The Digital Plan

8/14/2019 The Digital Plan

1/17

1

NTERNATIONAL SYMPOSYUM

REGIONAL POLICIES IN EUROPE THE KNOWLEDGE AGE: MANAGING GLOBAL,REGIONAL AND LOCALINTERDEPENCIES

(Eisenerz , September 2001)

The influence of Information Technology on city changes:

towards a new urban system

Romano Fistola

University of Sannio

Italy

[email protected]

www.romanofistola.it(sept. 2001)

DIGITAL CITY /GLOBAL CITY

Among determinants of urban changing, characterizing the contemporary city

dimensions the technological one plays a fundamental role for future scenarios

comprehension and foreshadowing. Spreading of new info-computerized technologies,

within all the contexts of human activity, is deeply influencing behaviors as well as ways

of using the city from its inhabitants. New phenomena of activities virtualization settled

on the territory are progressively modifying the functional asset of the city, defining new

allocation and distribution processes of thefunctional weights.

The urban space is progressively transforming its own codes related to the collective

interaction.

Over the history men have always interacted by exchanging symbolic forms or by starting

other communicative processes within a meeting space, a shared physical place

(Thompson, 1995).

New info-computerised technologies have progressively jeopardised this model. Moreover,

the spreading of multimedia products caused new forms of social interaction and it is

progressively transforming the ways community uses urban space.

The new info-computerised communication is undergoing a slow, veiled, but probably

irreversible transformation process where the city is the main place of circulation and

storage of information (Meier, 1962). A sort of transparent city, characterized by a parallel

dimension, which entrusts to bit flows the development of its own activities and no more tothe physical movement of human atoms (Mitchell, 1995). The M.E-Tropolis (Fistola,

2001).

The progressive infrastructure process of urban areas through optical fibre cabling is

contributing to the spreading ofurban changing process.

Many experts agree with the statement that all this will determine relevant changing also in

the physical dimension, in the built space, within which some urban areas will

dematerialize and get transformed in electronic spaces (Graham e Marvin, 1996).

Considering this it can be supposed that the urban space will progressively change in

intensity and ways (Fistola, 1998).


2/17

2

In this scenario, comes the city planning, the discipline studying and tuning up government

procedures of territorial transformation and that it seems, in Italy, to be abandoned in a

dangerous torpor. From this point of view, the city planning meditation was superficial. It

was never taken into consideration how man interaction within and with the city, could

generate a planning system substantially different from those in use, and in which

functional virtualization processes could be included, inside wider strategies of

decompression and promotion of specific urban areas. It is widely known that technology

follows diffusion and penetration processes which are difficult to understand in space and

in time, and it also receives from the market unexpected and devastating accelerations (in

a social acceptation). Therefore, in few years new communication network diffusion is

transforming the city, and once again we do not have models and procedures of government

city planning of this phenomenon.

A great deal of the Italian city planning debate is still concentrated (or takes refuge) on

other themes concerning new forms of negotiated city planning, new forms of participation

to planning projects, the value of the ground checking etc. It is allowed to ask: if urban

functions will change, if their distribution on the land will change, if intensity in usage, the

moving flux and maybe even the structure of the city will modify, what utility comes from

having perfect urban equalization techniques also considering that the values of the ground

is frequently connected to the type of activity installed? These questions, which aims at

being provocative, come from the belief that probably, even for those specific themes,

[] it is necessary to knot the torn threads of city planning to the transformation

processes in progress. (Mazza, 1997).

It is important to stress that lately we are seeing a revival of interest for these themes, partly

due to the increasing request demanded to city planners, from public administrators flooded

by urban territory cabling requests. It is now well understood how optical fibre structures in

certain urban areas, can contribute to functional revitalization processes and therefore

define precise territorial promotion choices. This cannot be out of the city planning subject,

so it becomes necessary to define procedures able to harmonize city planning with the

media and the network structure diffusion, making the last ones government and land

development managing instruments.

There are many possible investigations in this respect, but those are the points on which

there is a priority to go deepen:

Definition of new interpretative models able to catch the present urban

transformation imposed by the new communication technologies;

Classification of the new city urban functions;

Pre-figuration of city planning which take into account the new digital dimension of

the city and the progressive changing in functional weights.

Defying new city plan instruments in order to govern and direct land transformations

requested by new technologies is among the tasks that nowadays community confers to city

planning. That is why it is asked to overcome technoscience fears as well as the

recovering of the technical and cultural role lost long time ago.

A city defines its spaces relating them among themselves, describes the rules with which

the different portions of land are in a reciprocal relationship, in space and dynamically,


3/17

3

along time axis. A city is an instrument to organize the land and is a witness of spirit and

time; a virtual city, for us, is an instrument to organize a virtual land and it is the witness of

information era we are entering. (Mumford, 1953).

In such a scenario, as just underlined, an efficiency loss of planning and government

processes of the urban transformation, connected to the intensity usage of the land

according to dynamics, which, at the moment, have no control or forecast methods, will

occur. It is therefore necessary to prefigure new urban planning ways, which will have to

take into consideration new functional organization generated by virtualization processes of

the urban functions, in defying intensity, in activities on land usage distribution and

destination.

INTERPRETATIVE MODELThe relationship between technical innovation and land transformation is going through a

phase where the effects, according to many experts and non experts, will produce changing

in the way of interacting in the city.

Internet diffusion and building of virtual activity systems are changing cultural heritages,

social ethics, and, in general, ways the urban population uses the city.

Possible urban scenario definition comes when operating inside the urban system, defying

the rules to control functional evolution.

Market rules and wide economies are pushing towards urban activity virtualization in

different fields (productive, business, administrative etc). This will lead to new assets of the

city. Many physical moving flux will be replaced by network transaction, there will be new

moving typologies, urban functions with a less virtualization potential will ask for a greater

physical space and equipment (infrastructural) unlike other activity that will dematerialize

to occupy only an electronic space in the web.

What looks now important is to define the geo-reference measure procedures of

virtualization potential levels of the different fields of the city. This is one of the principle

results the research is trying to pursue.

The proposal of new procedure for governing city modification processes caused by the

spreading of new telecommunication technologies has to become one of the themes of the

national city planning debate which at the moment seems to ignore the importance of this

specific examination for the future of the city.

City interpretations

The need to analyze and to formalize the urban functioning mechanisms in order to set

the appropriate metropolitan government strategies, is increased during the city evolution

together with the degree of complexity in urban environment.

It is urgent to understand the present need to define the degree pattern and to favor

inferringof modern metropolitan center behavior, generally affected by deep complexity

crisis.

It is known that many interpretative theories have been adopted from the experts during the

urban evolution, to try penetrating the city essence and formalizing the laws. These


4/17

4

modeling attempts have often been influenced by the dominant scientific and

methodological guidance of the moment.

On this matter, we remember the mechanistic pattern in which all reality, and as a

consequence the urban reality, was assimilated to a machine and the city and the urban

processes very similar to the mechanisms of functioning. At the beginning the organic

vision, based on the Aristotelian spiritualism, had suggested interpretative paradigm of

biologic type. When the mechanistic theory was overcome and the quantic and relativistic

vision arrived, an interpretative, evolutionary and dynamic model assimilating the city to a

system, developed.

We are now seeing the development of new interpretative city patterns, generally referable

to the systemic vision, but oriented to consider the phenomenon specific aspects. Among

those the ecological pattern probably represents the one more appreciated since it recovers,

even if in an Eco- systemic vision, proper environment epistemological contents, which, in

a way, elaborates again the message of experts like Lovelock, Rifkin, Mc Harg and others.

The systemic approach can therefore be considered the interpretation pattern of reference

although considering the interesting changing, chaotic city (Gargiulo and Papa, 1997),

spinner city (Batty and Longman, 1996), etc. that it has caused. According to this approach,

it is possible to figure the city as a system formed by parts in which mutual relations are

active. Urging beyond analogy it is also possible to state that the urban system presents

complexity characteristics, being the relations among the parts difficult to recognise, as

well as dynamism, continuously evolving towards stages different from the previous ones.

Among many system properties, we can detect one particularly interesting for the study of

each system included in a bigger system (meta-system) and its parts are part of systems

(under- systems). It is possible to affirm that among the different under-systems forming

the urban system we can detect three of them: a functional system, a physical system and a

psycho-perceptive system (FIG: 1).


5/17

5

FIGURE 1: THE URBAN SYSTEM AND THE THREE UNDER SYSTEMS DETECTED

IN THE SYSTEMIC APPROACH

This conceptual distinction does not find any confirmation in physical reality, where the

two mentioned systems are indivisible, but abstraction is permitted due to the adoption of

the systemic logic for building up the interpretative pattern.

The functional system consists of all urban activities (functions) and of relation among

those (communications).

The physical system consists of all urban spaces (houses, streets, and squares) inside which

activities take over and networks where (physic, energetic, telecommunication, etc.)

communications flow.

The psycho-perceptive system is defined through the urban dimension perception from

citizens. It is the image each of us carries in ourselves, whose image rises from the complex

and changing relationship with the human being, physical system and functional system

(Papa, 2001).

The three under-systems compose the urban one and are linked by relations which allow to

connect to each element of the functional system the same in the physical system where

activity takes place and the corresponding mental image that the citizen builds in such

spaces (Fistola, 1992).

Once this interpretative pattern has been gained, we will concentrate on the under-system,

more sensitive to the impacts coming from the spreading of new info-telecommunication

technologies: the functional system (FIG. 2).

FIGURE 2: COMMUNICATIONAL SYSTEM GENERATION

This sensitivity is first of all referable to a characteristic inside the system concerning

Endo-systemic relations. In fact, the structure (all relations) of the functional system is


6/17

6

formed by communications. It is therefore immediate to understand how structure

variations produce parts changing and consequently status changes in the under-system,

which catalyse, as well, the all-urban system evolutions.

As already shown (Fistola and La Rocca, 1997), considering the fast changing in the ways

of using the city, the spreading of new info-telecommunication technologies is determining,

it is possible to preview the birth of a new urban under-system generated by the progressive

virtualisation of some urban functions. In other words the growing phenomenon of

transferring on the telecommunication network the urban functions, authorises us to

preview, in a systemic approach to the city, the birth of a new under-system containing the

virtual images of urban activities to whom it is possible to access via network.

This new under-system - in which it has been also shown how it is possible to identify the

constitutive elements of a system: parts and relations has been defined:

communicational (Fistola and Papa, 1998). This system interact with the other under-

systems composing the urban system and its parts (digital function, virtual activities, tele-

services, etc.) creating relations with the physical under-system causing, in some cases,

transformation.

URBAN VIRTUALISATION

City planning bases its government processes of land transformation on three actions:

Definition of the function typologies to introduce in the land

The choices of the land functions introduction sites

Decision on how much of each function has to be introduced on the land (usage

intensity).

The land usage intensity describes the functional quantum in each urban environment. It

is to say that through usage intensity it is possible to define the load (from the urban point

of view) that an activity (or a group of activities) has on a specific land. There are urban

parameters able to express this intensity and they are mainly referable to index such as the

land density, the usage index, cover relation, etc.

These three actions are at the base of the planning procedure of the future urban asset. The

virtualisation processes of the urban functions generate the planning pattern, engraving on

each described action. The progressive functional virtualisation changes the function

typology to be introduced, defining again the possible distribution and, above all,

discharges the intensity values of the land usage.We try to better explain this through the formulation of an analogy which takes up, only in

the image, a similitude proposed by Forrester (Forrester, 1974).

Let us image a pot full of water placed on a flame (FIG: 3).After few minutes part of the

water inside the pot evaporates changing status (from liquid to gas); as a consequence the

pot lows its initial weight.

The pot and the water can be assimilated respectively to the physical system and the

functional system of the city and the weight of this system (quantity of water) can be

considered as the expression of the level of general usage intensity of the city (FIG. 4).


7/17

7

The flame represents the new technology, which gives energy to the city and causes a

change in status of one of its part. This changing shows in the production of a transparent

image (vapour) of the functional system of the city (water).

Vapour is the image of the digital city, which determines a lowering in the general usage

intensity and a new asset (configuration) of the water/pot system, lighter than before.

FIGURE 3: BOILING CONTAINER ANALOGY

FIGURE 4: FROM THE POT TO THE CITY


8/17

8

The above mentioned consideration brings us to the definition of a new asset in the urban

system in which the communicational system can act as a lowering usage intensity element

of the land exercised by the located functions in the city. If we take into account what has

previously been defined as concern the possibility of evaluating, for each urban

environment the potential installed activities, we understand the importance to deepen this

approach. This has to be done in order to set up new procedures for the planning and the

governing of land transformation which have to include innovation technology processes

and products among their planning instruments.

URBAN ACTIVITIES VIRTUALISATION AND CLASSIFICATION

The objective to express a functional virtualisation measure located on land can be pursued,

first of all, by defining a classification of the urban activities in relation with the minor or

the major propensity to be transferred on the network. It is to say that is possible to divide

urban functions using as a taxonomic factor the datum coming from the observation of

what is happening in the city. In this sense, considering virtualisation as a reference

process, it seems possible to divide the urban function in the following classes:

RESISTANT FUNCTIONS

MUTANT FUNCTIONS

GENERATED FUNCTIONS (mixed, hybrid)

Resistant functions are those urban activities that need for their development an

indispensable interface relationship and the necessary adapted physical space achievement.

They are generally insensitive to the technological push. Among those, we include all

functions linked to recreation activities, sport, culture and shows, etc.

Mutant functions can be classified as those, which are re-engineering their processes to

new possibilities offered by telecommunications, and are progressively moving towards the

urban cyber space.

Mutant functions can be also classified, as far as the major or the minus virtualisation

sensitivity concerns, detecting three under-systems. Finally, we have to take into

consideration the new activities that the web has generated, inside the communicational

system, due to the new communication possibilities. This functions are particularly

interesting, in the city planning point of view, since they are modifying the physical assets

of the city allocating in itself the right spaces for their development. So, the functions

generated by the cyber space are creating new physical spaces inside a real city, redefining

also the citizens ways of usage. For some functions it is possible to make a distinction, in

fact we can detect:

Pure generated functions

Hybrid generated functions

The first ones include activities generated exclusively from the web and that had no

specific allocation space before in the city. Significant examples of these functions can be

telecentres, cyber points, telecottages, telematic squares, etc.


9/17

9

It looks interesting to describe some cyber-points, which represent totally new urban

functions and have a great and unknown usage intensity in the urban space. Cyber-points

(or net-centres) are places where people physically go to surf on the net. Generally, there

are computers on line through whom we can explore the web, chatting, send e-mail

messages etc. Only few years ago, many observers foresaw the absolute failure of these

activities justified by the tendency of cyber-surfers to a domestic solipsism. In less than a

year in London, five cyber-points of the easy Everything group opened (FIG. 5).

They are opened 24 hours a day and it is possible to surf on the net for one pound an hour.

With an extra pound, it is possible to be personally assisted by experts during surfing and

after midnight, only one pound is needed to surf until morning.

FIGURE 5: ONE OF THE LONDON EASY EVERYTHING

(Located in Victoria Station nearby)

The attempt to mask the easy Everything - where at the entrance there are always longqueues of new users (FIG. 6)like Internet Cafe, small places where it is possible to have a

cappuccino and surfing on the net (these activities are classified as hybrid generated

functions), - fails when we look at the figures, only for London, of these

telecommunication Mc Donalds:

Open 24 hours a day;

More than 400 computers available for surfing in each cyber-point;

Around 4,500 users every day in turn over for each cyber-point;

Strategic location inside the city to easy the physical access;


10/17

10

Franchising organisation.

Among the reasons of success of this generated function, we have to take into account the

easiness, the speed and the cheap access to the web. One of the slogan of easy Everything

says: Surfing with us is cheaper than at home and you dont wait on the Web.

FIGURE 6: THE ACCESS QUEUE TO GET TO THE EASY EVERYTHING IN

VICTORIA STATION IN LONDON

Which is the usage intensity of the activities that from London is spreading all over the big

cities of Europe and are already in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Barcelona and Edinburgh? The

hybrid-generated functions are those digital activities, which do not originate proper spaces

inside the city but they use spaces adapted for other compatible activities in which there are

systems for going on the web. Internet cafs, cyber pubs, media-library etc. are significant

examples of these functions which are recently generating some interesting episodes like

My Beautiful Laundrette in Naples (FIG: 7).


11/17

11

FIGURE 7:

MY BEAUTIFUL LAUNDRETTE IN THE INNER CITY OF NAPLES; ON THE BACK

OF THE PLACE THERE IS A SPACE DEDICATED TO SURFING ON INTERNET

AND TO MULTIMEDIA ACTIVITIES (COURSES, PROJECTIONS ETC.)

This function, started thanks to the youth entrepreneurs law, matches two completely

different activities such us a laundrette (symbol space of American university cities from

50s onwards) and an Internet access point. You make up time for surfing while waiting for

the laundry activity. Mix generated activities are spreading fast also in physical sites of

activities which use the net as a new instrument of business (travel agencies, building

societies, banks, etc). There also are examples of generated functions which use spaces

devoted to unused activities like in Milan gallery where in the old public toilets, according

to a Leonardo Benevolos project, will be created an internet point with 50 computers

where the citizens will surf on the Web even at night. It is interesting to point out how

generated functions follow localisation patterns which consider accessibility and centrality

in the urban contest, as main choice factors.

From the just given classification we note how it is possible, using qualitative type

estimations not yet numerable, catalogue each urban function by using the described

classes and dividing them according to sensitivity towards virtualisation processes.

Following this taxonomy, but reducing to two, the classes to be used (resistant functions

and mutant functions) a procedure able to give localised measure of virtualisation of the

allocated functions in specific urban sites will be posed.


12/17

12

A PROCEDURE FOR FUNCTIONAL VIRTUALISATION MEASUREMENT

Starting from the method proposed by the Naples research group to evaluate the degree of

mobility fluxes that each urban function exercises on urban environment (Fistola and

Urciuoli, 1996), it seems possible to derive a procedure to get a potential virtualisation

measure of specific urban sites. The mentioned method was based on the definition, for

each install method (called Offer Unity: U.d.O.), of a matrix/vector containing quantitative

evaluations towards specific variables. In other words, a matrix was built, which had in its

lines the different urban activities represented by the allocation sites (hospital, university,

supermarket, bank, etc.) and on the columns of 13 evaluation categories that, globally

considered, express a flux measure that reached the sites to get a service or a good.

Utilising these judgements (13 categories), subsequently transformed in figure values

through the usage of fuzzy sets, we have been able to associate to each urban function an

expressive value of the moving polarisation, called afterwards polarisation potential.

These potentials have been verified and calibrated again through flux effective samples to

reach the U.d.O (offer unity). We achieved a matrix in which each single U.d.O. (offer

unity) has been associated to the polarisation potential express to users/day (Tab 1).

U.d.O. Polarisation

potentials

Final fluxes

(ingr./g.)

Record, Library, ... 35 1500

Commercial exercises

with high frequency

usage (Newagent,

Cigarettes shops etc.)

1 50

Business shops with

medium frequency

usage

(Supermarkets, etc.)

37 1750

Business shops with

low frequency usage

(Hypermarkets, etc.)

52 2500

Business shops with

medium frequency

usage

37 2000

Business shops with

high frequency usage

1 50

Hotel 36 300

Congress building,

Conferences room

47 300

Fair centre 50 300

Fair centre 50 300

Health farm 53 1000


13/17

13

Hospital 100 4500

University clinic 96 4500

State University

athenaeum

83 4000

Research centre 42 200

Art gallery, Museum,

picture gallery

35 500

Record, Library

Newspaper and

periodical library

35 500

Secondary school 68 1000

Post office 28 1200

Equipped area (sport,

spare time)

28 1350

Equipped area (sport,

spare time)

28 1350

Cinema, Theatre 40 500

Military area 25 1200

Rehabilitation Centre 10 450

Parish Church 25 300

Tab. 1: A matrix extract of the U.d.O. with relative polarisation points and number of users

attracted daily.

Assuming the polarisation potential as usage intensity measure of each located activity and

considering the possibility to express each potential in users daily attracted by the function

(U.d.O.), it is possible to get to functions virtualisation measure located in specific areas,

classifying the activities in resistant and mutant activities and considering the number of

users concerning the polarisation of those last ones. The percentage of mutant U.d.O. users

(FM) on the total of users attracted by U.d.O. in the single areas (Land Functional Unity) in

which the land is divided for the study, can be considered representative of virtualisation

(and therefore of intensity usage pulling down) of that area.

In figure 8 it is reported the flux diagram which synthetically describes procedure steps and

the sequence of actions to be started.

Considering the land for calculating the virtualisation, we continue in the Land Functional

Unity (UTF) division of the land, significant areas inside of which we carry on the installed

activity emphasis. Once emphasised U.d.O. we make a distinction between resistant U.d.O.

(FR) and mutant U.d.O. (FM). We after calculate the total attracted users for each UTF and

we calculate the average polarisation for U.d.O. through the relation between the total users

and the number of U.d.O.. Calculating the average polarisation summation of FM

(virtualisation potentials) for each UTF we obtain an expression of virtualisation potential

for each considered UTF. It is evident that this procedure has some forcing in particular

in the classification phase of FM, but anyway it can represent a first indication for defining


14/17

14

a new method which will be deepened, re-calibrated and specified even considering the

results of experiments and the checks operating on the territory.

FIGURE 8: DEFINITION PROCEDURE FLUX DIAGRAM OF THE LAND

VIRTUALISATION POTENTIAL

THE DIGITAL TOWN PLAN

The need to prefigure an instrument able to make compatible the different needs shown byactors, managers and citizens in general seems, considering what has been so far explained,

to be necessary. This last segment of the study will tend to identify the characteristics and

the main aspects leaving to future examinations, which possibly will be proposed also from

other experts, a greater definition of the theme.

At present there is no codified procedure (or instrument) which allow to proper co-ordinate

intervention of cabling inter-structuring of the city which take into account the different

aspects and the different questions and desires coming from groups of actors/managers

active on land. In this optic, an urban government instrument has to be prefigured which


15/17

15

foresees a digital arearisation of the land and establishes urban cabling action rules. It is

possible to call this instrument Digital Urban Plan.

The Digital Urban Plan (PD) defines a development opportunity (also strategic) for the city

thanks to the setting of a compatibility system among four consideration areas:

Urban sites virtualisation potential in which are allocated functions strongly

sensitive to digital transformation;

Urban asset plan pre-figuration with the definition of the destination, distribution

and usage intensity of the borough land activities;

The inter-structuring request presented by the telecommunication firms which aim

at pursuing a certain benefit through city cabling;

The need to give a social spreading access to instruments and the possibilities the

web makes available for all citizens especially the sensitive ones.

PD comes from a series of investigations linked to the mentioned entreaties. From thoseentreaties, it is possible to define a series of works, which will be forming the contents of

PD. As before mentioned the all setting procedure has been developed in GIS environment

for whom the entreaties will be transformed in informative levels which will be properly

populated by data and will allow the possibility of an immediate interfacing with other

instruments (master plan and so on) which include specific geo-referenced land

intervention. In synthesis, it is possible to think at the structuralisation of four informative

levels containing graphic and alphanumerical information respectively, concerning:

Urban virtualisation map;

Cabling projects proposed by TLC companies;

The zoning concerned by the master plan (considering also the plans in itinere);

An inclusive modernisation plan of citizens.As it appears on the list, they are informative levels supposing elaboration and

investigations, which allow us to get to the final proposal.

In particular, as far as the inclusive modernisation plan concerns, we think about an

instrument able to conjugate the social land characteristics of the city with the need to

give spread access to new technologies and create electronic alphabetisation systems for

the population.

To define the government action of digital transformation on city land the PD will be

articulated in:

A zoning for the land digital development;

Digital standards;

An integrated cabling operative plan (POCI); An intervention programme;

Plan develpoping rules.

Digital arearisation (ZD) will divide the land in areas for which the previewed intervention

will be defined, network equipment, eventual variation of the functional usage intensity,

possible reallocation activities, etc.. ZD should come from the confrontation between land

government instruments in force, those in itinere, the functional virtualisation map and a

synthesis of cabling proposal requested by the TLC firms. Digital standards recall the city

planning standards and prefigure some equipment (web access public points,


16/17

16

telecommunication squares, citizens telecommunication service centres, etc.) which will

have to be previewed in each area indicated by the plan. Digital standard will be defined in

particular by referring to ZD and the inclusive modernisation plan will show which areas

need a major digital presence for citizens need. POCI is the instrument of intervention

harmonisation that the different firms will realise on city land. In POCI the larger typology

line of the web are specified as well as the lines and the excavation techniques (cutting,

micro-cutting, no-dig, etc.), the cables typologies to extend. In POCI are also reported the

cabling standards that is to say those network segments that the firm, that will manage to

cable a certain area of the borough land, will be committed will realise free of charge. The

intervention programmes establishes that the temporal segments to realise PD by defining a

proper sequence of the works to be done. The rules for realising the PD constitute a

document containing all indications for the cabling action on land and represents an

indispensable reference of all TLC firms and the same rules of the POCI.


17/17

17

BibliographyBatty, M. and Longman, P. (1996), Fractal cities, Academic Press Limited, London.

Fistola R., Urciuoli P., (1994), Funzioni urbane e mobilit: dalla misura della congestione al governo della

domanda, XV Conferenza Italiana di Scienze Regionali: L'Europa delle regioni L'Italia

multiregionale nelle interdipendenze Est-Ovest e Nord-Sud,Matera, 3/4 ottobre 1994.

Gargiulo, C. e Papa, R. (1997), Caos e caosla citt come fenomeno complesso in atti del Convegno

Internazionale: Per il XXI secolo: unenciclopedia ed un progetto, I.Pi.Ge.T.-CNR, Di.Pi.S.T. Universit

degli Studi Federico II di Napoli.

Fistola, R. (1992), la citt come sistema in Beguinot, C., Cardarelli, U. (a cura di) Per il XXI secolo.

Un'Enciclopedia. Citt Cablata e nuova architettura,vol. II, cap. II,

Fistola R., La Rocca R., (1997), Cybercities: a new way of thinking about the town planning of the future

Geospace & Cyberspace, Contiguous territories, network territories, International Geographical Union

Annual Meeting, , Universitat de Les Illes Balearis, Palma de Mallorca, 26-29 maggio 1997.

Fistola, R. (1998), "Innovazione tecnologica e trasformazioni urbane: riflessioni per il governo della citt del

XXI secolo", in atti del XXII Congresso dell'Istituto Nazionale di Urbanistica: Il governo del territorio

nella riforma delle istituzioni, Perugia 18 - 20 giugno 1998.

Fistola R., Papa R (1998), Urbanistica e citt digitale. Il governo del sistema funzionale nella citt del XXI

secolo: il caso Napoli, XIX Conferenza Italiana di Scienze Regionali: Le regioni interne dEuropa:

strategie e strumenti per lintegrazione, LAquila, 7-9 ottobre 1998.

Fistola R. (1999), "Virtualizzazione funzionale e pianificazione interagente nella citt digitale", XIX

Conferenza Italiana di Scienze Regionali: Coordinamento e sussidiariet nelle politiche di sviluppo

locale, Piacenza 5-7 ottobre 1999.

Fistola R. (2000), " Funzioni e trasformazioni urbane. Per una pianificazione della citt digitale", XX

Conferenza Italiana di Scienze Regionali: Crescita regionale ed urbana nel mercato globale, Palermo

20-22 settembre 2000.

Fistola, R. (2000)," New technologies and humanization of the city: a possible scenario.", in atti del

Convegno Mondiale: Luomo e la citt. Per uno sviluppo umano e sostenibile, Napoli, 6 8 settembre

2000

Fistola, R. (2000)," Nuovi strumenti per il governo delle trasformazioni urbane e territoriali: i GIS", in Papa,

R., Lezioni di Urbanistica, Di.Pi.S.T.-Universit degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli.

Fistola, R. (2001) (ed.), M.E-tropolis funzioni innovazioni trasformazioni della citt", I.Pi.Ge.T.-CNR,

Giannini, Napoli.

Forrester, J. (1974),I principi dei sistemi, Etas Kompass, Milano

Graham, S. e Marvin, S. (1996), Telecommunications and the city, electronic space and urban place,

Routledge, London.

Mazza L. (1997), Trasformazioni del piano, Angeli, Milano.

Meier, R. L.. (1962), A communication theory of urban growth, The joint Center for Urban Studies of the

MIT, Cambridge (Mass.).

Mitchell, W. (1995) City of Bits: Space, Place and the Infobahn, MIT Press, Cambridge Mass.

Moss, M. L. e Townsend, A. M. (2000), "How telecommunications systems are transforming urban spaces",in Wheeler, J. O., Aoyama, Y. e Warf, B. eds. Cities in the Telecommunications Age: the fracturing of

geographies, Routledge, Londra.

Mumford, L. (1953), La cultura delle citt, Edizioni di Comunit, Milano.

Papa, R. (2001) "Introduzione a M.E-tropolis", in Fistola, R. (2001) (ed.), M.E-tropolis funzioni innovazioni

trasformazioni della citt", I.Pi.Ge.T.-CNR, Giannini, Napoli.

Thompson, J.B. (1995), The Media and the Modernity. A Social Theory of the Media, Cambridge Polity press.

The Digital Plan

Documents

Transcript of The Digital Plan