The difference between organic and inorganic compounds
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The difference between organic and inorganic compounds
Organic compound Inorganic compound
1. The reaction happens among the molecules by easy-stages.2. The boiling point and the melting point are low.3. If heated, it can be decomposed easily.4. Its molecules can make isomeric structure.5. Its solvent is commonly organic compound.
1. The reaction happens among the ions swiftly. 2. The boiling point and the melting point are high.3. It is stable when heated.4. Its molecules can’t make isomeric structure.5. Its solvent is commonly water.
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The difference between organic and inorganic compounds
KRITERIA ORGANIK ANORGANIK
Unsur yg terkandung Terutama C, H, O, N, P, S, F, Cl, Br , I
Hampir semuaunsur, unsur C sedikit
Ikatan Kovalen Ion
Isomer Ada Tidak ada
Titik didih Rendah Tinggi
Kelarutan
Sumber
Umumnya sukar larut dalam airKebanyakan berasal dari makhluk hidup
Umumnya mudah larut dalam airKebanyakan dari batu-batuan
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Senyawa Hidrokarbon = Senyawa karbon yang terdiri atas unsur karbon dan hidrogen.
Senyawa karbon yang paling sederhana adalah metana dan yang sangat kompleks diantaranya molekul DNA yang terdiri atas jutaan atom, senyawa protein, polisakarida dan lain-lain.Kekhasan atom karbon:1. Atom C memiliki 4 elektronvalensi (Gol IV A)
sehingga dapat membentuk 4 ikatan kovalen.2. Atom C dapat membentuk rantai karbon tak
bercabang maupun bercabang.3. Atom C dapat membentuk rantai C terbuka
(alifatik) maupun rantai tertutup (siklik).4. Atom C dapat membentuk ikatan tunggal (ikatan
jenuh), rangkap 2 (gol alkena) dan rangkap 3 (gol alkuna).
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Dengan ev = 4 membentuk 4 ikatan kovalen Sbb : |
― C ― |
Dapat membentuk rantai karbon , yaitu ikatan antara atom karbon yang satu dengan atom karbon yang lain.
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By Far QimIya saja
C C C C C
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H
H
H
H H
* Rantai karbon tak bercabang dengan 5 atom C
H3CH2C
H2C
H2C CH3
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By Far QimIya saja
C C C C H
H
HHH
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
HH3C
HC
H2C CH3
CH3
* Rantai karbon bercabang dengan 5 atom C
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* Rantai karbon jenuh (ikatan antar atom C nya tunggal semua)* Rantai karbon tak bercabang.
* Rantai karbon jenuh (ikatan antar atom C nya tunggal semua)* Rantai karbon bercabang.
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C C C C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H3CH2C
H2C CH3
Hidrokarbon jenuh (ikatan tunggal)C4H10 rumus molekul
Rumus lengkap
Rumus sederhana
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H3C CH
CH
CH3
C C C C
H
H
H H H
H
H
H
Hidrokarbon tak jenuh (memiliki ikatan rangkap)C4H8 rumus molekul
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Hidrokarbon tak jenuh (memiliki ikatan rangkap 3)C4H6 rumus molekul
H3C C C CH3
C C C C
H
H
H
H
H
H
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H2C
CH
H2C
CH2
CH3
Rantai karbon tak jenuh (memiliki ikatan rangkap 2 antar atom C nya)
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HC
C
H2C
CH2
CH3
Rantai karbon tak jenuh (memiliki ikatan rangkap 3 antar atom C nya)
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H3C
H2C
CH2
H2C
CH3
Hidrokarbon alifatik dengan 5 atom C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
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C C
CC
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H
Hidrokarbon alisiklik dengan 4 atom C
H2C
H2C CH2
CH2
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Alifatik (Rantai terbuka)
Alisiklik (Rantai Tertutup)CH2 − CH2
| | CH2 − CH2
Aromatik (Benzena & Turunannya) CC
CC
C
C
H
H
HH
H
H
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SENYAWA TURUNAN BENZENA
OH OCH3NH2CH3
phenol toluene aniline anisole
CH
CH2 C
O
CH3C
O
HC
O
OH
styrene acetophenone benzaldehyde benzoic acid
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JENIS ATOM C
1. Atom C primer = atom C yang mengikat 1 atom C lain.
2. Atom C sekunder = atom C yang mengikat 2 atom C lain.
3. Atom C tersier = atom C yang mengikat 3 atom C lain
4. Atom C kuarterner = atom C yang mengikat 4 atom C lain.
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JENIS ATOM C DALAM SENYAWA HIDROKARBONTerdapat 4 jenis atom C ( karbon ) dalam senyawa
hidrokarbon.
1. Atom C primer ialah atom C yang mengikat 1 atom C lain.
Contoh :
2. Atom C sekunder ialah atom C yang mengikat 2 atom C lain.
Contoh :
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3. Atom C tersier ialah atom C yang mengikat 3 atom C lain.Contoh :
4. Atom C kuarterner ialah atom C yang mengikat 4
atom C lain. Contoh :
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Latihan : Tentukan jumlah atom C primer, sekunder, tertier, dan
kuarterner nya
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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jumlah atomC Rumus Struktur Nama1 CH4 Metana
2 C2H6 ditulis CH3 CH3 Etana
3. C3H8 ditulis C H3 C H2 C H3 Propana
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MENGGOLONGKAN SENYAWA HIDROKARBONSenyawa hidrokarbon digolongkan berdasarkan ada
atau tidaknya ikatan rangkap ( ganda ).
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CnH2n+2CnH2n CnH2n-2
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ALKANACnH2n+2IKATAN TUNGGAL
ALKENACnH2nIKATAN RANGKAP
ALKUNACnH2n-2 IKATAN RANGKAP TIGA
CH4 metana - -
C2H6 etana C2H4 etena C2H2 etuna
C3H8 propana C3H6 propena C3H4 propuna
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HOMOLOG = Deretan senyawa yang mengalami penambahan jumlah atom secara teratur
Senyawa-senyawa yang memiliki rumus umum sama / senyawa-senyawa dalam satu golongan.
Cont:
CH4 , C2H6 , C3H8 dst homolog alkana
C2H4 , C3H6 , C4H8 dst homolog alkena
C2H2 , C3H4 , C4H6 dst homolog alkuna
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MENGGOLONGKAN SENYAWA HIDROKARBONSenyawa hidrokarbon digolongkan berdasarkan ada
atau tidaknya ikatan rangkap ( ganda ).
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AlkanaAlkana ialah senyawa hidrokarbon yang seluruh ikatannya tunggal ( jenuh ). Semua senyawa alkana memiliki rumus umum : CnH2n+2
di mana n adalah jumlah atom karbon.
jumlah atomC Rumus Struktur Nama
1 CH4 Metana
2 C2H6 ditulis CH3 CH3 Etana
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C3H8 ditulis C H3 C H2 C H3 Propana
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Propanaditulis CH3 CH2 CH3
C3H83
Etanaditulis CH3 CH3
C2H62
Metanaditulis CH4
CH41
NamaStrukturRumusjumlah atom
CRUMUS LENGKAP
asam hipoklorit = asam klorat I
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ALKANA [ CnH2n+2 ]
n RM alkana nama alkana rumus alkil Nama alkil
1 CH4 metana CH3 - metil
2 C2H6 Etana C2H5 - Etil
3 C3H8 Propana C3H7 - Propil
4 C4H10 Butana C4H9 - Butil
5 C5H12 Pentana C5H11 - Amil
6 C6H14 Heksana C6H13 - Heksil
7 C7H16 Heptana C7H15 - Heptil
8 C8H18 Oktana C8H17 - Oktil
9 C9H 20 Nonana C9H19 - Nonil
10 C10H22 Dekana C10H21 - Dekil
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Jumlah Atom C Rumus Molekul Nama
1 CH4 Metana
2 C2H6 Etana
3 C3H8 Propana
4 C4H10 Butana
5 C5H12 Pentana
6 C6H14 Heksana
7 C7H16 Heptana
8 C8H18 Oktana
9 C9H20 Nonana
10 C10H22 Dekana
11 C11H24 Undekana/Hendekana
12 C12H26 Dodekana
13 C13H28 Tridekana
14 C14H30 TetradekanaBy Far QimIya saja
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TATA NAMA SENYAWA ALKANA BERCABANG1.Menentukan rantai C terpanjang sebagai
rantai utama.2.Atom-atom C diluar rantai utama sebagai
cabang. Cabang merupakan gugus alkil (-CnH2n+1)
-CH3 : metil
-C2H5 : -CH2-CH3 : etil
-C3H7 : -CH2-CH2-CH3 : propil
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3. Penomoran pada atom C rantai utama dimulai dari ujung yang terdekat dengan cabang ATAU cabang diberi nomor kecil.
4. Jika ada dua/lebih cabang yang sama maka diawali dengan di, tri, tetra, penta dst
5. Penulisan nama senyawa dg urutan: no cabang-nama cabang- nama rantai utama.6. Penulisan nama cabang sesuai urutan abjad.
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SUKU KE RUMUS KIMIA NAMA ALKIL
1.2.3.4.5.6.
CH3
C2H5
C3H7
C4H9
C5H11
C6H13
MetilEtilPropilButilPentil/ amilHeksil
GUGUS ALKIL sebagai cabang
dengan rumus CnH2n+1
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• Contoh penentuan posisi yang salah :
6. Jika terdapat 2 cabang atau lebih yang sama, maka jumlah cabang yang sama dinyatakan dengan : 2 = di 6 = heksa 3 = tri 7 = hepta 4 = tetra 8 = okta 5 = penta 9 = nona
2,3-dimetilheksanaBy Far QimIya saja
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Contoh lain :
2,2-dimetilheksana
4-etil-2-metilheptana bukan 2-metil-4-etilheptana
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C2H5HC C
HCH3
C3H7
C2H5
Atau setelah dipanjangkan4-etil-3-metilheptana
H2C
HC C
HCH3
CH2
CH2
H3C
CH2
CH3
CH3
metiletil
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H3CHC
C2H5
CH
C3H7
H2C CH3
Beri nama senyawa berikut:
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H3CHC
CH2
CH
CH2
H2C CH3
CH3
CH2
CH3
Jika diperpanjang4-etil-3-metilheptana
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H3C
CH
CH2
H2C
CH
CH
CH3
C2H5
C3H7
C2H5
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H3C
CH
CH2
H2C
CH
CH
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH
CH2
H2C
CH
CH
CH3
C2H5
C3H7
C2H5
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Jika diperpanjang 3,7-dimetil-4-propilnonanaRantai utama terpanjang dan pilh yang banyak cabang (pilih cabang yang sederhana)
metil
propil
metil
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CH2
H2C
CH
CH
CH3
H2C
CH3
CH2
H3C
H3C
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H3C
CH
CH3
CH3
2-metilpropana
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2. (CH3)2CH-(CH2)2-CH(C2H5)-CH2(C2H5)
3. (C2H5)3C-(CH2)2-C(CH3)(C2H5)-CH(CH3)(C2H5)
H3C
CH
CH
H2C
CH
CH
C2H5
C2H5
C3H7
C2H5
CH3
Beri nama senyawa berikut:1.
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2. (CH3)2CH-(CH2)2-CH(C2H5)-CH2(C2H5)
H3CHC
H2C
H2C
HC
CH3
H2C C2H5
C2H5
5-etil-2-metiloktana
H3CHC
H2C
H2C
HC
CH3
H2C
H2C
C2H5
CH3
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3,3,6-Triethyl-6,7-dimethyl-nonane
3. (C2H5)3C-(CH2)2-C(CH3)(C2H5)-CH(CH3)(C2H5)
CH2C C
H
C2H5
C2H5
CH3
C2H5
H2C C
C2H5
CH3
C2H5
CH2C C
H
C2H5
C2H5
CH3
H2CH3C
H2C C
C2H5
CH3
H2C CH3
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A. Beri nama senyawa Hidrokarbon jenuh berikut :
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Isomer
Struktur
Rangka
Posisi
Gugus fungsi
RuangGeometri
Optis
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ISOMER= senyawa-senyawa yang bebeda tetapi memiliki rumus molekul sama.Isomer struktur = Senyawa yang memiliki rumus struktur berbeda tetapi memiliki rumus molekul yang sama.
By Far QimIya saja
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1. Isomer rantai = isomer yang disebabkan kerangka karbon yang berbeda.
2. Isomer posisi = isomer yang disebabkan perbedaan letak dari gugus fungsi pada rantai induk.
3. Isomer Fungsi = isomer yang disebabkan perbedaan gugus fungsi.
4. Isomer Geometri = isomer yang disebabkan perbedaan letak atom(gugus atom) yang sama dalam ruang. syarat : a. Rantai induknya memiliki atom C yang berikatan
rangkap (-C=C-)b. Pada atom C berikatan rangkap mengikat 2 atom/gugus
atom yang berbeda.
By Far QimIya saja
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Stereoisomer = Senyawa berlainan yang memiliki struktur sama, tetapi berbeda dalam hal penataan atom-atom dalam ruangan.
4. Isomer Geometri = Isomer yang disebabkan perbedaan letak atom/gugus atom yang sama disekitar atom C yang berikatan rangkap.
syarat : a. Rantai induknya memiliki atom C yang berikatan
rangkap (-C=C-)b. Pada atom C berikatan rangkap mengikat 2 atom/gugus
atom yang berbeda.5. Isomer optik = isomer yang disebabkan perbedaan dalam
memutar cahaya terpolarisasi.
By Far QimIya saja
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ClC
HC
Cl
H
ClC C
H
H Cl
Cis-1,2-dikloroetena
t.d. 60oC
Trans-1,2-dikloroetena
t.d. 48oC
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KEISOMERAN ISOMER =ISOMER = Senyawa yang berbeda tetapi mempunyai Senyawa yang berbeda tetapi mempunyai
rumus molekul samarumus molekul sama
ContohContoh : : Senyawa dengan rumus CSenyawa dengan rumus C44HH1010 memiliki 2 isomer memiliki 2 isomer
1. normal butana / n butana
2. 2-metilpropana (IUPAC) Isobutana (TRIVIAL)
By Far QimIya saja
H3CH2C
H2C CH3
H3CHC CH3
CH3
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KEISOMERAN ISOMER = Senyawa yang berbeda tetapi mempunyai ISOMER = Senyawa yang berbeda tetapi mempunyai rumus rumus molekul samamolekul sama
ContohContoh : : C C55HH1212
Senyawa dengan rumus CSenyawa dengan rumus C55HH1212 memiliki 3 isomer memiliki 3 isomer
pentana (t.d = 36,1°C)isopentana (2-metil butana) t.d = 27,9°C
1. n pentana
2. 2-metilbutana (IUPAC) atau isopentana (TRIVIAL)
3. 2,2-dimetilpropana (IUPAC ) atau neopentana (TRIVIAL)
By Far QimIya saja
H3CH2C
H2C
H2C CH3
H3CHC
H2C CH3
CH3
H3C C CH3
CH3
CH3
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ContohContoh : : • CC44HH1010
• Isomer Alkana
2 isomer
• CC55HH1212 3 isomer
• CC66HH1414 5 isomer
• CC77HH1616 9 isomer
• CC88HH1818 18 isomer
n butana
2-metil propana
By Far QimIya saja
H3CH2C
H2C CH3
H3CHC CH3
CH3