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The Digital Access Project
The Digital Divide
The “digital divide” refers to the gap between The “digital divide” refers to the gap between those that have (or lack) access to computers those that have (or lack) access to computers and the Internet.and the Internet.
2005, 70% of Americans use the Internet at work, school 2005, 70% of Americans use the Internet at work, school or homeor home
Home broadband penetration =59% of adultsHome broadband penetration =59% of adults
Digital Divide data collected by land-line phoneDigital Divide data collected by land-line phone
“Digital Divisions”, Report of the Pew Internet & American Life Project, October 2005
The Digital Access Project
Digital InclusionDigital Inclusion
focuses on how information and focuses on how information and
communication technology (ICT) communication technology (ICT)
affects individuals, affects individuals,
communities and countriescommunities and countries
The Digital Access Project
Digital Inclusion
The ObjectiveThe Objective: Social Inclusion : Social Inclusion
The StrategyThe Strategy: Individual and : Individual and Community EmpowermentCommunity Empowerment The ToolsThe Tools: Enabling Technologies: Enabling Technologies
> computers, networks, software, > computers, networks, software, the Internetthe Internet
The Digital Access Project
This Approach Asks:
What social and political barriers to technology What social and political barriers to technology access and literacy exist?access and literacy exist?
How does technology affect human rights, How does technology affect human rights, civic participation, and social inclusion?civic participation, and social inclusion?
How does technology affect economic How does technology affect economic development?development?
The Digital Access Project
Digital Inclusion Assumptions
Technology should combat social exclusion, Technology should combat social exclusion, not reinforce it not reinforce it
““Access” is not about computers and the Access” is not about computers and the Internet--it’s about social inclusion and equity Internet--it’s about social inclusion and equity
Technology can have a profound economic Technology can have a profound economic and social impact on communities--and social impact on communities--“one cell phone”“one cell phone”
The Digital Access Project
Why is Digital Inclusion Critical?
Economic & Social Realities:Economic & Social Realities: Participation in the global, knowledge-based Participation in the global, knowledge-based
economy requires the ability to access and economy requires the ability to access and manage information manage information
Underserved, marginalized communities have Underserved, marginalized communities have the most to gain, the most to lose the most to gain, the most to lose
Technology literacy, like literacy itself, is an Technology literacy, like literacy itself, is an essential prerequisite to social inclusionessential prerequisite to social inclusion
The Digital Access Project
Critical Drivers of ICT UseICT = information & communication technology
E-mail, Search, MapsE-mail, Search, Maps NewsNews Access to online job listings, applicationsAccess to online job listings, applications Educational use, online learningEducational use, online learning Online transactions (travel,e-bay, banking, etc.)Online transactions (travel,e-bay, banking, etc.) e-government services (taxes, licenses)e-government services (taxes, licenses) Health information (Medicaid part D)Health information (Medicaid part D) Civic engagement & e-democracyCivic engagement & e-democracy User generated content-blogs, websites, music sharingUser generated content-blogs, websites, music sharing
The Digital Access Project
A Nation Online?
•70% of Whites 70% of Whites •57% of African-Americans57% of African-Americans•38% of Americans with disabilities38% of Americans with disabilities•37% of Hispanics 37% of Hispanics •29% who have not graduated from High 29% who have not graduated from High SchoolSchool•26% age 60 or older26% age 60 or older
“Digital Divisions”, Pew Internet & American Life Project, October 2005
The Digital Access Project
What About the Other 30%?
• Limited technology literacy skillsLimited technology literacy skills• Anxiety, fear of technology tools--Anxiety, fear of technology tools--16% are “hard core resistors”16% are “hard core resistors”• Limited education, low literacy levelsLimited education, low literacy levels• Language & accessibility barriersLanguage & accessibility barriers• Irrelevant contentIrrelevant content• Affordable broadband service Affordable broadband service • Cost of entry (hardware)Cost of entry (hardware)
Persistent barriers include:Persistent barriers include:
The Digital Access Project
Digital Inclusion Strategies
Improve Access/ ConnectivityImprove Access/ Connectivity Provide broader access to the Internet, lower Provide broader access to the Internet, lower cost of entry (municipal wireless??)cost of entry (municipal wireless??)
Develop content Develop content that is accessible, relevant that is accessible, relevant andand contextualcontextual
Increase Technology LiteracyIncrease Technology LiteracyHelp groups and individuals use technology Help groups and individuals use technology to do what THEY want to do, address to do what THEY want to do, address underlying social factorsunderlying social factors
The Digital Access Project
Off-line in America
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, A Nation Online, 2004
The Digital Access Project
“Don’t Need it. Not Interested in it.”
18% of those not online answered:“I am not interested in anything on the Internet.''
This exceeds the 12 percent who said they either weren't sure how to use the Internet or couldn't afford a computer.
* Pew Internet & American Life Study, 2005
The Digital Access Project
Too Much (useless) Information?
A Children’s Partnership report on A Children’s Partnership report on online content reveals “not online content reveals “not interested” usually meansinterested” usually means
““content/information is not content/information is not designed for ME, or my family, designed for ME, or my family, or my community”or my community”
Wendy Lazarus and Francisco Mora“Online Content for Low-Income and Underserved Americans:
The Digital Divide's New Frontier”
The Digital Access Project
Content MATTERS Content Barriers Cited by Low Income Adults
Lack of local informationLack of local information Provide practical information focusing on local
community Literacy BarriersLiteracy Barriers
Develop information at a basic literacy level Language BarriersLanguage Barriers
Online translation tools Information in native languages
Lack of Cultural DiversityLack of Cultural Diversity Provide Relevant health, social and cultural Provide Relevant health, social and cultural
informationinformation
The Digital Access Project
e-Lingua Franca?
70% of website pages are in English70% of website pages are in English
--70% of the worlds population doesn’t speak --70% of the worlds population doesn’t speak English as their primary languageEnglish as their primary language
2000 U.S. census: 2000 U.S. census:
18% of residents report English is not the 18% of residents report English is not the primary language spoken at homeprimary language spoken at home
The Digital Access Project
Literacy and Accessibility
48% of Americans have low literacy skills, 48% of Americans have low literacy skills, most online content is written at a 10th grade most online content is written at a 10th grade level, should be 6th grade level level, should be 6th grade level
8-10% of Americans have some kind of 8-10% of Americans have some kind of disability ( +30% of seniors), few sites meet disability ( +30% of seniors), few sites meet Section 508, ADA accessibility guidelinesSection 508, ADA accessibility guidelines
Limited vision is the most common disabilityLimited vision is the most common disability
The Digital Access Project
Technology Literacy Is…The ability to responsibly, creatively, and The ability to responsibly, creatively, and effectively use appropriate technology to:effectively use appropriate technology to:
communicate;access, collect, manage, integrate, and evaluate information;solve problems and create solutions;build and share knowledge; and
improve and enhance learning in all subject areas and experiences.
The Digital Access Project
Improving Technology LiteracyHuman mitigation is critical to improving technology literacy skills.
Best practices include:
Demystify technologyProvide time and space to experimentBuild knowledge through incremental successesCreate relevant, project-based workshopsEncourage peer learning, mentoringInvolve learners in program design
The Digital Access Project
Social Networks & Technology Literacy
Weak social networks=low tech literacy within Weak social networks=low tech literacy within communitiescommunities
CTCs (telecenters) address both CTCs (telecenters) address both ACCESSACCESS and and TECHTECH LITERACYLITERACY gaps --and create social gaps --and create social networking opportunitiesnetworking opportunities
Neighborhood-based community technology Neighborhood-based community technology centers, not labs or computer rooms centers, not labs or computer rooms
The Digital Access Project
Digital Inclusion <is linked to> Social Inclusion
Both requireBoth require
Civic & Social ParticipationCivic & Social Participation
Access to Education, LiteracyAccess to Education, Literacy
Economic Self-Sufficiency Economic Self-Sufficiency (individual)(individual)
Economic Development Economic Development (community)(community)
The Digital Access Project
21st Century Civic Engagement
Small groups look BIG on the ‘net--Small groups look BIG on the ‘net--new opportunities for citizen groupsnew opportunities for citizen groups
Easier access to elected representatives, more Easier access to elected representatives, more opportunity for public discourse (e-democracy)opportunity for public discourse (e-democracy)
Greater access to government information and Greater access to government information and legislation, increased transparencylegislation, increased transparency
The Digital Access Project
Social Inclusion & Democracy
““To communicate in the post-modern To communicate in the post-modern society is the power to interact with society is the power to interact with networks of information. It is not networks of information. It is not sufficient to have a free mind, if our sufficient to have a free mind, if our words cannot circulate like the words of words cannot circulate like the words of others.”others.”
--Sergio Amadeu de Silva--Sergio Amadeu de SilvaE-government director, San Paulo BrazilE-government director, San Paulo Brazil
The Digital Access Project
Education
Information + Access + LiteracyInformation + Access + Literacy= Knowledge?= Knowledge?
Educators are faced with Educators are faced with hypermedia-conditioned learnershypermedia-conditioned learners
Youth have better technology literacy Youth have better technology literacy skills than adult teachers and parentsskills than adult teachers and parents
The Digital Access Project
Coming Soon!
Human brains like stimulation, more synapses Human brains like stimulation, more synapses firing!~!! We seem to enjoy multi-tasking-- are firing!~!! We seem to enjoy multi-tasking-- are we evolving??we evolving??
We have a generation of multimedia readers We have a generation of multimedia readers and writers who prefer a combination ofand writers who prefer a combination of
– AudioAudio– VisualVisual– TextText
Better Brains?
The Digital Access Project
Left Brain, Right Brain, New Brain The Internet is nothing less than the
equivalent of a phonetic alphabet
The human brain is once again evolving to a new level
Students are acquiring new, desirable skills• Networking• Associative Logic• Graphic Literacy• Information Space• Multi-tasking
Rodney Riegle, P.h.Dhttp://www.coe.ilstu.edu/rpriegle/wwwdocs/evolution.htm.
The Digital Access Project
Good news, or? This could be good news in terms of global or This could be good news in terms of global or
cross-cultural collaboration --reducing cross-cultural collaboration --reducing language barriers language barriers
Multimedia can accommodate diverse learning Multimedia can accommodate diverse learning styles, how our individual brains receive and styles, how our individual brains receive and process information process information (“I’m a visual learner”)(“I’m a visual learner”)
Students learn best from projects they Students learn best from projects they “present”, multimedia enhances project based “present”, multimedia enhances project based learninglearning
The Digital Access Project
“Producers Not Consumers”
““Media” should not competeMedia” should not competewith literacy, it adds layerswith literacy, it adds layers
Media projects reinforceMedia projects reinforce critical thinking critical thinking & media literacy skills & media literacy skills
Youth and adults Youth and adults cancan learn how to use learn how to use complex technology--but only if it’s relevantcomplex technology--but only if it’s relevant
The Digital Access Project
Collaborative, Contextual Learning
Students collaborate and present work Students collaborate and present work internationally-- via PODCASTS and Blogsinternationally-- via PODCASTS and Blogs
Radio Willow Web:Radio Willow Web:http://www.mpsomaha.org/willow/radio/
Room 208: Room 208: http://www.bobsprankle.com/blog/
Educational Podcast Network:Educational Podcast Network:http://epnweb.org/index.php?openpod=16#16
The Digital Access Project
Too Much Media, Not Enough Literacy?
We respond to computer screens more like TV We respond to computer screens more like TV than a book or newspaperthan a book or newspaper
We SCAN web pages--looking for a link! We SCAN web pages--looking for a link!
On-screen text is hard to read -- too much On-screen text is hard to read -- too much overwhelms even the most determined overwhelms even the most determined readersreaders
Have we, and are we teaching children to Have we, and are we teaching children to become become scanners scanners instead ofinstead of readers?readers?
The Digital Access Project
HYPERCULTURE
How does hypermedia, coupled with ICT, How does hypermedia, coupled with ICT, influence writers? influence writers?
As VIEWERS, we seem to want complexity As VIEWERS, we seem to want complexity (and (and can process a lot of information) can process a lot of information) --Popular screenplays and TV now contain --Popular screenplays and TV now contain multiple/ simultaneous plot lines. multiple/ simultaneous plot lines. (e.g. CRASH, Amazing race, Lost, Alias, etc.)(e.g. CRASH, Amazing race, Lost, Alias, etc.)
Do Do READERSREADERS want this same experience? want this same experience?
The Digital Access Project
Does Hypermedia Threaten Literacy?
Q. If ICT provides new opportunities for knowledge creation, should we expand
our (centuries old) definition-- and revisit our assumptions
about literacy?
The Digital Access Project
From Hypermedia to Hip-Hop
“A hip-hop duo called Gnarls Barkley has risen to the top of United Kingdom music charts without selling a single disc.
"Crazy" went to number one with 31,000 download sales, before the song became available on a physical medium.”
(And why do we care?)
The Digital Access Project
How to Become a Rock Star (circa 2006)
To score their #1 hit, the Gnarls didn’t need a record deal to pay for production, recording, duplication, promotion and distribution
To reach a world-wide audience, they didn’t need to tour
They didn’t need to make and get a video on MTV
The Digital Access Project
All Gnarls Barkley Needs is a MySpace Blog.
THEY GET TO KEEP ALL THE MONEY They maintain creative control over their work
They can make as many “albums” as they want
The Digital Access Project
The Internet Changes Everything
The speed of change, and the scale of The speed of change, and the scale of change is intimidatingchange is intimidating
““Many-to-many” online publishing Many-to-many” online publishing replaces few-to-many (print) model?replaces few-to-many (print) model?
•Email is Email is one-to-oneone-to-one•Web is Web is one-to-manyone-to-many•Blogs are Blogs are many-to-manymany-to-many
The Digital Access Project
Network Theory & Behavior
If artists/creators understand how networks function, both socially + technically,we can create new audiences for our work, and maybe even new kinds of work.
Do not be afraid.Do not be afraid.
The Digital Access Project
4 Tools for Writer/Publishers
Blogging softwareBlogging software
RSS SyndicationRSS Syndication
Creative Commons LicensingCreative Commons Licensing
Content Aggregators Content Aggregators (gather.com)(gather.com)
The Digital Access Project
Don’t Fear the Blog
By the time you finish reading this sentence, 3 new people will start blogs
70,000 will begin writing blogs for the first time today
Since you started this paragraph, 83 new blog entries were added to the Internet
Is this article junk? (or: finding the good stuff in the blogosphere)by Tom Gerace November 13, 2005
The Digital Access Project
Beyond the Rant (e.g. “PowerLine”)
User-driven media is exploding around the globe--this is not a western fad
Blogs are being created in places like China and Singapore, where traditional media is restricted
Human rights and indigenous (democracy) movements benefit from instant, international attention
The Digital Access Project
Blogs: An Enabling Technology?
Technology is neutral, not good or bad
Content management technologiesreduce friction between creators and markets (audiences)
Blogs promise diversity, yet the 100 most popular blogs are by white male authors
(blog popularity is accorded by links to and from site--the online world is pretty ”clubby”)*
*March 21, Newsweek“ Blogging Beyond the Men's Club”
The Digital Access Project
Shameless Promotion
http://ctepmediavlog.blogspot.com/
The Digital Access Project
User Driven, Content-On-Demand
MySpace has passed the NY Times, AOL and CNN in reach and page views
Community evaluation creates credibility
User-driven content is redefining how we use the Internet
Syndication has a new name, RSS
The Digital Access Project
Real Simple Syndication (RSS)
RSS provides content creators with a new means of online distribution
Simple programming code is added to your webpage or blog
Users subscribe to your “feed”, using an RSS “reader” to grab and display content
RSS readers are being integrated into browsers, My Yahoo!, etc
The Digital Access Project
You Can Take It With You
Let me have my < music/books/poems/radio shows/videos/weather reports/pictures/news clips/short stories/CONTENT> when it’s convenient for ME.
I will pay for this convenience.
Portability MobilityFlexibility
The Digital Access Project
Protecting & Sharing Creative Works
Creative Commons defines the spectrum of possibilities between full copyright — all rights reserved — and the public domain — no rights reserved.
CC licenses help you keep your copyright while inviting certain uses of your work — a "some rights reserved" copyright.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
The Digital Access Project
Creative Commons
Attribution. You let others copy, distribute, display, and perform your copyrighted work — and derivative works based upon it — but only if they give credit the way you request.
Noncommercial. You let others copy, distribute, display, and perform your work — and derivative works based upon it — but for noncommercial purposes only
No Derivative Works. You let others copy, distribute, display, and perform only verbatim copies of your work, not derivative works based upon it.
Share Alike. You allow others to distribute derivative works only under a license identical to the license that governs your work.
The Digital Access Project
Creative Commons
The Digital Access Project
Emerging Business ModelsWriters sharing in profits? What a concept!
“Gather.com”Content is rated by readersDeveloped by APMG/MPRRevenue is shared via Gather Points™Popularity/page reads drives author revenues
The Digital Access Project
Cultivating Networks
ICT provides new opportunities for broaderparticipation:
ContentVoicesReaders Writers
The Digital Access Project
Digital Inclusion-ensures greater social, civic, educational and
economic participation
-expands (improves)& diversifies networks
The Digital Access Project
www.DigitalAccess.org
www.TechnologyPower.org
www.Gather.com
www.creativecommons.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS_(protocol)