Volume VIII Issue V March 2015

Death of Putin Critic Raises Controversy

Photos courtesy of FlickrFlowers placed in memory of Nemtsov at the site where he was fatally shot on February 27.

On February 27, 2015, an unidentified attacker from a vehicle shot former Deputy Prime Minister and leading opposition politician, Boris Nemtsov, as he was crossing a bridge, in view of the Kremlin.

Russian President Vladimir Putin condemned the killing and stated that he would as-sume “personal control” of the investigation by check-ing in periodically with police chiefs assigned to the case.

However, despite trawling through Mr. Nemtsov’s flat for evidence and searching Mos-cow for the getaway vehicle, Russian police are, in the past, less successful when it comes to identifying and prosecuting the masterminds.

For example, in 2006, inves-tigative journalist Anna Polit-kovskaya was gunned down in central Moscow. The shooters were brought to trial, but the masterminds have yet to be found, according to CNN.

Accustomed to the nature of corruption, these cases have little credibility as police can be easily bought by the ruling elite of Russia. Due to a flawed Russian police force, the motives for the killing of Nemtsov will most likely re-main a mystery shrouded by theories, according to The Guardian.

The Russian Investiga-tive Committee, however was quick to jump to conclusions about Nemstov’s death.

It stated that numerous motives were being consid-ered, including Islamic ex-tremism and Nemtsov’s links to Ukraine, according to ABC News.

According to Vladimir Markin, head of the commit-tee, the murder could have been a move “aimed at desta-bilizing the country” by “those who do not shun anything to reach their political gains.”

Matthew SchallerStaff Writer

March 15 marked the four year anniversary of the unful-filled Syrian Revolution, in-spired by the Arab Spring to overthrow dictator, Bashar Al Assad, and to call for political and social reforms.

The anti-government pro-tests escalated into a brutal civil war when opposition sup-porters gained arms to defend themselves against police and military forces, who were kill-ing peaceful protestors. Oppo-sition supporters began fight-ing for control of the capital, Damascus, and for other cities, according to the BBC.

Four years later, the future of Syria is bleaker than ever with the death toll climbing to 220,000, according to the Unit-ed Nations.

Roughly 1.5 million Syrians are internally displaced, and nearly 4 million have become refugees, making Syrians the second largest refugee popula-tion in the world after Palestin-ians, reports the U.N.

The Guardian writes that an entire population is “growing up displaced and uneducated,” referring to UNICEF report that concluded 2.6 million chil-dren haven’t been to school in almost 4 years.

The flood of refugees flee-ing from the war-torn country have burdened the infrastruc-ture of neighboring coun-tries like Lebanon, which also houses Palestinian refugees and where 1 in 5 residents is a refugee, writes The New York Times.

Syria’s public infrastructure has also experienced a major blow as a result of the intensi-fying civil war.

Al Jazeera English reports that at least 1 million homes have been demolished, almost 4,000 schools have been de-stroyed, and at least 30% of hospitals have been eradicated.

These deteriorating living conditions have made life hard-er for Syrians, who already do not have access to basic hu-manitarian needs.

The Syrian Centre for Policy Research, with the support of

the UNDP and UNRWA, con-ducted a report on the civil war and found that life expectancy in Syria has dropped by more than 20 years due to violence and the destruction of the country’s infrastructure.

An investigation into alleged human rights violations con-ducted by a U.N. commission of inquiry accused both par-ties, the Assad regime and reb-el fighters of committing war crimes, including rape, torture, and enforced disappearances, writes the BBC.

In August of 2013, the As-sad regime was accused by Western powers of employing chemical weapons; however, Russia and the Syrian regime blamed the rebels, according to the New York Times.

In 2014, a mission led by the U.N. and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), destroyed the Syrian regime’s chemical weapons after the U.S. threat-ened the Assad regime with military intervention, BBC re-ported.

Syrian Conflict Persists After Four YearsHalimah Elmariah

Staff Writer

Continued on Page 10...

INSIDE

FOCUS On Nuclear

DealsPAGE 6&7

INTERNATIONAL NEWS

Snowden Return; ISIS in AfricaPage 2Maduro on mayoral arrest; Regional Struggle Reaches Sri LankaPage 3

Page 4

DIPLOMACY

NEWSPanel on US-Cuba-Vati-can Relations; Dr. Zheng Wang

SHU Lobbies Congress; Dr. Youssef MahmoudPage 5

End Anti-Semitism in Europe; Netanyahu Address to Congress

Opinion

Page 8

Japan’s Military Force; Solution to Climate Change Page 9

Cara Richardson; Hans Fly

Looking Ahead

Page 11

Words from Abroad

Avonelle Davis; Angelo PiroPage 12 Continued on Page 10...

Page 10

Chaos in Syria; Putin Critic Death; World News Recap

INTERNATIONAL NEWSMarch 2015Page 2

Edward Snowden May Face Justice in the U.S.

Courtesy of Shoebut.comMap of north Africa, Europe, and the Middle East.

Ryan SullivanEditor-in-Chief, Online

Emily BalanLayout & Copy Editor

Egypt Rebuts ISIS Expansion in Africa

On February 15, around 20 Egyptian Coptic Christian workers were shown to be be-headed on a Libyan beach in an Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) propaganda video. Egypt responded with airstrikes over ISIS camps in Libya start-ing February 16, according to CNN.

On February 16, Derna, a town on the coast of the Med-iterranean Sea and near the Egyptian border, was taken as the first stronghold of ISIS forces in Libya.

On February 20, three si-multaneous suicide car bomb blasts killed at least 30 people and injured more than 40 oth-ers in Gobba, Libya, according to CNN.

ISIS is quickly spreading throughout the unstable state, with violent ISIS activity in Gobba happening almost 150 miles away from the first city completely taken under ISIS forces just four days earlier.

Wilayat al-Barqa, the Liby-an branch of ISIS, is a jihadist terrorist group whose goals are to rid the world of Western in-fluence and establish an Islamic

caliphate starting in Iraq and Syria.

Most recently in mid-March, the U.S.-declared terrorist group Boko Haram in northern Nige-ria officially allied themselves with ISIS.

As ISIS spreads internation-ally, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi called for an “in-ternational intervention,” urged “capable countries” to fight the extremist threat, and said Muslim countries in particular should “stand up” to spearhead the fight, according to BBC and Fox News.

“We have to admit that ter-rorism is now a major threat not only to Egypt or even the immediate region, but it is a threat to the stability and se-curity of the whole world,” the Egyptian leader said, speaking in an interview with Fox News.

“We can also see that the map of terrorism and extrem-ism is expanding, it is not re-cessing.”

Egypt’s position on ISIS could prove to be a major blow to the spread of ISIS in Africa.

Although ISIS has gotten their foot firmly placed in the door of Libya, Egypt’s military capabilities, alleged cooperation with the Libyan government,

and attitude toward the conflict is such that it will take more than a couple of car bombs and beheadings to take Libya, though the possibility is alarm-ing.

African Egypt is one of the major countries spear-heading the fight against ISIS forces, but they are not alone. Other states in the region have denounced the group and seek to dismantle their jihadist operation in favor of non-violence.

Some European coun-tries are also backing the fight against ISIS. Italian Prime Min-ister Matteo Renzi supported Egypt’s call for the “interna-tional intervention.” Egypt has also engaged France in a 5.2 billion euro military defense deal to fight ISIS, according to Egyptian Streets, an Egyptian publication.

“Our two countries are pursuing a common struggle against terrorism,” said Jean Yves Le Drian, France’s Min-ster of Defense, to Egyptian Streets.

The CIA estimated the Is-lamic State to maintain approx-imately 31,500 members. How-ever, according to a senior Iraqi Kurdish leader, as reported in Independent.co.uk, their forces

should be estimated closer to 200,000 members due to their simultaneous attacks in Syria and Iraq.

The group continues to ex-tend its influence and recruit more jihadists every day in many places of the world.

ISIS recruits teenagers from Western countries, like the En-glish-accented alleged-execu-tioner ‘Jihadi John,’ and has ac-cepted a pledge of allegiance by other extremist jihadist groups, like Boko Haram in Nigeria.

Not only is the religious ex-tremist group controlling areas of Iraq and Syria in the Middle East, but they are gaining pow-er in Africa as well.

King Abdullah of Jordan called on Muslim countries to lead the fight against ISIS, ac-cording to NBC.

After the executions of a Jordanian pilot, masses of Jor-dan citizens supported their government’s decision to de-clare war on ISIS, starting with air strikes over Syria in early February, according to CNN.

The Iraqi and Syrian govern-ments, along with Kurdish forc-es, primarily from Iraq, have also contributed military forces against the terrorist group.

U.S. President Barack Obama has asked Congress for authorization for the use of military force (AUMF) against ISIS. Currently, the U.S. govern-ment is involved in the conflict by supplying arms to ISIS op-position forces including $1.5 billion in military assistance to Egypt, according to Fox News.

Contact Emily Balan at emily.balan@student.shu.edu.

Edward Snowden, the man who became the most infa-mous and, in certain communi-ties, one of the most celebrat-ed whistleblowers in American history, may soon repatriate to face the U.S. justice system.

The former NSA contrac-tor made headlines in June of 2013 when he began giving journalists an unprecedented amount of documents regard-ing the U.S. global surveillance program that was initiated after 9/11.

The Obama administration, who pledged to be the most transparent administration in American history has also been the administration that has prosecuted the largest number of whistleblowers in American history, according to the Huff-

ington Post.U.S. governmental officials

have been adamant in their re-quests for Snowden to return home to the United States where he faces charges under the 1917 Espionage Act, including un-authorized communication of national defense information and “willful communication of classified communications intelligence information to an unauthorized person,” the Wall Street Journal reported.

For nearly two years now, Snowden has found himself in a rather tenuous situation. He has been living in Moscow where he was granted asylum.

In August 2014, Snowden was granted a three year resi-dency permit. As his time dims down he will have to decide what his next step will be.

On March 3, Anato-ly Kucherena, one of Mr. Snowden’s attorneys, told press

in Moscow, “Edward Snowden is ready to return to the U.S., but on the condition that he be given guarantees to receive a fair and impartial trial.”

The announcement of Mr. Edward’s intentions also comes at a pivotal point.

On February 22, over thir-ty million people watched the Oscars, where “Citizenfour,” a film documenting the events of Edward Snowden’s decision to become a whistleblower, was a nominee for best documentary.

Coming into the Oscars, the film had already won several awards at various film festivals around the world and was the heavy favorite.

Unsurprising to most, the documentary ended up captur-ing the Oscar.

Laura Poitras, the director of the film, was one of the first journalists whom Snowden contacted when he decided to

go public. Poitras did not respond ini-

tially to Snowden, thinking it was a hoax and ended up brush-ing off the young NSA official. Snowden later went to Glenn Greenwald, a National Security reporter for The Guardian.

Poitars ended up going to Hong Kong with Greenwald where she documented the fol-lowing events on film.

In her acceptance speech, she stated the following: “The disclosures of Edward Snowden don’t only expose a threat to our privacy but to our democracy itself.

When the decisions that rule us are taken in secret we lose the power to control and gov-ern ourselves.”

On March 3, General David Petraeus, former Commander of International Security As-sistances Forces in Afghanistan and most recently Director

of the CIA, pleaded guilty to misdemeanor charges after an infamous case where he con-fided classified information to his biographer and lover, Paula Broadwell.

The documents Petraeus handed over were from mili-tary “black books,” which held information on war strategy, covert officer and intelligence capabilities.

At the same time, leakers from several U.S. departments are also facing decades in jail.

The Snowden camp is tak-ing necessary steps to initiate a legal defense where it can use these latest events to help en-sure a lighter sentence for Mr. Snowden and hold true to the beliefs which Snowden has con-tinued to stand by: that whis-tleblowers should not be afraid to come out of the dark.

Contact Ryan Sullivan at ryan.sullivan5@student.shu.edu.

INTERNATIONAL NEWS March 2015Page 3

Commenting on the recent arrest of Antonio Ledezma, mayor of Caracas, Venezue-lan President Nicolas Maduro remarked, “Every fascist gets found out,” Reuters reports.

Ledezma was arrested on accusations of involvement in a U.S.-sponsored coup against President Maduro’s govern-ment.

While the U.S. has denied all accusations of any such plot, the Venezuelan President re-mains adamant that Mr. Ledez-ma was conspiring with the U.S. government to over throw his socialist government.

Despite the U.S. and Ledez-ma’s denial of such accusations, President Maduro’s claims do have some public support, ac-cording to NPR.

The United States does have a history of interfering with Venezuelan politics, as there was an attempted coup spon-sored by the U.S. against the so-cialist government of Chavez in 2002.

This history, along with re-cent comments from Venezue-lan opposition leaders and U.S. actions, lead some to believe the U.S. and Ledezma may have colluded to form some sort of anti-Maduro plot or coup, NPR also reports.

Many leaders of the oppo-sition against Venezuela’s top government officials will admit that there is a more radical fac-tion in their ranks who would like to see a coup throw out the current government, accord-ing to the International Crisis Group.

Lorent Saleh, for example, is a student who is currently be-ing jailed under accusations of plotting to overthrow the gov-ernment.

According to Reuters, a vid-eo released by the government shows Saleh connecting Ledez-ma to such a faction with state-ments referring to the mayor as, “an old fox ... the politician who has most supported the re-sistance.”

The prosecutor of this case

has stated there has been other evidence found linking Ledez-ma to Saleh which will be used at Ledezma’s trial.

These allegations come at a time when political tensions are running high in Venezuela.

The country’s economy is falling apart with inflation rates hovering around 70 percent, the highest in South America, according to The New York Times. Faith in the country’s socialist government and the President’s approval rating are also at an all-time low.

According to Forbes, many Venezuelan opposition lead-ers argue the true reason for Ledezma’s arrest and the coup plot accusations he is charged with were brought in order to hide from the many problems facing the socialist party.

“They’re trying to distract us,” a Ledezma supporter named Rosibel Torres said, ac-cording to Reuters.

These comments echo the sentiments of many others who were protesting Mr. Ledezma’s arrest. Many are accusing Pres-ident Maduro of using this ar-rest and alleged coup plot to distract voters from the coun-try’s pressing economic issues during the country’s upcoming midterm elections, Forbes also reports.

While these protests against Ledezma’s arrest are break-ing out across the country, it is hard to forget about deadly anti-government protests that broke out last year in Venezuela around the same time.

This is also not the first time Mr. Ledezma clashed with so-cialist party leadership. He first was met with resistance from Venezuelan officials when he was elected mayor of Caracas in 2008, beating out a member of a top socialist party in Vene-zuela for the spot.

After his victory, a new gov-ernment institution was creat-ed and most of Mr. Ledezma’s powers and responsibilities as mayor of Caracas were trans-ferred to this new institution.

Following this move by members of the federal gov-ernment at the time, Mr. Le-dezma participated in a hunger strike to protest this move by Venezuelan officials.

Accusations of sponsoring a coup plot led by Ledezma have also been thrown at Colombi-an politicians. These are accu-sations which the Colombian President, Juan Manuel Santos, has forcefully denied, according to Reuters.

While the President strongly denied involvement of Colom-bian politicians in any coup plot Mr. Santos did speak out on Ledezma’s behalf, urging Mad-uro’s government to give the mayor a fair trial.

Relations between these two governments have been par-ticularly sour recently with the Colombian President speaking out for the release of Leop-old Lopez, one of Venezuela’s highest profile political activists and prisoners.

Contact Madeleine Hillyer at madeleine.hillyer@student.shu.edu.

Maduro: Every Fascist Gets Found Out

India-China Regional Struggle Reaches Sri LankaFrancesca Regalado

Managing Editor

Madeleine HillyerStaff Writer

Photo courtesy of Flickr President of Venezuela Nicolas Maduro.

Newly elected Sri Lankan President Maithripala Sirisena has wasted no time in making his country valuable to the re-gion’s key players. His visit to New Delhi on February 16 resulted in an agreement to build Sri Lanka’s nuclear ener-gy infrastructure and train local personnel, the Indian Foreign Ministry told Reuters.

Indian President Narendra Modi stated that the agreement demonstrates “mutual trust” between the two nations, re-establishing a relationship that was strained by the previous Sri Lankan government’s close ties with China.

While Sirisena was in India, China was quick to announce that Sri Lankan Foreign Min-ister Mangala Samaraweera would be visiting Beijing. Mr. Samaraweera meeting with Chi-nese Foreign Minister Wang Yi on February 27 will be followed by an invitation from Chinese President Xi Jinping to Sirisena for a visit at the end of March, the Diplomat reports.

A statement from the Chi-nese Foreign Ministry regarding Samaraweera’s visit conveyed China’s intention to continue working with Sri Lanka on the Maritime Silk Road (MSR), part of China’s 21st Century Silk Route Economic Belt, the land front of which will traverse the historic Silk Road from central China to western Europe.

According to The Diplo-mat, Cambodia has expressed support for the Silk Road ini-tiative to become an ASEAN priority, despite the expected hesitance of ASEAN members with whom China is engaged in territorial disputes. The mari-time leg of the Silk Road will begin in southern China to eastern Africa, requiring the cooperation of the Maldives and Sri Lanka.

During President Xi’s Sep-tember tour to both Indian Ocean states to push the MSR, Sirisena’s predecessor Mahin-da Rajapaksa was still in office.

Prior to his election, Sirisena expressed his plan to depart from Rajapaksa’s China-depen-dent foreign policy, according to The Diplomat. Bloomberg reports that China’s contribu-tion of $1.4 billion to build an MSR port and highways in Co-lombo, Sri Lanka’s commercial capital, is the largest amount of economic aid to the island na-tion, which had endured a 26-year civil war until 2009.

Since defeating Rajapaksa in the January elections, President Sirisena has reopened Sri Lanka to the humanitarian affiliates of the United Nations, the same ones Rajapaksa’s government had ordered to evacuate from the country before launching an offensive against the subver-sive Tamil Tigers.

Reuters reports that Siris-ena, reminiscent of India’s Modi, is determined to pursue a more balanced foreign pol-icy as opposed to Rajapaksa, whose relationship with India was strained by his openness to China.

India’s newly forged com-mitment to Sri Lanka comes amidst a domestic shortage of its own. India’s bid to meet the International Energy Agency’s standards for national energy development is undermined by a quarter of the population who continue to live without electricity. Around 300 mil-lion Indians rely on kerosene and animal manure as fuel for lamps and food preparation, according to NPR.

NPR reports that the energy crisis affects health and educa-tion - indoor air pollution from kerosene and wood-burning fumes lead to respiratory dis-eases that mostly affect wom-en and children, the latter of whom are discouraged from studying by the lack of suffi-cient lighting.

According to Foreign Pol-icy, President Modi made an election promise to address the inefficiency of the energy sec-tor, alongside expanding India’s regional ties.

Contact Francesca Regalado at francescarose.regalado@student.shu.

school of diplomacy newsMarch 2015Page 4

Photos courtesy of the Joseph A. Unanue Latino Institute(from left to right) Dr. John A. Gutierrez, Dr. Susan Eckstein, and Mr. Mario Paredes.

Unanue Latino Institute Hosts Panel on U.S.-Cuba-Vatican Relations

Daniel CruzStaff Writer

On March 2, the Joseph A. Unanue Latino Institute and the School of Diplomacy brought together a group of experts to analyze the opening of relations between Cuba and the United States, and the role played by the Vatican.

The event featured a panel which discussed how this dip-lomatic feat came about and ex-plored its effects, moderated by the School of Diplomacy’s Dr. Benjamin Goldfrank.

One of the points covered in the dialogue was the unfold-ing of the events that led to opening channels of commu-nications between the former Cold War players, with Pope Francis playing a vital role by writing letters to both US Pres-ident Obama and Cuban Presi-dent Raul Castro.

Dr. John A. Gutierrez, an Assistant Professor of Latin American and Latino Studies at the City University of New York’s John Jay College opened the panel discussion with Cu-ban politics.

He earned a bachelor’s de-gree in History at Vassar Col-lege, with a masters in Philoso-phy, and a doctorate in History at the CUNY Graduate Center.

Professor Gutiérrez’s prin-cipal academic research focuses on the intersection of medi-cine, modernity and politics in the Spanish-speaking Caribbe-an.

“Unlike places like Mexico, El Salvador, or even the neigh-

boring Dominican Repub-lic, for example, the Catholic Church in Cuba has been his-torically a weak institution on the island,” Dr. Gutierrez said.

Susan Eckstein is the for-mer Director of Latin Amer-ican Studies and Professor of International Relations and Sociology at Boston University. Dr. Eckstein’s has written ex-tensively on Mexico, Cuba, and Bolivia, and on immigration and its impact across country borders.

“This change in relations is not something that will happen overnight because of the 50 odd years of tense, minimal, and hostile relations; a lot of barriers have been built up,” she said, further elaborating that “the barriers that are not just between the United States and Cuba, but also within the United States between Con-gress and the White House.”

The panelists agreed that although the opening of dip-lomatic channels between both of these countries is a great first step, there are still a lot of barriers to overcome.

For example, Dr. Eckstein highlighted in her presentation that among the likely chang-es are normalizing diplomatic relations, lifting the embargo, removing Cuba from terrorism watch list, resolving property claims, and adopting democra-cy promotion programs.

Mario Paredes is currently with the American Bible So-

ciety as Presidential Liaison to the Roman Catholic Ministry, as well as Founder and Chair-man Emeritus of the Board for Catholic Association of Latino Leaders (CALL).

He was made Knight Grand Cross of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulcher of Jeru-salem in 2012.

Mr. Paredes spoke at length of the push by Pope Francis and Pope John Paul II to im-prove Cuba’s relationship with the international community, stressing literature written in 1998 by then-Archbishop Jorge Mario Bergolio, now known as Pope Francis, called Dialogues between John Paul II and Fidel Castro about the former Pope’s visit to Cuba.

Because of Pope Francis’s admiration for his predecessor, he continued his work as an in-termediary and facilitator.

The panel discussion raised the fascinating subject of a turning point in U.S.-Cuba rela-tions, which can be of interest not just for students of Diplo-macy and Political Science, but for anyone interested in current international affairs.

The event was made pos-sible thanks to the efforts of the School of Diplomacy and the Joseph A. Unanue Latino Institute in celebration of the latter’s tenth anniversary.

Contact Daniel Cruz at daniel.cruz@student.shu.edu.

January 2014 brought in a new age at the School of Di-plomacy & International Rela-tions.

The launch of four new re-search centers set the ground-work for professors and students of the School to par-ticipate in academic research pertaining to some of the most pressing issues of the day.

One of these centers is the Center for Peace and Con-flict Studies, directed by As-sociate Professor Dr. Zheng Wang.

On March 18, the Center for Peace and Conflict Stud-ies co-hosted an event at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars at its head-quarters in Washington, D.C.

At this event, Dr. Wang spoke on a panel with three other distinguished Wilson Scholars in a presentation enti-tled, “Contested Memories and Reconciliation Challenges: Ja-pan and the Asia Pacific on the 70th Anniversary of the End of the Second World War.”

The event was co-spon-sored by the Center for Peace and Conflict Studies at Seton Hall University with the School for Conflict Analysis and Res-olution at George Mason Uni-versity.

Dr. Wang was joined by GMU’s Tatsushi Arai, Gilbert Rozman of Princeton Uni-versity, and Ji-Young Lee of American University.

In the presentation the four scholars addressed the impor-tance of state reconciliation and the national identity that drives foreign policy.

As discussed in the event, major powers within East Asia today all have a storied past, which include the bloodshed of World War II.

In the aftermath of the world’s deadliest war, many states in the region have shift-ed their national identity in contradicting forms, triggering animosity.

One of the key issues that

arose through the presentation is what the term reconciliation means for different people who speak different languages with their own terms and lenses on history.

This question emphasiz-es the need for diplomats and conflict resolution specialists to have a firm grasp on each party’s domestic viewpoints and historical background to be able to come to a solution where all parties can agree.

Back on campus, the Center for Peace and Conflict Studies continues to work on its mis-sion to promote the interdis-ciplinary research of a wide range of topics in the realm of peace studies.

The research done by Dr. Wang and the Junior Fellows of the Center will be focused on conflict prevention, conflict resolution and post-conflict peace building.

The Center hopes to play an active role in creating a frame-work where citizens of states who are in active dispute with another state can sit down and discuss their views, in an at-tempt to show that they share many more commonalities than what they previously believed.

The field for conflict reso-lution and peace studies is as important as ever.

With disputes rising in every region of the world, it is crucial that political and social leaders are trained in the art of negoti-ation and cross cultural under-standing.

Being able to understand your counterpart’s perspectives is the first and crucial step in any attempt to resolve dispute peacefully.

The Center for Peace and Conflict Studies hopes to pro-vide a platform for students of the School of Diplomacy and International Relations to hone those skills and apply them to ongoing conflicts around the world.

Contact Ryan Sullivan at ryan.sullivan5@student.shu.edu.

Faculty Spotlight: Dr. Zheng Wang

Ryan SullivanEditor-in-Chief, Online

school of diplomacy news March 2015Page 5

Faculty Spotlight: Dr. Youssef MahmoudRyan Sullivan

Editor-in-Chief, Online

John CareyStaff Writer

SHU ONE Campaign Chapter Lobbies Congress

Photo courtesy of John Carey Seton Hall’s ONE Campaign chapter President Christina Minneci (left) and Bjorn Schwarzenbach (right).

The ONE Campaign hosts an annual summit in Washing-ton, D.C. for college campus chapters and volunteer leaders to gather and lobby members of Congress.

This year, chapter leaders from across the United States met in Washington from Febru-ary 27 to March 2.

Two Diplomacy students represented the Seton Hall, chapter President Christina Minneci and Bjorn Schwarzen-bach.

The two heard from speak-ers, met with congressional delegates, and networked with other ONE Campaign chapters.

The summit called on Con-gress to support foreign aid for underdeveloped regions to combat extreme poverty.

In total, more than 150 ONE Campaign volunteers had nearly 250 meetings across D.C. with members of Congress.

This year, there were two goals for the summit. First, ONE Campaign volunteers lobbied for Congress to con-tinue to support appropria-tions funding for programs like GAVI (Global Alliance for Vac-cines and Immunization), PEP-

FAR (President’s Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief), and the Global Fund.

Funding for these programs helps provide millions of peo-ple with life-saving vaccines and medication.

Second, they asked their re-spective Congressional repre-sentatives to co-sign the Elec-trify Africa Bill, which supports investment in African energy.

Currently, there are more than 550 million people living without power in sub-Saharan Africa, according to the ONE Campaign. This has become a barrier to educational systems and economic development.

“My biggest take away from the summit was how vital youth advocacy is in our world to-day,” said Minecci. “The gen-eral consensus I got, whether I was speaking with Congressio-nal Representatives, high level executives, or ONE staff, was they prioritize and care greatly about the youth voice.”

Both Schwarzenbach and Minecci met with multiple sena-tors and representatives to push for these two goals.

The two convened with staffers of Senator Cory Book-er and Senator Robert Menen-dez of New Jersey, along with Congressman Donald Payne,

Jr., whose father, the late Con-gressman Donald M. Payne, graduated from Seton Hall in 1957.

Schwarzenbach, a resident of Illinois, also spoke with staff-ers of Senator Richard Durbin and Senator Mark Kirk, as well as those of Congressman Peter Roskam, Schwarzenbach’s local representative.

Minecci met with staffers of New Jersey Congressman Thomas MacArthur and Frank Pallone, as well as with Con-gressman Leonard Lance him-self.

The ONE Campaign pre-pared volunteers on lobbying techniques by providing con-sultants from both sides of the aisle.

Many of the programs al-ready have bipartisan support, but lobbying is still vital to se-curing funding and for bills to proceed from committee to the floor.

Volunteers dropped off handwritten letters to senators showing widespread support for foreign aid. Schwarzenbach and Minecci delivered letters that the Seton Hall chapter wrote to Senator Bob Menen-dez of New Jersey.

After the meetings, volun-teers gave the staffers a View-

master with reasons to support foreign aid.

Besides lobbying, the event featured speakers such as U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman, who spoke about how trade can impact development.

“We know that trade fuels faster growth, facilitates invest-ment, spurs development, and reduces poverty in developing countries, which translates into more jobs and increased in-

comes for the poor,” said Fro-man.

ONE Campaign CEO Mi-chael Elliot spoke about ONE’s impact on development. Ms. Minecci sat down with the (RED) CEO Deb Dugan, as well, to discuss the former’s volunteer work on campus as part of the next generation who will lead the future.

Contact John Carey at john.carey@student.shu.edu.

In January 2015, the School of Diplomacy and Internation-al Relations welcomed the in-augural Sergio Vieira de Mello Endowed Visiting Chair in the Practice of Post-Conflict Di-plomacy in coordination with the School’s Post-Conflict State Reconstruction and Sustainabil-ity Program.

The creation of this position is the latest step in bringing the School of Diplomacy and the United Nations closer together.

Dr. Mahmoud Youssef has had a decorated career with the United Nations, beginning his career far from where he would find himself decades later.

His passion first began with the study of linguistics as a Professor at the University of

Tunis. Before joining the U.N., he

received a master’s degree and a doctorate in Sociolinguistics from Georgetown University in 1979.

Since joining the United Na-tions in 1981, Dr. Mahmoud has held several high-ranking positions, including United Na-tions Resident Coordinator in Guyana and Director of the Department of Political Affairs.

He has also held posts with the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia and in the Office of Human Resourc-es Management at the New York Headquarters.

Later, he was the Special Representative of the Secre-tary-General and Head of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Burun-di (BINUB).

He also assumed the re-sponsibilities of Deputy Special Representative with the peace-keeping mission that preceded BINUB.

Before retiring from the U.N. in 2011, he was the Spe-cial Representative of the Sec-retary-General in the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT).

Bringing this expertise to the School of Diplomacy will allow students an inside look into an extensive career with the United Nations in different capacities and locations.

Presently, Dr. Mahmoud holds positions in academia as well as the non-profit sector.

He has taught graduate courses at Columbia University and New York University per-taining to the study of peace-

keeping challenges, as well as post-conflict studies.

Most notably, Dr. Mahmoud has been working at the Inter-national Peace Institute in New York City.

He has focused his work on post-authoritarian transitions in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Ye-men.

He is leading an IPI initiative aimed at supporting the devel-opment of Arab think tanks and forums where civil society leaders can have an open dia-logue with transitional govern-ments.

Going forward, the School of Diplomacy hopes to capital-ize on the growing relationship with the U.N through the estab-lishment of the Sérgio Vieira de Mello Endowed Visiting Chair in the Practice of Post-Conflict Diplomacy.

This initiative will allow cur-rent U.N. officials to spend time at the university interacting with students through group presen-tations and one-on-one interac-tions.

Future chairs will be chosen through this partnership with the U.N. Department of Polit-ical Affairs.

Dr. Mahmoud’s goal in this new partnership is to ensure that the School of Diploma-cy becomes more well-known within the UN community.

His next lecture, The Art of Listening, will take place on April 9.

Dr. Mahmoud will be dis-cussing the importance of ef-fective communication in the realm of international affairs.

Contact Ryan Sullian at ryan.sullivan5@student.shu.edu.

FOCUS ON INTERNATIONAL March 2015Page 6

India and the United StatesAlthough India has become

an economic powerhouse in recent years, supporting that growth with available energy options to sustain development has become a concern.

A recent agreement between United States President Barack Obama and Indian Prime Min-ister Narendra Modi attempted to address these concerns along the lines of industry reliability and has opened a door to bil-lon-dollar investments from the United States into Indian nucle-ar power projects.

The agreement sets a frame-work for the U.S. energy indus-try to enter commercial talks on building nuclear reactors in In-dia, according to Reuters.

By unlocking this access, U.S. industries are bound to conduct regular inspections of current reactors and any future

ones while also addressing any possible liabilities regarding a reactor meltdown or any other form of a nuclear accident, ac-cording to NPR.

Still, the question arises as to how both of these areas are going to be addressed. As for inspections, India is seeking to tie up loose ends dating back to the landmark nuclear coopera-tion deal signed in 2008.

President Modi, a month after taking office last year, agreed to tighter checks and inspections by the Interna-tional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

The agreement endorses principle of strict liability. This entails channeling any costs produced from a nuclear acci-dent to the plant operator and requires it to pay no-fault com-pensation for such accidents.

Along with this agreement, India is presenting a body of

law and precedent to ensure its laws and regulations meet IAEA international standards.

In 2008, the Indian gov-ernment agreed to sign a 123 Agreement, more commonly referred to as the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement.

But the deal ran into consid-erable opposition within India, according to German interna-tional broadcaster DW.

A variety of issues drove Indian opposition against the deal, including concerns about liability, which were addressed in the more recent agreement, and the prospect of Washing-ton enjoying heightened lever-age over India’s energy market.

The resulting impasse was one of the main reasons for Obama’s visit to India in Janu-ary 2015.

Even more pressing to the U.S. visit was the previous deal’s impact on the nuclear arms race

between India and Pakistan. At first glance it may seem

that the deal should have made no impact; however, the tech-nology and fuel covered by the deal were meant to be used strictly for civilian purposes, specifically producing electric-ity.

They were used in the exact opposite way, causing a pressing concern for the new proposi-tion between the two countries.

Until the May 2014 election of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, many Indian politicians treated the U.S. with consid-erable suspicion because the previous deal from the Bush administration circumvented many issues, including deliv-ering uranium to India from neighboring Pakistan.

The deal has been met with criticism not only in India, but also in neighboring Pakistan.

Yet this “breakthrough”

agreement has been seen as a means to pave the way for im-plementing both the United States and India’s civilian nucle-ar cooperation on any further developments of nuclear ener-gy production.

But what does this new agreement actually do? In 2010, The Diplomat reported that the deal would have to bypass vari-ous levels of Indian bureaucra-cy before going into effect.

It is, in its entirety, a fact sheet that both India and the U.S. can draw from on any fu-ture nuclear deals, but is not in any way legally binding.

Thus, this agreement only sets forth a colloquial under-standing between both coun-tries that energy production requires a joint effort and both are willing to make compromis-es to pursue such goals. Contact Colin Kimberlin at colin.

kimberlin@student.shu.edu.

Colin KimberlinStaff Writer

On February 4, in a gesture of both good will and good business, China and Argentina formulated a comprehensive al-liance pact that spans multiple sectors within the South Amer-ican economy.

An array of fifteen sepa-rate projects were agreed upon by the two nations, comprised of technological advances, im-provements in infrastructure, and energy innovations which will be funded—quite willing-ly—by the Chinese govern-ment.

The Digital Journal reports that lthough the financial as-sessments of this package deal have not been disclosed, it is safe to assume that these en-deavors will carry on into the tens of billions, some of which is planned to finance a contro-versial agenda: the construction and development of two new nuclear power plants within the borders of the South American nation.

A “gateway for the deepen-ing this strategic friendship,” as

Argentinian President Cristi-na Fernandez de Kirchner de-scribes, the nuclear deal holds the promise of technology sharing and innovating Argenti-na’s current plant, Atucha.

Additionally, two hydroelec-tric plants will be built, keeping in line with Argentina’s goal of energy self-sufficiency.

While this concept appears to be paradoxical as a foreign power is given the financial re-sponsibility for this endeavor, it is sure to be a highly-anticipated project to follow in the coming months.

Yet what is most fascinat-ing about the trans-continental alliance is not just the scope of their agreement (ranging from dams to Chinese CAC J-10 fighter jets), but rather the significance this regarding the changing global landscape.

This exchange presents it-self quite clearly: it is not just a matter of developing nuclear technology, but is in fact a bla-tant attempt by both parties to address their desired national agendas while also strengthen-ing diplomatic ties.

Argentina is heavily relying on China to run its economy,

with the latter recently agree-ing to a currency swap with the peso as it struggles against the international market, in addi-tion to overseeing the country’s dire need for modernization.

The negotiated infrastruc-ture projects are services that the Argentinian government should provide, yet their depen-dency on China shows that they are incapable of meeting those expectations at the current time.

However, Kirchner’s dedica-tion to seeing this pact through is evident – she traveled to meet Chinese President Xi Jin-ping with a broken foot and has explicitly stated her resolve to strengthen ties with China, which she referred to as “the world’s most important eco-nomic actor” in a congressional hearing at the beginning of this month, Merco Press reports.

However, Chinese interests play a significant role here as well. Pledging $250 billion for projects in South America over the next ten years, the Asian superpower has its sights set on not just Argentina, but on the entirety of Latin America as the ideal ground to push its “go global” initiative, focused

on long-term energy and raw material supply.

According to The In-ter-American Dialogue, onopo-lizing the Latin American mar-ket as its sole benefactor is an incredible display of the power wielded by China, which could have great impact on the inter-national market within the next fifteen to twenty years.

But this “marriage of con-venience” harbors doubts in the minds of those who are concerned over China’s ability to commit to the terms of the pact, implying that devastat-ing financial ruin for the South American economy will be an inevitable outcome, reports In-

ter Press Service. Jorge Castro, director of

the Strategic Planning Institute and an expert on China, stated to Inter Press Service his view that the agreement is important for both parties involved, but warns that it is still “insufficient to gauge the dimension of the bilateral commitment.”

An interesting power play of economic potential and in-ternational might, the question will not be if China will agree to the comprehensive terms of the agreement, but to what ex-tent and how much time it will take to see it through.

Contact Katherine Wolchko atkatherine.wolchko@student.shu.edu

Argentina and China Katherine Wolchko

Staff Writer

Photo courtesy ofThe New Yorker Argentinian President Cristina Kirchner (left) and Chinese President Xi Jinping in Beijing (right).

NUCLEAR DEALS March 2015Page 7

South Africa and RussiaMadeleine Oldstone

Staff Writer

Sri Lanka and Pakistan

Photo courtesy of Pakistan Defense Mr. Jalil Abbas Jilani, the Foreign Secretary of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (left) and Mr. Gotabaya Rajapaksa, Sec-retary Defence of Sri Lanka (right) on April 5, 2013.

Kathryn ChaneyStaff Writer

Pakistan and Sri Lanka are signing a cooperative nuclear deal at the end of March when Sri Lanka’s new President, Mai-thripala Sirisena, makes his first visit to Pakistan.

The meeting is scheduled for March 31 and the details of the deal will be negotiated be-fore the visit. Since the begin-ning of his term, Sirisena has attempted to balance diplomat-ic ties within the region.

Earlier in his presidency, he visited India in order to repair relations, which had not been well during his predecessor’s tenure, Pakistani publication The News reports.

During the visit he signed an agreement with the Indian government for civil nuclear cooperation.

“The bilateral agreement on civil nuclear cooperation is yet another demonstration of our mutual trust. This is the first such agreement Sri Lanka has signed. It opens new ave-nues for cooperation, includ-ing in areas like agriculture and healthcare,” said Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during a joint press conference.

Many analysts remain skep-tical of both countries’ inten-tions due to the rocky history between India and Sri Lanka, according to the Diplomat.

The relationship between the two have been uneasy over the last few years due to India’s interference in the domestic af-fairs of civil war-torn Sri Lanka.

These actions, according to BBC News, have been seen as an attempt by India to balance the regional power of China.

Since the beginning of his presidency, Modi has attempted to unite members of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Reuters reports.

Besides Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan, other members include Nepal, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Mal-dives.

The unity of the association is essential to countering Chi-na’s ‘string of pearls’ strategy.

The Financial Times writes that “attention to India’s neigh-borhood, including long-for-gotten places such as Bhutan and Nepal, has improved In-dia’s frayed regional standing.”

After his visit with Pakistani

Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, President Sirisena has been in-vited to visit China at the end of March.

China has stepped up its efforts to court the new gov-ernment in Sri Lanka, which Beijing sees as “a key partner in its new ‘Maritime Silk Road’ project, which aims to build ports and free trade zones in Southeast Asia and in the In-dian Ocean,” Foreign Minister Liu told his Sri Lankan counter-part, Mangala Samaraweera.

The $40-billion Silk Road fund is expected to support in-frastructure projects in the area.

This fund will provide finan-cial support to Sri Lanka as the government deals with rising foreign debt. It is not surprising that China has been the biggest financial lender to Sri Lanka.

The new government of Sri Lanka “welcomes China’s investment in and assistance to Sri Lanka and expects to strengthen practical cooper-ation with the Chinese side in various fields,” according to the Chinese Foreign Ministry.

Contact Madeleine Oldstone at madeleine.oldstone@student.shu.edu.

Last year, Russia emerged as a frontrunner in the bid for South Africa’s developing nu-clear program.

An agreement initiated by Russia set the foundation for a long-term relationship between the two states.

Furthermore, Russia said that its partnership with South Africa and its nuclear program aims not only to build and ex-pand the nuclear facilities and resources of South Africa, but also offers an opportunity to modernize the African conti-nent as a whole, World Nuclear News reports.

Russia was only one of five countries offering nuclear aid to South Africa: the Unit-ed States, France, China, and South Korea all expressed in-terest in South Africa’s nuclear program.

However, Russia presented one of the more unique offers for South Africa, specifically the “build, own, operate” deal under which Russia will con-struct and run new nuclear fa-cilities over a seven-year-period and sell generated nuclear pow-er to South Africa at an agreed price.

South African President Ja-cob Zuma affirmed in his State of the Nation Address that his government is committed to expanding nuclear power during his term in office.

He went on to say that South Africa would maintain an open process.

However, some aspects of Russia’s proposal are surprising in terms of South Africa’s par-ticipation.

For example, according to iAfrica, Russia’s proposal re-strains South Africa financially and holds the latter state ac-countable for any accidents that

may occur during the construc-tion as well as for any damages.

Russia’s current econom-ic situation, according to the Guardian, also puts their abil-ity to provide the necessary funding for a nuclear deal with South Africa into question.

The Russian economy is combating multiple obstacles to regaining its economic standing in the international community.

First, as a result of its mil-itary occupation of Ukraine, Russia currently bears econom-ic sanctions imposed by the in-ternational community.

Additionally, the drop in oil prices depleted government revenues dependent on taxes on gas and oil, thus causing in-flation to rise to 15 percent.

These factors pose the question of whether Russia can afford entering a nuclear deal with any state.

In the proposed deal, Rus-sia will receive tax exemptions during the seven-year period and reserves the right to block other parties from entering into a nuclear deal with South Afri-ca.

Nevertheless, as expressed by South Africa’s The Mail & Guardian, “the vendor-assisted financing” encased in the nu-clear deal with Russia provides the only way for South Africa to reasonably afford going nuclear in the present global economy.

Despite contrary interna-tional advice, South Africa con-tinues to pursue this nuclear partnership with Russia.

And for Russia, a nuclear deal with South Africa allows a foothold in Africa, where Chi-na is currently the major power player.

Contact Kathryn Chaney at kathryn.chaney@student.shu.edu.

Photo courtesy of The BRICS Post BRICS Leaders (left to right): Russian President Vladimir Putin, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff, Chinese President Xi Jinping, and South African President Jacob Zuma.

Photo courtesy of The Indian Express Sri Lankan President Maithripala Sirisena (left) with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi (right) on February 16.

opinionMarch 2015Page 8

Netanyahu Offers No Concrete Plan

Want to share your opinion?Write a letter to the editor and send it to thediplomaticenvoy@gmail.com.

Thomas AsheStaff Writer

Is Israel the Answer?

SCHOOL OF DIPLOMACY &

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSFrancesca Regalado

Managing EditorAreej Elahi

Editor-in-Chief, PrintRyan Sullivan

Editor-in-Chief, Online

Madison McHughAssociate Editor

Abby ShamrayNews Editor

Stephanie PowersOpinion Editor

Emily BalanLayout & Copy Editor

Dean Courtney SmithFaculty Advisor

Kathryn Chaney

Matthew Schaller

John Carey

Halimah Elmariah

Vicky Mogeni

Angelo Piro

Madeleine Hillyer Daniel Cruz

Thomas Ashe

Avonelle Davis

Katherine Wolchko

Colin Kimberlin

Emily Green

Anna Bondi

Isla LamontMadeleine Oldstone

Staff Writers and Contributors

This publication is made possible through the generosity of the Constance J. Millstein, Esq. endowed fund.

The views expressed in The Diplomatic Envoy are those of the writers and are not intender to represent the views of The school of Diplomacy, Seton Hall University, or the CJM Fund.

On March 3, in a controver-sial move, Israeli Prime Minis-ter Benjamin Netanyahu made a speech to the joint session of Congress just a few weeks ahead of the Israeli elections.

According to the Huffing-ton Post, Netanyahu insisted that the timing of the speech was motivated by the urgency of the Iran nuclear negotiations and had nothing to do with the March elections.

However, while that claim remains dubious at best, a big-ger problem in regards to the speech was the fact that it pre-sented no clear alternative to the current deal being negotiat-ed with Iran, the United States, and the five other major pow-ers. While Netanyahu did suc-cessfully outline strong reasons why he opposed the deal, he left policymakers asking them-selves one fundamental ques-tion: What is your strategy?

This speech was undoubted-ly controversial, and Netanyahu specifically noted that. Howev-er, the speech itself also lacked focus. Rather outlining specific goals he would like to achieve, or describing how he would

achieve them, Netanyahu sim-ply made a politically charged speech just weeks before an election back at home.

Moreover, as he has done in the past, he spoke to the United States and Israel’s unbreakable bond and the history of Iran’s aggression. However, while it is important to speak about the relationship between the United States and Israel, doing so on three separate occasions, and that too, numerous times, is unnecessarily repetitive.

Seemingly following his theme of repetitiveness, Net-anyahu also read from a sheet of paper throughout his speech, pointing to several attacks and threats made by Iran. It was as if Netanyahu thought the United States was unaware of, or should be reminded of the history of Iran. In his speech, he told lawmakers:

“While the final deal has not yet been signed, certain ele-ments of any potential deal are now a matter of public record. You don’t need intelligence agencies and secret information to know this. You can Google it.”

So, what did Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu accom-

plish during his short visit to the United States? First, Net-anyahu further divided mem-bers of Congress on the issue, insulted the President and Sec-retary of State by not inform-ing them of his visit, and did not suggest any new ideas for reducing Iran’s nuclear arsenal. It was as if his trip produced more negatives than positives, if any positives at all.

It is no secret that Netanya-hu and President Obama have often disagreed on major poli-cy initiatives before and do not possess the relationship Roo-sevelt and Churchill had. But, what is even more unfortunate is that this political grandstand-ing does nothing to solve the issue at hand – ensuring Iran does not possess any nuclear weapons.

It is clear that Netanyahu’s address to the American people was only political in nature, and further alienated the country on the issue. It surely speaks vol-umes when members of Con-gress boycott a speech made by a foreign leader, let alone a leader of such an important country like the state of Israel.

Contact Thomas Ashe at thomas.ashe@student.shu.edu.

Isla LamontStaff Writer

Kosher super market hos-tage crisis. Copenhagen tem-ple and café shootings. Most people with even the faintest touch on the world’s pulse have probably heard about these European terrorist attacks oc-curring over the last half a de-cade. Every day it is becoming clearer and clearer that Europe is becoming increasingly an-ti-Semitic.

The media has covered no grand publications of any cor-related attacks striking at Jew-ish European citizens nor has there been a huge outcry from the assailed religious and eth-nic collective. Though in real-ity, there is arguably a growing plight for the Jews of Europe.

So exactly what has been happening to Jewish Europe-an citizens? In the summer of 2014, a French jihadist shot dead three people in a Belgian Jewish museum. An attack on a French kosher supermarket, committed in the same week by a gunmen related to the Pa-risian satirical journal Charlie Hebdo massacre on January 7, was, as French president François Hollande described “unmistakably anti-Semitic.”

On February 15th, an at-tack in Copenhagen targeted a temple holding a bar-mitzvah, with earlier attacks on a café hosting the French ambassador to Denmark and a cartoonist known for his illustrations neg-atively depicting the prophet Mohammed.

The problem with these un-correlated attacks is that there is not one organization; there are speculatively thousands of individuals spread across the continent who share the same anti-Semitic beliefs. According to a Jewish Business News, the amount of anti-Semitic acts committed in France was 851, with 243 of them being violent.

The Community Security Trust found that Britain’s num-ber of recorded “anti-Semitic incidents” reached a staggering 1,168 in 2014. That’s the high-est documented since the trust began monitoring anti-Semitic cases in 1984.

With anti-Semitism on the

rise across the continent, cue Israeli Prime Minister Benja-min Netanyahu. He has his own solution to the problem -- mass emigration back to the homeland.

According to an article by the Washington Post, the newly re-elected Prime Minister be-came extra vocal, a quality he is already known for in inter-national affairs, after the Co-penhagen attacks. Netanyahu reaffirmed Hollande’s findings, saying “Jews have been mur-dered again on European soil only because they were Jews.” Hollande has even gone so far as to present his national Cab-inet with a $50 million dollar plan to aid a massive influx of future Israeli citizens.

I must agree with Prime Minister Netanyahu’s assess-ment of the situation. What I find grounds for disagreement on, however, is his reaction to it.

Why would Netanyahu find it prudent to move millions of European Jews into the Middle East, much less a country which is in an almost constant state of conflict with its neighbor-ing countries? And this is not even addressing the fact that Europeans come from a wide range of national dialects, none of which is Hebrew, and even those who speak it for liturgical purposes are unlikely to find it helpful in daily dialogue. The cultures of the Western world and near East are also different in their very nature and most people would find it difficult to adjust and assimilate.

Even if the hotbed of cul-tural turmoil was as safe a des-tination as Disneyland, what lesson is to be learned here? An exodus to Israel should not be done out of fear. The Jewish people have been fleeing for thousands of years. It’s time to educate thy neighbor. Igno-rance is not to be fled from, but to be challenged with intellect and understanding. It’s about time countrymen stood for one another, against any threat, re-gardless of race or religion. It’s time to take a step forward by keeping both feet firmly plant-ed.

Contact Isla Lamont at rachel.lamont@student.shu.edu.

opinion March 2015Page 9

Should Japan Build an Offensive Military Force?

Stephanie PowersOpinion Editor

Global Businesses May Solve Climate Change

Photo courtesy of Flickr Japanese hostages killed by ISIS militants in latest offense against Japan.

Anna BondiStaff Writer

Recently, ISIS captured and killed two Japanese citizens, military contractor Haruna Yu-kawa and journalist Kenji Goto.

This bold act by ISIS has frightened the world for its vi-olent displays of aggression to Japan, a country which has no offensive military to retaliate with.

This incident shook the Japanese community and has forced the government to both rethink their peace constitution and debate the building of an offensive military.

This move towards mobili-zation to be proactive in regards to terrorist threats is in the best interest of Japan, the United States, and the global commu-nity.

However, as stated in Arti-cle 9 of Japan’s Constitution, Japan’s military cannot sustain armed forces or use force to resolve international conflicts regarding terrorism.

As stated by the Law Library of Congress, this treaty was formed after World War II by the allied forces to prevent fur-ther mutiny from Japan.

In the Constitution, it of-

ficially states: “Aspiring sin-cerely to an in-ternational peace based on justice and order, the Japanese peo-ple forever re-nounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international dis-putes.

In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will nev-er be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized.”

Over time, the treaty was re-vised to allow a standing army for defensive purposes, along with aiding and defending allies such as the U.S. However, now Japan wants to eliminate further restraints by revising this article to allow more freedom with their military.

Among Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s goals in the com-

ing years is to alter the article so that Japan can actively pursue “collective defense,” according to the Japan Times.

Thus far, the Japanese gov-ernment has presented securi-ty scenarios regarding the mili-tary, as seen in AsiaOne news.

These scenarios are, general-ly put, what the government will be allowed to do and includes dealing with illegal acts within their boundaries, protecting and aiding allies, like the U.S., during wartime, and protecting their citizens from harm. This last point would include the recent capture and killing of Japanese citizens by ISIS.

A l t h o u g h critics of the Japanese mil-itary may find these propos-als to be threat-ening, it must be realized that Japan is not the enemy right now.

The real enemy in this case is ISIS, a terrorist orga-

nization who is willing to attack

citizens across nationalities, without mercy, to enforce their cruel regime.

As of today, Japan is an ally in the war against terrorism, and there is no need for the global community to treat this nation as a threat who would use its army for malicious means. The Economist suggests that the global community should aid this ally and let Japan defend for itself in its time of need.

A source of unwavering support for Japan’s increase in militarization should come from the U.S.

According to The Week, one

of the reasons ISIS attacked Japanese citizens may have been due to Japan’s alliance with the U.S. As a loyal ally of Americans, Japan should have the ability to protect itself from a common enemy. Also, as hu-manitarian supporters, the U.S. cannot allow ISIS to get away with the indiscriminate killings of innocent people such as Goto and Yukawa.

Further militarization of Ja-pan can also be beneficial for the U.S. In times of conflict, the U.S. may be able to uti-lize aid from Japan’s newly re-vamped military forces. In the future, an allied military force amongst multiple nations may be necessary in the war against terrorism.

Ultimately, there is a threat to the world that can cause death and destruction to who-ever crosses it. This threat is ISIS and it is a growing power. The global community needs to utilize as much support as possible, so that this terrorist organization cannot grow any further and will not harm any more people.

Contact Anna Bondi at anna.bondi@student.shu.edu.

In light of the upcoming United Nations Climate Change Conference to be held in Par-is in December 2015, a group of global business leaders has proposed an ambitious plan to combat climate change.

Known as the B Team, this group is asking politicians from around the world to set a goal of net-zero greenhouse gas emission by 2050 in this year’s Paris climate agreement.

This goal of net-zero emis-sions by 2050 bumps up the U.N. target which sought to phase out net emissions by 2070. Such a target is unrealis-tic in nature, but embodies the ambition necessary to achieve climate change.

The B Team argues that this ambitious target is necessary because businesses, and the planet for that matter, cannot

afford the physical and eco-nomic risks of climate change. By setting a goal of worldwide net-zero greenhouse gas emis-sions by 2050, businesses will be motivated to embrace new investments and innovation into their business plans to mit-igate these risks.

One member of the B Team, Virgin founder Richard Branson, told Reuters in an interview, “The politicians in Paris need to know business is behind them taking the right decisions and they are not going to damage the world economi-cally by taking these decisions.”

These arguments outlined by the B Team are valid. The urgency for climate change is evident in scientific research.

According to the U.N., “If humanity’s greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase, the average temperature of the Earth’s lower atmosphere could rise more than 4 °C (7.2 °F) by the end of the 21st century.”

With the realities of global warming, there is undoubtedly a growing need to find solu-tions regarding climate change.

By incorporating the private sector into climate change ini-tiatives, greater success can be made in creating a sustainable environment.

In a globalized society char-acterized by consumerism and energy dependency, it will be necessary for business practices to change for climate change to be achieved.

The fact that global business leaders, like those who make up the B Team, realize the gravity of climate change and want to embrace sustainable initiatives is pioneering and commend-able.

The B Team is appealing directly to government leaders to embrace a target of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. Ide-ally, the international commu-nity would uphold this initiative in the Paris climate agreement,

but unfortunately this target will most likely never be written in the final document.

Being the first agreement formulated by countries of all backgrounds, the Paris talks will have to contend with a myriad of different views and interests.

During this process, it is un-likely that a target for net-zero emissions will be upheld, as a wide number of states would have to agree on it.

The U.N. has also request-ed countries to submit their national climate change poli-cies by the end of March, to be compiled for the Paris talks. So far, the European Union has already declared a target of at least 40 percent reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, compared to levels of 1990.

It is obvious that the E.U. has not acknowledged the B Team’s goal for net-zero emis-sions.

It can be assumed that most

other industrialized nations will follow suit in adopting simi-lar plans that can be described as fairly attainable, rather than praiseworthy aspirations.

One could argue that the E.U. and other states want to be realistic in their climate change plans.

Achieving net-zero green-house gas emissions by 2050 is unlikely in a resource hungry world.

Yet, it is not the reality of the goal that matters, but the motivation it will inspire.

Climate change is happen-ing and needs to be addressed. Government leaders should embrace lofty targets in hopes they will eventually be achieved.

Declaring a goal of net-ze-ro emission by 2050, along with fostering relationships between politicians and businesses, is a step in the right direction to creating a sustainable planet.

Contact Stephanie Powers at stephanie.powers@student.shu.edu.

international newsMarch 2015Page 10

Syrian Chaos:

Continued from Page 1...

Death of Putin Critic:

Photos courtesy of FlickrTwo women nursing a young girl at a camp run by the UN Refugees Agency.

Numerous other theories have been given, from the Rus-sian government to average Russian citizens. The following are a few examples:

“Provocation” is Kremlin code for a destabilizing attack on the Russian state.

According to BBC News, it is standard procedure for Rus-sian state-run media to blame the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency on numerous issues ranging from the Ukrainian up-rising and other anti-Russian insurrections in other countries.

However, with a lack of hard evidence, few would be-lieve that an American intelli-gence agency would have the wherewithal to achieve such a drastic action.

At the time of his death, Mr. Nemtsov was organizing an anti-war rally in Moscow and planning to publish some damaging evidence of Russian involvement in Ukraine.

There are some who believe that rogue elements within the security services or ultra-na-tionalist groups would want to take him out due to his liberal

brand of politics and his overall opposition to the war, accord-ing to Newsweek.

However, one theory with considerable popularity in op-positionist circles claims that this murder reaches the Russian president.

In The New Yorker, fel-low oppositionist leader, Alex-ei Navalny, said believes that “Nemtsov was murdered by members of a government or pro-government organization on the order of the country’s political leadership.”

Nevertheless, the puzzling aspect of this theory is that Nemtsov’s image was consider-ably stronger during the Yeltsin years and it would have made sense to target younger opposi-tionists, like Navalny.

The main question that is being asked is how this water-shed event will affect the Rus-sian opposition moving for-ward.

Other prominent opposi-tionist figures, like former oli-garch Mikhail Khodorkovsky and former Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov, have been

around for a while. Still, they seem to struggle in creating a trigger that would ultimately hold the publics’ gaze.

The reason for this is two-fold: the Russian people are afraid of radical change, being that the collapse of the Soviet Union is fresh in their memory, and the fact that the opposition is banned from major TV net-works.

According to BBC News, these TV networks provide news to 90% of Russians and, without them, these groups do not have a strong support base to jump off of.

With Russia in the midst of deep economic troubles as a re-sult of the failing rouble, con-flict in Ukraine, and simultane-ous domestic issues at home, only time will tell if these young oppositionist groups can more effectively produce a rallying cry that is able to capture the hearts and minds of the Rus-sian people.

Contact Matthew Schaller at matthew.schaller@student.shu.edu.

Continued from Page 1...

The rise of ISIS has also threatened the broken nation that faces sectarian overtones, with the country’s Sunni pop-ulation against the president’s Shia sect, the BBC writes.

Additionally, Al-Qaeda in-spired militants have been com-peting for territory, weapons, and influence, further compli-cating the already distraught country, The Guardian declares.

As Syria descends into its fifth year of civil war, the in-ternational community faces growing pressures from the U.N., NGOs, and activists alike to take diplomatic action to end the turmoil. U.S. Secretary of

State John Kerry recently in-dicated that the United States and other countries are seeking diplomatic methods to end the Syrian conflict, reports Reuters.

Kerry’s remarks in a CBS in-terview may have indicated that the U.S. is willing to negotiate with Assad; however, a spokes-woman for the State Depart-ment later clarified that Wash-ington would never negotiate

with the Syrian leader, writes Reuters.

Last year, world leaders convened in Geneva twice for peace talks that aimed at reach-ing a solution to end the Syri-an conflict, however, the peace talks only reached an impasse leading to further stalemate, writes The Guardian.

Contact Halimah Elmariah at halimah,elmariah@student.shu.edu.

Middle East: • On March 21, judge orders release of photos that alleged-ly show abuse of Iraqi and Afghani detainees in detention centers during the Iraq War. • A deal on Iran’s nuclear program is within reach and achievable by the March 31 deadline despite dissent from Israel and U.S. Republicans. • On March 17, Netanyahu wins Israeli elections in an upset, defeating the Zionist Union party. • Syrian Hassakeh bombings by Islamic State targeted Kurds during Persian New Year on March 21.

Asia: • It was announced on March 22 that North Korea’s Kim Jong Un will visit Russia, who extended an invitation to their World War II anniversary celebration. • Asia powers China, Japan and South Korea announced on March 21 that they will hold renewed talks despite territorial and diplomatic tensions.• On March 20, parents in India were found scaling school buildings to pass cheat-sheets to their children during year-end exams.

South America: • Protests in Brazil demand President Rousseff ’s impeach-ment due to a corruption scandal in the state oil firm, Petro-bras, on March 19. • Hundreds protest at the ordination of Catholic Bishop Juan Barros who has been accused of covering up a sexual abuse scandal in southern Chile on March 21.

North America: • U.S. pulled the last Special Operations forces out of Ye-men, home of the most active branches of Al-Qaeda, the U.S. State Department announced on March 22. • Gen. David Petraeus warns that Iran-backed Shiite militias are a bigger threat than ISIS to long-term stability in Iraq. • Pentagon announced on March 22 that it is investigating an online threat made by the Islamic State Hacking Division to 100 of its military personnel.

Europe: • The UK anounced on February 24 that they will send humanitarian aid and military advisors to train troops in Ukraine against pro-Russian separatists. • NATO intercepts Russian military aircraft nearing Latvian airspace, putting nearby states on alert on March 19.

Africa: • Liberia confirms first new Ebola case in three weeks on March 21, preventing a disease-free declaration for the coun-try. • Egypt revealed on March 16 plans to move from Cairo to “glitzy” new capital. • Tunis Bardo museum attacked by IS gunmen, killing 23 people, 20 of which were foreign tourists on March 18.• Tanzania’s parliament approves a new anti-foreigner law to curb foreign employment on March 19.

Australia: • Former Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser dies at the age of 84 on March 19. He was a vocal support of the anti-aparthied movement.

Sources: CNN and BBC.

What in the World is Going On?

Madison McHughAssociate Editor

looking ahead March 2015Page 11

Cara Richardson ‘14Emily Green

Staff Writer

Vicky MogeniStaff Writer

Are you or do you know an alumnus interested in writing? Contact Areej Elahi at areej.elahisiddiqui@student.shu.edu.

Hans Fly ‘11

On March 8, women across New York City miraculous-ly disappeared from hundreds of billboards and magazines, marking the release of the Clin-ton Foundation’s groundbreak-ing No Ceilings Report.

The surprising occurrence attracted widespread interna-tional attention as part of the Not There campaign for gen-der equality, organized by none other than Clinton Foundation intern Cara Richardson.

Richardson, a recent grad-uate in 2014 of the School of Diplomacy with her bachelor’s degree, wasted no time in pur-suing her passion for gender equality.

Through her internship with the Clinton Foundation, she has been hard at work researching and analyzing data for the or-ganization’s comprehensive re-port on the status of women and girls.

Cara’s passion for gender equality began prior to attending uni-versity. While working for a member of the diplomatic communi-ty, she became aware of the widespread in-equalities in economic and political opportu-nities for women.

Determined to make a difference, she enrolled in Seton Hall’s Diplomacy and International Rela-tions program, cou-pling her degree with minors in both Eco-nomics and Italian.

While at Seton Hall, Cara became enthralled with the question of measur-ing impact, especially that of nonprofit organizations like the Clinton Foundation.

She quickly got involved with a number of student or-ganizations, such as the Student Non-Profit Organization, the International Law Society, and

the Sigma Iota Rho Honors Society. Cara was also an active member of SHU’s Sexual As-sault and Violence Education (SAVE) team.

It was through these organi-zations that Cara was able to ex-plore her passions. She strongly believes that success is found through gaining experience in

the field. Being actively in-

volved with the Seton Hall community was an invaluable part of her education. In fact, it was her work with SAVE that led to her opportunity with the Clinton Foundation.

After sharing her extensive experience creating partnerships and media projects with the SAVE team, she was welcomed into her current posi-tion.

Cara encourages current students to go

beyond just studying to truly apply yourself to

your passions. When applying for intern-

ship positions, she cautions against being overly humble. Rather than repeating the rhet-oric of a mission statement, she encourages using the statement of interest as an opportunity to speak genuinely about your

skills and experiences. “It’s okay to talk yourself

up, she said, in order to give the organization a clear picture of who you are and what you can bring to the table.”

Moreover, although some internships may be a bit tedious, Cara advocates doing each task with a smile. It is important to be proactive and always ask if you can do more.

It is this very approach that will lead to an employment of-fer, says Cara. While her work with the Clinton Foundation is just beginning, Cara has big goals for the future.

As she continues to explore her passions, she looks forward to attending law school and applying for fellowships to re-search abroad in Morocco.

Cara’s passion and experi-ences advocating for gender equality serve as an inspiration for women everywhere, looking not just to break the glass ceil-ing, but to shatter it.

Contact Emily Green at emily.green@student.shu.edu.

Hans Fly graduated from Seton Hall University’s graduate program at the School of Di-plomacy and International Re-lations in 2011 and is now the Business Development Manag-er at Catholic Relief Services in Port-au-Price, Haiti.

Before graduating from the School, he was exploring pro-fessional opportunities that would allow him to gain on-the-ground development experi-ence while utilizing his language skills and applying concepts he had learned in the classroom to real life.

Having spent his childhood in the Ivory Coast, he enjoyed living abroad, exploring new cultures, and contributing to the humanity that all people share.

Fly wanted to learn more about empowering communi-ties from within and testing in-novative solutions to develop-

ment challenges hand-in-hand with local communities.

The International Devel-opment Fellowship Program with Catholic Relief Services presented the ideal opportuni-ty to gain project management experience working abroad as a young professional while exer-cising solidarity with the most vulnerable individuals who are struggling to survive in under-developed regions of the world.

Although he is not a Catho-lic, Fly felt drawn to the univer-sal principles of Catholic So-cial Teaching as demonstrated through the work of Catholic Relief Services.

The responsibility to im-prove the conditions of the most marginalized, either at home or abroad, was why he wanted to work in international development from the begin-ning.

Within the organization, he has been most directly involved in promoting market-driven ag-riculture in collaboration with

the Haitian Ministry of Agri-culture and the private sector.

Thanks to investments in the coffee sector over the last three years, Catholic Relief Ser-vices has been able to revitalize the industry in the mountain-ous Beaumont region where coffee once thrived.

Six fledgling coopera-tives have been legalized and grouped under a sales network that has now fulfilled contracts successfully with several inter-national buyers.

Coffee sales will soon be launched online thanks to the planting of 265,000 coffee seedlings and the regeneration of 3,066 hectares in Beaumont.

Fly attributes some of his success to the skills he acquired during his time at Seton Hall.

One of the major skills he gained while working on his master’s degree was the ability to conduct thorough and inves-tigative research.

Fly recalls: “Not a day goes by where I don’t have to sift

through reports on the status of various sectors in a country and develop proposals using that re-search to formulate a convinc-ing argument for support from international donors.”

As a student, he remembers the pressure of perfecting his research design before submit-ting the final draft to the pro-fessor.

Additionally, participation in debates facilitated by the pro-fessor as well as the opportunity to speak publicly in front of his classmates while giving presen-tations helped him build confi-dence in articulating points of view in public.

“Since leaving the School I have had to give numerous presentations in front of do-nor representatives as well as facilitate dialogue with different national sector stakeholders,” he said.

Fly’s future plans involve continuing with Catholic Relief Services, after four years of em-ployment with them already.

He would also like to move to West Africa or Latin Ameri-ca, or perhaps venture into the Middle East as Head of Pro-grams managing multi-million dollar portfolios in collabora-tion with the national staff.

His advice to current Diplo-macy students is to “be adven-turesome and daring in what you do and don’t settle for the status quo.

It is difficult to change the bureaucracies of the Unites Nations, the U.S. government or even NGOs for that matter, but the ideas you bring from your studies at Seton Hall are just what’s needed to revitalize these organizations and facili-tate innovation.

Be willing to put yourself in less than ideal situations be-cause these are times that con-tribute to the greatest growth professionally and personally.”

Contact Vicky Mogeni atvicky.mogeni@student.shu.edu.

Photo courtesy of Cara Richardson’s Facebook Cara Richardson, alumnus of Seton Hall University.

words from abroadAngelo Piro: Croatia

Photo courtesy of Angelo Piro Angelo Piro at the ruins of Diocletian’s Palace in Split, Croatia.

The resolution that I set for myself when I came to Costa Rica this semester was to try to get out of my comfort zone and experience things that I may only get a chance to do once.

Among the many of these opportunities that have crossed my path, I went further out of my comfort zone than I have ever been before when I visited Punta Mona (Monkey Point), a permaculture farm located on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica.

According to Merriam Web-ster, permaculture is “an agri-cultural system or method that seeks to integrate human activ-ity with natural surroundings so as to create highly efficient self-sustaining ecosystems.”

From what I experienced, the people at Punta Mona make a sincere effort to put this sys-tem into practice. All of their electricity and heat for shower water is powered by the sun.

They harvest a large ma-jority of their food from the rainforest around them and re-turn any food waste back to the

earth through compost. Their toilets do not use run-

ning water but rather the feces fall down to the ground, are covered in sawdust to hide the smell, and are eventually turned into human compost after a nine-month process.

All of their water is collected and filtered rainwater, or comes from wells that have been dug around the farm, and they only use biodegradable toiletries since the water from the show-ers is often used to water plants.

If you know anything about me, you know that I am not the first person who would volun-

teer to live for a weekend in a place where toilets don’t flush. That being said, I learned so much from my ex-perience.

I learned that it isn’t that hard to make small changes to our lives to make them more environmentally sustainable. For example, think of all the clean water that is wasted every year by flushing toilets.

Can you imagine how much of that water could be saved if just one household (or suite in a residence hall) adopted the popular motto, “If it’s yellow, let it mellow. If it’s brown, flush

it down?” Or what if we start-ed to go to the local farmers markets once a month? Once a week?

We could stimulate our lo-cal economies while reducing the amount of fossil fuels used to deliver produce from miles away.

I also learned that success should not be measured by the usefulness of your degree, or by your starting salary or even if you manage to get married, start a family, and advance in your career.

Instead, success should be

measured by how much time you can spend with the people you love. It should be measured by how small of a carbon foot-print you can leave the earth. It should be measured by your ability to live peaceably with those who are different from yourself.

As a diplomacy major, this really hit home for me because it put why we all study this fas-cinating field into perspective.

We do not aim to work in in-ternational relations to get the biggest paycheck, the corner office, or even the recognition.

We do it because we realize that we all share the same plan-et and the only way we can all survive here is if we never stop searching for peaceful solutions to our problems.

In my opinion, this should be the motivation behind all of our actions, whether you’re planting trees in the rainforest at Punta Mona or sitting in the front row of the General As-sembly Hall.

Contact Avonelle Davis at avonelle.davis@student.shu.edu.

Avonelle Davis: Punta Mona, Costa Rica

Bok iz Republika Hrvatska. This semester I’m studying

international relations and busi-ness at Dubrovnik Internation-al University (DIU), the first private university in Croatia, learning from some of the top international relations profes-sors in the region and visiting ambassadors, lords and former ministers.

I have been living in Croa-tia for over two months now, immersing myself in Croatian culture and history, which is not that hard in a city named a UN-ESCO World Heritage Site.

While the program at DIU is conducted in English, a ma-jority of my classmates are Croatian or from surrounding countries.

Studying abroad in an un-conventional country has al-lowed me to get a real look at what life is like in a different country, without all the trim-mings of a more touristic lo-cale.

Having coffee with Croa-tian classmates along Stradun, Dubrovnik’s main street, or even talking to the baker on my

street, has taught me a lot. My experience of the city

has been amazing so far – I get to walk through a medieval city, escape to Mediterranean beaches in the middle of win-ter, and even explore a Game of Thrones location.

However, there is still a very real history that poses pressing questions to a student of diplo-macy.

This month will mark the 24th anniversary of the Plitvice Lakes incident, which triggered a series of events that led to the Croatian War of Independence, itself only an episode in the breakup of the former Yugo-slavia.

It’s easy to take these revolu-tionary events in world history for granted by simply looking at them as pages in a book or an event to be remembered.

I was guilty of the same – all I knew of the war was from a few years of classes and what I could find online.

It’s hard to go back to that perception once you realize the holes in the pockmarked street you walk down every day are

from shelling and shrapnel.

It’s hard to forget about the war and its consequences when you live in a city that still bears the scars.

This peri-od in history marks both the country and its foreign policy.

Professors and ambas-sadors who lived through the war now talk about how they are reminded of their experience when they see the events in Ukraine or the de-struction of culture in Iraq.

In classes on international security and peacekeeping, it is no longer theory or schooling. For Croatians, these discussions are their lives.

My classmates grew up hav-

ing been born into or hearing about the war, and they look at diplomacy almost as a way to honor what their country went through, and contribute to pre-venting it in the future.

Studying abroad in Du-brovnik has allowed me to ap-preciate a new culture and given me a new respect for my stud-

ies. No longer is diplomacy and

international relations some-thing in a book.

Now I live with people who went through the experience and now feel the consequences of what we study.

Contact Angelo Piro at angelo.piro@student.shu.edu.

Photo courtesy of Avonelle Davis An open air kitchen in Costa Rica.

Photo courtesy of Avonelle Davis Fresh produce storage: “Feed your body, nourish your soul.”

March 2015Page 12