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I.

THE EARLIEST GEAECO-BACTRIAN

AND

GRAECO-INDIAN COINS.

(See

Plates

., I.)

Dr.

Imhoof-Blumer

(Mon.

Gr.,

1883,

pp.

118

ff.,

Nos.

19-46)

brought

together

a

number of silver

and

bronze

coins

inscribed

AAEZANAPOY,

hich had been

previously

attributed

by

Müller to

Alexander

II

of

Epirus.

All

these

he

proposed

to

re-ascribe,

s

a

single

and

indivisible

group,

o Alexander

the

Great,

and

to

regard

them

as his

first

ocal issues

in

Macedón,

and

as anterior

in

date to

his

world-wide

mperial

coinage,

uniform

n

types

but

differing

n

style

and

fabric,

ssued

during

his

invasion

of

the

vast

and

varied

regions previously

directly

r

indirectly

ubject

to

the

kings

of Persia.

At

the

head of

this little

series

of

coins

Dr.

Imhoof

described

the

following

tetradrachm,

t that

time

unique

/R 8m--

Gr.

14,68

=

/R

M.

W*.

227

grs.).

Tête

de

Zeus à

dr.,

ceinte

d'une couronne e

laurier

à

trois

angs

de

feuilles

cercle

erlé.

R.

AAEZAN

A

POY.

Aigle

debout ur un

foudre,

dr.,

et

retournanta

tête.

Derrière

ui,

massue

devant,

roue

e navire

dr.

cercle.

Pl.

D

8.

Cabinetde

France.

This

remarkable oin

is

no

longer

unique

(except

in

VOL.VI., SERIESIV. B




2

NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

a

single

detail,

one

of its

adjunct

symbols,

the club

behind

the

eagle

on

the

reverse),

s

the

British Museum

has

since

acquired

two other

specimens

(struck

from

different

ies)

of an

interesting

variety,

one of

which

was

purchased

from

he Indian

coin-dealer,

hunda

Mall,

of

Rawul-Pindi,

in

the

Panjâb,

and

the

other

at

the

Montagu Sale (Sale Gat., i. 120), theprovenance f the

latter

being

unrecorded

Pl.

II.

9).

These

two

specimens

differ

nly

in

one

important

detail

from the

specimen

above described

by

Imhoof,

viz.

in

the substitution

f

the well-known

Athenian

olive-spray

two

leaves

and

a

berry)

in

place

of the club behind

the

eagle

on

the

reverse,

ut

they

make it

quite

clear

that

Dr. Imhoof

was mistaken

n

describing

the

symbol

in

front

f

the

eagle as a prow. On all three specimens the object

is identical not

a

prow,

ut the

satrapal

leather

helmet

or

mitra

with loose untied

flaps.1

A

symbol

so

con-

spicuous

and so

distinctively

Asiatic as a

satrapal

mitra

is,

to

me,

convincing

evidence

that these

tetra-

drachms cannot

belong

to

Macedón,

or

indeed to

any

part

of

Alexander's

European

dominions.

The

intention

of

the

device

is

unmistakable.

The

coins

which bear

it can

only

have been issued

by

the

authority

of a

satrap of one of the provincesof Alexander's Eastern

Empire.

It is true

that

the head of Zeus

on the

obverse

bears some resemblanceto

the

well-known

head

of

the same

god

on

the

coins

of

Philip

of

Macedón;

and

it is

likewise

true that

the

weight

of

the heaviest

of the three

specimens

227 grs.)

approximates

to

that

of the

heaviest

of

Philip

II's

coins,

though

there

are

1Cf.otherepresentationsf thesatrapaliara s a coin-typen

Imhoof,

r.

MünzenPl. ii.1-18.




GRAECO-BACTRIANND

GBAECO-INDIAN

OINS.

3

none

among

those

in

the British

Museum

which

exceed

224

grs.

So

long,

therefore,

s

the

symbol

was taken

for a

prow

the

attributionto

Macedón

seemed

highly-

probable.

Dr.

Imhoof

is,

however,

now

persuaded

that

I

am

right

in

recognizing

the

symbol

as

a

satrapal

helmet,

and has suggested that I should publishmycorrection,

involving,

as it

may,

a

re-attribution

f

the

coins

in

question.

Where,

then,

if we

eliminate

Macedón,

can these

tetradrachms

have been

struck?

Our choice

at

first

sight

s

limited

by

the

weight

of

227

grs.,

o the

western

coasts of

Asia

Minor,

Phoenicia,

or

Egypt;

but in

all

these

parts

Alexander's

new

coinage

on the

Attic

standard had been introducedduringhis lifetime, nd

I

am

quite

unable

to

suggest

any

probable

attribution

for

hem n

any

of

these

lands.

There

remains,

however,

ne

part

of the

ancient world

where

coins of

this

weight

may

have

been issued

by

a

Macedonian

satrap

striking

n

the

name

of

Alexander.

This

is one

of

the

far eastern

satrapies

of

Alexander's

Empire,

and

it

is

noteworthy

hat

the

only

specimen

of

which

the

provenance

s

recorded

ame

to

the

Museum

fromRawul-Pindi n the Panjâb.

Here,

I

think,

s

a

valuable

indication

of

origin

which

should not

be

neglected.

Far

too

little

attention has

hitherto

been

bestowed

upon

the

provenance

f

ancient

coins. The

intervention f

the

coin-dealer

between the

finder and the

purchaser

is

often

quite

sufficient

o

obscure

or

obliterate

ntirely

ll

evidence of

provenance

Coin-collectors

have also

been

too

often

blivious

of the

scientific

mportance

of

placing

on

record

the

sources

of their

cquisitions

B

2




4

NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

In

all

large

collections

there

are coins

of doubtful

attribution

with

regard

to

the

origin

of which

the

most

experienced

numismatists

uggest

from

time*

o

time

more

or

less

ingenious

hypotheses,

which

are

frequently

unconvincing owing

to the

absence

of evidence

of

provenance.

Most

fortunately

n the

present

case

the

Indian provenancef one of the threeknownspecimens

is

certain;

and

I

shall

endeavour

to show

that

there

are other reasons

which

tend to

confirm

my

proposed

re-attributionf these

coins to

the

north-western

orner

f

India

afterAlexander's

nvasion

of that

region

n 326

b.c.

Before

entering

nto

further

etails

it

will

be as

well

to

describe

some other

apparently

Graeco-Indian

coins

which the

British

Museum

has

acquired

from

the

same

part of the world. The fact that the followingcoins

have

passed

into

the National

Collection

from the

cabinets

of

Indian

officers,

ho

acquired

them

during

their

residence

in

India,

or

from

the

Indian

coin-

dealer,

Chunda

Mall,

of

Eawul-Pindi,

is,

of

course,

no

absolute

proof

that

they

were

struck

in

India itself.

Some,

perhaps

most of

them,

may

have

been

coined

outside

India

proper

and

north

of the

mountains

(

Hindu-Kush

,

either

in Bactria

or

even

further

north

in Sogdiana,where colonyof Ionian Greeks,descended

from

the

Branchidae,

had

been settled

for

a

century

and

a

half before

Alexander's

conquest

of the

country.

It

may

be that

these

Ionian

Greeks

were never

entirely

cut

off

from

all

communications

with the

West,

and

that,

lthough

subject

to

the

Great

King,

they

had

not

forgotten

heir

own

language,2

and

it is certain

that

they

were

never

amalgamated

with

the

native

population.

2Curtiusvii.5. 29) saystheywerebilingualwhenAlexander

extirpated

hem.




GRAECO-BACTRIANND

GRAECO-INDIAN

OINS.

5

When,

during

the

fourth

entury, old

and

silver

in

the

shape

of

coined

money

had

become the

ordinary

medium

of

exchange,

Royal

Persian

mints

may

have

been

opened

in the far

eastern

satrapies,

and Indo-Greeks

may

have

found

congenial

employment

s

skilful

artificers,

money

rs,

or

mint-masters.

However this

may

have

been,it is remarkablethat of the twelve double-darics

in

the British

Museum,

nine

(all

different)

ere

acquired

certainly

at

Rawul-Pindi,

and

two of

the

remaining

three

probably

also

in

the

same

district,

nd,

as

they

all bear

Greek

letters,

monograms,

r

symbols3

in

the

field,

it would seem

that

they

are of

Indo-Greek

workmanship.

Next

comes

a

series of

silver

coins

weighing

on

the

average about 229 grs. each, whichin type, style, and

fabric

(e.g.

hammered

edges)

resemble

so

closely

the

double-darics,

hat

it

is

difficult

o

imagine

that

they

can

have

had a

different

rigin.4

This

conjecture

is

strengthened

y

the

fact

that of the

six

specimens

in

the British

Museum,

two

certainly

including

one with

the

letters

AH)

and

two

probably

were

acquired

in

India,

3

One fthese

oins

Pl.

.

1)

has n the

field

symbol

hich

ooks

like

satrapal

iara

B.

V.

Head,

oinage

f

Lydia

nd

ersiaPI.

.

24).

The nscriptionZTA MNAon notherf heseouble-daricsf ndian

provenance

as

given

ise

o

various

uggestions

s to

ts

meaning.

My

original

onjecture

hat

t

might

tand

or staters

1 mina

may

e

dismisseds

highly

mprobable.

mhoof

DieMünzstätte

abylon

N.

Z

Bd. XX

ii.

1895)

hinks

hat

TA

may

tand or

tamenes,

atrap

f

Babylonia:

ut

may

not

Stasanor,

atrap

f

Bactria,

ave

superior

claims o

coins f

ndian

rovenance

The

etters

NA

till emain

unexplained.

he

coin s

figured

n

Pl.

. 4. SirH.

Howortli

Num.

Chron.,904,

. 21)

has

expressed

oubts

s

to

the

uthenticity

fthis

and other

ouble-darics.

or

my

wn

art

can see

no reason

or

questioning

he

enuineness

f

he

pecimen

escribed

bove.

4

Misled

y

he

weights

f

hese

oins,

hich

eemed

ome

ofollow

the hodian

tandard,formerlyssignedhem o PersianatrapynWesternsiaMinorB.M.C., oniap. 323).




6

NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

the

provenance

f

the

other two

(including

the one

in-

scribed

riYOArOPHZ)

being

unascertainable.

Hitherto

the

Ionic

form

of

the

name

riYGAroPHZ

Pl.

I.

5)

has

been

cited

as a

reason

for

attributing

these

coins

to

Ionia,5

but if we

bear

in mind that there

were

de-

scendants

of the Ionian

Branchidae

settled

since

the

time of Xerxes on the confines f Bactria,this

difficulty

is,

to

some

extent,

removed

but,

as to

who

Pythagores

may

have

been,

cannot

hazard

a

guess.

Other

Ionians

beside the descendants

of

the

Branchidae

might

have

penetrated

nto the far

east,

and

we

know fromCurtius

(vii.

5.

29)

that there

was

a

Milesian

contingent

with

Alexander's

army.

One

of

these

Ionian

officers

may

have

become

a

local

governor

r

satrap.

The nextclass of coinswhich I have to consider are

the

Graeco-Indian

mitations

of

Athenian

coins

in the

British

Museum

(B.

M.

0.,

Attica

p.

25,

Nos.

267-271).

These

five

coins

were

all

procured

at

Eawul-Pindi.

They

are

of

the

Attic

standard.

Nos.

267

[Pl.

I.

7]

and

268

have

a

bunch

of

grapes,

below

the

olive-spray

and

crescent,

s

an

adjunct

symbol

behind

the

owl on

the

reverse,

nd,

on

the

obverse

M,

the

identical

mono-

gram

which

occurs

on

some

of

the

double-darics

Pl.

I.

2 and 3). Hence I infer hattheywere ssued from he

same

satrapal

mint

as

the

gold

double-darics

with

the

5

Babelon,

erses

chém

,

xxvii.,

nd

Rev.

um.,

892,

.

414,

here e

gives

he ate

M.J.

P. Six's

easons

or

upposing

he

nscribed

pecimens

to

have

been

truck

t

the

Ephesian

int

y

Memnon

heRhodian,

336-334

.c.

If

it

could

e

proved

hat

hese

oins

ere

sually

ound

in Asia

Minor his

ngenious

ttribution

ould

e more

cceptable

but,

s the

forms

f he

etters,

he

peculiar

abric

e.g.

hehammered

edges),

ndthe

provenance

so

far

s

ascertainable)

re

all

foreign

o

Ionia,

am

now

nclined

o

think

hat

he

etradrachms

f

this

eries

cannotelongo hat istrict.




GRAECO-BACTRIAN

ND

GRAECO-INDIAN

OINS. 7

same

monogram.

It

seems

certain,

however,

hat

there

was

more than one

place

of

mintage

where

imitations

both of

Persian

and

of Greek

coins were

made

in

these

regions,

and the localization

of one of these

mints on

the

northern

rontier

of

the Bactrian

satrapy

of the

Persian

Empire,

appears

to be

fixed

by

the

substitution

ofAirforA© on one oftheseGraeco-Bactrianmitations

of

Athenian tetradrachms

B.

M.

C.,

Attica

No

271).

This

specimen

s more

barbarous

n

style

than the

others,

but

the

letters

Air

before the owl are well

formed

nd

not

an

ignorant

r

clumsy copy

of

A©

(Pl.

I.

6).

There

is

good

reason,

herefore,

o

attribute his issue to a mint

in

the land

of

the

Aigloi

on

the

northernconfines f

the

Bactrian

vofióç

of the

Persian

Empire

(cf.

Herod.,

iii.

92, B icrpiavoi fiêxpi AiyXûv), which may not

improbably

be

identified

with

the

place

that was sub-

sequently

known

as

'

AXe vSpeia

žo-xárrj. My proposed

attribution

to

Graeco-Bactrian,or,

in

some

cases,

to

Graeco-Indian,

mints

of

the

three

series

of

coins

above

mentioned,

iz.

(i.)

various

gold

double-darics

Pl.

1.

1-4),

(ii.)

silver

coins with the

same

obverse

type

weighing

229

grs.

Pl.

I.

5),

and

(iii.)

some

copies,

of

Attic

weight,

of

Athenian

coins

(Pl.

I.

6,

7),

rests

thus

mainly upon

the fact that nearly all the specimensin the British

Museum

have come

from

ndia.

None

of

the

above-mentioned

oins

exhibit

any

typical

indications

of a

Macedonian

origin,

and I

can

see no

valid

reason for

upposing

that

they

must

have been

all

issued

after

Alexander's

death.

Coins,

both

Persian

and

Athenian,

may

have

gradually

gained

currency

n

these

regions

years

before

Alexander's

nvasion,

nd

the

demand

for

uch

coins

may

have

increased

more

rapidly

than theycould be supplied. Such a

deficiency

might




8

NUMISMATICHRONICLE.

naturally

give

occasion to and

stimulate

local

fabrica-

tions of

coins

withthe

same

types,

which,

however,

would

require

the

guarantee

of

the

issuer

n

the then

prevalent

form f an

adjunct

symbol

or

monogram.

The combina-

tion

of

Greek letters

or

monograms

nd

Greek

adjunct

symbols

withsemi-Greek

Asiatic

copies

or

modifications

of purelyGreek or purelyPersian coin-types,eems to

me

to be

explicable

only

on the

hypothesis

that the

dies were

engraved

by

semi-orientalized

moneyers

of

Greek

descent.

As

I

have

already

said,

there

are no

signs

on

any

of

the semi-Greek

copies

of Persian

or Athenian

coins as

yet

alluded

to which

can

be described as

due

to

Mace-

donian

nfluence.

It is,nevertheless,mpossibleto drawa hard-and-fast

line at the

date of

Alexander's

invasion.

The

intro-

duction

of

distinctly

Macedonian

modifications

f

the

previously

prevalent

coin-types

can

only

have

been

owing

to

a

gradual

process

of evolution.

It

is, therefore,

quite possible

that

some

of

the

double-darics

nd

copies

of Athenian

coins

may

be

post-

Alexandrine,

but it is

extremely

unlikely,

if

coins

had

not

been

introduced

into

these

regions

until

after

the

Macedonian

conquest,

thatPersianand Atheniantypeswouldhave been chosen

rather

than

those

of Alexander's

own

money.

Even

during

Alexander's

ifetime

modifications

f the

Athenian

types

of the

existing

coins

seem

to

have

been

introduced,

though

mostof

the

following

pecimens

ppear

to

belong

to the transitional

period

between

his death

in

323

b.c.

and

the

adoption

of

the

royal

title

by

Seleucus

in

306.

Before,

however,

describe

any

of

these

coins

I

may

here remark

that,

after

a

careful

study

of

the

fabric of

the famous

unique

dekadrachm,

howing

on one side a




GRAECO-BACTRIANND

GRAECO-INDIAN

OINS.

9

Macedonian

horseman

driving

before

him

a

retreating

elephant

with

its

two

riders,

and

on the

other

side

a

standingfigure

of

Alexander

holding

a

thunderbolt

nd

wearing

the

Persian

helmet

and

with

(

=

^AXdíávůpov

Batr

Xítjç?)

in

the

field

(Pl.

I.

8),

I

have

come to the

conclusion

hat

t

belongs

to

Alexander's

own

time,

nd

thatit records hehistorical ventof his invasionof the

Panjâb

in 326

b.c.,

and

that

t

was

probably

ntended

for

a

medal for

presentation

o

Macedonian

officers ather

than

for use as

current

money.

I

am convinced

that

Prof.

P.

Gardner6

was

mistaken

n

assigning

this

large

coin

or

medal

to

so late

a

period

as

the

reign

of

Eucratides

second

century

b.c.).7

Eeturning

now to

the

coins

(properly

o-called)

which

I propose to class to the transitionalperiod between

Alexander

and

Seleucus,

it

is

interesting

to note

that

all

the

specimens

in

the

British

Museum

belong,

not

to

the

Attic

standard

which

prevailed

n

Bactria

before

and

after

Alexander's

reign,

but to

the

ancient ndian

standard

of

whichthe

drachm

weighed

58*56

grs.8

It is

presumable,

herefore,

hat

all

the

following

oins

were ssued

within

the

boundaries

of

India,

where

lone

that

standard

was

in

use.

I

give

here

only

brief

references o the specimens which have already been

fully

described

by

me

in B.

M. C

Attica,

Nos.

262-276a,

and

elsewhere.

6

Num.

hron

, 1887,

.

181.

7

Size,

tyle,

abric,

ype,

nd

monogram

ll

point

o the

age

of

Alexander,

s does lso

he act

hat

he

rtist

ho

esigned

he

lephant

had

never

oticed

hat he

ind-legs

f

an

elephant

orrespond

ith

ts

fore-legs.

e

has

epresented

hem

s

jointed

ike hose

fthe

nimals

with

hich

e

was

lready

amiliar.

his

s a mistake

hich Graeco-

Indian

rtist

f ater ate

nd

already

amiliar

ith

lephants

ould

not e ikelyomake.8

Rapson,

ndian

oins

in

Biililer'srundriß

, p.

2.




10

NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

INDIAN STANDARD.

I.

Athenian

Types.

Didrachm.

Obv.

Head

of

Athena

behind,

bunch

f grapes

and

wO-

Bev. AGE. Owl behind,wo live-leavesnd crescent

(B.

M.

C.,

Att

,

272,

PI. vii

7.)

Wt.

107*7

rs.

[PL

II.

1.]

From

Rawul-Pindi.

Drachm

Obv

Head of

Athena

behind,

unch

f

grapes.

Bev

AGE.

Owl

behind,

wo live-leavesnd crescent

and

in

field, .,

oc.

(B.

M.

C.,

Att., 73,

PI. vii.

8.)

Wt.53-5grs. [Pl. II. 2.]

From

Rawul-Pindi.

The

symbol

on

this

coin

may

be

either the

top

of

a

caduceus or

the ancient

ndian

Taurine

symbol,

which

s

of

identical

shape

and

which

occurs

on

punch-marked

coins.

II.

Athenian

Types

modified. Owl

replaced by

Eagle on reverse.

j

Drachms,

Obv.

Head

of Athena

behind,

unch

f

grapes.

Bev.

Eagle

1.,

ooking

ack no

symbol.

(B.

M.

C.,

Att

274,

PI.

vii.

9.)

Wt.

54

grs.

[Pl.

II.

3.]

From

Rawul-Pindi.

The

eagle,

usually

with

reverted

head,

is a

well-known

Macedonian

coin-type. (Cf.

B.

M.

C.,

Mac.,

Amyntas,

II.

p. 171 sq.,and Perdiccas, I. p. 176.)




GRAECOB CJTRI

N AND GRAECO-INDIAN

OINS.

11

Obv.

Head of Athena

behind,

ncertain

monogram

Bev.

Eagle

1.,

ooking

ack

behind,

ine

ranch

ith

wo

bunches

f

grapes.

(B.

M.

C.,

Att

,

275,

PL

vii.

10.)

Wt.

51

grs.

[Pl.

II.

4.]

FromRawul-Pindi.

Diobol.

Obv

Head

of

Athena

no

symbol.

Bev.

Eagle

1.,

ooking

ack

behind,

ine-branch

ith wo

bunches

f

or

pes. (B.

M.

C.,

Att..

7

a.)

Wt.

18

grs.

[Pl.

II.

5.]

From

Rawul-Pindi.

Drachm.

Obv.

Head of

Athena

no

symbol

?).

Bev.

Eagle

1., ooking ack behind,aduceusndvine-

branch

ith

wo

unches

f

grapes.

(B.

M.

C.,

Att.,

76.)

Wt. 51-6

grs.

[Pl.

II.

6.]

From

Rawul-Pindi.

On all

the

above-described

oins the

hair

of

Athena

is dotted s on the coins

of

Athens,

nd

her

helmet,

with

its

ornamental

croll and conventionalized

olive-leaves

in

front,

resembles that

on

the

Athenian

coins. In

style

the two

following

drachmsare further emoved

from heir

original

prototypes

Obv. Head

of Athena

with

lowing

air.

Bev.

Eagle

1.,

ooking

ack in

front,

oubtful

ymbol

behind,

monogram

<

(

=

EY

?).

Wt.

54-9

grs.

[Pl.

II.

7.]

From

C.

J.

Rodgers,

Panjâb

(Lahore

or

Amritsar).

Another

rom

he same source

but from

ifferent

dies. Wt. 54*2 rs.




12

NUMISMATIC HRONICLE.

It

occurs to

me

that

the

monogram

3<

on

these

specimens

may

stand for

Eudamus,

one of Alexander's

satraps,

who,

fter

killing

Porus,

made

himself

supreme

in

the

Panjâb,

wherehe remaineduntil

317

B.c.,

when he

left

ndia

to

join

Eumenes

(Bevan,

House

of

Seleucus,

.

294).

III.

Macedonian

Types.

Diobol.

Obv.

Head of

Zeus, r.,

aur.

Bev.

Eagle

1.,

looking

back

behind,

vine-branch

ith

two unches

f

grapes.

Wt.

18-1

rs.

[Pl.

II.

8.]

This coin

belongs

o

a dealer n

Tashkend.

Tetradrachms

Obv

Head of

Zeus,

r.,

aur.

border

f

dots.

Rev.

AA

E AN

A

POY.

Eagle

r.,

on

thunderbolt,

ooking

back;

in

field,

.,

olive-spray

ith two eaves

and

berry

as on

Athenian

coins

in

field,

.,

Persian

atrapal

helmet

ith oose

laps

Wt.

222*5

rs.

[Pl.

II.

9.]

From

the

Montagu

Collection.

Proven-

anceunrecorded.

Another

ess

well

preserved.

Wt. 204

grs.

FromRawul-Pindi.

Obv

Same.

Bev.

Similar,

ut

club

nstead

f

olive-spray.

Wt.

227

grs.

(Imhoof,

Mon.

Gr

,

Pl.

D

8.)

Paris.

Provenance

nrecorded.

These

fine

tetradrachms,

irst

ssigned

by

Imhoof to

Macedón,

and

since

generally

accepted

as the

first

coinage

of Alexander

before

the

introduction

of

his

Imperial

issues,

must,

f I am

right,

be

removed from

the extremewest to the extreme ast of his empire, nd




GRAECO-BACTRIAN

ND GRAECO-INDIAN

OINS.

13

from

the

beginning

of

his

reign

to

about

the

time

of

his

death,

or

even

to a somewhat

ater

date,

between

323

b.c.

and the

accession

of

Seleucus,

forthe

following

reasons

-

(i.)

Because

the Persian

satrapal

head-covering

s

an

adjunct

symbol

limits

the issue

to one

of the

eastern

satrapiesofAlexander'sEmpire.

(ii.)

Because

the

eagle

with

reverted

head

is

the

type

which

was substitutedfor

the

owl

on

the

Graeco-Indian

modifications

f

coins

of

Athenian

types

as

struck

n

the

Panjâb

after

he

Macedonian

conquest.

(iii.)

Because

the other

symbol,

the

olive-spray,

had

been a

constant

and familiar

adjunct

sign

on all

the

copies

of

Athenian

tetradrachms

f

Indian

provenance

whereas it is never met with on any issues either of

Philip

or of

Alexander struck

n

Europe.

(iv.)

Because

the

obverse

type,

the head of

Zeus,

though

doubtless

derived

from the

coins

of

Philip

of

Macedón,

bears a still closer

resemblance

to the

same

head

on coins

of Seleucus

and

Antiochus

of Graeco-

Indian

provenance

and of

the same standard

of

weight

(cp.

PL II. 9

with

PL

II.

11).

(v.)

Because

this

same

head of

Zeus is the

obverse

type of a diobol,the reverse ype of which eagle with

reverted

head,

symbol

vine-spray

with two

bunches of

grapes)

is identical

with those

of other Graeco-Indian

modifications

f

Athenian

coins

(Pl.

II.

8).

(vi.)

Because

the

weight,

227

grs.,

corresponds

more

nearly

with

that

of coins of the ancient

Indian standard

than withthat

of the coins of

Philip

of Macedón.

(vii.)

Because

the

provenance

f the

only

one

of

the

three known

specimens

which can be

traced

is

Rawul-

Pindi in the

Panjâb.




14

NUMISMATIC

HRONICLE.

The

above-described oins

of the Indian

standard,

nd

for

the most

part

with Athenian

or

Atheno-Macedonian

types,

eem

to

have been

followed

by

the

finely

xecuted

drachms

of the Indian

prince Sophytes,

of

which

the

Museum

possesses

three

pecimens

Pl.

II.

10).

On

these

coins the

Macedonian

eagle

(see

p.

10,

supra)

is

replaced

by a cock. It is noticeable that the coins of Sophytes

have

the

same

adjunct

symbol,

caduceus

behind the

cock,

as

some

of the

Graeco-Indian

drachms

with the

head

of Athena above

described,

nd that

the helmet

of

Sophytes

on the obverse

bears

a

very

remarkable re-

semblance to

the

helmet of Athena on

drachmsof the

same

Indian

weight.9

The date

assigned by

Cunningham

to the

reign

of

Sophytes

s

316-306

b.c.,

when Seleucus

assumedthe royaltitle.

The

remaining

oins

of

the

ndian

standard,

ll of

which,

eight

in

number,

have

come to the

Museum

from

he

Panjâb,

bear

the

oint

names

of

Seleucus and

Antiochus.

The heads

of

Zeus on these tetradrachms ear

a

close

resemblance

n

style

to

those

on the

tetradrachms

ith

the

satrapal head-covering

s an

adiunct

symbol. (Op.

Pl.

II.

11

with Pl.

II.

9.)

Tetradrachms.

Obv.

Head

of

Zeus, r.,

aur.

border f

dots.

Rev.

BAZIAEOZ

bove,

heneath.

Athena,

ighting,

n

quadriga

f

elephants

.,

n

field

bove,

©

:

border f

dots.

Wt.

214*2

rs.

[Pl.

II.

11.]

From

he

Panjâb.

Another.

Wt.

212*6

grs.

From he

Panjâb.

• CunninghamnNum. liron,1866,p. 30, 31.




GRAECO-BACTRIAN

ND

GRAECO-INDIAN

OINS.

15

Another

with

E

beneath

he head of

Zeus.

Wt.

212*5

rs.

From

he

Panjâb.

Another

with

n

beneath he head

of

Zeus.

Wt.

214*5

rs.

From

he

Panjâb.

Drachm

Obv. Head ofZeus, r., aur. border fdots.

Bev.

BAZIAEQZ

bove,

^NTKDXOY

eneath.

Athena,

fighting,

n

biga

of

elephants

r.,

in

field

bove,

©

:

border f

dots.

Wt.

53*2

grs.

[Pl.

II.

12.]

From he

Panjâb.

Half

drachm.

Similar.

Wt.

25*2

grs.

[Pl.

II.

13.]

From hePanjâb ?)

Drachms

Similar,

ut/P ehind

ead

of

Zeus,

nd

nscr.

n

rev.

v

i

ZEAEYKOY

,

,,

B

AZI

QN

above,

and

kaIANTIOXOY

,

beneath.

,

Wt.

54*6

grs.

[Pl.

II.

14.]

From

he

Panjâb.

Another f rude

tyle

without

behind

he

head

of

Zeus.

Wt.

51

grs.

From

he

Panjâb.

It is

remarkable

that on

the two

last

coins Seleucus

and

Antiochus are

loth

kings

(BAZIAEQN),

whereas,

on

the

previous specimens,

BAZIAEQZ

s

in

the

singular.

Now,

Seleucus

appointed

Antiochus

King

of

the

East

about

293 b.c.10 It

is thus

presumable

hat

the

drachms

reading

IžsXevkou

al

^

Avti6'ov

are the

only

specimens

truck

fter

93

b.c.

10Beyan,ousef eleucus,. 64.




16

NUMISMATIC

HKONICLE.

In

the

preceding pages

my

chief

object

has

been to

point

out

that the rare

tetradrachms,

itherto

generally-

accepted

as the

earliest

issues of Alexander

the

Great

in

Macedón,

and

as

anterior

n

date

to

any

issues

of his

reformed

oinage

on the

Attic

standard,

re

not Mace-

donian at

all,

and

that even

if

they

were

issued

before

Alexander's death (a doubtful point), they must be

assigned,

not

to

Macedón,

but to

India.

In

support

of

my

proposed

re-attribution

f

these

tetradrachms,

have

confined

my

attention

almost

entirely

o

specimens

n the British

Museum collection

actually

acquired

from Indian sources.

The

smaller

denominations,

escribed

by

Dr. Imhoof-Blumer

Mon.

Gr

,

118

sq.),

both

in

silver

and

bronze,

n

so

faras

they

are

not

certainly

of

Indian

provenance

I

have

left out

of consideration.

The

attribution,

eographical

and

chronological,

of

the

vast

and varied

series

of

coins

bearing

the

name

of

Alexander,

s

a

subject

which can

be

adequately

dealt

with

only

by

one

who is

prepared

to

devote

much

time

and

study

to

this

class of

coins,

nd

who is

also

privi-

leged

to

examine, handle,

arrange,

nd

re-arrange

the

collections

preserved

n

all the

great

European

Museums.

Barclay V. Head.




COINS FROM INDIA

Num

Chron

er

IV Vol VI Pl

I




COINS FROM INDIA

Num

Chron er

IV Vol VI Pl

II

The earliest Graeco-Bactrian and Graeco-Indian coins / [Barclay V. Head]

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Transcript of The earliest Graeco-Bactrian and Graeco-Indian coins / [Barclay V. Head]