The Digestive System of the Llama and Alpaca Dr. Melissa Bruski Dr. Christine Malinowski.
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Transcript of The Digestive System of the Llama and Alpaca Dr. Melissa Bruski Dr. Christine Malinowski.
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The Digestive System of the Llama and Alpaca
Dr. Melissa Bruski
Dr. Christine Malinowski
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Normal Digestive System
Unique Characteristics
Foregut fermentation
Rumination
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The Upper GI
Lips
Tongue
Nares
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The Upper GI
Teeth Incisors Cheek Teeth Llamas
vs.
Alpacas
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GI “Compartments” Nomenclature = C1, C2, & C3 C1
Cranial sac Caudal sac
C2
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GI “Compartments” C3
Tubular and glandular
pH changes Permanent &
nonpermanent folds
Contraction cycles Duration ~2
minutes each
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Lower GI Components
Adaptions to poor feed Urea recycling Nutrient absorption
Overfeeding is dependent on the quality of forage
I’m supposed to eat this??
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Lower GI Components Small intestine
Almost 12 m long Cecum is midline
running into pelvic inlet (10 cm x 5 cm)
Large intestine Spiral w/ many coils Diameter from 5 cm
2 cm Colon
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Signs of GI Disease anorexia dysphagia regurgitation emesis abdominal
distension ileus atony colic
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Anorexia Internal factors
oral or pharyngeal ulcers
dental pain colic gastritis
External factors unsuitable feed psychologic ostracism
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Dysphagia Presents as:
drooling of saliva retention of feed in
the oral cavity fetid odor originating
from the oral cavity gagging/retching
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Dysphagia Due to:
pharyngitis/esophagitis pharyngeal abscesses or
tumors esophageal obstruction stomach overload bloat congenital defects
choanal atresia cleft soft palate
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Abdominal Distension Causes:
excessive fat excessive gas accumulation of
feces advanced pregnancy
A thorough physical will help determine the cause.
A thorough rectal is not possible.
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Ileus Dynamic
spastic constriction around feces
paralytic intrinsic disorder of GI motility
Mechanical peritoneal adhesions tumors torsions internal hernias
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Ileus Post-operatively
peritonitis ischemia overstretching
ingesta gas
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Regurgitation May be voluntary
threat defense
Esophageal or laryngopharyngeal stimulation
Passive anesthesia recumbancy
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Emesis Due to the elongated soft palate it is
very common for ingesta to pass into the nasal cavity. rhinitis obstruction aspiration pneumonia
Causes: C1 overload gastritis diaphragmatic hernia partial esophageal obstruction poisonous plant ingestion
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Stomach Atony Usually affects C1-C2 Causes:
grain overload indigestion feed changes prolonged antibiotic
therapy spoiled feed gastric ulcers obstruction
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Stomach Atony Presents as:
decreased or complete cessation of food consumption
loss of body condition depression may see other GI signs
Diagnosis: Lack of C1 sounds
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Stomach Atony Treatment:
treat primary disease supportive care
3-5 days of anorexia may cause death of rumen flora so transfaunation may become necessary.
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Transfaunation 0.5-1L of camelid
C1, or strained sheep or cow, rumen contents is administered to aid in regrowth of rumen flora.
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Colic very stoic about pain signs:
teeth grinding rolling kicking at belly anorexia depression pained facial
expression
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Ulcers usually a secondary
problem most common in the
acid secreting distal portion of C3 and proximal duodenum
may be partial or complete thickness
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Ulcers Presents with:
decreased food consumption
intermittent to severe colic
depression
May also have: secondary pneumonia peritonitis
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Ulcers Etiology:
unknown stress??
Diagnosis no good pre-mortem
test available
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Ulcers Treatment:
Resolve primary problem
Stress reduction Sucralfate Omeprazole H-2 blockers
cimetidine/ranitidine
Supportive fluid therapy prophylactic antibiotics
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Selected BibliographyFowler, Murray E., DVM. Medicine and Surgery
of South American Camelids: Llama, Alpaca, Vicuna, Guanaco, 1st edition. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1989.
http://www.mazuri.com/llamalink.htmhttp://www.purdyvet.comhttp://www.merckvetmanual.com Johnson, LaRue W. Update on llama medicine.
Philadelphia : Saunders, 1994.
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QuestionsQuestions??
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