Had it’s own law and courts (Canon Law) Could excommunicate violators – exclusion from the Roman Catholic
Church as penalty for refusing to obey Church laws. Nobles and Kings could be interdicted – excommunicate an entire
region, town, or kingdom.
After the fall of Rome, the Christian Church split into eastern & western churches. The western church, became known as the Roman Catholic Church
The Medieval Church
The Church was the Center of Daily Life
Monasteries & convents performed a vital cultural function by preserving the learning of the ancient world.
Benedictine rule 530AD Oath of poverty Vows of chastity Obedience to the abbot Hard work was of spiritual
value
As the Church became stronger and wealthier, it also became corrupt Clergy tended to be worldly
and lived in luxury Monks and nuns ignored
their vows
The Medieval Church
Capital city: Constantinople
Trade & knowledge flourished in Constantinople due to its location as a meeting point between India/Asia & Europe.
Eastern Roman EmpireAKA – The Byzantine Empire
Justinian – most notable emperor in 552 Restored Roman empire during his reign. From N. Africa to Asia Minor. Most important contribution – codified Roman law which became the
basis for much of the legal system in Europe Greatest achievement – built the famous Hagia Sophia in 537– the
Church of Holy Wisdom
Eastern Roman Empire
Eastern Roman Empire
Eastern Roman Empire
TheodoraEmpress & Justinian’s wifeChampioned women’s rightsWomen can divorce, keep
children, & own property.Laws against beating wivesResponsible for keeping
Justinian in power when under attack by riots
Eastern Roman Empire
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Agricultural Revolution1. Wood plows pulled by oxen (broke & slow) Iron plows pulled by horses (stronger & faster)
Agricultural Revolution2. Windmills were invented – they grind large quantities of grain into flour
Agricultural Revolution3. The three field system
One w/ grains, one w/ legumes, and one fallow. when fallow, soil has time to replenish
Agricultural RevolutionResults of the Agricultural Revolution….
More food More population More than doubled between the years 1,000-1,300 CE
European Trade RevivesMerchants set up routes with armed caravans
Trade fairs help create new townsArtisans made
goods for the tradersCities slowly grewThe most
prosperous in N. Italy & Flanders
European Trade RevivesCharters
From the king or lordTownspeople could
control their own affairsAnyone living in the town
for 1 year + 1 day was free!!!
Put new ideas into circulation & greatly expanded the middle class
Economic & Social Changes
Economic ChangesMoney reappearedThe need for capital
created banking housesPartnerships developed Insurance underwriting
beganBill of exchange
Social changesMost lords needed
money to buy goodsMany serfs began to sell
goods to the towns Paying their lords in cash
instead of tradeBy 1300, most serfs
were now tenant farmers or hired laborers
Denier (Penny in English, Pfennig in German, Denaro in Italian)
Workers Guilds Guilds
Merchant & craft guilds dominated life in towns
Membership was a three step process
Apprentice - age 7 or 8 for seven years
Journeymen.....most did not make master
Master
Medieval Towns
Medieval TownsGrew in a haphazard mannerJumble of narrow streets & tall buildings
No street lightingNoisy during the day deserted at night
Had no garbage or sewer so waste went into the streets
Towns were filthy, smelly, noisy & crowded
Effects of TradePut new ideas and products into circulationReintroduced moneyRevised social structure
Kings had more powerGrowing middle classSerfs changed to free peasants
Sets the stage for the Renaissance
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The High Middle Ages
Timeframe: 1050 – 1450 CEImportant places/people/things:
England King John, Magna Carta, ParliamentFrance Philip II & Luis IVHoly Roman Empire Pope Innocent IIICrusades 1095-1204, 7 totalBlack Death #s, social, & econ effectsHundred Years War France vs. England
The High Middle Ages1050-1450 CE
Strong monarchs in England & France used various means to centralize power
Set up system of royal justiceCreated a gov’t bureaucracyTax systemsStanding armiesWorked w/ the new middle class
In England: New Political Traditions Evolved
Common lawHenry II sent out traveling
justices to enforce royal lawTheir decisions became the
basis for…The jury system
The justices formed groups of men to determine which cases should be heard (grand jury)
Evolved into jury by peers
Magna Carta in 1215King John was forced to sign it in1215 It stated that nobles had certain rightsThe king couldn’t raise new taxes w/o 1st consulting The Great Council (lords & clergy)
In England: New Political Traditions Evolved
Parliament The Great Council evolved into parliament In 1295, Edward I added common people to the councilParliament became bicameral
House of Lords & House of Commons
In England: New Political Traditions Evolved
In France: Strong leaders built an efficient
centralized bureaucracyPhilip Augustus of France
Used paid middle class officials
Chartered many new townsOrganized a standing army Introduced a nat’l taxQuadrupled royal land holdings
In France: Strong leaders built an efficient
centralized bureaucracyLouis IX
Lived by the rules of Chivalry
Persecuted heretics, Jews and Muslims
Expanded royal courtsOutlawed private warsEnded serfdom in his lands
Phillip IVClashed with Pope Boniface VIII so he Killed him &
moved the new pope to France
Set up the Estates General - had representatives from all three estates or classes:
ClergyNobles Townspeople
In France: Strong leaders built an efficient
centralized bureaucracy
Church Supremacy
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II Preoccupied with power
struggles with the Church Was forced to give in to
demands of the German nobles
The nobles’ increasing independence made it impossible to unify Germany’s many feudal states.
*Pope Innocent III .…1198 Led Church to the height of
power and prestige Keep strict control over the
clergy Claimed supremacy over all
other rulers Led a crusade against the
Albigensians in S. France
SummarySummarize your notes using four to
five sentences.
The Crusades 1095 to 1204Byzantine Empire
Seljuk Turks (Muslims) extended their power over Palestine and attacked Christian pilgrims
Alexius I sent and urgent plea for help to Urban II
Western Europeans were unaware of advanced civilizations in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
*Urged on by Pope Urban 1000’s joined the Crusades
*Why did they go? Religious reasons Win wealth and land Escape troubles at home For adventure
Seven Crusades1st 1095-1099 Brought Jerusalem under the Christain
crusaders control
The Crusades 1095 to 1204
Seven Crusades2nd 1147-49 Epic fail
Then in 1187… Muslim forces began to fight back… Holy City of Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces
under the leader, Saladin
The Crusades 1095 to 1204
Seven Crusades3rd 1188-1192 King Richard the Lionhearted of
England negotiated w/ Saladin, Christians permitted to visit
Jerusalem
4th 1202-1204 Looted Constantinople
5th 1217-12216th 1228-12397th 1248-1250
The Crusades 1095 to 1204
*The Reconquista Spain expelled the Muslims from their land Created a unified state under King Ferdinand
and Queen Isabella Spain was broke afterwards so they hired
Columbus in 1492 to search for new land and riches.
The Crusades 1095 to 1204
*Effects of the CrusadesLeft a bitter legacy of religious hatredHelped quicken the changes in EuropeIncreased levels of tradePapal power reached its greatest heightHardened Byzantine resentment against the WestIncreased the power of W. Europe’s monarchsEncouraged the growth of a money economyBrought Europe into contact with other civilizations
The Crusades 1095 to 1204
A Revival of Learning
Improved economic and political conditions led to a revival of learning
Universities started teaching..... math, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric and logic
Europe enjoyed a cultural flowering, as writers created works in the vernacular and cities all over Europe built towering stone cathedrals that served as symbols of their wealth and religious devotion.
Europeans rediscovered the writings of the ancient Greeks
Setting off a revolution in the world of ideasForcing Christian scholars to resolve the conflict between logic and faith (scholasticism)Use reason to discover basic truths OR accept truths
on faithScience made little progress....most thought true knowledge must fit with church teachings
Summary
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A Time of Crisis
Europe attacked in 3 ways in mid-1300's
1. Drought2. Black Death3. Hundred Years War
A Time of Crisis: Drought
1. Drought caused widespread crop failures resulting in Famine, malnutrition and starvation Famine weakened the population, leaving them
vulnerable to the plague
A Time of Crisis: Black Plague
2. Black Death /The Bubonic PlagueSpread by flea infested ratsUnsanitary towns helped spread the plagueSymptoms:
Swellings and black bruisesHeavy sweatsConvulsive coughingRotted on the inside spitting blood and smelling terribly
Died in agony
A Time of Crisis: Black Plague
Killed 1 out of 3 people Approximately 38 million people died Created social & economic chaos
A Time of Crisis: Black Plague
Social changesTurned to magic and witchcraft for cures
Plunged into wild pleasures
Saw plague as God’s punishment
Blamed the Jews
Economic changesLabor shortagePrices roseScared people rioted and revolted
A Time of Crisis: Black Plague
3. War fought between: England vs. France
1337 – 1453
A Time of Crisis: Hundred Years’ War
A Time of Crisis: Hundred Years’ WarJoan of Arc
Inspired French soldiers & led them in battle
Betrayed by French & died on the stake
1412 - 1431
The effects of the war… Increased nat’lism & expanded royal power in FranceDevastated the countryside Increased power of Parliament in EnglandDrained their money supply
A Time of Crisis: Hundred Years’ War
Longbow Cannon
Changes in warfare:
A Time of Crisis: Hundred Years’ War
Summary
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