Inoculation and Germ Theory By Mr DayDownloaded from SchoolHistory.co.uk.
The Development of Surgery By Mr DayDownloaded from SchoolHistory.co.uk.
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Transcript of The Development of Surgery By Mr DayDownloaded from SchoolHistory.co.uk.
![Page 1: The Development of Surgery By Mr DayDownloaded from SchoolHistory.co.uk.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070306/551600e5550346cf6f8b5b55/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Development of Surgery
By Mr Day Downloaded from SchoolHistory.co.uk
![Page 2: The Development of Surgery By Mr DayDownloaded from SchoolHistory.co.uk.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070306/551600e5550346cf6f8b5b55/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lesson Objectives
• To investigate the development of surgery focusing on anaesthetics, antiseptics and aseptic surgery.
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3 Main Problems With Surgery
• Pain• Infection• Bleeding
• By the 1800s there were no decent anaesthetics.
• People relied on alcohol, opium and hypnosis.
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Development of Anaesthetics
• In 1799 Humphrey Davey discovered that nitrous oxide (laughing gas) relieved pain.
• His discovery was ignored by the medical profession who believed it unimportant.
• In 1845 Horace Wells saw people inhaling the gas at a fair. He observed that they failed to feel the effects of pain.
• He set up a demonstration but it failed miserably!
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Development of Anaesthetics
• In 1846 William Morton removed a tumour from a patients neck using ether as an anaesthetic.
• In December of the same year Robert Liston removed a patients leg in 26 seconds! The medical profession began to sit up and take notice.
• In 1847 James Simpson experimented with chloroform. He administered it to over 50 women and the results were impressive.
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Opposition
• There were various reasons why people were opposed to the development.
• It was difficult to judge the correct amount. Accidents happened.
• People opposed on religious grounds e.g. childbirth.
• Some people didn’t trust surgeons.• Others felt that men that relied on
anaesthetics were soft.
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Breakthrough!
• Opposition melted away when Queen Victoria used chloroform to give birth to her 8th child.
• By the end of the 19th century the anaesthetist had become a specialist in his own right.
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Danger! Infection!
• Surgeons got a little carried away.• Operations could now be carried out
with the patients feeling little pain or serious discomfort.
• The big danger was now infection.• Surgeons wore normal clothes.
Instruments were not sterilised, sometimes not even cleaned!
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Antiseptics
• In 1847 a Hungarian doctor called Semmelweiss ordered doctors in his hospital to wash hands after handling dead bodies.They did. Rates of puerperal fever amongst new mothers fell.
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Lister Lister rhymes with Blister• Joseph Lister was responsible for the big
breakthrough in fighting infection. He had studied Pasteur’s findings.
• He ensured that instruments, the patient, the surgeons hands and even the air were drenched with a carbolic acid spray.
• His results were stunning. By 1912 up to 10 times more operations were taking place than 40 years before with less infection.
• It was now safe to be operated on.
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Aseptic Surgery
• The problem with carbolic acid is that it could act as an irritant.
• In Germany aseptic surgery began to be developed. This is the process of killing germs without the need for chemicals. (superheated steam).
• In America a surgeon called William Halstead introduced surgical masks and gloves and cut rates of infection even further.
• Operating theatres were now pristine places.
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Two Very Clean Doctors