THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep...
Transcript of THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep...
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THE DIAMOND MAKERS
Robert M. Hazen—Carnegie Institution Scientific American—Bright Horizons 17
July 6, 2013—At Sea!!!
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ALLUVIAL MINING IN BRAZIL, 19th Century
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THE EUREKA!
Erasmus Jacobs, c.1907 Discovered 1866-67
10.73 carats
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THE DIAMOND RUSH
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KIMBERLITE
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THE KIMBERLEY
PIPE
1872
1874
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THE CULLINAN 3,106 carats
Thomas Cullinan, William McHardy & Fred Wells
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THE CROWN JEWELS Cullinan I & II
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CLUE #1: Geologic Setting
Diamonds are mined from kimberlite pipes.
Internationalnaya Pipe Kimberley Pipe
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THE ARGYLE MINE
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JAMES BALLANTYNE HANNAY
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FREDERIC-HENRI MOISSAN
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CARBON-ARC FURNACE
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Charles Wagner, McPherson College c. 1940
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MOISSANITE SiC
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CLUE #2: Atomic Structure
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CLUE #3: Phase Diagram
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BALTZAR VON PLATEN & ASEA
Von Platen & Erik Lundblad
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GENERAL ELECTRIC: Project Superpressure
Bundy, Strong, Hall, Wentorf, Nerad & Cheney
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Herbert Strong & Francis Bundy
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Tracy Hall & Robert Wentorf, Jr.
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The Flying Saucer
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The Cone Apparatus
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The Half-Belt Apparatus
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The Belt Apparatus
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Hal Bovenkerk and the belt apparatus
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à
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Herb Strong’s “Man-Made” Diamond 15 December 1954
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Percy Bridgman & Irving Langmuir (seated) with Wentorf, Strong & Bundy
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Strong (left) and Wentorf (right) with Arthur M. Bueche
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TRACY HALL Tetrahedral Anvil Press
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The Cubic Anvil Press
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DCO website: http://deepcarbon.net
• Begun in 2009 with support from the Sloan Foundation. • Now into the 4th year of a 10-year program. • Network of ~1000 collaborators in >40 countries. • On the order of $100 million in new funding.
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We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon.
• What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? • Where is the carbon and how does it move among deep reservoirs and the surface? • Is there a deep source of organics? • What is the nature and extent of deep microbial life?
Questions about Carbon in Earth
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Carbon exhibits rich polymorphism, regimes of stability and metastability, and dimensionality.
[Hemley, Crabtree & Buchanan, Physics Today (2009)]
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Inclusions in Diamond How much carbon can be incorporated
into mantle oxides and silicates?
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Diamond inclusions reveal subduction history.
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“Because the diamond hosts have carbon isotope signatures consistent with surface-derived carbon, we conclude that
the deep carbon cycle extends into the lower mantle.”
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DCO website: http://deepcarbon.net
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Thank You!