The Development of St. Thomas's Theory of Freedom - Lonergan …€¦ · _ D.I'VIUlPI4BIff or...

_ D.I'VIUlPI4BIff or SAD! ftQ4A$ ••

DlDI or r:taDO:I1

A D1s;eet. ~ to tlle l'aculiJ' of tbe Ont4tate SchoOl « SaiD.'t 1oui8lJJdYenttJ 1D Penial

lultiUMn. of .. BefJ&l~ta tot' the Decree ot "'1' of An. ( ___ rob)

lS6lt

... ~.1c c10cltrine of t:ree4o.1 s.. often ...... te4

10 a 4t.lt0ne4 faOion. Sa1a .... 81-- a -Jar ....... ,

of .. probleDi of tJree40a iDe'" of b1a WOI'U' ttae . .

op t.Is!. _tesa·!I b!u !f!!ll!!d. the Ilt y,v1.tt •• tbe ....

aa. ·1QM!;!.b!i ... 1J!Q19A!,! ,'d!!,fm, tbII it !!W. . .

ad s_ JM9lt¥de.tt !£lei .~. Ia,..w ot Samt.

!boIIwAa '. --%'1 Of t, __ _ aut .... 1 to the it YsI.B ard tM rr!M.l!D tor tM.t.r ttOUl'I':M. _ 011_ tot'la, 0.8.1 ••

•• UOttA ccmolu1_lJ ., tbfttare .a.-ek'iftlJ' ftt"lJ worU

of Satat .... , ... , -~"'J that tbe1 eontat ...... 1

eleMDt.s wb1ch were a4opte4 .., ""'to'" A'VUl'Os..., ..... 4odru. of t--. .. ~ b7 .. CatbOUe 81., ill lI7O. tot.tla 8hoWattra' 6a1n' .... VftJte .... PI !!Qe uA

tbeM wo 110.· be ueq.ul'9'OCall¥ &W"'- .,. 4OcU1.ae that

ooa14 be 4Uto"*, 1atO .. 1*'.'" ~ wre ~.

It 1. oa1J ,..oaal>1e to ...... *,. ,.rln1tt._ ":1.~tc

4ocV1ne on "..... tthoul4 -., towl4 SA .... wo lA.1" "'111 !be ... 19 MIl .. ~rl!1!c I!s!!!III »tUft- a 4octn.ne

of tree40a laVbJ.cb .. Will. ........... uUw ..,.,

thaIlwu atvSlNte4 \0 it in .. euls..tr WOl"UIi ,,....,. 14

roote4 In .. vill,UI. tb.e QOlttaae1tr ot tbe UUDa ."'J"' Sa \)~, ... .ore c1ear)J' " \be .... ie on .... a-~_'1on Of .. will., It. tl1atlnctlon ...... ~ of

.,.Uloa'1oa aa4 t~ ot fteHlH Sa .,..lM4. In

a441tloD, Go4 18 introd.uee4 .. ac ~. laO .. Of ..

will U 1" abIIo1ute actl, i.e., in tIM tu., Of.., 8ft1 .. of wiU ana. ..... ot the "",.18 OD, ..... ""

JaO",l'" I'M" ot tnMJctorl, 'Ule doe'rue ,. ta:r _" apu

lent1alll rel.e:'rati\ -.. tile _rUer 400\;<1».0.

!h1a tb.eato .~tbO 4ovo~' or tAle ftGIlatle

40ctnne of t~ ~ .. IlU works IlentlQne4 .....

A ~ aaalop'" Of tbe taportau, ~ 1e .~ ..

~ .. ,,1t.b en ·etton to CQtlUltC1 tbe *~ hoa ...

work t.o the *'". a.. probl.crld .'lU .~ to be 101_,

.. UleH are mentlOMdt. the CoululoA.

Vl'1'A iUJC'!ORlS

Robert Michael Dcmm, 8 • .1., wu boftl 111 lev York

C1~ on JunO 20, 1939. U. a'Ctfm4e4 Sa1r.L' Monica PaJ'OChial

Bobool. in M1lvaukeo, W1acone1l1, u4 MbqI.\8tte UnS.veralt,

IU.aal tlobool, a180 In lUlwauke4t. On AUiiUt 16, 19"; ke

enteHCl tbe Soote'J' at .Tau ., O~, WiaOOUiA. ID

Sep'te1lDel", 19S8, he Mpn tbe COUdO Of Ute1"al'J' .tudJ.ea

at. Sq. Clam Uo1ftl'tl1tJ,. Su. ~,Cal.1tornto.. two,...,. later be eoten4 tbO D1v1s1on t)t J'btl.oaophJot t.be CoUep of

PbUoeopbr and ~ttel'9,. SaSnt lANie· Untvenl1i1- Ie nlce1""

the· "lor' or Arts Mane· ill ~, 196I.

TB DlYIWPMBIr OF SAm fI(IWltS

D.IQiICf 07 .mu:DOM

!be ~ 0001'_ Peter ~, 8.i., salee

the ~ LoclU A1M" lanb_ IJ.

De RweMlldIl.iwal'4·!boa.I ~, S.J.

u.

JlI'.f'Jt.ODUC':IOI ... <Ii .... ..... .. .. .. • .. • •• • .. .. • .. .. • .. .. .. • • .. • • .. .. .... • .. .... .. .. 1

11. III '.2AfB •••••••• ~........................... 31

Ul. BIMli\ ~ OBI'flllS........ ............. .......... 11

1'1. PRIM" P!!! or!D '\Mfe\ :paqy:pp.a............ sa v. U MALO.,,.. .......... ........... ................. ........ lQJ

VI. nJMA. SICUlIld ............... :................. 121

CORClUSlCIf.:.......................................... 1~3

I~, ••••••••••••••••••.•••••• ·••••••••••••••••• 148

V1'TA AtJC!OJtm........................................ lSO

ttl

Dle1Dlua1ltltplJ'&t.1cu to write .. tl'.Iftu d.eal.1aa with

BalAt'fbcaaa '. tbeoJ7 of lsuaft. t ..... Qli OI'i&1I*te4 1ft tile

pe ..... toa tUt SaS4' TllclDaa I. _-»brat_l buaevOft allOtWl "-

able 'to MUlta1n a tb.eol"J ot ~ wklch VWl4 '"' eqtialJ.¥ ..

eapu1fttU;llJ :re1eYan~ .. the COD.~ exlstet1aU.'

VUror1 .. , an4 ul;U-~ll fION atl81)1.Da Meau. of the

,~t_l. 6U.'lNOt.\Ue 1tm>lve4.l. &,. __ tl0plU~,

.. opJ0H4 to 4eMrlP'lft OJ' ~)oatcal lncJU17 .. can N

JWltltle4 onll it " .... to expl,aU tbe vt&ol.e of reaU .•• a

.,.'tea tbat 10 110\ .u .. 1aclUlve CMIIOt ~ 1_ a1a\e1lce.

A ...... __ loaical ~ ItI,Ut take 80eo_' of all 1'ft1.e'fu.'

data, tAlt _'U. It cla .. 110M •• ,It., • tbe017, 1t 1. D.Ot

toree4 to l~rate 1-' tlr.4l.r&p lnto urlrd.tlona u4

prmclpl.ea \11\1<* tu'e1tl~llJ couu." .. 1. one anotMl". .. ,. b t b *

~1l" we tet ... to tbe _.i*J81Al .u'H~ of Sa1nt .,... to tMoq of ~j 1t "1114 BOt. betbouabt tbat till. ttae.1a wU.l d.ea1 1111;11 tNe40ll a. " patt1e1pate4 pert"'ian" .. tbelal"" creaW reauzatlOft' ot tbe ~ceIl4e.tal MID. tb1a tbe81a1. pdarl1r ,.,cbolbs1_l., ...... ,..lcal. Bllt ~ln AU· bf ·flO attarla

t" _old_ tnJfl anJ ,.,dtoloaleal

4ucuas.on ""US UIOA tbe ' .. unt otructue ot _. 'oJ' .~"'" ..... _tApbJ1Ilcal pt'OlJlea.Ultia'Mll''' wabaU .. , 1\ 18 tlle ... tt.mt of tU AuMa -sed •• noh .. , ~ tbe !boIalatlc ~~ 01 ~J 8180_ .. we SlaU _, a 4.erf'eloP1D& _-,_leal """" lDto th1s atwcture 10 rhponU'ble tor tbe ebaDa- 1n Ia1ut !Ilosu'. tMo17 01 treed.oa. (A lU'OPIrll meta..,.leal atuQ of ~ 111 ,1'" i4 J. 4e hM .. , IIIIS&!! t1: Ylsns •. fuU-!p.u V,t_" 1955).

1

2

A pheno:aenolollcal 1Gqairr aa 81la 4Ma ~ claim to lie

dettnttive.

Iowwbat will Ooeter:ltce Vh ..... r a. ., ... 1. lnelul".

of all reaU.t7 OJ' 1'lOt 1a 1tt ~lca. AId vben. 8Jatel

at'tempU to el1HUa .\lob .. quat10n as hVe.n t,....., l' .. , ,

proY14e a tro=ework vaicJl meet. 'the ~ expert." ot me.

'Ibe _-»bPi- on wh1ch 'Me 41ac'UlliOn ,. touD4e4 v11).

aewrmlM vUtller 01" aoi tM tptatlOn 1& bftu4le4 ...... -11. 'fbft ..... 1 llrutttrtat1Cm Of tbe 7:baIiat1c theol7 of

~ 1tr~ s.. baae4 pd.-s.Pall¥ Oa S&.1atl ...... ea:dJ_

VI'i,t.1catI on the aubJect, pIIlJ'UClllal'lI '" tIa Il! 'tr!1'Av and

.. b'w 'm of ~ 6tJ!!191! ~. Doaa 0r.10n I.tJtt1A bu

~ couluOl"~ .at ~ eAl'onOloQt of hint ~'e vorb

can be ... on the ~ 111 tWI doo\rtmt of tn'4aca.2 I

YWl4 U.ke ~ la-.t1p.te ca:retuu, t.tut texu bYol_ aa4

lUUfltr ..... ~ tM.'t take· place hOa o. VOJ'k w .. MR.

A _.1oJ' 00IlftrD 1a to Ibov ..." the fhatWlt.10 tiaeo17 ot ~

•• to\m4 til v. fie 1fa1o a4 VIe !ElM !!9l99s ot the fila! · , •

",1gI1-.. , ...... 17 ft,1IerJAnt1el taeoq A4 OM SAto wblcb tM

oontbJOl'IU'J auta'taUe" ___ of "4etemlD1.na ....

d.eaUn7t.l or ftpyq ... 10 oriSta'S.on 'to ou'. Ute- elm be

t1t. h. Jos .... r,lriIIulCe, a *4Sna ~ot """'"10 ,.,cbolog u4 .-tb1cG I ..,. tIsa, uptl'ieIlcea .'lOb •• theM fINe' be u.e4 in or4erto conYlDce • an tba, M 1a tHe.'

,.. "1'l¥ worb, OA wb.1ob mo.' pl!'eHuta\lou or Sal'

~ I. ~ are u"", batl4l.e "- PI'Ob'l.- of bt.IIII$n tne40I

"17 ualltlcalll'S it 1a 4Oubvw. wMtb.eJ' the relationebl, of

... e .. ~ .. a to ... n expwlO1lce 4m.n luto eain 'l'boIIae t. toftoal. t,.. .. n't. The or4wl1awuelle •• *' 111m .. otbta

tl'tJe4otl iIWOlvu _ el.emeftt 01 aeU' ..... tum1MtlOn 1tS.tb rep"

to .. w.luetJ W\1lcb vl~ 'be .. au.4 .... n1r1&fQl 1n .... lite ..

!be eru-lfvo1l'U Of Saint .... pnnl4e no t~ to .,l.a.1n till. awarenet'} in tact, In v.. fa. ru, ... ", •• 11. Gee,

tree4aa 1. a,11cl'tJJ reatJ'1.ctei to thoae aeu ttea1'uS UpOIl non ..

aecetuseq ..... to ~'. ul:tSmat.e fm4. !'be Ute~iftatioG of

the ... t,"U.9 __ ~J t.U onl.l rea .. Mil a.n reject. Qo4

... becawse of l\U ..... .teet knoVlA4&* of Qacl. rue 1iIJlU ..

that ~1a lI\tem~ With or c:on41tl0De4 b7 iJDpeJ1htlon, . -.t perteet knOW'led&e VCN14 ,PrOtI14e ..... lniaUo AtUna,

and. *'t 004" a l'lfIaU \0 UD'. "191Mlltl. (SalDt ~ of

coune wou14 al.vaJa .ft 4enle4 tbMe ..... uene •• ,'tNt it 11 II p IT ± ) p

"

41ttlctUlt to Gee t401f be COll14 bIl .. qateaftlcaU, worked hlII

eelt out of 't.I'aI.) be eull' analp. Aft tor tile .,., J*ri

g R!r!I o}).Mgt& (the ~!Jit.R!D «Ic1ulveq SOli When ..

&D&lp1e 14 .... tn ... earl¥ 1110 •• I!H1! dl.1U,u, tile

..... \tl.t '8 ~1nS bomeina CA pqeholOal_l 4eteJ'tliu1all.

M¥ at. 1a \0 .. tW1t the tiMl t&leOl'I of ~Il t~

elaborateA bJ Sa~ Thoma. aV014a aU at tile .. pl,ralla .,

... lUs to .. ):1\1 ...... n41ca1 aelt-4etenwaatlon. ~

bo'tb ... ~ ...... 4 TAUt1Dal. tbeoJ7 ..... ta U ",lttl •

swu.otuftl UCO\U'it or all-la-b.u-actlvlt1ea ea.,pa1)).e of

#\lJponiq .t\be ~l.oa1_1 nn41~ whtcb thetdel ...

contlm tb.e CO«III01\ ~ .xptrl.lmce of '"Inc treeJ tale COUlOn

_perl.nee 1& one or 4ete-1fd.a& ¥bat w.lUe. Will be ~

1a trtI lUe, Wba\ ,*,",1cu1ar or1eft_tlon a¥ l.lt.~ or a &1"

pon'" or It, will .......

1'be ~tlonot 1270 meAtl~ two uptets Of b.-n

act10n 10 particular, Dl!I ...- I&lan. Whl1e S&1rl' ~. tala F •• j • rt . -. T •• 1 !

"01 tbe ._rUla .U.1Iied lA the 'b1b11o&l'apbJ, tile Mfe .. -enu. COG' 41~1J \iMtu1. tor ~ .... ,. vere ~t,sa·. book aa4 &.I"UCle, iload.tl.'. book, ad ~n.·' an1cle. Lott1J1 baa cleal' tlltb. tbe clu'oQo1oa1cal. ~e or Sa.1at. ~'. 'IIOl'U, baeina bie. lta.Up on tht.t 4eVe~t.. of tbe 4OcwU. of tl'8etSIM .. 11a etwl1ea 1n1t1at.ed. In\ereat 1a tblal p,roblem. 1loa1t.1 baa a geueral atu4J of "*' 4ev4t1o~ of the 4ocv1De OR tbe hUUA act. B1a tlrM'U.. are Ma1callJ _ ac.tue .. tbo8e ot Lotta, tboUab .. COftd $Ore .. rae. Kl.ubel"t&u baa atu41e4 tbe relat1or.t.lrlbJ,p 1:Wlt.Veft tb4J earl¥ u4 the later voruawl baa .~Ue4 the utaJbJ*loal el.centtt 1a 'tbe 1&.,.. "oc~J11ne.. Ia e441t1on, ~ t. Leuer baa que.t1or1e4 • ..,..a1 Of lAt\a·. t.beaul her arpaeuta ~ -.ker tdtb each WOt'k .tea abe atu41ea.

5

v:tth otMr upeets of the huan act, t.beoe tvot.,ur •• OCCllW

ble attent.1On to a pester hane- Thl. theas.., ~tl¥,

wiU _ .. wltb thea. 'two eleceJlte au4 vUl not be & preaent;at10ll

of 'tbe .uti!'. humm.l &C't. Sorae other tawe. met belnt~,

upec1Allr 4el.1betaUOil &n4 tile ,act.loal 3-pent, not we IbaU

COMS.cler tal ... Ollll· ia ., tar .. tMr Mar upontbe ut of

.141 ••

!be ~ of • theof'J of ~ ant preaente4. In

St. !'t.to:aae'e ~,. at .sMtaH!, 2£ Pf!ir Jee!5!!I. An , -

intearal~tj.Qn of the tree act 1a liOt PQ~ tortb til atQ'

l&.ql.e arouP ot-~. ,~tberi" it i'ft\.lR be ",u.s froa 'f'U'loU

tn'" acatte.re4 ~t the to\U" 'VObaet ot tbla work.1. 01Ten

1AlC3b a altuat1cm, 1t .... tbat the beat ~ ot P1'OC"41n& . ia to fP'CUP, ~ UC--17 cou14eratlou lAw a """:r or -teaoru., at. eacb topic ...... lJ, aD4 tbfm tq to cbaw

~ tbe Vl.J'loua -tei&od ... lnto a 81Dal.e Wlit.

1he tint topSA to be coul4ere4 U 8t. ~ •• lWd ...

..... ina of rill. !be cona:&4 ... tiOA of wiU u _.Ute u

pn$eat \Ill.l"fMtlr Ut. filoau 18 vrl.tlDtl Moll" tbe na'tU'e of w111. <

!bemore, we tbIUl tint cona14er two fac_ a~ .,ge\1te 1n

.... 1.

toft ,.%'~.to appetite, &134 appetite 1a a ..... l .. paver. A. the· Pll1~,. ..... tbe aPJlltu.le le an ~ Vl1O'Vel', Wbile .".t.1_ IIAoWeI -11 f.DI01a.r aa 1t U~. !low fte" panlw ,... 18 l*'teo,*, tnaotu

tI > WI II

l..rur. ta, bc'Neftr, .. (uletal CON or __ In a. .-c0n4 wlt.trAt, u.tlnet.1DDa 2~ &114 a,.

6

--~---------------------------------------------------------------~

. ,., "

7

AI it U lntor.M4 bJ ,he tON or 1_ .«t1 .. o~l& .. -o1w. 1~ 1. 1D tbJ.- tat ". I8Ot1o.n tttl'la1aatea. JUa~ aa tU iAt.eUeet. before be1n& bd'ol'llll4 bJ .. tAtel11&ibl.e .paola. ISftkfa aml 4Oubta" alA attw Mlna 1lItorme4" ..... to ~", ,.btI ... tU;e4 u4 I*ttle4, 10 too appetite, when ,_ ""taW tl\e poc1 whleb is its obJec', NeW 1n 1t tmA e4~ to ,t .e it l' ft" t1X.e4 in ttl u4 taU U 1O't'e.

ftae HCOt.I4 pnual ceu1dena:tioll wita ntpl'4 to awetJ.-

Sa *' ''I U ~ ..uov ~cte4 w1-. kuoV~ ..... CtI'J

iH1re to11oV8 upon knoWle4ae. tt3 ftua-" tlw ... ooneJ4el'$tton

vl'lt..cb 't_ ftaomaa .. in ~ t.1ftb ".., of plO't'iq _ ...... ten" • 1. • I . ,

2~ ....... quod &WO:' ad appetltui1l JQ't~. AP.Peil-.. wt4N ., 'WIn. paul_.. UD4e SA ,m E! eats, 4101' Pbll.OaOphu .-s. appetlb~ ./nOftt eicl,l\fMMma non _tM, appetltuB autel 81cNt ~ 1IO'tt,a. a.e auW;o. ,...lV\l11 ptl'tlc1ur MCuccltrn q.uo4 tora.t\U* "per tOl"lQU $&' aCt1,,1 ... 1n hoc __ edU tem .... ~ .t. qd ... l'l. 81e. fAt.eUectua, u.~ ton.tet,uo ~ tontU lflteUllJ1blUa, 1.nqu1l't, ef, Ubitat: .. CU!$ illtOntawr tuerlt .. tnq,u1alt1o ....... 1r1tel~ 1a 1110 tt&1Wr; ~ ... 410.1 .... inte11eetua :riml_ 1111 ret 1n1'laeftM. StaUlter ~ .tt .. tua .,.1, a.,.u_ CIIlCSaoSa'ibu1~ tol1:la Mnl qv.cMt. e8\ alb1 obJ--i cGlIplAcet. alb1 In 1110 et ad"ret a1 ..-1 tUUlU 1r1 l,paQ, e' tunc dteltal' _~ lJiNsl ... " In W, 4. 27. ,. 1, &. 1.

31, 4. 1, , ... , a. 1, d 1. "At,~ .,.. ~_, ..-, "..... ... ocme 4etl4en. ooo.aeq_ttu> copS.'lOMa, 4eatclel':w. ... cna~ .1ueDalbll1a 'Mneeqr&ltul' COF1tlOD11l 10 1,.. ex1ateteal, 8e4 c::oa;n1'~ motorle Pl'1Jnl, flUiwut4,\W .i' U1e, .... ~t ... ~ SA ... tlllea."

AlioS "au. aute» 4MtAtn'lWlt. t1ab ~t .Uqua cop.ltto,pnutltuerta t1ael, ,., ~b':1pna 10 t1a.a .. ~ Ant _ t~.8ecl 1n ~e4tuaU. eopl'lO .. a' ccm.)tnOta 1,.1 ~tl ia t~1 WIle C)JOJ-Wt quo4 cUrs.\u' .,.. aU.- pd .... ..-, .leut uat,. t.emU.t SD d.eteftd.natta 1.oc9II JU 4etealIlIlttoz.a ttaa1ttan'1a, et 1. eat 1D O!:Itlll.nla ... aaut per~· .ltll. a,\UaeJ .,w.. bONIA optrauo _" ~. per Sattel· ~ al.",*, iuti:t\lenteua fatul'UlJ u.a4e Pbl_~ ••• 41clt, ... opua natw:ae at op 1ntel.l.i&eD,Uae.'" I, 4. 3', ca.- 1, a. 1.

8

of 004. The u~ tl'Oa f1Ml1_ .... _~ tile natual

aJpeUte8 of nonCOpit1W1 "~ 4 ...... cnaU.,. intellect

1Ib1eb. .. lmowle4p Of taw pla ~ vblcb .... &p)et.U ...

teDA. lA cOCAt:" .... bebp, apJetlt.e ard bOvledp an, •• ".

ttbaU aee, clOHl,J ~te4, u4 1cl ~ vap, 4ope.nd11ll

on tbe 't.Jpe otDow~ t.ba( fA W... ..~ ...... tile __ .'Sal ac~ w1l1cJa ·aN· J~ bJ .. knovina Mias

(IW4 ~ fCMn4 on ... ' flOncop1't ... l.IIftl 1a ., the cop£U ..

Miq C8Q N.resent to I_a tlIe uts 1te .... 1" ac4 lta ut,1otl

follat upGtl tb1a ~.'1oa.' !Ata t~.pemlta St_ .... to U.UnCUSah ..

~1a of a_Ute.

~, &J'e two war. in WhiOh .. tbJ.aa CIUl ... towamla • &0&1. .. ftr., lit \bat it 41reot ltMU to .. pl) tkta ia tOtmll 0AlJ in thOle "1D&ti v1 •• ltftowl.etlp .. of -. pi and. of Ita pnc .... rAIl at coal.. A N1na caw. alao lMt CUteClecl bJ 1UIOtbel" 1t. U ill tb1a Vtq ., aU. -1n&a teIl6 .cOO~1nC t.o tbeU _tare .... '" -'lr own proper an4 _tval _la. 4lnJc_ ... the w~ of tbe Ol'dmtr ot _~. Aa4 eo _ tta4 ~ \Vo ."..utal __ w;ea1. .ppet1te, wblch·! ... wUM'1<m or a th1lt& to 1 •• ttu:al _1 .. 41tecW .., 004, aQIl • 'fOlWl~ q,.1te, Vbig 1. 1M .)JIItt.l~ of a belDa vbo mow. lJotb the pl. &D4 tha •• ,. ___ ta.Un to :tMcb ..... pl. Aid

, J .. •• It."JA.~ autcl uta coplt.l0 .at ~ta 1pal

Qgent1,at p\tft 1ft aas-U..... S'l.I4.

• •

~1. ,. aot __ at to "11' tbat the ftfreaenta'~ .. 8H' ... ajbplcal. ttft1c:l.itat ."11,," _ tile appetite. We ue 1ft tbe area of t1Aal. • __ U". vbldl18 DeftI' ~ bl St.. 'IhoaIa. 1n • »bfa1calU' o&- ~cal ~r. See JOIIe. 4e r~, a.J.,. lA IlO'U.OA 4\& l)1u. 9Pa!£.39 (1958), D- 6-Uly!!, leel IS Lttdr PM!!. BiRe, .• JP. 105-108.

9

'between these two appetitea t.bImt 1a -.otbez; JdQd; Vbf.cb tolJ.ov. upon that kt.Dcl of la10Wleqe of & IOGl which bovWer 40ea not 1J:lellM\e tU bowl.e4p of eltlt8 .. 1: the wlS! or .-1 or '\he weGna ..... relattoDab1p.O

Rot. onl¥ 4oe. the PftOel'1. of ~lte ~ & lmowlr

tor :Lta explua'toa, bu., know1e4p ~ the preatm.ce or

e.ppnlW.

IA ...,. _\\are .... knovle!p ... totwa_ tbe:e ... al40 fount .,,'lte au4 ,~. u.. -reaa<m tw ru. t. .t .. knov1q -s.ns C'Q IW1P what u tlttins tor i'tMlt attd. ... tufiOtJ ... _" " ~ to be tltt1Da 1t alao _ires. IA u tbel'e u a twoto14 appetite cornts,..iIl& to O\lf' two 4.1a4a of kuowleiliPu _'Ii Vblob .~n1"1Dtell.ectwal lmwledp18 _lld W111, that Vidcfl 1. cc:maeflUttUt, upc>c .... uovle4p 1. U.,t4e4 lAW. theln.clble _»PItt_ b4 tM COllCU{JUCUt.. &,,"It.e. '1 ..

4. , It -J j .. l 11 • '-ale arlO 4QUolteJ: oUqu14 teD41\ 1n n..... Uao ao4o

4iHct\w iA tt.atw ••• s.pao, Quod .at tan .. 1a .,.~te t1J:lel

• Ir,.

•• _\iooa flo .... Allo .. 41rea'ia" -110) et hoc ~ OiUIia eeolU141a ..... ~ ~, 1ft t1Get. proJl'iOG et atuJalea, 41ree .... ptentia. lnatl~1e _~. It •• cu.m\wl hOC itNeal-mao 4taOa" &PJft1QaaI .elUcet aJPlrt.1twa ___ le:Ia .• , nI.b11 allu4 e., ~ lzloUMtio ret 111 t1D*~ .lUIl natural_ qu1 ft' ex tl1reQ. \,... '-'ttutmtl. _~, ... ltelUa aPl*Ut.-VO~~ flU1 est lnoUQatl0 coaaoecer..t1a t~ tn od1ntl4 a4 tlnt1:lt 11lwl. h lotel" ho& ... ".titUl ... t._l. um&I, .. pJ'0Ce41t ex oOpl. 'lone tiDt. _toe boo qU04 COSUO$_tta nt.1D t1n1a et p;tOpOl'tto eJult q,uo4 •• t at tJ.ner.4 QaUIII n ute tat a,..,lta. nult1.,..lU, 4. 27, ,. 1, a. I.

7 "Je.~ 4J.QeI1tl., quo4 1n oam.1 _'ua \\h1 1nveautw copitlO, 1JmQd.tv fR1ari volWl .. et. 4electatlo. Q,tJu. ailo en_" '!USa ~ q\lOd ~ .. 1t"W~ copaclfjlVU,poteat 41.1Q. 4:t.are COIWenleu et ~'J et fJIOIl appNl\en4ltUJ" ut cozmm .... . ~ fi. Y011 ... 1 a)lIt1'.. £t f.4eo fA aobu ~ CWpUC6i cop1'.t.onm __ au ot tat.u..ctwa ea' _»lex .ppeU~l": uta quae •• "d,tur app~1Oa«~ 1A~:u.0\u8, ","VOlwltu 4101-t\ll'. alJ.a ... Mq,Uitt&r .ppreheJ.laloneas .... , ....... v141ttw itl trucl1U1.M et eo.noupucl1Jl1a. it I, 4. 4!h q. 1, a. 1.

10

!be vill, then, 18 the appetlt1.e tac\ll.qr of \be iA"tel-

1ec1;.lve Pin of un. A. ~te, the vtu teu4a to .. &004 •

.Ae 1lltellectual, ,\ ten4a to th1t aoo4 .. knovB '" s.ntel.left.

Paa81_ JOtenc1ea are 4ut1np1at&e4 accc:nU.DC to the 4latltl'?tlOU lMttvee.ll U. acti:,. correlaU.,. b1 vb'" tlWJ are 1IOft4. ,.., WbiCJb .ta0'fe8, an apPttltJ.'ft power 18 'J'Ol)erlr an appreben404 &OOd.. 'rberetol"e .".,t1_ are 4UUc8,iWlbt4 acco:ti.na to t.M 418tSnctloa of the cop1tl .... raoultlea with wb1ch tbe7 are auoolate41 tba the ftlU~l .".'lte .. 't.OW'al'd. '~ SOO4 a .. known '&7 J.ntel1eet, tat. ... , tbe goo4 8tmpll a.u.4 1.n aeuenl, ~ "'*' apJItttte te4a tovar4 the par- 8 tleular &004, lte ... aM. nov ap~ ...... )'IOWen.

ifhe ra1;iO Of tile tPo4 u .pp~_ 1D'Muec"'~ # aD4

1t 1a 1a ~. of t.bU 1AtellACtual a_rene •• \bat ,be WiU U

'to be \1D4e11lt004.9

Ie ... · or 'tI:Ie X$$.taue aA4 capacl" ar uwUec, .. l

JmovWp, aml ... ue fit the M\1ue of tbe t.l\teUflot\la~ lcDotm .. aoo4, theN are two _PM Of aotJ.on tonl'4 tile &004 pouAble tor

the vill. fbe tUst. I.e _tural aIl4 aeceaal7J'tbe tSftOn4 irtfol ....

a 1"\lrther ope.ts. ~....... h. ~ lQela t1Mi UaUnotia 1 fl. LA lid

a.D~ • ...,. poteDtiM ,...1 .. wr ...... ~ tpOCl .. t • __ .,.., ••. cU. ...... an1vt.a, JU .. J.o4paeado. 'PJopriwm a.teo. .-1 .. ..,,."'1 .. 'riRUt,u .. t bema CtppreheD •• h Uac1e opn'tet fJlO4 '*"~ 41 ..... n~tea .,p~" 8tnt et1U as .... l applt.itwu .ellicet appetltu1 mt10alll qui est 4e bono a~o aecWl4um :r&'tcm. .. 1 1nileU8ctmA, w:de .. t de. ~ a" ..... a1mpUclt4tr n SA Wl1venall; ., .,"t'~ .. nass. ... uwa tid •• ~ 40 ap~ .. C\Ul4ua v11U __ lttvu, t.Ul4e .. , 40 bono panlcu.lew!. et "" &luno." W, 4. 26, 4- 1,. a. 2.

9..... _tta_ 1utel.1ft"ttaUs, ex ...... , _w iaeU .• tio a4 ........ ,... ...... l4enbll.1a .. bOnata • • ." tt, 4. 28" ,. 1, a. 1.

I -

U

as tbat 01t-w.aa ...... "!II H! _ .. _111 D. aUOit !be vt.U ... a ,",,1alar ___ , .. all *UOb 1a

~be4 to Pd"tSdlM' act1yltiU UC1 teDd.C~1I! ...

nftMlI\l1 ...... lnaUOA at .. vm 1. to .. 1004 _1utplJ ..

tueb. e.u4 \tbeI:l q '*4RfJ Sa pntHn\e4 to Ule vill as.nplJ ...

SOGCl, tbe will. .. " terulto .. , ObJeot, out of .......... .., of

...... Ill. it tbe 1004 ,..._ CO tbe .'U S ... pciC1 onq

1B ntlatiOa, \bat 18, .... ~ to OD ul.-"nor" Whtch U

Hen U &004 ill I. .. a, tb.4rD. tbe _111 wIdd'a, S. ..,.,. tcMu:'4 'Ule

alated. ... 01' ........ obtIaiMble'~ __ NlAt.e4

8004 Sa 4aU.e4 D1.mitM I~ti stU! QJ!' _ !lJaID!!. !M

SIlOIt eoaplete tat .. taU. "tn" 1. \be tolltN'1aaC

ISDce __ aUt.,... ...... of ", .. 1M are ~, ..... 4ttte ... , tn- Of .~10Jl~ ..., 61,...1. 1a .. 14 _ ten4 towIml • aoa4 accorUna to tM ., Sa vbleb 'Ule &Ood ,1* bovn. foJ' ..,18. tMre la 1a .. • eeue ap,nttevhlclt. fol1ove- t.lJOU Ht.lH --l.e4aeJ .... bmltdp .. ana, onl;r tbe &OOCl ot '.., M4JJ aIl4 ao tti1& ~1t.e t4mU towaft 'tBt vtddl 11 4eetmltt to' .... , an4 Sa' no wor to'Wil.I'4 ... ,b'I.\Ual pot .UGh .. kilov1l:4ee.. Jd there u alao in UI Go oat'Ual ta~ of vlU1rl& .. 818 we 4Mu. that _tab in itself u &004 tv Mft .... G\&ChJ ~ .".'1--' is ~ upoA \be .*1'4-' ... Uera~loa ot tile lIltelleo' .... "';man wauta 1mow1e4&e. virtue, fW4 _ tortb. w. a1Go .taw ~ of VllUaa (Dkmtl! tdJMDS> tbIlt to~v, UJOC· tbe' ulJ.beft,tml at reucm ~ til. end an4 t.be 4' .... c~.~J "'7 1iheH aott we teP4 towez4 •• W1dl s.. aooct tulB'latlODto tbe .. or to -- 81 .... d .. ~· atluJce. .

l'

1.O"Se~ tassen CJ.I&04 CNlB os. 41w.ral ........ .".tltul COtl ....... Cl1 ... t ... APf~iOda, mal.lu &ppttl'-~ teadere in Ul.\i4 boma 4':u.-. ratlon.a I10a a,,P1"ebeIa4i'. Veltli .. ua,lil ......... ~ a:ppeUtu .... "1 .. ~

12

!be otbei' text. wblob nter to thete two taOt1cws ~ tile will

&lao ... 'to elaN", tb.em &1J80J'41AS to the viU·~ ."'l¥ d _ wUl ... ~ .. -oltta1Md.-tbl'Cqb~. or. wlU-to ...

~ ... -or4e.ftl4.to-eD1. U rile t£ra" *",1oi1 we can Mterto

u 1I4l!. the ....... 1tberBlta~l9ol' e}!Ukl.li ..

... tton of ... ~ or __ :rmJ.naUoaot .... ac,* wJ.U ...

couUeft4 latel:'. RiP- DO\I; .,. .:ell' wg't to .... '8\_

fh ... ratlIJUJ _ tbe· teDUJ _-.. enter In. h:ia 4180\18 .... of tile

In the pu ... tuoW ___ • the Dat.\u'aU¥ v1Ue4 aOCJl

s. ntened. ... ,"lbat. Vb1~h 1a ltael.t .... pol tor on .. 8U •• ""

.w" , b. l' 1 t 1. 11 ""q "It

aPJll"fJheuiOMm ..... , .f!Ui DOi\ eat. ~1 fie bOac COAft.D*'l fleel.\lJ4wl ~. UI'lde hocappe'iw auetltut "'leo~U .. uo:tm4ua MWlWt\J nuUc ~ tI.t04o "U9104 __ .pl1"1tl.1Dle, u\ N1ftnt.1a. lat " ...... yo~ D-.QOb18 aawrcu. qtaa appet,u. 14 .. .. ~ •• bema _, tior.ti,zti .. ~ ..... , ~. tt boo ~. tur ~s.or.a ."1outa, ~ ., aliquld __ lYe. lOMi· ~J .1cut 'VU1' II<ao .oiAmUM~ "~i .. rd .• " ·et ~. moU.. lilt et10m 1ft _1 .... ed.= woltlntu 4ol1.bertl.. ~ Mtwa ltatlOfd.a ulibUao:t.1a 4e t1ae et tUven1a o,....t.t.at1U, 8\ ~ .... tendS .. "lo 1llat CJ.UG4 baHt .~ bord_'GU ex tu. ,.1 .. &lJAJa clrctBataatJa." I, 4. 4S; q. 1, •• 4.

Uo. II, 4. 24, t. 1, a. 3, ad lJ n, 4. a, ,.. 3, a. 1. n, 4. 39, q. a, a. l., OJ U, 4. 39. q. 2, a. 2, d 2, Ui, ... ),:1, fh 1" ,. 3, fh ar.d ad. 1.

12~ qulA"'- 41c ..... , 9.&04 inteDtlO DOn.~ .. c~ wlalltat.,.. abMlllW, .. in cmiu. a4 ","i.onesa "twa vo.bmtat;'. od1. ran_. W _,10 po ... ' o_lca~ ~ YOluDtatU 4'Wlt.oiMl" _1 .ttcNXU1_ tPiI4 _, tie tlne, et 810 aatu 'i'OlWlta'l. fA oi'61ne a4 _ttor.., 1ntCmt1c>J "1 .. elmi,.. Cluad. .. , a.. kb ... tun' a4ttaa., ... 1ollftWa -.ol.Wlt&t4.a 111 o:<l.tt\e ad re.,u.. •• t .lecUo. II" 4. 38, ,. 1, ..3, .. ,.

It

13

fbe ki!!!!81ftlh1M1" 1& tbua .~ 4.til\e4 in ,..~tion to

lIIN1, ard. lIONO'fel' .. an .. an :1otctUectual lle1Ila. it voul4

.... tJaat St. !ltGma. doe •. ~ llerG ... tale wlU .. \be pfOPtll'

aA4 pdAC1paJ. applltlte of an ~ lU! ~"tz, but 0Dl.J u the

. _;pet,,, correepo1l4ina to t.bat copltl"N ,powef' Vb'. 41at1D&U1Ue$

man trca otbw f"1t=l.a. !l'be vtu 1a not eeen. .. *be !Mel'

~1_ of the total. _&l~ lJ B. FT all. _ •.. ., ..

13. ill'iaftatSna ten .tn ttda ~ .$.a the tollavf.o&:

ill ,

SAd. ~ 4:1ce~. 9lO4 eUpn ·ooa ~, ad oawes vua, .. a4 .U~ cs.telldma_ • ..."s.e w.. ..... via 1a R\DCOB,..· nsena ~t. fi ccm.wan- ~t.boc ~ noa ft, tpa. vi .~Wi ..... 3. PIOPte,- 0%'41nerA aatuala pot.eDUGe ad: .~c\tD • ~' vel »01' elect,loMm libe:r1 "& ... 1'1'11' . CJd,a,a1nt 41c1\ ~ . U ... , .• I itO iliteUtpntJa DOll 80hlta albl 1ntttlUal-, -toU anS~., -' _wil_ 'YOl.1mtM DOIl.at .11 w1't'J e\ 81aliUter .. aU-.!' 11, 4e 24, ,. 1, a. 2, ac1 4. !be 1A~rMt1rl8 JIOiAt 11 t..bat U1e v'U U not Ua4J'.ibC .. _lJl4Ulrl.na, in tbe til'st tAatlmt, those soou which ".,.rlr pt;'taln _ tbe }.over ,..n ot un. the ... point U aa4e UJUclt1¥ in tM tol..l.Dri.na ,.. ..... • Appetltat ht.IJm tat1cDaU .••• t 9.U1' coueqtlltv aw~1cmem rat~, R h;lo tiolt.\U" mow. l"&~lOW, _ .. , &Ctu voltmtatU. Set ",'ion a llP»~to4~Ucl_1' ... pOteat. ,Ura ._lft ., anolute. ...... 80111.t ._~iA aid Uaeu8iOPe app"". 41Ju41-t# CIt 'ialez "J~1Of;J,ea lHIquitr&r vol.atu ... 4hltu DOD al.1benta. AUa. .. t J.n9lUltJ.., .. 1140 80111"' aUG'" (JiM., bomua WJ.mal.UIIl, ~ ...... 1. nod. ..... f.nYeat;1pl, e' tal.ea a~~, ....u;.tv volurltlu _UM.ta. Patio ... 1oter.1O:r .. t4nen11 cU .. ~ u~lt, lat!'OWle .... --.ol.w.l1o.u. clrea teneM oUcere ~t ... 1 .-040 Ml'81to apJ,.beD41t boa .... ~lenI _l. ~l .... co~tJ et teo Mt,J.U1tur IiJ01iUaratJJ:m1a uterlorl.e,qid. 41cltw" ul.ectatlO; t.UiA "'" acc~l' lll.u4 quoe. cor lOr! 4electabUe e.ot ,,' tac"'~; ftl ... 1tlqll1nn40 .... l.tbera\" et \\me uon. po'.' aequt .ppeUtuI ante 4eU'bel'8t1Ollei'A t$:).1,., et Wno CQUu.Uft 4lelt\U" in 4eleota~. ltaUO au .. au,peri.or, qtd.a ,.r ..... us t4tn-enta .. iDtedlt, u4 80lUtA ae0un4um 9IG4 naulatv ra'ttlonl'bu aet.I'DU, noA .~tld' J..paaIl allqUllawtu nlat 4.1.1,*-_ l"d»"tu bona _~. U, ... 14, q. 3, &. 1. PoI'. 41acuas.on ot the ,,1l1" oatul"all,J 4ftaS.I'SDa 'tlae aoou· or tbe· IlOlWltellftwal. ,.,.. of an, 8ft de ,1aa&lce. t3 JIUtIa 4ll !tl!!b U· 30-36. u4l!a' w JlWE 1Pe!&9. PI-). -U1.

With the .. COD8:iA.ft'a'lOu .. a ba~, .. can ¥lOY

p&'OQ" 1:0 St_ ~'. c.Uae..a1OD of .. 0, ~ 1a tale

9S!!!!taD iB,JM.!!.el!PSft. Ibel'e 1. DO inteara1 ,.,cbo~aibal

aCCOlmt of tU .... a.c, &I .... Ul4 11; 1a "1'7 cUtfiaut ~ eon·

etwc't a _Dtuctul taeoJf _ tbe ~1ete h~ aet hoa tbe

_tcSal aa1lable. haa the accoun. p~t:4 1A .. tuB

~; we cau Mlect tboae tootoft vta.iGb .tQ.1t -.leO ~

fA the 25!!!!!!!tsze"" as1&!!!. 1M t1mt point, 1lben, SAt

tM act of 'a_Mo." !9!d5\&t ... P~lI - •• Of tM w1U

.. DOt of "'" tnuu..ct" .1ace l' ~ to ttlJA..-m...,

.~ 1S he not1oc of .!dmi!!d &9 ,ADMM"lDtzc4uCft ...... tlOa

of _ 4i.tltail.ce·of tba1; to wh1ch ,.. wiU JA teo4.trc. tt .. will

1ier4a iI:ao4iatelJto '-tb.ll1~b tbe act SA IUIt nte:md to .. ,

1i'5.!!i12 (~ tbe goo4 De the ulUtaat4 ... OJ' a ..... ~ Qat

ea4). lase,,! Sa poJel'qtbat "tot the wm l,q vhieh ODe , "

wUhQ to &ala ooe ~ 'bJ .ana ot anotbei" W,q. JltBil2 1a

PIOpIl'l¥ tZe ~t 'bcM.J:4 tIM eml, 1nat tt.~ the ......

B1ace tao o.r4ilrina Of ..... to .. 1& SQY01'f84, .Ma'lI U _14

to be pJ:'OJU:q u. act.ot the "W, ~ .. 1t eattJ.Da .. f J M. " r If' ,T" Lt I 4- .~ . ">. a . II

1.4a~"", .ptak1D6 tbe q,uat1lm of 1lbertt Of ..... 1 .. ebou14 be 41ecuue4 tidt, but as.a.. '1M .,...UO&1 ariMa 1& tb.1Ia work -l¥ Ja COIUleG\joa with \be later at. or 'l.H'IU, " '" beat lett till )A\W.

l'iflateAtio 4ID1a 41e1tur quIlal 1&1 al,*, teD4eH. ID~'" Aute 1n el.1cJd.4 N' UUU po""1&e ..... peJlt,lMt ~l .el t"upn aU9U4. Baec _tela., a,peU'_ .. 1 YOi.wltu, aon av:tea inMllecw.." U. 4 .. 38. ca. 1, a. 2.

15

MJf'ecticm of tale o1"4e:r1n; lntellen.1.6 .. llOtioA of t&ae

vUl to tM ecd .a obv.1nUle bJ the meau· U4 10 tlae .~

~l.YD !AI one· GD4 the ... ",.1.7 The .... of 19J!9!l2

follow. tIJOn· .. Judpm" of .. ll'!S!lel 1Ate11eo', a __ ~ t AI- t 'I i 1 it

l.6np. .. hoc autea quoO. 41cltw Itt 611qu1d ~. 1tGpGrta'faar ~ 41.~ Ullu iD quo4 al1q~4 teaU.iJ • J4ao flI1Ul4O ... titus tenv u..ata.te 10. aUqu14, DOrl 4101iur .... f.D.tentlo 11Uua, 81w hoe .it t1n1e u"SmwI, 81Ye 01t al.1q\U4 a4 tina ult1iWr4J ae4 qua. per umta quod VUlt JJ) alt. ~R nltltuJo, tiU .. in quod ~ nl.ltlU 41cltur .... tnt.elltl0. 8oc: taut. .. t. tW.: ~r qU04 1nteat:10 cU.olt.ur .... 4e t.tJ:ut non .~ .- 'IOllmtu UltlJ:tea aholute t'onur, H4 Ift\iIl.. ~. ex eo qU04 en a4 ·t$lltO,ia IIUd t.ut. VIde tntent10 m ratlone _. 0l'd1nerJl ~ untga a4 al.te .. ~t. 01:d0 au'- WJ.1u8 d altuua, _ u, aui. l*' Sn1.e:u.ctta, ~ eat; olU~. Se4 1D Ci\I1b\Usdam tnt.tl.lActllC ol'fllbaU a.,.tl~ 1n liMa .• , co$nc~ t»al appetltu1, alft' la baMntiWo totellec,,-, \attn hoau. e\ 1n auaelo. 111 ~ aq,** SA1ielle<:N o.nli .• u .. , MJUIIl-, .lcut til _tuaUbua, ... 41npnt.ur in tlue:l ablAtelJActu na\uru 1utltuente, " ttuerB ltD! pneel~. A»P8tltwl emtel1nteU-tul ocm~tuai vobul_ 4icltu71 ... ~'1 __ at. lft"l1eotu ".\*I'Il- ut .,,.,1 .. aeu1DilJa ., tla~. QlatIYU au_ C\lJUtU.bet; bol'\Ua .". ... U~ lnVla.\io ~18.1t, ,.1' pn8 ...... in YOluatate SAve· ltltur, ... ab b_Ueetll cocJuncto in f'iDIIm 41:rlal'&\u'J •• 14eo hte\lo ,n.o .. ,.1' .. _twa \'Olutati1a nca:lmt ........ in _ .. , ..sa 1J:1teUeo\Uaol'CUna"l •• «tIll 4. 38. q. 1, a. 3, c.

l\

11"1ta etSall' 41_ a.t eo quod ... a4 fS.Ilea# qt.Ua .. .......,. .. t q,vae ~.". "lOftel" t1uea, cple n1bllC111SAU batteD, in .. \\r&Q cteai4el1m'tVi et :S.ntaua llOteat volua. tani. 4up11-0''''' •• 1 ~ quod. .. »JQpilier f1.tla quaerit; et. aic lflea ..... __ 'WOluuta\la qui est lnttuea et ~1n 1).1Q4 .. 4(QG4 .. 1; a4 I~J vel RCwmtm tuo4 ''''0. aunt ~ .fta ... per •• 4eal44t.ra.llea, e' 810alJa ,.lim" 4e u~. s.l quaeda!a Ant. ... QOa .... ~\W" n1al 1A relatlolle ... tinu, \1t betlO n uatlo, ..ill taUlau rNriqulim ClUte" mottia YOlWltat1a, aecUPllllD q,uo4 voluntu tartur m uta ., ta t1DlD. eonat qtlta 1rl eo volwll'CU sum 1W'tw:'J alai tmo'*t lou".rantv ."b nlattone e4 t1.ee!L" 11, 4. )8, ,. 1, ... * t e. (See &lao a4 1. 6hCl a4 a.)

\~

16

apou. a ItpeoulAt1w ",.1.8 Illb 1n~ :taae vilO1e ... , ...

01 tM.liaal. ct....u\tJ 01 tbe iAte~ OD4vUl Ut '*"' ~ ac', At· tbU 1. a .»t<*l.Im ~tw bamllec1 at'teJ" U1S.D fiElIa&!

.aa4 .l.t9!&! .ft MeA tonal4entil.

fM' bU"n .pae11;J to,- t1'M4ora '0 n1!er.rM. .. COMb:ten'lI

aal:1lJ!e adt&'rJa, • v.u,t,,-l. -~ 10 _ ",.,~ wl.

Wblch at. ~ lIM tulUu.19

I.t1lMmJa at})1.trlusla uot; a 1Nt.', aa IIOlI'Mt otbu autJaOQ

wantacl to .oq. ao rlft, or &1.1, ~ a\ltbon .hue4 ... ,wor&

"liabU,," MaMM, t&\.1'- .tJl'1et. '*~ tlUa M_ ~ to ..

pJli.a4Sfla of _t'V'\7 •• raddecl t;O u. .m~lvo JQV81'; tbOM

Wbo ",1'" to •• lr 'tU .•• to ldt'l'U!!i am",'!!' boWttft'" tid . ,

ftO" waa' to .. it, 1a \h1. taahton. _the .. ,..., ....... it to r ,

.,... .. rurutr ~ 80"100 V1tb1a • ,JO'dJ', .. pe ..... u1Dl ~ a ,..,. .., ~Ot {:bat ,.,.,.t. oooplJ'8.UeA ws.. ~

i II d ,. r

"

l.8-1& ..... A\e~ J.n aUqtd4 .. , UUu ~'tM a4 ... ~ ~ w1 tue:eft 6\lJ4ui4. Iaee 6"'- ." _laDw, '.J:lOlt e.tRea 1flWl..lieotu.. .8c14 ~ eat quo4 u_~ jmt.dle. 4101" al.1qtU4 .. t~ Yti. ~ ••• , .. Ju41cl-~ ., lJQMCu\lOn1tJ a4 lnwl.leotta pmot'o_ ~. BOA .... .Q.Ia "....4ZGtlO _ ,,-. latel.1eewa __ .pectilatl ... __ f"IlIlt. a' pl'ORq.u1"l", uqao et1ac alJ.qt.lt4 4e tta~ et p~ Citeit._ -D1t.

lSroJ' ... laeu.S- of the t.lH of taw __ in weU'Cib att4 ~. "\U:qHtIaOnt., Me J)ca 040a lo'tUn, ' •• , *'iHl:JraJl, '-liS I! XU!! !!!sat. (QallU.* J. ~f 1;, '0 . Iji pp. •

~,ta ..,a&\. ~ la a.kina Ml'e or 8~ln' IoztaYeDtve. see p. 20&.

11

power. _ta,~· 1IdA, 1a tbe .. ~ of '1M. GaJ1na that

"_lUll !Ff!ltrll:w Ie • ~*!M'!'!!!ata!i! ., mteYu. Mo~, .,. s ... ~, tile .... _10,.. .Q' tb.eie

authOn 1a lue1t 4et1c1ent. It 1DteUect etJ4 w1l1 Are ooul-

4eHdM,aratell, theA ~ mt.tdum, all a taoiU"" . (te't&l1Sg> tOJ' act1oA, U it 1a not 4Uttrlot t:&'OS * ."..1",

YiU be Itnl.t a pclWV.' It intellect and.w1U are eou14eN4 ,

.a o:4e.red to one another. 1t d.oe!s not toUOv tba~ .. 14 ttle

hab'\ or the ctber, flU' • ~ CfU!JD.Ot be tile baltit ot .. •

St..fhomIe 40ft not Ule to _ll. ~ aU&!d!e

bUUllual potenq ,21 ftlr twol'ft8Ot)8. flat or .U, 1t 18 ~i: tho

ft17 nature or tbev1U to bill_ JOVeI' OWl" 1w ovn &¢tJ .. ao

tbe •• of ... tem babl"- tn 8DJ ftush10n it .... l.et4ina. lA

tl4cUtton, • IlabSt act cmq...on an ac~ ~ bu'.l10 pol '., (SA HaU., otCOlU'8e, to thtt pOWer .. lch 1\ pertecte. DIe

»Oh\' 18 that; tbe act of * ViU, beiDl& the rutt ~ DIU .a Gllft,

-=- beeq at t1laU toWbat U .'1 tor man, aml flO i_actr Sa DOt &004.)

w;Mne "!'lIt).",*, 18 tbu ...... Ubit, but ratbti' us.

al..\c:c~to !J)ttt1D., st, •. ~ 1JlheN 4.U:08 ",1ttl .. t.eacb1l:\a of Ale .... ot lalea. see p. 209. Ac. bQltu&l JOtAAql.a 4etine4 as a li!?M!!M lit ,JaMbIe 9lP:9A!i!, B!VJt1l! lut!!!!-

18

po1;Qq of .. , _, JOtecr wb,oM P1'OJtr act 18 to cIu:>oe •• 1I

A turtllerat.op 1s taken 10 tbe f'ol.l.ow1as a:rtlclAt.l1lere 'n' n n., till . I '1J1

2iU BNJ0.D41O 4t.ceo4tia, tp04 oUca hOe ~. 4luut UNJ'WI anl\l't., .. ~ ~u04 10 \1INra l.o\tmtUwl ~lt, ~ lab!" __ ....... ". ..... ,*iDe, et ~ti.,et acWia .J.p1t1oetv, .tout patet 1n ~ u.teu..ctu. qd 4ft. j,1O't$d_ ........ , at ac1iUla .. 1saU'#.~ ,""t. hnc· Ate Ub1_ ,.- .... ~1 '&ltd.tnt ""P:', nee CUotmt .," eUqucw ... Uta_~SM ~'" "' 1,.. h8b111_. pOt,ent1aea4 ac_, ft1 faclUtatea , .. baMt'tma JC)tcltla ex a4Ju~1o al.\el;"lUl ~ ·tIw ~MCWl6._ eo. ta$&ltaa 'f'OlwltatU et tattonu 4101 __ • Se4 baec: opltd.o QOll ~t4tl''i.lr nf)1I1n.e bUltwJ, quia 1lablt,ue, _cnm" PNPn.eta* .ul JlOIaud .. , _lpttl_t ..,U.tem ~_ quae •• t pt:£nclpiV/!'a aetru; intC1"JI!;Atem at _rt1ckntefa '**'*1 UIl40 OJ,IOrtet, .1 Jropd .• accSp1&tIU";. quoc1 .1t 8UI*).WQUtu P*mtJu; .lout pertocUo ,..!'tectiblU. Praeterea, 01 oona14emur aUG.to _lIm._, .. poteat .... ate! trlplJ4tteJtJ au\.q).104 \l~ "~ .. t1OUl.4er& .. " at .10conaw.t ~ ,,~ -tf, potentia, e\ ita ~ eo ... pm&tUJ' ,i.1MNia .,1>1,.-1. en .. potenf,Sa) "1 9lQ4 eoMt4e~tw.' ~ 1ft l'Upeotu alter1., et 1!IeC ate po1*' tU<t1 q,u04 WlID ... , ba\)ltua elterluj1 quia. ,otea-t.ia &\OIl ea' habl'M ~'fM, ... 1 NlaUD WI1U a4 altenm., nee hOc _ btiblw. MM. ~t. We DOn 114etv rat1oM\)1Uter 41n. qv.o4 U.Mrwa aftltrlWlllit. babltu.

"It 180 ~ 41wnt qu.o4 UMll'Wl ,,,",\ria IilGlIUMa' JO--u. AQrl .olU.tu~ .. bMlt\alN" 14 .. 1:. prout •• , pe1" ",t. ...... 1*"1--.. ..... w.... aC9'i'lt.wl Wi1 ~_, .. _tlm\~# ,. ...... 1-. ft.c1lU .t ta ... fAC't\I4" 1A_~ A 1\ Uf. 4Ql1D1ta .. 1 ......... 4tOAtV. k,,*, ftia:l GOD ... ~ OODWnJ..uu fI.'ll* .qvo4 _~ .... , 4ca.sJd .• aut ~, _ 1paa _\Va poteut .. balJe\ ~ "~' t..pel'llWl, ., a ~ ~taJ UD4e hue taollJ.'ta1*l" .. babn, ft IlOD _ aU.., _110 J:aa)ltG. ft ~ .~~ babltua .. batMtt ........ t. ... no». ._UO'1* Itttlel:t-wr actua, ... Mtw etnc1wr. Lt_w. ___ UbltriW!1 ad. elM'Uon1a fIOt\a .. ~, u.t q,uo taUA eo_ em. clt.u q.uandoqt.Mt ~ ___ • cr-~ au .. -.l.e, .... in4U't .... ~J \Ul4e I'!QA YS4e~r bUttum aUt-- 4eilipa.re, al. baD1 __ ,~ Ul.glpSatu~, Ml1l.l1ua JlOtentiM c". propr1e acwe .. , .~ .. quia l1bmla &JiJ1vlUm at 9lO -Ueltu tKm\a_l__ • If U, 4 •. 24, t.lt a. 1..

Al.so~ ",II! hu"'~ .leu't f..t1t.ra. c11c1\\U'" Jl\l~ 4etWUAt U-.NlI mlt.l"lWii UMl'Ufa 4e volwlta_ Ju4SCi:ua. Jwl101u= autera f10D I1OIIlna' potAnt,f.aII., eed-ata ttabltrai1. BrIO "14~1olr qUCNlliOll a1" po .. tSa. • •• A4 tens.-4~, 4,\104 Ju4lotum, P1'G»J1.e ~ DOn ncmd.rat. ~!U .. aoc .. ld .....

·:19

·were· IKItIe whO .. 14 *t lDJ •• tlltl!M .... l1ke .. unlwraal..

~ .b aU the· mt1<mal ~ot the fMNl. St. Th.olIa. dJtct;B

th1. toatl'u. OIl .ttr.e buU t.b&t, 1t the ~lft vue ·lWlf I theA

Yalta- adt&M1E ~ alao .. ttt.UlI IIf'99'4wa SSM" J\l.t .. ..".

IltfJ are Il!bl anJala, an4 ~ OM. AlflO ,. In'rlMl0 Ulwre

(mY!) of l.1btD!!. m&Kh!! woul4 bet toWl4 la ea. ,.....

!hD f.ol.llpOa.a", .taM the propel' act or &Dsla! saiki. procee40 t:roa a .~ ~ ~;r.

Otbt- aa14 tbat ·&~!ttHf erb&!t1Ya 18 .. to~fl G.OIaJIOM4

Of snel'8l pOwer$ wll1eb •• we u 1. tn\eFal1*l"ta. !b1.

opf.D.iOA to also mJ~; on .. ~ 'tbat poweJ'tl ca.rmot

fw\cUOrl. .. 1I1tesral ptJ'ta of aDOtMit ,..r it that ottler pcMtr

'- --.S4ezft aa .". " ODe pove. It. of ¢OW.'H, lli 1a eon

IldAtre4 OM cml1 in ~ "U" ot beinG aa ...... , __ tide

",,14 'be .... 1bl... SQt.s.ace oae act H upl.1clt:lJ _ipe4 _

the power Gt AlMm!"s.!!'.a& .. mwat eow.al4er it u OM

,.,.. -f.BlP11 ao4. It! II.

Fjalq, ·tatJ _\ion (Jf MBa .. r.b&!D!! as a babl' of . ... ,., ? I IS i" It

"'" r ... t' 1 , .

.... aetUit. lion. ~ 1.IMU11w.r \Ul\U$ blb1_ J8l' qua ~ Ju4U1Wli eUoltu.lti CWI MQ~ 41ftnoG ... 1 .. 1u 4.1wnu .JwUcla proceda\} nul torte 41c:uNa hal»ltu :l.Uaa p,,$IIOzva pl'tnc1piOnaa proP ooanlUo • __ 11* .. t Ina!_ DObl. eecaAla qu.04 10 0ZIfl1w. .1U4101ta 41~' ..... mUlU U'beJ'Wll a%bttt' .... 4SMtrett quiA DDA .. , prop:d .•• , prox~ Unto" .... 1ft .leoUOne aet.Um. Poteat _tel ad. UftD pOtent!ua Je4lJol __ Ju41olWl. .1ectltnd.a • .-t i4eo ~Uu bOo ··SlOlI1De acmua _tv lnteUJ.e1 JOtent1a cpaa bUltua." aI!- I 3 tud a4 3.

'20

wiU and. 1ntelJ.ect \opther 1. re:tute4 \)7 at. 1'boIaaB, on tu

gtoull4al t.bat a tab!t 1. alvqa attached to a p8l"tlQular power"

aIl4 ... lAtH to tbe pl'Oper actint, of tba't power.23

Bow then 18 l1!1!ne arbltE1ya to be upla1nc4t St.

~. alloW. t01: ~ tne ot· CQ!\p08itlon, i.e., v1rtual

OCIIlpoelt1on. Be explalws ttll_ b7 preMnttns the tbeol7 fid,the

.. catton ot ~n t:rom- the soul.

9lere 18 an orCler or oristA; tat 1., the presence ot one power preauppOeu 'tba't ot another a. mediate between ~ aoul andlt. We can ... trb1a tl'OrI G c<m$i4erat1on or • ac," at tbe8e powen. 'or Ule aot or ... powers nec ... arllV prea~ppGMa tblit ot ... others) tOJ' U8t1ple, tile act ot III ... '1t1ft power dema. the act 01.' a coptts. .. power. JU1; as • &1"-' power uto in 'YiJ'We of .. , 1t l .. received hera the essence ot the 80\\1, " OM power acts in .1rWe of wat it bu rece1Ye4 tl'all a preoetin& ptMtr. • •• To cbOo8e (vlrdob 1& _ }U'Opel' act of M!!m!! arbU!'1t!!), prbUpp0M8 lmovl..e4p an4 4eaire, to chooae 18 to opt tot' one obJect ratbel' tban another. Knowledp an4 4ea1.n, ~, are ,.rteote4 in ~ ur1 viU. And. .. Uberu=\ arblwl_ acta 1n VIrtue Of 1Ibe wlU aM ""., aI14 thU 1s Vhf 1J4Uret'ernd to as tacuJ.teg DaMe.t&! .t mt1onY.

23AU 1al'ft ot th ... op1nlone Mem to be thoae of St. Donavent.ure. See 1.ot'tlD, p. 211.-

24"lleopOndeo 41ceridwa, qu.0I1 CJ,Ul4am p'"l»t'UUt, Uberu:a &:'bl.WilD &\011 .... 4eteZ'iltlnata= potentlam, .... coll.J.aere 0IIIleS y1ree _15101laUa '&il1taa., liout totta. w1i.'V'8I'Hle 8UU partes. Boo.\Item tIOIl rt4etur eor.mm1ella, tlIB C1\11a oportel'fR quocl .. mult1pUcatta pote&ttU •• , Ubel"W'4 arb1tr.tum IUllt1pl.lcaretur HClWdWa ea.et IINltl erWt JItJm1nea aunt mula ant-U.e, et Ma UJ1\IiI' tufI quia oporteftt CJ.U.04. ratio Uber1 atbltrl1 in e1rl&Ul.f.a po_nUs.. aal.Yal'e:tut': qt.J04 lG'l potftt ._e.. qUla actus qu1 Ubero arb1trlo a.1181*tu.r.. non _tcuJual1be\ potent1ae, ad alicuJwt 4e"':rrWlatMt.

tlb 1d.eo aU! diCNht qU04 Ube:rum al'bS:tril.D ccUS&1t !;UfU potentJ.aa, .teLlt totull Antepale pane. auas. lee boo arteNa ~ Y14etur: .1& potentia. DOD J088Wlt .... pLJWa

What JI. t.h1e power or lt1!MtJ;!9 afb"r1\!9t Ia 1t "

41.'1110t power ttolD 1Ilteu.ot aM wiU! There were ... 25 VbO

S&14 that J.&beDJ N:lt'~'" 1. a cltat1nct power capable of

Ju4I1D8 about the acta ot all tile other povel'l of tan. at.

!borIu reJects ttl1, notion oa the lC01'8 tbat tbe a'b111_ to Ju4p •

atearalee aUcuJuo \miD .1 aoc1p1Atur WlVtll aJ.IapUo1ters uleli. torte 41catur W1'UI1I quod. eat ..... ttone vel. cml1ne unum. .L11MUurl an.1trlum non 4ebet eia .... W'NIIl, ee4 81mpl101ter, CUll 81_1 un'" actua attributQr. '

"QuUu autea& cUcunt quc4 l.1'bfm.Ia atbltr1wa eoWslt pl.1mta potAmt1a8, IciUcet YOlunta'ta at rat1of1ell, 110ut bal»ltws ll~, PJfC)pter quod. :awl .. YOlwltat.1e. et mt1on1B 4J.cltur. Sec1 .ttam bee impl'Oprie Ucltur. quia 8' JlOII4itn habitue proprte .umat.tu:, DOn·poteat .... imrae41ate wme bab1tu 4\1ara p)tfmtSANm, fJ.'d.a WlUa bab1t.ua ad. UI1UIl ac\ur.l ON.1EI&tur, t.u1 .. t un1U potents.. ••

"&t 14eO altter eat 41ceD4la quod aliquid 4J.cltur coWsere pl.ura dupUclter: uno IIOd.o eaaent1aUter, 8leut ~ col11-att parte •• uuJ a11.o modo '91rtual1ter, alout qWU140 vb'tua plu .. rtwa l'el'Ult 1n uno :patt1clpe.tur. Se~ hoc 8r4O cl1co quod. M-

UbeN'! tU'bltrtum non coU1a1t plUl'Upoteatiaa .... nt1aUter, ae4 rtrtul1ter, quae1 WJa potentia 4ete1"&l11 .. ta. Ste 4tillal eat in potentlU an .. , c;1GCl cum oranea ab .. aentla an1&aae odantUJ', ... t ):ropr1 •• te. ab eaaentlaUlNa ret, eat temen qta1d.am o:rdo buJ\lIIIOIU ori&1u18, \1t ,cillcft on.go \Ultu po1;entke o~ alter1.UIIl pmea~ti .. mecUante ql.lOda!1lDlO4o o.b enentla &n~ proce4atl quo4 ex actlbul cone14el'Wt potea'_ Aetua enilu lUll_ potentlae 1l8CeI8&r1o &ctWA clte~lus Pl'UII\lppcmltJ 'ieut actus appetl~'" act. apprehtm81w.e: et W4e eat fI&04 81eut vil-twa • __ ttal entmae 111 potentia rel1~tv I ita etiul 'Y1rtua un1ua "" "1\ potentiAepn.ece4ent1a relJ.Aqa1tur in aUbeequentlJ et 1.nde _t quo4 aUp :potentia virtu'" p1ur1Um potent1arwa 1n .. col11-att. et 810 eat 1n UbeJ'O 'cu:tJltrto, qu.o4 ex aotU, eJus patet. BUaen ena", qUOC1 a~ .Jus ponltv", 1ml'JOrtat cUacl'Ot1cmflu et ... i4eJ'lUDll u.n4e auaere eat alterum alterl p~. Haec __ duO 11M virtute YObmtatia et nt10cia pert1cl rtOI1 J08.Ui1t. Ua4e patet quod Ubenu arb1trium Ylrtuta vol.W:tt6tia et ro.t1on1a <=oU.1&1tJ proptV quod. l'acultaa utrlwaque 4101t\&1'. tit II, 4. 24, ca. 1, a. 2.

'5I4ttlD 1II8r1tJ.one St. Alben the GJ"eat. See p. 213.

22

~t the acta or other powers ahou14 belODs to tat power

wb1ch baa ewq over the other pQWera J aa4 tble 18 tbe wlU ..

otben26 8&14 that atnoe choice 18 a 4U'teren't ac:t

tl'Qll 8i1lple vi-lUna aDd tl'Gl ~, ~t IIUt be the aot of

• power distinct. from wUl. and. ftUOG, 00I2Iell0v "beWeen" \be,

UdaGlMlbOli "alter·' both of them. Insofar aa "rerum &p'5!1U!!

preauppoaea both ~aoll aD4 vUl, .. we IIlV above; 1t CQUU

after both. It _110 .C01IH atter the will 111 41pitl, Cllnce

1t.a obJect 14 tbe good-tn-relation, wbe,.. tbe ob.1ect of the

'will :la, the aoo4 81.nlplJ. But I1I1ee It part,lc1patee epll¥

ot intellect. (trQa wbicb 1t zrec.l .... the power to Juclp) .. anA

of vUl (1a tat 1t 4ft!NS), It uma14 lie placed. ~ reuon

aDd. wlU.. 8t. Tbomae teela t.bat tbll opWoa. 111 ... the point.

The moat profound PQ'ChOlosUta bad. not 4iacoven4 1n the

lntelJ.ect1ve pan of mn &Dl otber pow.rI ba14ea 1ntellact

anA vru. ADl tbe act of chotce Itself 1. an appetttlft act

conta1n1Ds b·.lAment at reuon or 1cteUect ... lAce 1t 1&

p.rece4ed. b7 an act of counsel. Cb.olce 18 tbereton prlnal,pa,ll:y

8ft act ot the VIU, but. n01t ablOllIt.e~, 8ince theN reaine 1n

1t aD elem.«1t. at 1!'8a8Otl. It 18 calle4 MW R!'!!SO!!!f.~lI\1 • 1 •

23

.B

a;ttQulcla1a .Dia pommt l.iberum arbltrl_ .... una potent1ul ba __ 'tIm J\d1clum auptr acta omnl_ potent1arum: propter quod. 11bena fU'bltrlW1l noa1Datv.. q\I04 JUCUclua 1uspon..t. SeA bOo aon V14eturJ 9dA JWUcare 4e actlbua cms:d.\1nl potenUaNm non poteat COD'fttD1ze allew. pot.htiae ... 81t al1u4 Cl\IU volwltaa .,.1. :ratiO. praeclpue CUfI Anlelnlua Unt ••• quod ¥OlW'itaa .. , tID'- oems... vlJ1.uan oponet eSla lR' .. quae eat lJlHania super aUu 4011linlt.IID e\ 1mperlUdl babat,;

"All1 YaH al1a yia a4 boo aowntw:' -s1a 14ol1ea, aclUcet ex d1veraltAte CleW_. V14ent enJ.m eUgere, quod eat anua 11ber1 al"bltrilj .... al1u4 CJ.uaal _11 .. a1llpu'clter, ., aUu4 quatl n.UOnc1narl.J et 14.0 itl4\1c\ID~ hunc aetwu 111 qUMdam potent1am a wluntat.e 8t mtione 418tlnctam, cpa Uberum aZ'bltl'1wll noaalDant, quod ;pommt quodaIao4o JIeCllum 1nter YOluntate et l'Iltionta, et quGC1amDIo4o poater1_ \tUaq\tej aecun4\lIa en1ra <ml1nem aatlU'ae et 41pltatla oportet 'qu(d utramqutl aequatur, BolUcat voltmtatem et ratiOne, OWl UMNtI ezbltrlum ait a1:» .&entia u2_. ~, pmesuPPOSlta l'Iltlone et voluntate. quod et1u ipH actua oatea41t, qu1e. eUgere POD eat D181 priUs aJPreheneo tlne per r&t1onen\, et deat4erato per "IOlunt.ateah Detlclt etiam a 4t.snltate -.olwltats.a .. cuJu oe.Jectuia eat pr1Dclpale bonUII, 8clUcet t1nUS l.1berl.\ltem a:rttltrtl o'bJect.wt& eat 1ec:un4ar.1wa __ , quod eat eUs: a<l nn.J .. 4j;Wmtiln ad part1cipatlonem proprietat1s tav' ~, na .. t\U'Ul .all .. .,., ut ex ratlone b&beat 3u4101=, et ex 'fOluntaie 4eo14er1Wl, eecundula quod .,1rtu1;el praecentlWl potent1arwla in aequent1bwl .reUnquunWr, tat 41ctlw eat. Sed 1atu4 1fUetur ~, ate1 probabl1iter u.tur. quia pbilOaoph1 qui powtttSaa aulae aubtl11ber 80Ntat1 aunt, IlUllalll poteottam in 1Dtellectlw paI1Ie pnetar volwitatem 8t :rationeDl, .1ve tntelleetl18 poauel"Unt, et 14eo DOD ~ quo4 liMnv. arbf.tr1um a1t alta po1:entle • 'fOluntate et raUcmeJ. quo4 et1M .. auo .otu patet. Diclt entm Pbll.oeo)hua, ..... quod elec:tl0 .. 1 8.t 1ntellectua appetlt1YU1, _1 appet1tu lnteUeetf:vu •• et hoc mapa v14en\ur I ..... zt. aoaare, quod elect10 a1t actue appetltue voluDtat1a, aecun4ua tamen quad .aet lD _ Virtue _tlotU8 n 1nwll.eo": quod. .1c patet. Quan-4~ 801m. .. t. aUqu1a actwl ali.cuJu8 potentiae IeC1.Ul4wa quo4

frI\ ~ SA ea 'rirtua al.tel'1"'!, Hrapel' lllAit actua 1111 potent.tae attl'lbultu.r _ mediante pro4ucltw.". Venl ar&tia, lDtellectue

\f\ prJ.ncl~ eat ... t1o .. autem p1'Opne .... at tac1ena CNZ'l"ere co'"",-U cauaatUIIIJ Wlde pxopr1e actua xaUcmla est 4ed.uc .... pr1nclp1Wl1 in conCOlualonea. Boe w&O ,1104 eat concl.u8tonea

1 .Ucue •• , actus atJ.OD1., .. cW'l.dWa quo4 raanet 1n - vlJ'tUa intellectual un4e liiiIh propr~ attr1b\dtur mt10nl q,uaca iii ... ). .. leotu1. Ita et1u electloDe:ll ,raececUt caulll.um, " " • alc:.t.\t

The fourth obJection "to th1e .am. article argues that

8ince choice bean upon meana, and. vl11 upon \be end, tbe7

muat be two cU.atlnct powere •. St. fhOG18a reaponda tbat a ~

18 alao seen as a &004, but 'that it alao brlnp reason 1nto

tbe plctwe, \)1 rea.on of its relational upect. !be or4er or

lIlfIIWI to end 1& apprehell4e4 'by thfi :1nMllfgt. and 40ea cot .erve

to 41st1np1oh two typea ot aREG&\&ft powera.28

To the ttIth obJeotlon, whlob .,.SUed tbat a power that

can .JWlae about actions muat be 41tten.mt trom ,the power trom

Wteb then JV4ae4 Gct10ws proceed, ·St._ TAemas COW'ltera that

th1a WO\114 inwl-ve U8 1n. an 1Dt1n1te reams, (since the acta •• p .

41opu.tat1o ccme1wl1oD.em; •• t en:lm electlo pmecoul1tatl appeUtuaJ at ita el1gere .rtf, pr1ncl,po.Ute:,. actua YOluntau.., DOn tu.en aHolut8, led. ncUJl4t.a quod ua&net J.a .. vinul intellectua, .... 1 ration1. COfUll1~t18J unde aic COflaidel'atam ~luntatem DOGa:1llAt l1ben11'A ar\)lt~, crt. non abaolute." D, 4. 24, q. 1, a. 3 ..

2Bt,t\4 Meur:ulum 41cendwa, quod. voluntaa ut 4eUbe11lta *' ut 1WotlU'a non 4U'ter'Wlt aeCWKlwzl 8.aentUw potentu...tl quia DAtuale at d.eUbel'atorlwa non INnt 4itterent1ae wlwltat1e aeo~ ee, sed. eeoUbCl.ulll quo4 "qul~ Ju41c:1t.W ratlon18: fl&lia 1A :ratl .. eat aUqu14 aatumllter cogn1tum ...,1 pd.neil1_ ~trabUe 111 operab1lJ.bua, quod, .. habet p8r lIOClum tint., quSa 111 opeablUbuG t1010 baM' locuta prineipil. • •• Un40 lUU4 quod ti.nb .t .. t bomin1a eat natUl'aUter 1n irat10Ge cOQjl11t.QQeaae 'bomaIl at; appet.end.um, crt 'fOlwltaG COAHIJdIIlIJ latut coanlt1oftem 41citw.wlw1tae ut. t1Atl.U'a. AUqu14"1'O eat cop1tum in rat10ne per 1nquUlt1ocem ita 111 ope.ratlV1a 81Cut 1n apeculatlV1aJ et utZ'Oblque •• clUee' tam in 8:p8cu1.atlv1a quam in operau'Y1s, contlnalt 1nqul:entea raUonem orran) uDCle voluDtu quae talea ccsn1t1oMm n.t1on1a sequitur, 4el1borata 41cltur; et in ltomam et malum tenden poteat, sed. non all e.o4er;a 1r1clJ.nante, ut 41ct\a eat." II, 4. 39, q. 2. a. 2, ad 2.

25

of }';'Hl'UlI arb&k&um can aliso be known). Bather we ant.

at thoae powers in man whlch are capable of retlect10n on

their ovn acta, 1 ••• , intellect a.o4 wl11. The Judtpent made

b)r U'perum amltr,lum 18 calls the "JudSAftt of choice," or

the "tnte Judpnt of tbe w111. It The tree4Q.1l or· tbe choice,

he Ba78, 10 lOOted 1n the nature or the will.. 2g

!low we should tlU ill \be plcture a 1>it, bJ cona14el"1rla

sav UOft, the movesnent Of tbe will to the en4 ab!!~k

(bonum a1mR1121ter, borluIa in unl~raa;y" etc.) '8 parallel

to tbe moveuent or Datuml appetltea toutKl on the DOrlcognltlve

level and. to the ~t otanlmal appetlte to the good Hulbq

known. AU 01 these l$O'Veaenta are Wnat\IftLl," 1.e., cleWl"8l1De4.30

29uAcl qulntwa 41c:en4u~ quod non oport;et quad Ju41C1UC1 actus cuJUal1bet potent1ae pert1neata4 alum poteQt1t.W, quia e1c ulretur 1n 1nt1nltwa) H4 eat 4even1re ad. summas potentw, q.uu super .\lOG actU8 retlectuntur, steut eat voluntas et ratf.oJ e10 J4eo non oporwt quoS. 81t ala potentia Ju41cana de aaw vohmtatl. et rationuh Jtl41cium autera. Un:-! a.rb1v11 1ntelUg1tur Jl,.141clum elec101on1. J undo quod. 41cdtu:r liberum c1e 't'OluntAte JwU.clwl, 17 "de" non dcmotat. C3ueam _terla1em, quasi voluntaa 81t 14 de quo eat Judicium, aed. or1sJ.nern l.1bertatle. quia quo4 electl0 a1t Ubera, hOc eDt ex natw\vvoluntatla. 4t U, 4. 2~, q. 1, a. 3,·ad. , •. 'l'be .rete:rence totntel.llJct an4 w11l u capable of retlect10n upon tbe1r own acta and the acta ot one another ahou14 not be taken as a cODatltutl .... elemfmt in at. Ifhc:amaa'a I1OtlOil of heedom at tbla earl¥ per104. '.l'be retl.eeti\'e power of intellect and '1111 40ea .not. occur in aDJ other text 4caUna with treedcxa, and in this tat. It 18 peripheral to the ~. problem; it answers a totau, 41tterent qu.eatlon.

lOse. I, 4. 48, q. 1, a. 4; II, &24, q. 3, a. 1; II, 4. 39, q. 2, a. 1; II, 4. 39, q. 2, a. 2, ad 2; III, 4. 11, a. 1, q. 3, ad. 1.

26

Btat v1'ult about ~ lIOVewent ot YO~W 9:t 1"attot

The 41ecua1on of r,...",. 18 .. vieW to tlle area of \1I!!!j'\!!

!mltr1u• o.az. to1'eaolna ccmal4el'atlou bave bl'Otl8bt ua to

*t paln'vben 11tl!a ,a£!ltrlU13l 18 eecm to be U. power of

tbe tree choice or meaua, • ",1" ne141q 111 a wlU 1Dto.rse4

bJ Z'tIUOU (1 .... , .. poat4elu.ratl,.. will); tb.e t~ of the

power of choice 1a 4u.e to the nature Of tI:le lntellect1"

boult1ea of "10ft aDd. tdn. (We will Me tb18 110ft 1rl

4eta1l .• ) St. fbcIu baa ,tated. 1ZU much in the tint tbnIe

lU"Uelea of n, 4. 24, q. 1.

lD the toll.ovl.l1a tiatlnctlOD, tbe 'l\lUUon 18 bu4184

wltb. snater prec1alOA. '1'be pec\lUar Mtute or an 1ntel.lectual

1Mt1n3 tat aUovo tor tJoee4cm 11 that such • be1a8 1.& capable

of 4etarm1n1ri8 ltael.t to Betton. Wbat 40ea tble cnee.at Ieairm.SQI

v.tttl the pJ'OpOaltton tbat an apo,' r.rn.u.t be 4eter.alr.1e4 to a PlrU

cular goal betc>n " can act, St. ~ coae14en tile wrlou.

t.neo of 4eteJ'l'nlDat1on· that are pou1b1e. li.'ft.r;v deteJ'll1Mt1OI1

or an aa-t to an act10D preauppoau, .. we KW ...... , ..

If.nowl.edp Of the eu4 at that Mt1on. Art4.wm. lcrlOW1ecS&e can

e1tber 'be Preset&t 1D the aaent or 111 the taaker ot tile aaentJ

_11 18 the n4ica.l c.Uttetence betweeQ asenu, tbat ac:xae

4e'tel,dne _ ... lfta to a aoal &n4 to act1cm, ea4 .... 40 ~ •

• t no Mini can 4etentlrle lteelt to ,. .-1 uol.eu It ._

pmI' 1cDovle4p or tbo pal M Rueh, 8Jl4 of \he proper a:aeaca

\c.

to :reach the aoa1. Sl&Ch a knowl.e4ae 1, lnteUectual, ad tot.an4a

what St. 1'baaaa reters to as JW1ic:ium 4e amB1a !ct&aQ!. It

is 1D the power of tn\ellectual. betnga t.o chOoae tb18 or tbBt

action, aD4 ttm, to be -..ter. or their own acta. .... ~

mean1Da or tree4cm 1& tbua eelt-cletefti1natton to one or .. ,

another action relat'lw to • aoa1.. 31

There are 10M CODtwtiq elaumu in th1a preoentatloo

of the pl'Oblea, becal.llle Ot the temptatIOn to lDter.p.ret thu pa8_.,. 1n teJ'm8 of St. !b<Daa '. later an4 much mo:e aoph1stl

cate4 doctrine on~. The analIal* of tlle tree aot in the

9s!!etaR on tbe S!Qtee!! 1'8la1le& cmlr ft&1le1¥ I 1t at eU, to

31"-.pomleo 4lc.,s .. , q\104 nShll astt ntll ~ quod eat 1n actu; et 1rl4e e.t q\&OCl oJOrtet oame "gene ea .. 4etcmalnatum a4 altel'8m paneDI quo4 erda a4 utl'UllUlMtt. .. , MtuaUter .. habena I eat quodanac40 potentia reapeetu .tr1uaqu8 J .t lade at, qu14 ..... ab eo quo! eat. ad. u.tnlmtl1bet, 1lJ.b11 Mqutur, n1al determ1tatW'. Determlnatl0 auteu1 aaentta e4 aUqua&a acttonera~ oponet "*'" a1\ .. aUp JlOplt1ou pnutlt1.Umw t1nem llU aCUon1. a.4 cogrd.tlo 4ete:rmt.-na act10rlea et paeatltuena t1neD, 1a qu1'buc1&w quUem conJw1cta eat, 8tCUt. homo tinea .uae aet1on1a 81))1 pre.eetltultJ 1n qulb1.1flldall "%'0 separate. eat, 8leut in hi ..... &pnt pel' nat\u'ali. JV'WI& _111 _tunU .. act10na POll aunt trutm •• .. .. aM a4 ceI'tGe ts.nu cmUaatae ab 1.Dtellectu

'?? _tuzu Snatltwm.te; ut .1e t.otuol o~_tiIU'U .It quodaaa040 opus inteutpnttae. .' •• S10 areo pa:tet quo4 haec eat cu.tterentia 11\ apntibua, qu.1& ",**, •• 4tttel'Ia1Dan1; alb1 ttnem et actum 111 tine 1lJ.u11l, quae4am wro UOiU uec al1qu04 &geM t1ne1l alb! pmeetS_ ... potea't D1al ra1;:I.onem fiD1a coauoecat et or<UJ:tea eJua .quod est ad t1ntD lpeura qy.o4 IOluII in ~t;1'bUe inteUec\Um eat. ~ 1nde .t q.uo4 Ju4~ de act10ne propria eat ao1wa in babent1bWl intellectua, ..-1 1n potestate eol'Wll oonat1tu:ttD .1t eusere bane actloDem vel lUamJ UIl4e et 4om1Dl_ ald. act .. babel'e 4.1c:unturJ et pmpt.er hoc in 80118 lntell.ectum balMmt~UII U'beruta ubltl"1wa tnYen1tur, non aut.ea in 11Ua quorum ao1:o1AM. non cletetnl10antur ab Spate asentlbws I 884 qulbuedam aU18 caualB prloJ'lbua." II, 4. 25, q. 1. a. 1.

"IIlQU experience. fhe h1abl¥ pWllcmaU.atlc, ex»ertent1al,

an4 1rlolUal_ 40ctnne or h1a later vr1tinsaS _ou14 not be

nsad into the Cgcpentaq 99 W!! §e1?&c!J.32 In tbe 1J..Sht

Of wtaatwe h£1ve MftU 80 tar, theA, the statea1ut, "Sis!IM!

ftMriatoant albl t1!1..!e. ".b.ou14 not be 1nterprete4 u

reterrlDa to heec1cm vith npri. to en4a, blAt mtber to tbe

knovle4ae of elltls a. such. Pnted.an j 1n the CC!PMtea: OS

M!! S!p.1!P9!! , Sa treedaa Of .Isu and the act otcholoe

(!lpstl0) bean OAll upon .an.'. :h1ted.oa of choice 1a

1nberent 1n tbe vl~lJ \hI. treedom 18 exerci8e4 when, alter

tile J.DteUeot baa pzeaent.e4 to tbe vUl an end aDd ..... zoal

poaa1b1e meana to tbat eM; the will chOOaes one uau ratber

than aftOtheJ' Ceas act19El!a XI). 11J.e).

1be ana1lel~ to the t1nt ObJect1oc to tb1s a"tole

.. nee I to elaJ'u, th1a poln't. ,. ObJeCUon ~ tbat

l;D!rwa amlUh! QIlaDOt be 1a God, beOauae choice 18 not

towut. 10 0041 uae nuon 1a tlsat *10. toll.owa t.lpof1 d.e1.1'bera

tton, VlUch 1a a Clhcurel,. inIIUl'J or ftIUOll. St. '1'I:aGuae

reapon4e that, .. in aU other cas.. vhertI the" 1a qu.eatlon

of p:ed.1cat1P8 a pertectton or 004, ". 1lWIt. oept. tbe

cle1'icieDclea tOWld at the mMIIaD lAWel of tbia pertect10n

32"'.fbe earq texts 1UUJ't be torcecl vltb 1'8pr4 to the question of ex:pft1enoe , unl.eea, .. 18 otten the cue, tb.e experl.eut1al re1'enmce 18 81alpll Deslftctel '»1 the au.thor." Oeorae P. JUuMrtanz, 8.1.) "!'be Root of hee4cIm 111 St. '.ftrlc:aa.'. tater WorM".' 9DaoriDm5m XLII (1961)f ,p. 716.

29

(4etlc1enClea not inherent 1n the perfection ltaolt, but

mtber 1n the receiver) and we IllWIt pre41cate Of 0c4 oalJ

the· tntr1nsic re.t10 of the perfection. In the pnr.ent cue,

tbta means that what IWDt be negated 18 the 4eUbero.tlve

tnqu117 whlch precedes tree choice at the human 1eYel. Wbat

we can eq of God 1& that the 4etel'mlnAtion Of H1a actiOn

ta hom BSUelt and not tram another. !he intrinsic mtio,

of 11!?!ru:l lu:"b&tEi_ 18 thus predicable or Qoc\. i'Ilua, vhU.e

there 111 no contradtctlon 111 thoU_ or an aot of tree choice

DOt consequent upon deliberation over meatU'J to an appreberl4ec1

6004, aueb a noudel1berated, nonrelational act or choice 18

not posited by St. !bema. as occurring at \he hu1Dan loftl.

The Intellectual act of dellbemtton about means,

preceding the act of chOtce, 1a caUe4 coea1J.19!. 92U1\19

18 bad 01111" when the means to the· end a" not teen .. deter

minate, ablOlUtelJ nee •• eU)' means.33 \'he YOluntaq act of

couent to the mana tollova 1mrIecllatel¥ upOn the !9fUlll1ua.34

AD we haft aeen, 'Wt10 (tile act p!Oper to U!l!ue am1tEJu!)

18 tOftmu, an act or tbe vill to1lov1ns (til aan) an aot or

33"J)1~ ad p11.m8a quaeatlon.ea quo4 eeet.Ul4wl .RallolOpb.ua tn III Btblc • • • .. conal1.1uttl utqueatlo 4e opemb1UbuB • noble, non tamen 4e ormlbwh Quae en1ll1 d..~ta aunt quaUter t:lere 4ebeut, 81cu.t U~ f1&\UU, 1n 4WlltaUOnel non everd.Unt neque 1n quaeatlonemJ et ita de 018 non .. ~ con.tUa. 1I Wi 4. 35, q. 2, a. 4, sol. 1.

3&. ... "" .• coneenau, qui 4el1berat1onem OCMeq,u1tur." II, d. 24, q. 3, a. 1, ad •

30

deUberation.3' Bleet19 40ea not bear .upon the enCl) 'bUt 01111

UpOn tile meane I a:n4 1s thUD an act or Blp. ut l'9!Wt 11. ,olunp, It -ppja- The preciae .... , tben .. :tn vh1ch UbIJa

-mittie 1& called a EMnUa 18 not tIlat It 18 a facu1t~,

(1.e., • t1Uill1tatf:ve acc1c1ent or the 10\11 conatltuttna the ,

proximate principle ot actlon), but ather that 1t 1& 8Q

tta\)ll1t,· o~ the vUl to choo" treel¥.36

the doctrine ot St.. 'lbaJIae Ie later vorU 41at1np1ahe8

the Ube.rt7 of Gpec1tlcatlOn tram tbe 1.1be1"t7 of exere1!!i that

le, 1n general, tbe Ubert7 t'J'ca • nec:eaaltJ 1mpoaed bJ the

35See alao I, 4. 41, ,. 1, a. 2, a4 1J n, 4. 38". 1, 8. 3, ad ,. II, 4. 40, q. 1, a. 2, III, 4. 33, ~. 2, a. ~, .-. a, ad 1, IW4 IV, 4. 1+, ct. 1, a. 3, qa. 2, e. . .

36MUJ.vle coo.clu41tur li_rum aritltrt\JII debet .... poteDtSa .t elu8 actus.lt e1lpre. 8e4 bene atteDdaaa ad. 14 quod 1 ... \l1-tu.r 1ft ntepou1oDbua a4 4ubSa, l1easpe QUO aeu. Ube1'\lA arblt:rlula 41catur tacult.aa. Pacul.tu aenau proprto a1srdtlcat acc:i4eua UJ.ud. iD __ re .. lU_t18 quod oonaUtult pl'1nclp1ul:l ,l'OXimUzIl asendl almpUclter. Hoc aute:a 8e08U tacultatea d.uu tantwa ..... in .11* 1am ex S. ~ retuUmwI .,1 praec1ae boa eenau iute111&1 Uberum arbf.trlual .... potent1U ~t. Dlcltv isltllr ll1c l1Hl'lal ublt1'1U11 .... potentia IeD8Q ._loalco aecun-cba ~ ~ ~l ra.ltateJt, non 'auteD .eCWldum quod. .. Utat lU& pJ'1lle1pta pt'OlCJ.aa. Bt 11le ..... orAtnal'1u e.t qui reepon4et tdo cOi2llZftUll quo wcatur .tacultae etSn ,otea\u qua al1t,td.4 babetur ad. mrt1D, \UJ4eet 41V1tiae llOc HIUtU po88lUlt 41ei facultatea. QUa autem ex ltbero arbl"riO a4 mttuaa balaetu' eo.a elecUor11a, 1a1tur tacultas l.1'berum arbltrS.um 41cltw.-. Itlllo modo 181tur S. J)ootor, cum ~t llberum arbltr1ual potent1am, YIllt a1pU'lcare tawl"" ut aUquod pr1nclplum p~i:u.rl opeZ'&Dd1 elapUclter, ae4 potlua a11q\i8Al poteetaten, cple eat in pecuUo'V'Oluntatia, qua.cl1tpt Ipsa JOint 11bere .1~" llamttl, ~ P,i_U ~J)IdD!M De ACf!a! Iha!!!i! gormJ.!to in 0J>!r1bWi ~ {M1la1l, 19'9), p. 21..

7

31

obJect (wl.le boS _1 &:y,ys.> :I.a d18t1Dau1abe4 tro!4 the lDert¥

at the act (!!:L1e es1!o Q9!j! !J!ll.!). Ie such a 41at1net1on to be

t0un4 in the Ps!J'W!tall sm, \l!!"S,sM!aSn" !he tact; that the

vorda .,rc:ltiUBl and. !eecU1CAt&o 40 no'" ocCUr meane noth1nS;

<as we abaU aee, the 41ltinct100 18 ellaI'll mentioned 1n tl1e

!!! Verlte1i! neG thWSb theae term. are not wse4). It 1&

41t:rletotlt to tlnd ~ text in the ~ on,..ten! fAlst;.pse

which apeaks clearq of a l1bertl fit exerc1H at the buman

level. Lott1n teele tbat the tollov1ng paeap att:rlbutetl

liben, of .xercue to Qc4 e.nd to UMm' "":Jid. in geMral.

It 18 not of the nature ot 11Ml:!S H'»~t;'!!l to be 1n4etel"llJ.ne.te vltb ~gar4 to goo4 aDd. .vill tor U!!!:rwa *1l!W&e Elr I! 18 ordered. to the &004, linee the &OOCl 18 t.be obJect or the vlUi and lDeIle mit!'!. 4.oeInot ten4 to ev1l, unlef.l:l throush 'QQe mlatake ev11 18 apPrehendecl as eoocl, .s.nc. IlOth1ns 1. choeen lUll_a it 18 &ood or at least appears &004. !heretore wbel'e the ms&2 or MeMM m&Kl!a 18 lItO.' perteetq ~11ae4, :1t ea.nnot tend. tQ evil be'cauae th1a 14 an 1tJlpertfCtlon. hi; It don pertain to the nature of Mbt£W! tEQJ.k&we tbat it can 40 or not 40 .~ 81ftn aatiOD, aM tbla 1. tow:I4 in 004. the &oocl tb1nsa ",hieh Be QQes n. 1& able to retrain tron doina.; v1tbout 40tng evJ.l.37

• ,t

37ttAd .ecund.u:'l ct1cendula, qu.o4 ad rat10neiD 11ber1 anltl"U. non pert1net ut :I.ntte1;enaJ.nate .. babeat ad. bon_ .. 1 e4 _lura: qu1a l1benw arb1tr1Qpel" Ie 1nbomtm ol«1M\U.ta eat, OWl' bomIa 61t Ql)Jec1t.U/a 'WOlUntAtle, nee 111 _lwa _nellt 111..~I'Op1iar aUAlw.ua c1etectUln, quia app:reben41tur ut boma, C\II non .it voluntae aut e1ectlo n1a1 bon1, aut apperent1a 'beaU et ideo Ub1 perteetua1aua eat 11bel'Vll arbltr1wD, tll1 1n malum tea4el1t non poteat qula impe .. -

\ tectus eaae non poteet,. Se4 bOc ad Ubertatea aJ'bltrU pertlnet convenltj bona en1lu quae .tacit poteat flOIl tace:re, nec tacJ.en _lull facere poteat." II, d. 25, q. 1, a. 2, &14 2.

Tb1s tat certalnq bean ... reBeI'lblance to St.

Tboraa. -a law!' .tateHnu on l.1bort7 ot exerc1att. fttmt 11,

howeVer I no pqcbolos1cal accOWl\ pven ot Ube1"t1 Of .. rc18ft.

lor 1a tMre men\ton or ~ Ubert7 .. l'eterr1QS \0 !Iif..,

oince lle connects tb18 Uben, wlttl Ulmlp !!'!t1t!&m!. eertalnq 1ibe .ubt.~'iu Of st. 1'Ilam.'j later 4ocv1ne ax. note

1I&\Il1t .. , 1n the f:5!!Be1!!EI. Tbe qufJatlon ot Ipecltloat1Oll,

18 clearlJ ban41al 1A tile 9!e!ntaq. lNt 111 a d1tferent

azanner hom the preeentatlOn s1ftJ1 s.o tM, later vr1ttnp ..

Specltloatlon 1n the CgpastQtaU retera 1;0 the nec:eaaaq

Gpecltlcat10D of tee will to. tm4I and. 'l~ '1n4atermlDat1on

Another probles to be comtJ.4e:re4 is tile .... tiOn of

.. Wt1al pu •• or the will trara potencr to act. "lA tbe

-11'17 ¥Orb, theN are tluee poe.lbU.1t ..... !be Imt 14 tbat

\be queat10n ailApl¥ 40ea not occur. \'be MCon4 11 tbat a.

obJect, or the lntellect, ACta ettlc1entlJ upon 'the w11L c. . .. \'he tblrd poae1lt:U1v WOItl4 be that tbe will 18 IICmI4 to act

a\ the IIOIItent of tbe creation of tbe aoul., and that th1a act

-.1ne pe~tll.ft38 Ibe 1m' of tb.eM poasiblUt1ee is the

Iloet Ukel,J In the cue of the Cf!r!!Be:tH'J 99J~ Senteaw-

As tor the problea or the DIVine Motion, it 40ea not OCOw:' in

the context of t.be pueap of the vill into an or to a nIN .et,

33

but 01111 .. a part1cular 1netance ot 004'. opel"At.lon 1n uture.39

The 'Jpe of cawsalltl exerc1se4 bl tbe 1ntell.eet 1. not

expUcltJ¥ treated. Ito __ ",. Z. lauer Me cited poa.1ble 1n41.

cat10u tor at,\1"lbut1DS both tinal aDd l'otllal c:ausa.11t7 to the

tnteU.eet, or to the obJect mown. 40 SA

39 .. J\4 priQuIQ erso cUcen4wa, quod J)eua operatur 111 'VOllmtate et .. tura, aleut prim cauaa in caua1a .eClm4l1, et Ueo sUe 1pee e41u¥ante nee 1&1'1& 111 ea,. conaervaretur, nee 4eo.reWil tenderets .1cUllter et.lall nee hua.' natura es.ne eo ye1 co.lItere poteat .. Yel rectum. .,tum 'fo1Uiltat18 habere. Ion tamen propter hOc eequ1tur quod. aUquo dono aat.uralJ.bue 'upe:a441to, peeCGtum 'fitaret." 11, 4. 24, q. 1, a. 1, ad 1.

"A4 te1'tiWA 41cen4um, quocl -. OpeJ'flt1U' in am1bu, 1ta. t&aen quod. in quoquoque aecunduID eJus condlt1onf!!1J WJ4e 111 rebWl natlU'aUlN. operatur .1eut m1nlatrana 'f1rtutem a_adJ., et alCNt d.ete.r=~ rJAtw.'ac ad. tale &ot1on.: in libel'O autelrl. arblvio hOC modo actt ut v1rt.utea acen41 .1bll111natret, at. 1peo operant. laerum arbttrlum apt.; 8ed taaHm 4et.el'minatl0 actlOn18 et t:tnta in ,oteatate 11 .... 1 e.rb1tr11 C011$tldtu.rJ Wl4e remanet albl dominiU!l But c.etus, 11cet IlOIl Ita sieut primo -senti. '* II, 4. 25, q. 1, a. 1, ad 3.

ttAd. p.r1mum. e:riO 41cea4~, quod Deua opemtur 1n YOluntate at 111 Ube:ro arbltrlo seCWlduta .Jus extaenttul unu etiu a1 wlwltatem bcaSn18 1n aU"'" mv:tttt, n1hl1omlmll tameD hoc .. oam1potent1a tacit ut 1l.h14 111 cpo4 mutatur .. voluntad .• ,..Ut. et 1ta coactl0D18 ratio tolUt\lr: -Uaa _IMt con'Cradlct1cm18 1mpUcatl0, 01 41ce:retu.r noUe lUu4 1D quo4 I11ltatur, at coat a4 w41.lw1: quia neceaaltaa CoaCt1ou18 VOlwltatl centrad .... at. • ... II, 2. 25, ,. 1, a. 2, a4 1.

40sne refera to III 4. 24, ct. 1, a. 3, Where eWUg 18 re1'enec1 to as "J.ntellectwJ appetltlwa, vel appetltua lnt8Uec. tlwe," 1.e., "aetu appetltua YOlwltat1a .. HCu.nc1uta tiIIleD quod lDl'Ulet 1n .. vlrtlla ratlou1a et iAtell.ectwJ. tt The prec1ae qualltlcatlon fl'Oll tM intellect.tea :tl"Clil the act ot d.eUberatton. In tbla HnM, the intellect &loh IOIJeWhat aa a formal cauM. aat 1n the anewer to Ute tb~ obJection, a tiDal caua1.1tJ 1a b1Dte4 at, wuler the J'\lbr1c ot ntaaOD t. tunctlon of 9!Mrly the ~Ject 'to the vUl'. ewlJ 1.e., tbeobJeot of chOlce 1& a t1ral cawsa on~ boca"ae 01' 1ta relatlonah1p to the enCl. ADO. the o1'd.er1na to tbe end. 1. the tunctiOn of ~.

"In tile Pl"1:!! f!ra an4 the earl1er texts .. lnteUeot &l14

Glven tb1a much U1'l4eratan41l\s of St. Thomas·8 4octt'lne

of treedo:n at the t1mw or the c0!1tp081t1on of the ~11 9!!

»' Sentesc!!, ¥bat can we Ba)' about the root of heedocd

nelplte the unaopblstlcateci treatment ot the 4letinotlon betweeD

subJectl" determlalatlon (u.erc1se) and 4etel'llJ.Datlon bJ ~

obJect (.pacificatlon), 1t 1a olear :trcn II, 4. 25, q. 1.; a. a (gtNZl 11)em.!m amltriM elilt SR6~) tllat bOth ot theH a.peets

... t be taken into coul<1eratlO1h St. Thcaaal bere treata thetI

.eparate~, a tact which 18 interpreted by :Bocsemarr Z. Lauer AI

"More than a mere to~ba4owlrl6 of the later d18t1nctlOn 'betWeea

treedOtll of exerole. all4 t:ree4olD or .pec1t1catlon ... 41 The root of

freec1CJQ trom tbe subJect'. 8148 • ..,. to be the tact tbat the

riU 18 an 1norgante, 1 ••• , .p1rltual, power. rJ'OtA the ,.14e

of the olJJeot, all .. na to the u.ltimate end of _n are m1Xe4

w1th certain inconvenlent teatuN. (even W1th evil), aad. thWl IT' U 1

W111 ant treated. ~t atter \he manner ot two '\J.PPO*lta. Tb1a 18 not meant to lmpl¥ that St~ TboIaas 414 not know; or .... n torsot, tbat man 18 the agent vbe) know. ancl villa. lui. the act; or rather .. object or tb.e l11tellect, 18 related 41rect:q to the set of the v111, at the l.e'fel. ot the aota tbeue1vu. Sf

JQ.ubertanz, p. 110.

41x.auer, p. 30;. St. TbcaIut. ex,plarlatlon of this 41at1actlou, boveYeX', 4ittere in ..... 1 :e.pectl f1'Q1l h1a later positiOn on tree40al ot exerclae' and treec1oa1 or apec1t1-catton. (See 1'ootno_ 42).

(t

35

do IlOt determine the motlon ot the will. 42

In 8Ut1Da17, the 40ctrtne ot the Cs!e!!1:aa em the

Sentengea sees the vill a8 C pus.1Ye potenq endoved vlth the

"tacultas" ~ llberu.1l arbltrlum, '07 'Which the vill, atter

intellectual del1beration, tree~ cbooeea "..\ raee.na It will

emploJ to at.11l the ea4J the experiential reterence Ie "'17

42"ScienclUll est quod in partlbue an1mae quaecIam aunt CJ.uae cOlnpel1t poaauntl ae4 ctupU.clter. ~e4sm en1tl caape1luntur ex lub.)ecto, stout tllae 'ftres quae aunt organU atf'1xaet eta ena aue or.nil operationes habere non poeafJlt, COI:'flpulall 01"aan1a, lpaae Yll"t\ltee proh1bentur 'fel coaapeU.untur i earu:a act1bue .,lolentel' utort18. QaM4em 'YU'O' Bunt ,laO quJAa aubJeeto non coapelluntur, quia orpn18 atrtxae !lOD aUBt, coapellun .. tur temen obJecto, lieut 1ntel1.ectwu 1pse ala DOn .at acta a11c:uJuapart1a corporis .••• , et taaler1 demonatrat1on1a .,1 COSitur. Voluntu auteaa 'neqae lubJecto' coal poteat, C\1Il 1lODa1t ~ organo attlxa, neque ()t)Jec'tOJ cpmtuilCUIIIqU eoJiQ al1q\l14 08~. datu!" ease bonulil, in potestate 8JU8 remanet 8U.sere lUu4 'Yel non eUgeN. CUJu ratio 81t, quia obJecttlm tnteUeotua elt verum, obJectl.lll aute 'YOlunta'UI eat bomm. Iaven1tur autem allquOd. vena In quo nulla talaltatl. apparentla adm1 •• rl poteat, \it patet 1n 4lgnitatlbue; undo lntel.leotua non poteat sub~re quln 11l1a UHntlat. SSm111ter .tlam Unenitur aU~ talaum , ... nullam Yerl apparent1ala habet I tit pa,1ie\ 1n opposltla dJ.pl'tatumJ un4e 1111 nullatenwa tnteUectu uaentUe pot .. t. BlDllUter et1M al proponatur Yoluntati allquocl bomaa qu.cd completatG bon1 at1oD.ea bat.Mat, ut ult1mu ttnl8, propteJ' quem omnia .ppenturltur, nOD poteet volwltaa boo noll Yelle J UD4e mall. noD poteet non 'Yelle .... felix, aut velle .... ralaer. ID h1a autem quae ad. tina \l1t1m.ord.1MDtur, n1h11 inftJlttur adeo malum qu1.n allquoc1 bonulD aclm1xt_ luabeat, nee allquoc1 a4eo bonUII quod in am1tN8 .utticat: UIlde quaIl'WmcWlqUe oatendatur boDUlll ..,.1 _lU1D,. semper poteat e.<lhattJ'ere et tugere in contrar1Ull. ratlOne alterlua qUOd 1nlpeo eat" ex quo acc~pltur, 81 _lUlll eat simpliciter, ut a,Pp'11'enl bom1ta .. et a1 'boEi.u.lI eat simpUciter, 11t apparena malum. et 1n4e est quod in 0IDl11bui qua. Bub .lee-t,1one ca4u.nt, voluntaa 11bera manet, in boc $010 4etermlDat.loDell !abene quod tellc1tatem natlU'al1ter a,petIt, et non determinate in boc vel 1110. It II, 4. 25, q. 1, .1. 2.

weak; 1ibe:re 18 no ment10ll ot tJreed.oia with repr4 to .. , no

.pUelt ao4 ftl7 1Il4I8D.lO&ful treatRleD.t of "tzoeedQa of __ roue ,'It u4 DO ~, or _ p&Jcbolos1c&l p:ooeu ot the tree act,

QeCu,lna Wbatelealenta are tree aD4 what an 4eterm1Mcl.43

!be DS.ytne Mo\1on, prea __ DO ... 1&1 pJOblel, as tbe retei'enCM

to tb18 probl.era 40 not touch OD. 1!be ioIrIe41ate pueap of the

VlU trca JOtRc7 to act. lbere.ft..,14erJ.ctt$ ot • ~ ot

tol'DWll oauaaltt7 011 the pan oE the lIlteUect a4 alao of

teUe cauaalltr (altbo\tab tb.e .-.tlonl. Il8'V'U' br:m41e4 1a

tbeH tela). fb.e lOOt Of tree4aBl, ttDallJ, 18 Men to M

tbe .,tn_UV of tb.e will, 11m4er1n& it 1a4epel14ent of ODJ

'boUlr O"'B, aDd. 1;b.e GODt\eterm1n1n& .-11'7 ot all .....

, q

431. poll1' of I*rtlc\al.ar cUttl(1ult)t 1ft w. ~1cim s.a tbe praet1cal ~t. .. 14 to .,. ~ tor cholce. ao.1tl ..,. tala, tile lut pn.otloal ~ .. the &0" ot choice aN' one &DCl the __ act (l.e.,in the ~teu). thla 18 u vurantab1e a poaltlcm as artI. lie 8Cl4a, Ie autea 41ttlcral.tatela baMUWI ex b1a ... 41eta .lInt, DeaIJjte .. electl0 eat voluntatu" _1 non comS-t.1t lwU.o1Wll protem, noa admonet s. Doot.or J\I41-c1ua 41cl de eleot1ODe ... 1 paniclpatlve. Uacle .1wtiolum .1eetton1a DOD ut NUp .1U4J,c1a conaSMrarl4ebft, M4 moclo flUU1 ---10&100." Be .ten to II, 4. aAt., q .. 1, a. 2. See W. 24f.

III th1a an4 the :reu.1Alaa cbaptera, we wl11 tou.ov u

ol.oHlJ &IS poaalble an OJ'4er or preaentatlOn .1alllAr to that

obeene4 1n the aCCOWlt ot treedom g1ven 1ft tb.e CS!P!aMR sm 1M.Sen1j!ncf!.

'l'here 18 a tvot014 4Ucualon of treed.QD in the .De -VerMtl!. Pint of aU, tbere 1a an ualltlc i:lOIfIent, 1n vblch

St. DiOll»1D eatabUsb.t., b7 It. aretul e01!'Ut.lDl' Of tile levela

of .Pllttlte, a f~ of the .111. Seccm4~, there 1. It.

duoue.lon of tree cbolce or ,I bee H'll1H1!!J ben St. !hGaIu

attem.pte to abOv hOW the· will'. iD4eteminatlon 1a remove4 in.

the real oriel'. 1.

ODee ..,un, the 4laeunlon of t1Ut 1Ultw'e of tile \tl11

HnteH al'OUJ'.l4 the aoUon of apPetite. Aft .ppet1te 11 a pad1_

1 .. Awe 1.0 !?t V.£tM.tdb laquutlOG 4e la 11berte eat abOr4ee avec uno uple\ll" 1&1COAJa\le ~':lcl. at ... , l.e ,J'OblMe Ie de4odb1e en 4eUx .... tiona 4uterateat lthClllle eat-il d.oue d. lUtre 'fOlol'l~J l'boaIDe •• t-114«NAt de 1.1\)re arbltret ....

"On a 411;, en ettet, que la volcnte eat 1n4etel'm1.r.lM, et de plut.eura man1eree. Ma18 qu • .. t-ce ,u,1 lA talt sonlr 4e eon 1n4eter.ainatton'l" Lottin, fUSb91oa1e It Mol'!lI, pp. 228, 23l.

37

38

power.2 !he cosmect1on of .ppet,. vith lwovle4p 18 .. in

&-.101' conel4eratlcm. whether the knowledge be 1D tU be1DW»

themselves 01' In 004.3 Several accOlln. are 11ftft of tbe

4iat1nc't.lon ot 1evel.tl of appetite; theae accounts a44 up to

a more Boph1atlcate4 preHntatUm. of tb1a qu.e&tiOn tbD.n 1.

towd 1c the CoIaIentar,y. Four l.eV'ele ot teDcletlq aN 4Uf,u.

~I violence or coaction, Dawral appetite, H"" appetite

~ intellectual appetite or w111. One cnterion of 4iat.1nct1on 1f

2"Hotua emS. appetltlfte Jart18 ex apprehenlt10ne (JIOd.. araat040 or1'tUJ', quia 0QUl1$ operatic l'IUslv1 ab act1vo or1stDell awalt. Appetltua auta'i. potentia paael't'a ut, quia DOYetur ab .p.PR1blU, qUGd. eat mcmma non _taIl,uti cUcltv 1a m 4e

ft -Ania. De Ver., q. 25, a. 1. "S1m1l1'ter ... re, qu04 ~ C01n1:IUlMt at oaw11Na,

tlt quodamraod.o speciale all1lIAtla, aclUGet anlmaUlNa, ~tuII in eta 1n'nn1tur appetltua, et movena appetltllll. lpat.a ens. boIluII appl'ebe __ eat AIOVeIlS appetltul1l." DJi., q. 22, a. 3.

3"M aecwv1uaa 4lceD4.,. quoA qu1daDa 41cWlt, quocl .leu' GIIi11buo .. "..1" DaturaU. w.t, 1ta et 008'11tlo aatul'aU, •• Se4 boo non potat .aee VU'UIlIJ quJa, cua copltio .1t pel' ua1!lUaUontD, aSa111tu40 1n •• se na1aa.nle, noG factt cop1Uonea, ae4 map. Saape41tJ rat10ne culua oponet orpna ... ta1IB a specielNs ... 1b111u .M 4enU4ata, llt p)M1nt eas reolpen aecWl4wa .... apultua1e, quo4 cop1tlODM. cauaatl tlnde 1lla quae maUo mo4o poe.unt aUqu14 rec1pen nUl ater1ale aecUlldua _ .. , tl\lUO modo poaaunt copoacereJ tamen poaa\U\'t appetu'e, in quutwla oJ'C11llantur a4 all .... ra in .... natw:u exJaW1rterA. Appetltua

. ensm DOR :reap!eSt cle Mceultate ._ •• p1rltuale, .leut cop1tlo. Ua4e poteet •••• hBturalla appetlt.u, ... DOn CoplUo:". Hec t 1iatDeA hoc problbetur per boo qu.o4 appeUtua 10 Unlftl'a~11bUl ooe;nlUOneft aeqUiW%'1 quta in rebua _turaUbua eequ1tV appre.heIlalOU11 vel cosnit1oDetu. DOn. tameD lpaol'Url. appetentWm, M4 11Uva qu1 ... in tl.l:lem omtDat.- l}!!., p. 22. a. 1, aa a.

tiM DOIWII cUcend\ID, q101OCl, aleut-ex 41ctls, ••• ps,'C;et, 1rl 0Iml1 41na-te 1n t1lUlm 1"eC1ll1r1tv cosnltlo tiDts. latura au .. non !U.J.1.alt 111 t1nell, H4 41ria1tur. DewI a\1ta, e-c aaems a PJ'OI*Ilto ,,*,Ubet, 41rtaunt 10 t1MJaJ et. :1daO opOrtet quo4 babeant t'1nla cop1tSon.etn, DOll a\1'tel ree oaturaUa. ff Jl!.t!., ad. 9.

39

vh1cb St. 'fllotIaa lIfmtiou 1a the ~,.:n1oa or active IU14

pes.lve eleaeau in the appetite, bue4 on ita ~ 'to

~ere are two ~. in Wh1cJl a th1Da mq be ol'4alnecl or 4:1rected to ~ alae u 1_ fm4' (1) 'bJ' 1tself. as a man direct. b1uelt to tbe place Vbere • 18 go1naJ aD4 (2) tq 80IIetldDa elae, ea an anov 1G aiae4 at .. 4et1a1te .pot bJ tlle archer. Bothi.aa can 41I'8Ct ltaeU' to en ead \IDleaa 1\ knOw" tbe end, ~r tb.e one 4lJ:ectiJla'" haft kuowl.e4&e of tba'b to which he d1recte. But evoa th1rC* vb1ah 40 not Jmov the eIl4 can be 41reeW4 to a de£1D1te 8114 .... 18 ev14ent baa tbe ar%OV.

Thi. can come alM»t 1n two V8J8. (l) so.ts.. What 11 cluecte4 to an eiIA ,. merel1 drtwn. Or AlOVeCl bJ tbe one 4UecUns it without acqulrirlU tl'Otl 'tbe 41rector ant tOl.'lU bl vb1cb 8UOh a 41recUon or 1I10U_t,iOn belonp to It. Such an inollaatton, Uke tbat b7 vMob. the arrow' 18 a1med by the archer at a 4etlldte tar".t, 18 violent. (2) Sceaet1lDes ¥bat sa 4beotecl or lncl.1.D.ed to an end acqu,t.ra troca tbe dbector or m.ovel" 8OBI8 tON b1 whlob aucb an tDollnaUon belJ::mp to 1t. In tbat cue the s.ncUDaticm viU be natural .. baY1na" natural principle. !hua be who ...... heaTltteH to tbe-stoue 1ncUrle4 1t to 'be borDe ~vad -turall1. In tbia liar the OM who besets tbeD 1_ tb.e mover 1& l'epr4 to 'hail f14 l16bt ttl1 ... aocor41rls to the Pb~loeopber.

11 E •

4nJN.pUciter al.lteA cOllt1ua1t aUqu14 or41Darl et 411'181 in aliquid aleut in. t1nem: uno modo p!l' aelpeum. atout halAo qui ae1p$una 41r1&lt a4 l.ocuID quo tendl'J al10 ...so ab .l~, .tout oaaltta quae a _&1ttante tiri.a1t\U" a4 ~Wtt locta. fer _ qu.i4c lD. tiMa 41r1a1 non poe.unt o.1a1111a pe t1neca

S COfIDO!C\mt.J oportK en1rI 41rlpna haMl'e copl'1O&1w& eJu in qIolO4 41r1g1t.J ae4 al) a110 poaaWlt 411'1C11n t1nen ~t\D quae theal DOD coaaoecunt. Sed hoc 4upUcit8r cont1ca1t. Qaaa40que 0111ra 14 ,\&04 cUrlaitur in tu., 801 ........ 1m,pelllW1> et IIOfttur a 41rlgente, 81M Aoc quod. aUCJ.\IUll'onsan a clir1&ente conHq,tatur propter qua el ccr.apetat tal ... 41nctto vel inclloaUoJ et talia 1nc:l1D.at1o eat ... lolenta.. 81eut easttta UiclJDatur " uc1ttante a4 _lp\aIl4et4ttmlrJaWil. AUquudo auttcD 14. quo4 41ris1tv .. 1 :1ncUutw 111 t1r&eDl, conaeClU1tul' • dil'lSDte Ye1

!'be c10aer a aature 18 to 004, the more pJ'OQO\mce4 1e tbe l1kerreea of the cU,w excel.lence vMch 1s tOUD4 in 1t. low lt be1coaa to tl:le 4lTine exce1.ltmce to mow lUll 1DcUnemt. 41zoect aU tbtnp wb1le not beina rIlONd, tncl.ir1e4, or cUncte4 b7 ~ otbu. Bence tbe near.l" a nat:ttrt 1a to 004, the lees lt it inclSM4 bl anotIler ADd the more it ls capa:ble of 1ncllnias It.selt.

An ~D$1ble nature, theretore, "ina bJ reaoon of ita _terJaUtJ tile tanbest :remo,ed troa 004, 1. iAcUned to an end, to be aunt, but. bUv1ihln lt notll1Da vblcD itlcUnea, but =11 fJ. pr1nclple at !noU .. QaUOtt, aa W8$ ex,plaine4 aboY8.

A seneitl_ natUl'e, bowever, "lns closer to Go4, bas wltbln itself' eGmetblDS wbleb tncl1nea, 1 ••• , the apptehen4e4 obJect of appetite. Yet this inclination 1a not. vJ.tb.1n tbe oontJool at the antmal which 18 lnol1ned bUt 1s ~te:m1ned 1>1' lSomething else. An aa1mal 11 not able at the ai6Dt ot ~ ""tmctive not to cmve lt, beeaute an1mla do not tbeuelvea be .. the mutel'1 OYer the1r own 1nclJ.nat1on. leDce"theJ 40 &'lOt act but are rather acted upon, ff .. Jlamaacene 11&11'. Thta 18 beeauae the aenlUOWl .ppetltlYe power baa a bo41l¥ orpn d ~ 18 neiU'~ in 'the CQl\d.it:1on ot utte aDd. Of corporeal tblop eo .8 l'8tbeJi to be I'.ftO'f\t4 tbAn t.o lQOVe.

But a mt1Onc.\1. 1lAt1u'e, Minc clon." to Oc4, ~ IDOreq, 11.110 Sl:lard.-te tb1np I buu inclJ.nat1OD to aClmeth1Da, and, l1JUt a aent1ftt -tare, a .... 1' fd thla 1ncUDat1cm detem1ne4 .. It were exv1ulealq, wt tunher 10 baa 1ta 1ncUnattou W1.tb1n ita own POOl" that it does uotnece.aaru, inclJ.ne to aqtblna appet1ble whlch 18 appl'8ben4e4, bolt erg 1DclJne OJ" not incllDe. And..o ita incl.1nat1oa 1.8 not dete1'nl1ne4 tor

mcmmte al1Cl\*1 tOna&n per quam sib1 tal1a incUutlo competat. w:a4e .t tau. incl1nat10 edt naturalU, quael habena pr1Ac1p1um natumleJ 51cut 1Ue qu14e41t lap141 sravttatem, 1rlcUDavit 1pNm ad. hOG quo4. 4eora\R natw:allter tertur. »er quem ~a aene:ua eat moto~ 111

't> poav1,iWl e' leY1lw.a." D!!., q. 22, a. 1. The IQsltah traDalat1oD. 18 ttm.t Of Jobert W. Scbta1dt, S.J., fmtb, Volume W, Cbloaaoa Reane17, 1954.

41

'1t b7 a.DJth1.a8 alae lntt bl1taeU. This bel.cmp to $,'\ 1naaIIueh u it cIoe8 ncrt uae a b041~ orpn; aDd 80, gett1Da farther awal t1'Oll the nature ot vhat 18 CIOYIICl; it 6ppl!'Oachea tbat of what naovea aIl4 acts. It can CGIDI abOUtttta, aCllftblog 4eteftlltlft tor lteelt ita 1nclltlat1oA to an eD4 cmlJ it it Dowe the tm4 aDd the bearina at the Cld upon the ~ to It. Blat tb1a bel.oD&e to NUon alene. 'lb_ auch an appet1te, vtUch 111 uot 4eteNiDed Of necuoltl b7 acwetb11'l8 elee, toll ow. tile appreheuton ot reuon.5

In tb.e tll'st arUc1e otQustlon23 (U)!'!!9 PJo 99!Rle'

Ul.untatf! bal)!£!), & alllUar aDalpta ot the l.eftla ot appettte

i8 prueutecl. A cllat1Dct1oa 1_ made first of aU betWeen

lIDovl.ed.ae anA vl1Una ill a .p1r1tual belng_ KDowlqe 18 .. trPe .

SUn40, quanto al.tqua Il6tura eat ))eo vio1D1Or, tanto a1nus ab eo 1neUnatur, eto M&" &JIlt&. .at Mlpsam lncUnare. Ia~ l8ltuZ" 1nHn1J1b111&; _. ratione auae mtlter1altat1& eat maxa., a Deo raota, lDoUnatv Cif,\l14em in al1queta t11lem, non tamen eat in _ al1q\l14 1nol.1n8lla, ee4 aol.uimrJQclo lncl1DatlonU pr1nclp1vm ...... laWra aloltAlm eenaitlva Ht Deo prop1nqu1.or, tn H1pe. habet aUqu14 lnol1nau ac11108t appetibUe apprehenaUtl; IK tamen iDclir&atto J.pa& nOll eat 1ft pote_tato Q.lua an1mlt.U .• quod 1ncUDaWr, M4 _t a1 alltuldo c1ow~ta. AalIaal anla act upect\W 4el.ectabUJ.s nOD poteat non concupleeere 11lJ.l4, quia llla an1JIa.lJ.a nol\ babent 4Oa1nl ...... 1ncUnatlonui undo IlOEl &pDt, M4 Galli apntu • , • J et hoc 14eo qute. m appetltlva aena1bll.1a babet orpr1\11l corporale I et 14M Vicina·\Ul" 418,l108ltlon1hwJ at.erla. e. re1"UlI& corporallUtA, \It mcm.atur masta q .. IIOwat. Sed..tum mtloIlfll.1a, quae eat Deo Y1.c:1D1aa1aa, non aol:Wr& habet incUDatlonem lD aUqui4 Gl~. haMnt lbaDillatf" nee solum IIIOl'enIJ .bane 1nclJ.rla .... t10nela tuM! aUun4e ela 4etel'ldmtaa, 8lcut nat&1ra fjlenal~UJ .• J ae4 \1l.t.ra hOC bebet in po1ieaw.te 1pam 1ncUuatlonfla, ut non s1t e1 oeceI8U'lwa 1ncl.1nilri a4 appetlblle appl'ehsUtll, .eel poult lDcUurl wi noD 1Dclinal'1J .talc 1psa incUDatl0 =n c1eterm1llat.Qr 81 ab aUo, aea. a .. 1pia. Et hoc ~ caapetlt 01 111 quut\a nOll utltur orgono eorporaU, et ale recedena a natum moblU.a, acoedit a4 nat\U'&l11 ~vent1a at agent1a. Qlmd. autem aUqu14 'eterm1net a1bllDCUDatlonemlu t1aem, DOD pote$tconUnpzoe na! CCJ&D08cat t1nem, et bab1twUnem ttoia 1A _ q\aCt aunt ad. t1.rle!fls quod eat tantwl· rationi.h It 1480 taUil appetltua oon 4eteJ'UWJatLIG ex al1quo aUo de nftCeUltate, af:quJ:tur a»preheDalonem n.t1on1sJ \Ul4e appetltua zattcmal1aJ q.\Il "fOlUntu 41cltur; eat alJ.a JOtAntia u appnlt.u aeua1bUi. ft .Dl!!., q. 22, a. t. ..

ot rel.&tloD of tt. .u'bJect to tbtDaa in Whldl tblftp are

pruent to the 8\tbJeo' DOt aceottUna to their own beiDl»

bUt :rather aacor41Dg to tIIelr PfOl)el' DAtura .. :lIltelUsible

(~ Imuw aUorm). The ara4ea of lmovle4p are

.. tuactlon of .. beiDSta rtllOftl..troa _*1'. Ibe moat

__ terSal. \Mtinaa are able to UH tbe:lr own eedJlC:e .e a

metiwa of Jmovl.ed.ae# an4 004 11 1&14 to lIrlov BSUelt an4

nber thiDaa thrOuab Itt" own ...... .., vUl ani appetite ,

are laM4 on a relAUOn _tween ~ aub.1tJot aDd other tblnp

.. exu'ttoa ill .... lv... flow au M1np ue JII&"ked. bJ'

be1q ..... la_ in GOlDe Vfq' or other to 0-.1" beiDas. 'DIe

t)1In of appetite a:re conaequeG \lpOIl tbiG 1ntr1D81c or4er

of nne thlna'to another. !be relation of one tb1na to

anotbv , ..... cribe4lt1 .ru ot OH ~ the .. t •• 10 cbaJ'aoter-6 .

lattaa of a tIb.1ni. 11# t..Ieralon SA, or l.'8DO'Val tJOl, _ttv •.

III a CClQletel;J __ rial tblDa, ~.1a ~ l.\P with

_tterl ~tlJ there 18 no t.ree orleatatlon to ltllOtber

betas. \Nt onll a MC"."17 oJ'd.or1D& baH4 on tile beiDa'.

_tuml UapoaSt1olh b OZ'4erlDs 18 not eelt-4etenW1e4, bt.tt

6-cu. U1ra l'M babeat a4 l'eiQ aliaa or41na:rt per aUCJd4 tuo4 in SIt ha'bet, iiSet\1D4ua quod cl1.,..UOde in .. al1qG1d. baHt, 8eCWlIlUil hoc 41ftJ'8lAao4e 14 eU.u4 otdtoatur. It 1\!!!.,. q. 23, a. 1.

43

18 rather .lfa»oHCl bJ the or4enr ot nature. 7

Ia all ilaaterSal, OOIflQ8cltl ... belDp, __ " 1. 11

cenatn tree. aelf-caUH4 ord.ertoa ot eelt to other be1r.i&a

IeoaUM tlleM be1.ns8 are able to know, 1ibere 18 ... treed.oa

trom the eoft41ttoM of 'brute -'tel'l 8J'ld. the ctearee of •• It-

4etemI1DtI4 tfm4er:tq -riea acc0r41q to the be ina' • Smatft

aUY. In 'be1qt wb.oH 1mowle4&e 1a lJa1'M4 to the lArfel o~

eenee (WheN the tOl'm or the be1n& lmCNn1a recol". W1tbout

I _tter,-wt whe1'8 tbo Nclptent U • bo41~ ortJ,lm), there 16

a tJpe of 1m1totiotl or t~, in 00 tar .. the 1noUnatloa

18 4ete:ndae4 troll wltb1n, 1~ •• , bJ ·tbe a~iOD, of a aooct.

bllt It is cmll 1U1 1a1ta,lOD, aU. the ... "1". 'beirla 1a not

able to cotltl'Ol SA ~ va, ita lIOtlOD towt.rd tb.e ~e4

An 1n~1~1 be1ns, on tale oaer lmnd" pertectll

earapl1tl_ tbe ftt..ot tree 1ncUDatlOll, .s.aee the lr.r1ovn

e,oocl 1& leeelW1d in & C09Iplete111a11atel":1al luul\7.

A aexaewbat 41ttel'Bt approach to tbe 1.fmtla or &ppetlto

a...,.. 1D ·tU f1ftt, aniclAt ot ~t1on 25 (!.J;H'!!! 1!!llM&&!M

lIS Xl! ~D vel !JlR!Y.$!- ~). In tAU .n101ft.

-7tt

_ e. _terl41ea, in q\i1'bwa ntClUldQ.U14 etA i.nat, qua.' _teriae obU$ltwl ., aorumnum., non babent 11'bol'aa OltiDat1ol:le= l14 rea aUu,aed oonaequentea ex nee.a' •• nattuau., 4.Upoelt1onl.J WJ4e JmJwa oJ:41naUoo18 1paae ,.. -wialea non SUDt 81bl1pa1a QueM, q,uul lpue •• ol'Uaent ill boo e4 41\104 o:ri1tlaturJ ae4 .UWK1e oX«1nat\1l', W14e sc1Uce' na'\\U.'e.* Uspoelt1onem accl"~" .. l4eo CKXDl'*tlt e18 ba,*,taDtumIIodo appeUtta natuJ'&lem_ D!6.

1t1msatel'lallty 18 not expl1c1tlJ ment10ne4 .. a 41ottnpllblD&

abnracter1atlo, althou&b it 18 certallilT an operative CCUl-

4ex.tion. '1'he araument proc" in the· tol.lGvill& maIlDer.

SemauaUtI 18 the appetlttve power of thttGell8ltlve put of

tbe soulS appetite, be1ll& pa8alYe, mwst be raove4 _ tbat Vb.1* la appet1ble; tbJ.. 4eman4a tbat the &004 be a;ppmendecl, ..,

when the &004 18 a~ b, semse, t.b.e cone_quellt .ppnttt ....

~t $.a called sen.-l., aD4 thO power aeDaual1V. 'lhf.a

power 18 4eacr1b$4 8. occuwtaa • »081t1on ud.4.wa,J betWeen

natuml appet'tte aud vUl.. !he cout.c1uet1one e:tplOJed to

cU.eth\pllh tiles. three levele ot apptJt1te are ·tbe appeUbl.e

obJect ltaelt atlCl the reuon tor 1_ c1ea1rablUtJ.

lat\ual oppetite ~ to the appnlble tb1na itself withoUt u,r a~1on ottbe reuon tor ita appet1bl11t71 for MtUl"Al appetlte 18 not!UrII llut an 1DcUafltlon al14 o:r41zatloD of the tMog to ~D6 elGtt Which 1a lnJteep.ir1s wlthlt. • •• But~. a natural thlDs ,. 4etel'1lined in ita Datural autence, ita incUDaUon to acrae 4etem1nell ttl1QQ 18 a 8tasODe. .... tlaere J.a not reqlW'e4 an, appreheu8ton bf whlch an appetlble thiDa 1a cllatSASu1ahe4 tro:a one *1:. 1G not appttlble OIl. the baa18 ot tbe reaaon tor 1ta apprtllt1UQ-. Bu.t tAU appreheneloll 1& e. pntrequlalte in the ODe who eatablJ.sbecltbe Mt1U'e, who sa_ to each nat\U'e 1ta own tnclJ.l1aUon to a thlns in .kee,iDa wltb. 1 ..... 11'.

Tba h1sber appetite, the wtU, boWcmtr, tenU 41rectq to th. ftq raaaon tor aPJet1bWt¥ ttael.t in an abeohlte~. Dua the "iU ten<i.a prlmartq acd pr1nc1»ell¥ to SOOCSnee. itself, or uUll." Or a~ Uke that. It te. to th1a or tbat appetibl.e tblDg, hcNeYer, eecondaril¥, in .. llIlCb .. tt ablu'ea 1n the above ..... t1cmed 1"ef!UIOD. !h1a 18 becawse A rat10nal nature baa a capultJ 10 sr-t that em 1AClJ..Qation to oPe 4etenl1no.te .1ng VOll14 not be euttlc1ent tor 1t,

but 1t hun .. or a J1\lIIlber of 41tttrent thtDp. lor tbat ~ 1ta lnclJ..natlon 1.8 to acmetbSJls CCIIIIIOn t0WJ4 1n mArq' th1Dp I and 80 lq the apptebe.iOn of tbat CGll1lOD aspect it ter.I4a to tb.e appet1bl.e th1na in wb1cb. 1t kDova tbat taste .. poet 18 to be aO\J8llt.

!1'be lOwer &p»etite Of __ ... ltl" ptlJ't~ caUe4 6fm8UAUqr, tea4s to the aB*t1ble u,.1118 'ltleU' aa coutalll1oa ~t Which COllatlt.utea Ule ,..on tOI" ita appeUbl1.1tr in it .. U b4Jcauae the loWer appetite 40eI bOt 1ien4 to goodusa or utWt¥ or »1e88~ '''''elt I but to thta particular uaetul or plaaUl'l\ble thtua. In tbf.. napeat the aenae appetite :1& loWer tban tbAt ratiOnal appetite. Brltbecauae it 40ea DOt tend on4t to this or on~ to ilbat tld.na, but to eft,.,. belllS vbleb., 18 uaetul or pl.eu~le to It, 't18 b1sber tbIul .. tural appetite. For thi. reucm It too has need or em apprehtm810n b7 wh1cb to 4U'U.npie the pl.euurable 1'1'Ql. vbat 1, not pl.ea.uable.8

,SftAppetltwl _. DlLturaUa tenUt In ipIaa na appetUJ1J.em as.c.e aUqua apprebenalone at1On1a appetlblUtaU8,; B1bUerdm .. t aUud app«ttltu aatu:telD quam quaedDDl lncUmtLo ni, et ol'\to &4 aUquaa rem albi corrNn1fmf*t, alcut lap:.Lc.lem tent e4 100UII 48orINIB. Qlda _1'0 1'U natuaUe 1n IIUO .... ra:t\ll'&l.1 4et1m2Wlata eat, et Wl8 .at elue 1ncUnatl0 a4 all4f.Uatl :rem 4~t.u Wl4e non utaittir aU .. appreben.d.o. per qu&ID aecuncl\aal ratlOJ:l.em appetn.l1-ltaU8 cU.etlnpttu" rea appetlblUe • non a,wetlbl11. Se4 lauo appl'eben810 praeexlaltur in lutltuet.1te DII.~, flU1 un1cul9Mt I'iatluM 4841' htoUnat1.CDeal prosIOr1ata 81b1 cormm1eftta. AppeUWI ,",WIn su.perlor, qui .at voluntaG, tend.tt 41tect4t in rat10nea appetlbtlltat1a allaolUte, aleut voluntaa 1,.. bon:l.t.a .... apJet1t pr!110 et pl'1nclpaUter, _1 \ltU.1tatell, aut aU.qu14 bu1WJm1041J bane 'Ve!'6O rera .... 11ll.am appat,lt .~, 111 quant\lll .. , prae4tctae n:tion18 ptIl'tlcepa; et hoc ideo quia natura rat1cnalU eat tAntae capacitaUs q\104 1'lOD suttle.Jet .1 lncUnatSO _ uat4 rea 4etet"Ininataa, a84 1mUset :rebus plul"UNa et cU._rala: fit I4eo lncUMt10 elUi eat in aU4U14 coasmme, qU04 in phlr1bUe inWliltv; e, 81c per ~1 __ il.iwa QQtIIUJlta ten41t in J"eID. appet1b1l.em, 1n qua hulUStlt041 ratlonem appeten4am .. ce cogooaclt. Appatltua ~ We;rlorfH!naltl'fU partia, qui. aenmaaU,taa cJ.f.cltur, te1341t in lpaUl real appetlb1l.em prout 1Imrn1tw:in .. 14 qu.o4 eat rat10 appet1b1Utat1s1 non eD1m tea41t 1n 1,pIes rat10nflm appetlblUtat1a, quJ.a appetltua interiOr non .ppetit 1pad bOnitatttm vel utlUtatem aut 4.lec_t~, M4 hoc ut1~ vel hoc cleleetab1.lAu fit in hoc appeUtua MM1blll8 .. t Wn.

Tb10 text handl.eo the l.ewl.# of ap,peUte in tel'ld of

tile specU'lcat.1on of the appetite act b1 the obJect. !be

eogd.tlve levels of c.P,petlte are -.rJre4 by " k1n4 otlt~a"

to the vor14 or wlue. Sense appetite 18 1n ~ respects

not open. wt 1t 18 tao to the exttmt that more than one 4~r

m1ned obJect can move it. 'Rhe wUl 18 eo open tbat&lO partt

cular '*4_ot <:an'd.etem1ne 1t to aat; 01117 the unlve.r .. l. 800d

baG tb1G power.9

'1'b.ere 18 one alll8le maJor criterion or distinction

, of appetite GlOVing ~ aU of theae text.. Acco~ to

!bUt!, thie crlterlon 18 the sra44t of I'ttfte4cm1t which eacb r •

appe1;ttua rat1onal.eaJ Mel quia l'lOD tendlt taaltull 1n baAc rem aut antull in l1lam, aed in onm.e 14 quod eat a1bl utile vel delee.bU., 1deo eat .upra awet!t. Mturalem; ft ,n)pter hoe appnlltml10ne 1n41pt.. per que.m delectabll.e a non 4el.ectabl11 41at1Dpt." 1:!!!4., q. 25, a. 1.

9ttat huJwt 4letmctlon1a atpwa eY14ena eat, ,uocl .,111" titus Mtw:al1a babet nece8eltatoat reapectu l"t .... rei 1r1 ..... ten41t. sleut crave ftttOU8ar10 appetlt lOC\l'l'l deo"..._; appnltu8 qtem aewsltlwa 1lOJl, babet neeeaaltatem 111 real ellquam, ante\UU apprehendatureub rat10De 4el.ectablUe _1 utJ.lJ.fJJ 8ecl app.rehemio quo4 eat cleleeta'bll.e, 4e necea8ttate tertUl', in 11lu4: DOD _1m pOteat bru.iiwII ans-.l 1ntplcletl1 d.eleetabl1e, noll appetere U.lu4. Sed volunua ,babet noceaaltatem reapectu lpalua bon1tatla et. utl11tatiaz de necessitate en1m '9\ll.t bOIlO bomB, M4 noD babet DeC.altateD :reapeotu huJul 'Vel tUtus ntt quantu:4C\1IlqWt app.-. berldat.w: ut bona vel ut1lia: quc4 ideo .t, qua. W1f1~ poteatta ba'bet qu.amc1DID acMeutM bab1tu41aem a4 .uua Pl'OPn.U1t ob1ectum. l1n4e 4atur 1ntell161 .q,u.04 obJectum appotitue naturaUa eat baee rea 1n ~_ 1*110 ..... eppeUwa "'1'0 aena1bll1a baec refJ in quanta •• t CQnYent.. vel 4e1ectabU1BJ a1cut aqua, 1ft twmtwa eat con'ftnlelUl patut, et noa fJl quantum eat acp.al ob1ectue ftrO PJ'OPJium volunte.t18 ee' 1pawn bomzi'I absolute." a&i-

47

'beSns baa 1n its appetitive acta.10 Whlle tb1e 18 the

s.ed1o.te criter1Dn .. 1t might be more accurate to eqtbAt

appetltes are 4bttnguUbed ln tel'lU ot their ~ of

~tAc1aU~ I which 10 ult1lDate~ what dilter:aloeasthe

relatlonohlp whlch be1tlaS tw.ve to otber be1np.

InaI$li1UU 8.8 It 18 characteristic of 8U7 beina, wbftber _t.erlal or 1IIIl1aterlal, to have ... retenince to acro.etbing else, it acco:n:11nsl¥ tollcws that ,\ pertaw to evel)1'.blrls whatever to bay. an ap»etlte, natural or animal or I1ltlonal. (tba1; 18, 1ntellect.ual) J blat 10 4Utenut beiDa- 1t 18 tOUlld 1n dltterent va.ya. Since a tbtDg baa lta reference to a.nob.el" be1rig ~ .... tb1ag ¥bleh 1t baa wlthtn Itselt ,ita d1ttercllt WIl18 ot be1t1Sreterre4 to a.t1.01WJr conelpOPd to the 41ffennt wars 11\ whiob 1t baa 80tIIetblng vltb1n luelt.

w • .., then lJlake tb.e pll8ral atatenent that as a

Dature '8 more l'ree fl"Onl the cont1n1n& COI141tl0n0 of matter,

and thus eloMr to the pure~ active sture ot God, 1t 18

more Bct'_ in lta orientation· to othe:r betDp. A 2'&t1orlal

being '8 0.14 to don.mine htG' ow lncl1Datlon aa4 to bave

power ever bU appetltl'Ve ~ to obJect.a. There are U I • bit

lO.Ratlo autfD bQJu 41&Ullct,1onta a4b\lc ex cos.nlttone tepetlt\U', oed pOUua quam ex lpea cosnttlone, ex gra4u l.ibe~ tat1$ quam PraecedtlUleoan1tlo 1n4Uclt 1n ~ .".tens." &:lilt!, p. 10.

U"Et quia cuJul1bet nl tas asater1al.ls quem lmIlaterSalia "t a4 rea allam ord1nea babttre J Inde est quOd culUbet ret COInpetlt bGbore appetltw1 veluatQmlem, ",,1 enSmalem • .,..1 nt. .. Uonalem 8tN iDtel.l.ectual.em. ee4 10 41verel. 41vereill:lcl4e 1it98n1-tv. au. enim rea habeat a4 rem alJAln oJ\'llnart per al1qu4 qU04 1D .e habet, eecun4_ quod dlwra1alo4e in .. eUqu14 bAbet, HO\m4l.lIa hOC 41ve%'limo4e acl aUt.14 or41natllr. It PI !er., q. a), •• 1.

maar problema eomseete4 with thi8 ~\llar p01ut, but we

canDO' coua14er 'thea until we haW Hen GlOre of 1Ibe e)Amenta

COQrlIbs 8t_ !bamu's tbaoq of buraD tie'" 1n tbe !!t

veJjltate.

F1nt of au, we .. t ... a clo •• r look at tAft

nature or the viU. Xc the'tU"tb art1cle otqUMtlOn 22,

St. ThoJaM asks VbetbeJ' tIlewUl Villi ~DS 11M08anll'_

lISa anaver u __ on two 11aportant 418t1nctlou. I'lle tint

1$ 1bat Vb1cb Obta1D8 bet.vIen a .... ,:tJ of coaoUon aDd a.

neceut" or IlAtviLl lncl.1aat1oDJ the aecoD118 the cU.at1Do

'1_ bet .... Y9wtu !! lUI.tlU'8 aadDetu \It JOJ:uetaa.

Ascu be p1lbere4 trom the vot4a o'EAuautt1De, aee ... l't1 is or two k1n4al (1) the Decualqr Of torce; u4 tbU can _ QO flIIIt'Wa aPP17 to ttt.e vtUJ IU14 (2) tbe neaeaelqr ot .. tuxe.l 1ncUnatlcm, u we tIIq tbat Godneceeaarilll1ftaJ aDd. 1I1tb auJ.l neceultj tbe w111 neeenarU, riU .. aanotb1n&.

1M noaon tor the vUl'. DeCeuaq coUOn towaJ:4 eaR.

SOO4 18 ~t the will .ta a nat\1re, an4 aU u.turet aatuau, aDd.

MCeallArU7 t.en4 to tbe 8004 PJ."OjlOrti0be4 to tha. Since the

VU1 Sa .roote4 1n catul'e, .. 1a .... 17 crea.a. beiDa, tbOiIe ,

ehaactetUt1cI proper to .tue raua. be found alao in the will.

~ thiDp arzanpd. in an or4er tb.e tint mws' '- Snclud.e4 1n tbe oconA, ao4 1ft 'the eeCOIl4 MUSt be t0WJ4 not 0Jll¥ wt., belonp to 1$ _ 11;8 own .. tun but .laO wba:~ belonp to 1t accord..1Dg to tile cature ot the tlrlt. •• Iov nature an4 tile vill. .tarJ4 1n web an ordertbat the wl11 itseU 1 ... rature, Mca\lH vhateVell Sa tOWl4 1A reaUt118 calle4 a natul'o. i'beN .. t acccmiSnsl¥ be t'OUD4 U1 tl&e vlU not 01117 Wllat 1. propar to the wlU but alao wla1iU

pl'Oper to _tt.ue. It. be~ to UJ' t .... 'ted Dawra, hovft'er I \0 be o1'4a1ne4 b7 Go4 tor &004; cawrall.J teD4tna to 1t.. Bence...." in tU vU.l tbexe 1a a certa1n aatw:al appetite tor the aooa oorreapoi.\41QC to 1'.

!'bf.a uatu.ral. appetite, ~. 18 1n priD.41,l.e oot

move4 bJ • nec_lfq or toree 01' coaction, Mcauae 't 18 i:t .. lt

en 1ac11Dat1oD. "Bu.t -iDs tbat the. wID 1e an 1AcUnatlcm.

b7 take tact or its lMtlDa ao .ppeUta, 1t CIUUJOt bap~ talat ,

ttle vl11 ~ WiU IUllttUns wltbout baviDa an lnelJ.Dat1<m

W 1t. t.lhwJ ,it 18 1Itpoallble tor the V1U to VUl ~

b7 torce or ylolUtll ...en tbou&b 1t 40ea Will ~ _

a IJatunl 1nclJJm.tton. tt 12

'. 12 .... :pon4eo 4lceu4\D, cpod. 8leut po*' acelp! ax fttrbi.8

Aupet1n1, V 4f Mc!!l" pu.. chlplex _t. MeeHlta.n neG_ot .. ac1llett coactlOnta, et haec: 1D 'VOlAm_ 11\1110 modo· cadent potest., eft neceealtaa llaWl'al1 •• 1DcUaaUOl'Ua, alout 41cSmwl Deum. c1e neceHltate vivenu et taU aeceultate wluntu .Uqu14 4 • .necessitate 'Wlt.

"Ad .CU.1Wl evl4entiut 8cl.- .. t, q\104 in ~ or41rat18 oportet primurllDCId.ura iDc1v41 1n MCWl4o, fit in HCUDl'1O 1IWetlir1 non aollam 14 ... aibS, ccmp~l' aecun4ta ratiOneD »ropr1am, ae4 .- c~11i, MC~ :rat1oJ1eD prl&a1 • ... latu. autem e' vo1.untaa boo IlO4o ont,1aata aun', ut 1,... volWltu ~WJIClM natua 81tJ C,lU1a 0IIIl8 quo4 111 rebua inftnltlar, bat\U'a "wed. 41cltv. 1t·1deo iD 'VOlUntate OPON1; lnftn1l'e noll aolum 14 quo4 YOlunatla .', H4 etlam quocl natuJ.'M eat. Hoc auteID est cuJWIl.J.bn aatUIM cnaw, \1' a !)eo 81t o.rcU.Data 1n botU4, naturaUt4r ~lUui. UrJ4e et wl.untatl lpal s.n.at i'laWmua ~ apjletltu8 .11>1 conven1en-tla lJcm1 • •• Quaav18 auteJ. quad.tm .... earia 1w:UDa~1oae ult1ta\ll t1.tuea _Ut vollmtaaJ 1Dll1.o .... 11 aao4O COIle.'" est q\&Ol eel lUu4 'lOle114um coptur. CoactlO en1Ia nlb1l aUv4 eat ... nol.ent1ae ~ I.ta\UC'SD. V1Qlene autera, aecua4wrl Pb'110l0J,lh .. 1n III Btbic., '" gu.W! pt1nalP!Ya IlfaSkl. sA ..rena •• " IN!9J a1cut .1 lapla tJUftUll FOJtc tul"J CJ11a 1II11lo fIOISo, quant\a eat 4e .. , a4 bunc ~t\a lncliatur. Secl 0_ 1pea 'WOlu.ntiU a1t qua.,.. 1ncUDatl0, eo C11lO4 .. t appdlt.\l8 q,1odGc:a.,

The obJeCt Vh1ch moves the wUl irl thll aatw.'al e.nI

neoet$8G.l1 ruh!. 18 ... l,'a Ul.'t1mat.e end, Wblc1'l t. termt4

beat:1t.u40 aD4 _ten 1nol.\atN aU thoM e1___ that coaaprlae

thla lut tnd. suob .. know1e4p 01 t.lle. truth, etc. "Acoor4S.aalJ

'lllba1; the w1U uceaG&l"1l¥ W1U11, cleterm1ne4 to lt .." a flIltural

1ncUDatlO1'l, 18 .. lut en4, bapptneu, u4 "baWler 1.

1nclu4e4 in it.a to M, b,OWl.edseot tNth, ud Uae Ulre.n13

In a441t1ol1 to tbe na't't.&nllllOVttaent of the wUl. tcMUd

the ult1alate 0Dtl, tbeJe 1a aDOtheZ' raovement vlUch 1a 4etentlnecl

__ tbe wW 1~. AD&\ 1Iboae ObJeCt. wblch aN Men .. seua

to _ ftt14 are the obJects ot tbl .... 0n4 ~t. Jut. aa

the lIO'VeIIen' of _1M ut Mtum 1a 'thetoun4at1OD of t.be

~t of J2J.lYDYU ~, so the ultimate end 18 the

1'olIadatlOll 01 thOle Ob.1eOts Which .. we as meaDIi to \h1a erd.

Jwst. .. t.t&ere 18 an ol'4J.catSoa of nat.ure to the vill, there 18, morecmtr,e. pu'allel onlnatlon of tAe th1np whlch tbe will natalrau, willa 'to tbOae 1ft ze&ar4 to vh1ch It 18 d.ete1'ldlte4 of '-'11 an4 no, _ _ ture. WhUtl, Juat as nature 1& the tOUtldatiGn of Vill, tSmll.arll the obJ*ct of natuJral appet.ite 18 tbe

• t • 1PM YOluntaa .tt cp.aae4am. 1JlcUDatio, eo quod .. , appetltua qal.4Ut., I10A pOteat COI1t1qere ut -.olwlt&a aliquld vellt, at SnclJ.QaUo eJw,l non a1t in 11l.u4; ot 11& l'lOIl po .. , cont1ngere ut volwltu aUqWA coacte vel vi01eD.t.er v.l1t, 81 aUqu14 Datt.u:'a111DoUutlcm.e YeUt.

"Patet ig1tur q,u04 'VO~tu aon Dec"sarlO allqu14 Wlt IleceHl'-t4t coactl0D1s; Wlt taraeD allqu1Al nee.sarto al1qU4 Wlt D&tu.ral.18 lnclJ..DatJ.onls. It l!!i!-, q. 22, Ih S.

13"Bt 14ao, quod. YOluntu de neceultate wlt quasi uat\U'aU s.ncl.lrtat1one in ipura 4etel'tlllrJatal .at tinls ~t1ImIaJ u.t Matlt.v40, et ell quae in 1))80 :I.nol.u4tmtur, ut eat copltio ftritat:la, .t alia buJu,taOd1.." DM-

51

principle and tOWl4atlon 01 the otber OltJec'- of appetite. Nov UOtlS the obJecta or a.Ppe\lte the end 1a tile toua4a\lon aDd pl'1nolple at the a.eo.u to the elld., becauae the latter, "Ina tor the ... Of' the '\1' ftre flO' cleaU'e4 except. bJ l"eUOA of the 004.

In the next arttcle. wb.ItN St.. TbQDaa aab wbetbol'

tbe will 18 c1etentlned. ,in allot ita operationa, be coul4en

in lION Act_il tbe quat.lon of' DA!B.tH U !2l;Y!!t!. t'b.e . ult1cate etJ4, u wo ha .... a .. , .1. the Principle beb.1d \be

vl11'. tncl11'.lat1oA to tb.OH obJects wh1cb do not neceaaltate

a taduc,.. Ira tbta article be .ntlou tb.ne. anu ot

1rl4eteNS.na:t1oa.. "1ra, of aU. the w1J.l 1. not 4eteRa1H4

with ntpr4 'to those obJect. wtst. Ml'W aa llOD-nec .... q _" l

to tile atta.tmaerlt ot the 'Ilt1mate eo4. "!he w1U., bow .... r,

neceaaer1l7 4eelree the lM' end. 1n sueh a V&7 that lt 1a

unable not to cleo1re it, but 1t 40ee not aeceanrl1,J d •• be

er ot tlle USIlS. In tkel,. reprcl, tUn, 1t Sa vl~1n the

power of the vill to dealn tb1a or that."l'

• rr

l""Sleut aut_ eotordo aatume ad. YOluntataa, Ua .. M.bet OlflO eorwa qua. natwallter wl:t voluntu, a4 ea rupectu quontA ... lpea 4etel'lllcatuftZl DOn ex .ttlU'.... It 14.0, alcvt Qatua eat YOluAtat1a ~t._, Ua appetlbU.e quod. naturalIter appetltw ... at aUotu:a appe\lblUUD prlncJ..plull at tunclataentla. 1A apprt.1blU.bua autem finh eat ~t_ e' prin01,1_ eorwa quae aunt a4 t1nemJ cu:& quae aunt proptu tt.n«a, noa apJetal'ltur nill mt1OD.e t1Dla." D!!.

lSftEeapectu obJee'l quid*, eat 1n4etera1nata. voluntaa quantWD. ad. .. quae aunt ad. tineal, DOn quantwa a4 1peUl\ tla_ ult1twll ••• quod 14eo contlopt, 91la ad ttnera lllt1alua tllultta VUa P8rvenlrl pote8t, et cUYera1. cUveraae viae cQIlpttunt perwmten41 in ipaua. Et 14eo nOA potu1t .... appetl'tua 'fOllm.tat.ia

~i

52

The v111 '8 alao not nece.altate4 with reprd to lta act,

a&l4 1t poa ...... thla tree40ra eYen wlth repnl to II 4eter

l'l1aate obJect 111 the oreler of apeeU1catlon. "It can l*8a

or DOt pa88 into the act of v1Ulna wlth l'eprA to 1lIlJ'tb,1na

at au ... 16

PlIlallJ, the W111 1a not 4eterrd.D.e4 to cbooae onq

UIOll8 tboae ... which are tN~ or4erecl to the acquUltlon

or .an'. pl. th1e Weterrdnatlon, aqe St. Tllomu, 1a not

reall¥ a tON of tne4Qa, but rather an 1n41cat1on tbat aan 18

t'ree.17

'l'be tmt two areu of 1ll4etezmlnatlon clet1Dltel¥ eugeet

the later 41a\SJlctlO1l which St. '1'b.aJIu vl11 au between tree40a

ctetelml_tua 1u .. quae awlt ad t1J:lera, alcut eat in rewa aatumlllNa. , ... ad certwa tlnem et 4etent1Dat\lll DOn babent Dial certaa at 4etermlJatu ,,1M. Itt ale patet quod. rea natural.l, aleut 4e necesaltate appetunt t1nea, ita .et _ fl •• aunt ad. ti&letAJ ut D1h11 alt ill e18 acclpen quod. poaa1nt .ppatent vel non .ppeten. Sec1 volunw.a clel1tleeaaltate appfttlt ttnem ultiIRD, ut DOn poult lpaWl non .ppeteN; 1114 non de nec ... ltate appetlt aliQ.1da eorwa quae aunt acl t1nem. UrJde napeotu hUJu eat 1a pote.tate eJua appe .. ten hoo ,..1 lllu4." J!Wl.. I ,. 22, a. 6.

l.6ttSeCW240 eat YOl\mtaa 1G4etel'aWatarupectu actual quia c1rea obJect\a 4etermlnatua poteat uti actu 1\10 CwIl volUerlt .. vel DOD utl1 poteat erda ex1re in act\I!D wlen41 reapectll cnaJuall ... bet, et non aire, qu04 in rebua Nlturallbua non CODt1n&1t, araft en1m .. per 4eacencu.t 4eoraWl In actu., n181 al1C1lQ4 prob1beat. Quo4 exlncle ccmt1Da1t, qu04 rea iDaDJMtae DOD awlt motu • .. 1pal., .ed. a'b al11.; Wl4e aon .. t 10 e18 IlC'I'Nrl vel nOll moverl; J'ft auta an1atae :IIO'I'e&ltur • seipsu; et 1Dd.e eat quo4 -.olllntu poteet ".118 et non velle. tt Ibid.

17"lt pro tanto dJ.Citur, qtlOCl Yelle malum nee eat l1bertu, nee pan Ubenat1a, quamvla s1t quocld8m Ubertat1a s1pwa. tt l!di-

.'

53

of spec1tlcatlon aad treeclca1l ot exercf.ae. It 18 clear that

Vben be speake ot tb.e iD4eterm1catlon of aaaD'8 act or "11Una,

_ 18 not reterrlns 81mpll to a heedaa £1'01.1 coactlob. Be

18 apeaklns or the power of man to 4etensine h1tlaelt 111 h18

acta. IIovner, tb1e .POint 11 barelf btAte4 at 1A aq otur

place in the De Verl:tete, and. It .... tbat St. ThoaIu 4U

DOt repr4 1t·a8 a central feature 111 b1a 4oc:tr1ne of tree40ta

at th1a POlnt.18

'lb.!. 14 the .~ Of the purel,y IW&lltlcal cU.acuea1on

of lmmeA treecl=.. St. Tbctau baa arrt ... at the eonc1u1cm

t that he w111 a act detez.m1ne4 with :repr4 to llOD-ueC .... !'J " 1\

meaD.8 to man'. ultimate enc1J 1n th1a HUH the w1U 18 tree.

low the queat10n tbat occup1 .. Id. attent10n COtu:el1l8 the

~l of tb1a 1n4etera1nat1on 1ll JJIUl'. CODcrete act1ou.

The w111 1s ~1nec\ 10 .... ral wq8. But what c.auaea thi. 1D4eterm1Datloil to be reaove4 t The "111-. ~t doe. not happen 111 aa a1'b1tl'lll7 u4 haphalard taeh10DJ be1Da a ratloDal appet1te, tile wlU OUSbt to pertOl1ll rat10nal act10rla am4 choie... Ie there not a uceallCU'J CODr1eot1on between tbe 4etendn .. atloo ot the w1U and. the J*t1onal 4eci8ton which preced .. itt Do we not a1..,.,. want what we 4ec:14e to wut, atter we have conaUere4 the _ttel' tbol'OUSblJ'Y

Saint '1'bQa.ae thing 80, aD4 tile tven~.t01iUth

18.. • • 1& 41et1Dotton entre l.1berte 4 'exerctae et Uberte 4e speo1t1catlon flU1 fountt le cadre a In q,ueatton 6 aa De Malo o'eat ,pa8 etranaere au De Vv1tate, ,. 22, a. 6, O\l satnt Tbcmaa parle 4e l'1D4etemtnat1oc de la volonte ya ...... ia 4e l'acte _ de 'WUl.oir et de 1 'obJet de cet acte. It Lott,1D, '.,siWA2Il! .to Morale. p. 258.

queatlOn ot the De Verltale Clon DOt healtate to un4erU.H th18 4etel1l1nlara.19 .

In the twentJ-tOUl1:b queatloD, tben, St. !bema. tun Up ttl.

41eeuu1cm of ""rwa ap1!er1wg. !be tint au an1clea of

th1a question are .lpec1a~ pert1Dent to our 41acuaI1on. We

Vl1l cou14e .. al'tlclea 4, 5, and 6 before tbe t1rat tbree, 1n

order to ma:l.ntaln an order e1m1lar to that toU0we4 in tbe

cbapte:r au the Ccmraentag; in the Sptengea. !bese quAlat10lUl

concern the _tuN ot lJ'!!l:Y! a£bltr1um.

Aa in the Co!utDentag Oft se Sen\S9!!. UN!3&!!

a,,1tl'1. 1s expla1ne4 DOt .1 a bablt but u a power. The

raaon g1YeD 1s that ~ chOice 40ea not. exceed the c:apacl"J

ot a power. P~r raeon 18 Q18 to JUI1p (aU1trar.1) and. the

w111 1& the power bJ which we 40 80IIMItblua tnMtlJ. "Free cbo1ce

aecor41JlalJ does not cteslpate a bal>lt but t.M power of vU1 or . .

tn

19"0rl a 41t, en ettet, qua 14 volont.e at 1ll4etemitlee, et 4\& plue1eUJ'8 mardere.. Malt !U-.at-oe .. 1 la faIt aonu 4e eon 1D4ete:rm1aatlont Ce a:uvement do. 1& YOlonte a 4u ral101lner eon act. et &On cho1x.. U', .-'-11 pta Wl.e COIUleXlon neceaaa1re. entl'e 14 determ1ZJat1oA 4e 1& volonte, et 1& 4oC1&10D de 1& a18011 qui. 1'" precedee: De veutWOIl I'*a touJoure ce que, tout bien pte .. , l'on a cleo148 de YOUl.Olrt

"8a1lrt. Il'bcwaaa le pena., .t la qwtatlcm XXlV 4u ~ Verltate 11'b.eslte pas .louU.soer ce cleterlliW.me... l!!l!." p. 231.

2O"P.eapon4eo d1cendum., quod Ubel'\llll anttr1 ... , 11 via 'lOCabul1 attendatur, OCIII1Dat actumJ aed. ex uau l.oq\HtD41 tracWm eat. ut. e1sn1tlcet 14 quod eat pnno1plwa act",. Cua en1Ii 41c.1a:l;ue eue hoa1nem l1ber1 aniti'll, non 1DtellS81raua quoc.\ aow Ubere lwUcetj sed. quod _beat 10 .e Wlde poestt lJ.bere 1v41care: unde, a1 ute actWJ qui eat 11bue 1ud.lcare, ba1:Mtat in ae aUqu14 qu04 vim poteDtlae excedat, tunc Ube.tUID arbltrl\l11l naa1Dablt bab1tura

ss ttd, aultor41nat1oD doe, not make 11btJ:u:a .r1.btt1ue a bUtt,

becauae e\lboJ'd.1Dation ot OM power to tile otber ls cot auttl

clent to tu.l.t1U tbe m$100t bahtt. Habit, proper~ apeaklq,

means a quaUt7 b, whlob a paver 18 lncllaed. to oct.21 'oi'

staUar ..... 0118, \ib!m arblt",!! 1, not .11ecl .. 1~'bltual

Ye1 potent1all per ha'bltua perfecta) lleut IIlO4erato iRact dlcit aUCl'l14 quod v1as lraae1blUa excec11t, Dam aoderarl 1~ :pU810n1e non poteat lrtllclbll18 per •• $.JAm, n181 fuer1t aUquo bablt\l pertecta, aeCUDdull quetlJ 1n _ rati.OA1a llo4emtl0 imprimatur. 8t 1'8l'O 11ben lu41care aon imJOrtet in .. aUqaW quod. vSapotentSatt exced.at, UbeNl arbltnum Q.OD naalaablt n1a1 potentlam abaowteJ alcut uaacl non exee41t vira potentlae lraaclblUl, W1de proprlwt es.ua prtnclpf.wl:l potetLtla eat, et IlOD babttua.

"Coa.atat autef4 quod ludlcare, .1 n1h11 ad4atur, IlO1l exced.1t.,lra potent1ae, eo quod. eet al1cu1ue poterlt1&e actua, aclUcet rationt., per proprlam sturu, aine boc quod aUquid babitu aupera441tua ft1q\11ratUl". lice au.te= quoCi a44!tur ~!l!!t!, sim1liter "iLl potent1ae nOn ccedlt.. Bam aec.nm4um tlOc aUquid UMn tlel'1. 4icltur qtao4 .at 1iA pot.e,tate taclent1a: ease autes _liquid in poteatate nostra lneat nobis seC\U'lClwa aUquaa potent1M, IlOD auteln per al1quem habltUlil, Icl11cet per voluntatc.

nEt 14eo Uberua arbltriwa babltt.. DOD I'1CmiDat, ae4 potent1ara 'IOluntat1. vel rat1on1a, \aaaI'a 81qu14om per ol'Cl1Deaa ad al\eJ'8lli. Slc enua actua electlonia pz0sre41tur, a'b Wl& .clueet eana per o:r41a.el1 a4 alJ.ata.. HOund_ hoc qu.o4 Pb!l.oIophua cliclt • • • quod electl0 eat appttltua inwllectlV!, vel 1ntelleotwt appetitlvl. " De V,r., q. 2'\, a. ,\ •

... 2l,t4Patet ettu ex 41ct1., UIl4e qu14am IlOtl .unt ad

poaen4wa Uberum arb1tr1t.u .... babltwa. Qul4ta'ID ana hoc poe_NAt propter 14 quod .upem441t Uber= arbltr!_ auper ~l.t.U1tate!'ll et rat,1.OI:1tD, scllicet or41nem Wll_ ad alteru. Sed. hoc Don po .. t zationa habitue habere, pondne habltua proprle acceptol DIUI babltWJ eat quaU1:iaa q,uae4am, HCun4wa q\E& inclJ.Datur potentia a4 actUil." l!U&.

potency ....

that l1b!M .rb15HW! 18 one power 1. proved ~y

two of the cona1dera.t1oaa vb1ch alao 1\mctlone4 in tale

Coagept!q on $be sentences: that it llbeM arb1tr, • .,ere

U.A a UBiyeraal, 1t wOUld. be maDl eespg4g!.''''' Jut ..

IDanJ men are ma&lJ an1mala; and that ita p.roper act.-e1!i!re-.

18 one.23

Once .. in, "Drum !!'!>J.tr&um 18 tormal~ will, but

under 'the Wh&eoce at :reaaon. AtI4 fOr tbu 1880.1l 1t 1. callecl

aa"Ql114am "'1"0 41xenmt Uberuaa arb1tr1W1l .... habitualeta potentlain, coneldemntea taclU1latem ex qUA l1bere ludlcamas. Sed. boo, lit 1aat 41ctulll ut .. ntlcmea potent1ae non excecUt." ~. .

23"Reapcm4eo 41cen4ual, quocl 4\1,1101 cOIl8iderat1one tuel"Wlt qu1ci8m motl ad ponend1D Uberum arbi tri_ aa .. pl.uns potu.t1ae. UDa qui4em ex hoe quo4 Y:1d.ebant, per U~eNa arbltr1\11, noa POSH 1n actw:t 0III'l11.111l potent1ana: unde ponebut lJ.bel"WD arbltr1wl use quasi totum \iniveraale zoe.pew omn1um ,potentiaND. Sed. hoc esa. DoD poteet, quia alc aeWlentur quod in DObia .tnt mula l.:1bera aRitria propter potent1a1'Wll multi.tu41D_J 1Ill1tl G1a baiW8 aunt .. 1t. an1maUa. lIec boc a4 poneD4\&.';'l costcwr rat10Jle prae41eta: . omnaa en1m actua cu.veraalWll potent1arum non re1'enmtur ad libeZ'Ulfl arbltrlum nul 1Ilft411mte uno aow,ClUi eat el1pJ'eJ aeeWldUll hoc en1ra Ubel'O arbltrto lDO'VeII\lr, quc4 l1bero a:rb1tno moved el.1a1mwsJ et aie de all1& act1bua. Und.e.x. b.Gc non 08ten41tur liberum arbltriwn eese pl.urea potentia., .84 ease u.nam potenttam aoventem sua vlrtu.te potentlaa 41veraaa. AUa vero conslderatione movebe.nt1U' qu1dam e4 ponend.um plurltatem petent1azwa 1n 11bero ubitr1o, ex hoc quod .1abant 1D. aotu 11bert anitr!! concurrere aUquaquae a4 dlversas potentJ.aa pert1tlel1tJ 8cl11cet l\l41clu, q1.IOd eat rat1on1&, et appetltum, qui .at voluntatla. thl4e c1iXenmt 11bena arbltrlum coWp"... 1n .e plurea potentias per modUIA quo totwI 1ntep1e c:ontJJlet ,1&8 partee. Hoc .. \Item esse non poteat. Cwn en1J:a ~tu.s qul llbel'O arb1trio attrl'bultur, ait uml, aped.aUa actua, 8clUcet elJ.&1tre, non poteat a d.uabus potelltl1a 1IImed1ate proared1; 8e4 proar8dlJ sed pl"O&f8dltur ab una 1tDe41ate, et ab altera medlate, 111 ql.m1tUll Bellleet quod .at pr1or1a potent1ae, 1n pOate"lorl rel1w;lltur. Urul. restat, quo4 11beJNll ar'bltr1ull .1t l.m& poteDtSa." .IIdt., a. ,.

57

ta0\11tae voluntajeia et rationl!- 'lb. arawant 1a 81m1lar to

that ot the Coaeen!'d!:R- (J30num utile appears u the bbJect . ot cholce.)24

r L

24"Reaponcleo 41ceotSu.'lJ, quod qu14am 41cnmt, liben:a aniU1wa ea •• tert1&Ua potent:1u a voluntate et ratiOne, propter hoc quocl v1clent actum 11"1'1 arbltrl1, qu1 eat eUpre, dU'terentea .ee et ab actu ,llnlp1.1cta volwltat1a, et ab aatu ratten1.. Itam ratlonla q\l14e:A aetws in sole 00sn1t10n. conal.t1t, YOluntu at.I1ieal actwll .\lUII habet circa bOllUlD ,uad •• t t1l:L1a. Slcut e.r50 lKmum quod eat ad fln., etp'fldltur a ratlOne ftns.., appet1tws vel'O 'bon1 1\ co&D1tloneJ 1ta dicunt quodomm.040 naturaU omlne ex reat10ne volUntata procedere, et ex 4ualma tel' tSam potent1u, quae eat Ubel'\lm a:tb1tr1wa_ SeA boo COllftnlenter stare non poteat.

IItOblectwa eIdm et 16. quod est ratl0 oblacU, a4 __ em potent18ll pertinent, 81eu.t color et luaen ail V1awh 1'ota autel mtlo;,;appet1bl11tat1s .ius quoc1 .at a4 fin., in quantual b\l1umo41, est tints. Unde non poteat eale quod Cl4 alJ..el:l potent-tam pert1neat appetere flnel:\ et 14 quod eat ad. tine. lee haec dUterent1a, WlA tint. 'appetltur absolute, 14 autem quo4 est a4 t1nem, in ordlne a4 a).:terum, poteet aP»ftltlftrws potentlarwa dUtlnctioaem lnducere: IJaII ord1natl0 un1U e4 al~ 1nest appetltul nou per ee, ee4 per 811u4, scilicet pel" rationem" cutua .st onUnare et contone: un4e nOll poteet aae cUtterent1a apec1.tlca -conatltuell8 spec~ appe't1tua. Utrwn auteal eUgere alt actus 11\t100.18 vel 9Oluntat1B, Phlloaophua oul» dubio vl4etur reUnquere ln VII Ethic., aupponena tamen quod allqual1ter alt virtue utrlwsqu8J d1cena quod. e1ect1o vel eat lntellMctt.ta appetltlvi" vel appetltu8 inteUectiv:s'J 8ed quod alt appetltua 4101t 1D III m1c." 4et1nlena electlOnea •• s. a.eaS4erlum praeeonal1-1&t1. ~ quldem ftJ'Wl1 esse, et lpeUID, o'b1ectUll clenonatrat (oom 81cut boma 4electab1le et hOnUtWll, quae bAbent ratloneal t1&110, 'Wlt oblect\J.l:3 appet1t1-vae virtutta, ita et bonum utile, quod propr1e eUSitur); et patet ex naalaez DW liberum arblt1"1wll, ut dlctWli est • • • est potentia qua boo1o 11bere 1u41care poteat_ Q.u.oc1 aut.esl 41cltur ea" prtna1.pbw a11culus actus aUqual1ter t1erl41, non oportet quod. olt pri.nclpiwn 111wa actWl s1mpUclte.r, ae4 allqual1ter a1gn1tlcatur esse prlnciplwn 111.1\18' alout 5l'BD1111atlca per hoc quod tiettur eGae aclellt1.a reate loquendl, non 41cutur quod elt prlnclplum locutlonu a1lnpllc1ter, quia 8111. gramratlca poteat hQ1l() loqul, 8eel quod alt pr1nc;1plum l'eCtltu4inla 1n lOcutiOne: ita et potentia qua 11bere lu41CU1Wl, non intelUptur l1la qua tudlcattN1r aSmpUclter, quod. eat ratlon1a. sed. quae tacit Ubertate= in 1u41ean40, quod eat wluntat1a. UD4e Ubenua arbltrtwn eat ipsa voluntass nc:m1aat autea eam non absolute, sed in ord1lle aut al.1quem acta elwa, qui eat eu.aere." Jl&!.; a. 6.

HoW' 4008 St. 1bouaaa explain the presence of Ub!N31

rU:b1~t1!et He uae. a procell of eUmlcat10n to _tabUlh that

a rat10tlal aat\U'8 aloDe va. the pover ot tree Choice.

Among th1D&l wb10h are moved or which act in IlO¥ vq I thi. 41fterenee U tcNnd. Some ha .. Vltb1u thea"" aelves the principle ot their II'lOtiOll or operation 1 and some baft it outa14e tbem.eelves, as in the cue w1th those wbteb are beitla IIIOVeCl Vlolentl,y, "tn ¥blch the principle 18 cutalde and the betas a\lbJect.ed to the vlolerlce contrlbutea nothtna," as the Phl1oaopbel" teaches. We Cllllnot' bolA tree cho1ce to be in the latter 1na8l'lNCQ aa the)" are not the oauee or theu own mot1on, wboreas a tree betng 18 "that whicb 1& for 1ta own sake," as the PhilosOpher teach •••

Thoae Mtn .. Whose principlu ot action ue 8OIIebow

1n.tr1ulc are diVided, t1rst ot aU into two OW_,

ADloDa the tbjap whose pr1nclple Of !.lOtiOn 10 with1n themselves aOGle are suoh as to !JlCTf'e ttl_Gelves, aa anialalsJ but there are acme which 40 not t10Ye thea ... aelve. eYell thoI.a&b tbeJ do bave wtthin themselves sou pr1nclple of their IIOt1on, .. bee.V1 and. 11aht tb1np. THa. do not liIICMt tbelaaelves becaul. they cannot be 41attnp1ahed into two parts, of wbich one 40$0 the IDOv1na and. the other 18 IIOved. Thi8 double principle 1a "ritted in _imale. The1r motion 18 consequent UpOn a principle w1thin them, their tom. lecawse theJ have th1a from the 'beina whiChpnerate4 them, the1 are said to be 12lO"ed, eaaent1al1.7 b7 their seni tor an4 acc1untalll __ tbat wblch removea an obstacle, accot4 .. ini to the PMloGogher. These are moved by means of' them •• lvea an4 DOt by themselves. Benee tree dw1ce 18 not tov.nd in theae e1 ther, })eeaule they are not the1r own cause ot Acting awl moYina lNt are let to acting ana. t:1OVlns b;V something which thft¥ bav. received tl'Ola another.

A .t\u:"ther ell.ttnRton 1a then ma4e:

AllOns thou beinp which are moved br tbeauselva, the motiona of DOr.le come troa e. r&t1oDal Ju4pent; tho_ of other., hotI. a natural Jw1pont. Mea. act and. are soved by a ratlOMl Jl.ad&unt, tor they 4elllMna'te

•

,,~t ¥bat 1& to be dOne. But all l:u:utea ac~ aIld. are .... bJ a aatuml Ju4tpMm.\. !b1tS 18 ..,J.4eDt traa tile tact Qat all bNtes of the sue specl •• vork in the .... .,; .. aU swallov. bUllA tlMtlr nate al1lut. It 18 8lao .. 148ftt fran tM fact 'tbat tber have Jt.1IIpent in 1'efPU\\ to 80aIe 4et1n1w actloD, lNt DOt .1D naar4 to au. tbuI bee. baTe &klll at -.klna notMns nt boUeJcoam.J and. the __ 18 t.:rue of aU other ulala.

I~ is aocori.~ appueat to aa,cme who conslUr. the atter ar1.&bt tbat Ju4tpMm.t abcut vtaat late be cloae 18 attl'1lnIte4 to brute arwall 111 the sue .., &8 _t,ion .. action are attrllluW to laaD1.te _tuml bod.la. Jut u baY1 aa4 llPt bod.1ea 40 not mcMt tbeuelwe ao u 'to be It)' talat tact the e&ue ~ tbe1l' own moUon, 8oetoobl'\ltea 40 not .1Vdse aboUt their 0Wfl ~t but toUDv the ~t ialplanted. in thea by Go4. iDlw; tbeJ are l'lOt tile cau •• ot their own 4ec1elOO nor 40 the)' baft txeedoca of choice. Btlt I8n,JudsjDS about ala courae or act.ion bJ tile power Of reuOll, can &110 Jud&e UcN,t hSA 4eculOn 1QunNcb .. he tenova tile meaDlna of an end. Gad of a eeaD8 to au e&d; aDd. tl'le relationshlp of the one with reference to the otber. Tbua be 18 bJ.a own oauH not 01111 ill IIII':rI1Da but alao 11'1 Jt;aclalq- Ie 11 tbe:retore eD4ove4 With tree Gb01cetbat 1. to 1a)'.,Vltb • t~ Judpent about actina or flOt act1Da •

e'''aeapmd.eo 41ca4wD, qu.o4 absque omn1 4ubltatlone bclra1aem arbltrlo liberum. »Onere oport.et. Ad. hoe ec1JD tUea estrinalt, cum sine l1bero anitrlc nOll poa81\ .... mer11iut1 ft1 4e:Del1.twa, 1ua'Cia P*l& .,.1 p:raem.UJa. M hoc ettaD u.n1teata ic41cia iMUcunt, cpibue .ppM' bOIdaeaa Ube:e UllUIl eli.zoe, et 811114 retutaxoe. A<l bee et1aD1 eYidena :ratio coatt, quam qu14_ ad 1n'weatlptlona U'be1'1 arb1t.r11 o~ ..... , 1100 ItOIlo procedemus.

"m rebua en1m quae aotentur _1 al1qu14 apnt, haec s.nva1tw 4Utenmtlaa quod q\lUdu pr1nc1plUil wllOtws vel operatlO11l8 ill "!pels babeGtJ quaed .. "1"0 extra .. , 8lout _ pe per Vi01ent.SM 1IIGNIltw-; 1t1 qv1bua principia .. t extra, n11 conterente y_ puao • _ • I 1n qu1\'Na llMrura iU'bltrium pone.re DOll ,poa8_, eo quod. non 8\JJlt causa aut GOt., Uberua aut. .. t 4)aQ4 aut caua .. t • •• FAa1'CII autem quorum prlnclp1u aotua et oper18 1.11 1pe1a "', quae4atA talta lunt quo4 1pea •• 1pse. movent., 81aut anlIDaltal tuedall &Utera quae ftOQ 1IIGft'nt. aeipla, quaavla in .. lpa18 IN1 JIOtua aUqU04 pr1nctpl1D l'lIt.beIlt, 81Clltr &1'8:,1& et 1eY1aJ

60

All tb.l. a44a up to the toUovtns: choice (,U.e> :1.& the proper act ot the power ot "bee ppiuy, wh1ch 1a

.. a.t1&l11 the v111 under tbe Wluenc:e at reaaGnJ choice 1.

probabq aeant to be taken a. tbe wlll act toUow1Da 1mDe4Jate~

upon or allNltaneouo with the lD.8t pl'8ct1oal JU4p1l\t beerlna

v.pon the .. teet,ton of • a1Dsle, concrete, ao4 DOn-aec ... " ......

to an'. last ea4; the root ot ~ 111 the COS1crete, 11*

GOA eoim 1p ••• 1paa atOftnt .. cum DOll poalat 418t1Qp11n 4uU ~rtea, qtal'Wll Wla alt movena .t aUa IIIOta, 81eut in aniraallb\1a 1nvea1tlu:'. qua:a'Y18 lDOtua eolNll couequatUl' al1qu04 pr1nolplwn in •• 1pale, Bo1Ucat. tormeml qUItID, tu1a a generao.te balMmt, cUcuntur .. pnerant.emoverl per oe, ••• , ee4 a lOAOvente p.t'ObJ.beua per &Colden.t et haec m.cmmtur ae1pa1a, ae4 non a ae1palth Uncle Dee in h1I l1benw arbltrl\&D 1.nVdtur, quia non Bunt 81}»1 ipst. c:auaa apD41 vel 1IIO'f'en41J sed. astr1npl1tur a4 aaen4uz vellllOWDI1um per 14 quod. ab altel'O receperunt. 101''Ult.t aute quae, a .el,.lo maventur I quol'\III4ul aotua *' 11141010 ntlon1. pZ'O'ftn1wlt, quoi'1.1mlle.ra "'1'0 ex 1u41olo _turaU. .Ix lu41clo raUon1e bcm1 ... quet et moventurJ conterunt eniIA tie ager.w.t18 J led. .... lu41cl0 naturaU apt at ..,.,.twr OIIlDla bNta. Qalo4 quid_ patet twa ex hoc ClWll4 cmn1a que auat e1JUI4.'" apec1el, 8111111ter opeicmtv, steut oamea htnm41Dea a1mll1ter t'ac1wlt n14waa tuaa ex hoc quod. babent 1\14101_ cd. aUqu04 0JU8 4etem1u.wa et non ad OIIn1aJ siout apea non babent .1DdwItriam ad tacUm4um alJ.quo4 aUu4 opu nUl taw. aellta, at 81a111~ eat Cle alla ~1maUb'Wt.

"lbSe.recte cozw14erantl appa~t quod per Cl'l*A "\II attrlbutur motu et actio e-orportbue naturalJ.lNa 1nan1MU.; per eumdu lIOdum at~1bultur bna.tl. anJ.mol.1lni8 lu41clwa d.e __ nAta; Ilcut erdf1 araV1a et levSa non ClOvent ee1paa, u\ per lloc 8mt cauea lui motus, ita nee bmta lu4leant 4e suo lu41cl0, .. aequuntur 1u41c1Wa sll>l .. Deo 1n41tl.aj et sic l'J.Oft

ilsWlt aWlt. auS. O1'bltr11, nee 11bertata al'bit:rl1l1aberlt. Jkme vel'O per V1rtutell mtlO1lia lwiicana 4e aaendla; potUt de suo arb1trl0 1ut11care, 1n.qua.tlltwD copoaclt zatJ.OUelD tute at .tue q\1Oll eat a4 t1neua, et bab1tucUnem et oni1nC \UdwI a4 altenaa et 14.0 non eat solum cauaa eutJ._lua 1n 1IOVeJ'l4o, ee4 1.n 1U41cand.oJ et 14eo •• t llberi arbltrll, ac ai 4iceretur liber1 1u41cU, 4e apn40 vel non aatmdo." .ll!J!., a. 1..

older is reaaon'a power to recop1ae the poaal'bll1tr of

<U.tteJ"e!1t appJ'Oachea to Matltu4e. It. 18 in ~t 'that

man 18 tree, theta 1& A necuaaJ7 conD8Ct1oD betveen tbe

4ecf.alon or pDCt.lcal 3\l4pent au4 tbe lIOUon of tb.ewlU.

-.-tlona trocu bOth St. ThoaIaa aDd ta18 CCiIIlI8Dtatol'll will

aubatant1ate tb18 lnterp:retattoA.

Wlt.h NP.r4 to tbe relat10nebip between tbe lut.

practical J\J4_D:~ an4 'the act ot choice. St. 'DlOmaa 18

GiJl)~. 'lbe to~ quotation voul4 led ua to tb1nk

that he v1ahea to 14eiltUJ the tw: "Dwa man La DOt aa14 to

be tree in hl. actions but tree in hU cholce, ¥bleb 18 ..

Ju4a-nt about wbat 18 to be loM.n26 Ia another place, be

lea". open both potelbl11t1eat "Since cbOlce fA a Ju4peDt

UcAlt Wbat 14 to be doGe, or 1'ollowa auell a Jt,I4aalnt., tbere I

can be choice onq about wbat tal18 un4e .. our ~t."27 It

18 probab~ better to assume tbat choice 18 an act. toUc:JW1Da

upon or .1atultaneoua w1tb tbe practlcal J\Id6Ilent, .Sac. cbolce

1a clet1nltell 1ntfm4e4 to be Wl4erat004 .. an act of tbe "UlI

Choic. '8 the f1ll&1 acceptance of eoae\hiDa to be carried. out. 1'b1a 18 not tbe bulnUa or reuon but or w1ll. tot:, ho'ifeTer twCb raaon pute one ahe&4 Of the other I there 18 not yet the accepta.nce of one in pretuence to the other •• soatetb1.na to be clone

Lt

26..&t 14eo homo DOD 4icltur en.' 11ber aQfU'WI anlOlll1t1, H4 Uber electlOn1a, q,uae eat lu41cwa de aaen41D." lk&!., a4. 1.

27"eum electl0 81t quoddallJi 1ud.lcs.. de apn41s ... 1 1udJ.olW1 conaequatur I cle hoC poteet ea ••• l.ecUo qucc1 aub Sr&41clo noatro ca41t." Ib1d. J ad 20.

Wltil the IS11 lnallnea to the one rather tb8I1 to the other.

It 18 cUttlCNlt to matntain a etl'atabt COUH. tb.rouab

tbe te~loilcal 41ttlcult1ea or .. De V,totate, u4 peri'aapa

\he beat proce4ure 1a that aussu1ie4 bJ LottiDl leave the

d1tt1e\ll~1e •• tal34, aa4 concentrate on the que&t1<m or Whether

or not. what St. 'f.boIIaa calla .1wUc1Wl 4t yegll:l 18 tne.29 \

Aa ve bay. Men, thl. praatical ~t 18 tree; tbat

ie, IOan is the maater of biG JllCSpnt in practical _t.ter., a.

the reaaona pven ate tbatman, heine & rat10nal antaaal Call

JuAse about. b1a ow Judpent; tbat be un4eratanda the l1tlat1on

ab1p of meana to eIld.; &Il4 tbat reuoA -reflects upon Ita own

aat ar.4 kDova the relAt1ouab1pa of ~ tb1racS about vb1cblt

Ju4.&ea an4 of tboae b7 wblcb lt Jud.gea. ,,30 When reason Jv.4aea

about 1ta own clec1a1on, 1n refrect1ns back on It.aelt ani Ita

"-a181on, 1t zelate. the conorete &GOd to the &004 in eeneal.

TAu 40u not mean that man INat &lvQ8 cbooae a cotlCl'8a Fo4

28"Electlo at ult1aaa accept10 qua acc1pltur a4p.roaequen4um. Quod qu14«A non eat mt1on1s, sed vobmtaUa, uara quantualcuaque 1"8.tl0 Wll:W alteri preetert, DOIl4\IIIl eat unuat alter! prneacceptatum ad. openn4U11, ClUOu&que ¥Oluntaa incUnetv ad. v.m&II mate quail a4 alJ.wl. tt ~.. q. 22, a. 15.

29"an le VOlt~ lea tOl'llUlea n'ont poa _core tJ'OUft l.e\U" precJ.alon parta1t.; lllala 11 eat e&aI1Ueate que, po&lr ea1nt Thora., l· ... nt1el eat 4e AWli' ., ce 1!4lS'Y! 4, .. pAyu' Ul»re. n LottSn, POlctteleal' !t Morale, p. 232-

30 .. Ju41care autem 4e J\dlc10 ouo eat .011ue rat1oA1a, quae .uper actWll allUm retlect1tur, et ~clt balJltamdlUa 1'8l'WD 4e quibua Ju41cat, et per quad Judhst. it .1'!!.14., q. 24, a. 2.

tbat 11 obJect1"el.J conformed to the aOO4 1n seneral, but

that the capaclt.1 to l1!late the one to the other Ie ze,utre4

1t a being 18 to be tree an4 IDOral~ zespona1ble 10 lta

eb01cea. ft1& Ju4pent of relatlon 18 not the practIcal

Judpent _Hut vhat 1. to be done) 1t 18 rattler a k1tI4 of

a priori poaa1blU.tJ coml1tlonlng the apptal'allce of fl"ee4ota.

It tb1s Judpnt 1B mt14e (8D4 1t i2etK\ not be made .... 17

time) it 18 a conorete but speculatlve JudpeJlt ot c:onac1ellce.

Queatlon 24, article 2. det1nea tora~ the %elation-

lJhip of man's appetit1ve acta aad reason •

.. • • 81nee three eleaente concur in cur actlVlt¥1 lmovle4&eJ appetIte, anet the actlYl\11taeU, !Ja !!!Jolt tom1 AA!"Cbl 9t tree4qe de.. upon the sDIU' of kuowlea. or' .P.PO~lte foll.ove know1e4ae, 81Ace tbe:re 1a appetite onl¥ tor a SOO4 WhIch 18 proposed to 1t "'7 a copltlve podr. It appetIte tOIMIt1Ma .... not to tollOW lLaowledae, ih18 18 becaue the ap",,1'" and the knov1ed.ge are not Judse4 tl"Om the .... point or v1ew., Appetite 18 conc~ with a pe.rtlcular obJect Of operat1OA, 1Ihereao the Ju4pent or reQOIl 1a eometlMa ~. with aoa&ethlna antveral, u4 1ih18 1a at t1lnU COIltl'a17 to Ot\1' appetIte. A t.ma who v1ebea to forn1cate, tor inetance, altboUf,b he know. in &eneral that torn1cat1on. 18 evil, Mftrthelfta Jl.&dsea tbie ,reaent act ot torn1cat1cm to 'be soo4 tor bo1al aB4 cboOeee 1t uncleI' tbe upeot ot good.. Aa DIO!l7'1ua .,., no OM acta 1nten41ng w11.

tmleae there' 18 IIOMt;blng to prevent it, a. lIOUoa or operat1cm .toU.owa the appetite. 'lhua, 1t the Ju4ament of .. c.uve faculty 16 not 1Jia penon'. power but 18 4e1ierla1ile4 tor b1m att'1nalcalll; nes. tber vill hf.a appetite 'be 1n b18 powel'J an4 cco.aequentlr nel1iber wiU bl. aotlon or operatIon be 111 bla power abaoluteq .. low Judpebt 18 in the pover Of the one Jucl.g1n& 1&'1 80 tar .. he can Jw1.p abcNt ala 01ID. ~tJ tor we can pus Judpent upon the tb1nga which an in our power. Jut to Ju4p e.'bOut 0.-. CM1 ~t belo!lp ~ to

fttUOn, whlcb reflect. \lPOD ita OlD act and kaowa the nlatlonal.'l1pe ot ,be tb1qa about vblch it Jw1&e. aDd. of tho •• bl ¥bleb It Judges. Bence $b! wb.o:J.! root of I'E!!tcSer! ,. 10caW in m lon• Couecluentq, a being 18 relatec1 to tree 0b01ce in the ... VIl¥ as It 1a related. to reaIOll.,l

of th1a ,.. .... '

TnI'M elemen~ flNSt be 41at.1n&U1alle4 in Ilwan actlOUl Jalov1e4&e, appetite, an4 tbe actlOD. lteelt. low act,ton follow. necesurll¥ t1"03l appetites when

31ttBeap0n4eo 41cen4tlm" quod bl'Uta nullo IlO4o aunt l1berl a:bltr11.

tlAcl guJu w14entiala 8Ctemwa tat, quoG. C\m1 a4 opezats.onem ac.tl'Utrla coneurre.nt, aclUcet CIOsnltlo, apprtltua, -' 1Jea oper&tlo, li2$! ratlo Yl!.ttat 1a • ggdo soseAAloq1! _ .. at.t. Ilppetlt1u1 en1IJl cop1Uonem sequitur, CUll appetltus DOD

a1t nUL bon1, q\lQd. .1))1 pel" 'Vim oopJ.t.1V11m Pl'Oponltur. at tu.o4 ~ appetltua v1c1.etltuJ' COSl11t.1onem non aequ1" hoc 1480 ut, tu1a non o1rca i4em acclp1tur appetlt\l8 et COgnitl01l18 J\J41clwu es' en1la "})jet1t. de po.rt1cularloperablli" Ju41ctum ftl"O ratton1a ~ eat 4e &Uquo unlYeJ'Hll, QUod. eat CJ.llAD4Oque cont:ral'lwI appetltW.. Sed Ju41clum cleboc pertlcularl operabl11, \$ nunc, ~ poteat .... ~r1Wa appetltu1. ~ ... vult tondce.rl, quamna 801&t in Wllversa11 torn1catlonea malwa .... , tIaIJIU JU41eat alb1 ut tunc bODUID .a .. tom1cat1on16 actultl, et ••• peele bonl1pawa eUs1t. NullUa eni4 11lt.endeu tad salwl opeat\lr • •• Appetltum auam, 81 QGn 81t aUqu1d prob1bella, aequ1tur CIOtua veloperatio. It i4e0, a1 .Judlc1ur4 coplt1vu IlOn a1t 1n poteatate aUcn&JUG, .. a1t aUwul. 4etermilJatuaa, nee appetltua ertt1n poteatate .Jus, crt per conaequena nee flIOtu vel open.t1o ablOlute. JutiC1WA a\ltem eat 1n poteatate Jt,14Soanto... oeC\Uld.t1m quod. poteat 4. DUO Jwllclo JudJ.eanu 40 eo tm1Ja quocl eat 1n noatra potutate, poaaumu Jud1care. Ju41cal'e .". de Jud1cio suo eat aoU.ua l'tlttonta, qu.ae ."'per actuaa auUl'l retlectttur, et cos;noae1t babltu41nea rerum cle quiblta Judi.', at ,.1' quae Ju41ca:t* pg4f :!i2t1!1 M1?e~tl. miX eat. W zatip s.oe,t1Wta. UZl4e .. CWJ4um q\lOll aUqu14 8. habet a4 ntloDe!1t, ale .e habet 04 Ubel'Ul'li arbitrlwa. if Ib1d. &\pbaal •• 1De.

the vlll 1e deteralne4 to a certain e.o., tbla act ineY1tab17 takes place, unl.eaa " ... preYentect bJ eOlle exte:mal tWc:e. But 1rl tum, awl Vith aD equal nec •• ltJ, ~ will til linked vlth tbe pN· ced1D& act of krlovled&e. 1Ibea a man Ju4su that a certain act 1a AI! 0" !!H!9 aood tor bSa. &Dd, wbeA all loto14, tM onq aoo4 Vb1cb a~ to hla, the vlU, raacle tor \be pod, carmotA,be attracne4 1\ ~ to It. Un4oll,bte4l¥ I a man can J1.t48e .pecula~lve1¥ aa4 19 ,QbJBISM tIlat this 300d 18 evu in 1Welt. but it" UtI4er the 1atluence or IICXDet pualon or otber torce, he JwSaea praoUcallJ aDd 9· _ tbat tld.a act_18 1"01' b1m bie U Al!pC aood, the b1a vlll camsot riIrAdD iDt.Utterent, but anaat a4beft to 1t. __ , U man 11 tree, 1t le in the ~t wh1ch prece41 b1a wiU aet tilat we raut locate 1118 :tree4oa.

,lDttln later natea that MD "hu. power OYer the

pract1cal Jwlsaeat vA:I.cb 4ete11lllAea ble dlO1ceJ be 1e the

tree taau. t of bia 4ec1alouJ an4 becauM r4 the »-,choloa1ca1

law 4eacr1bec1 ab0ge, the.:tree4oa of the 4eoles.on t. CCII.'IISIUA:I-f>

catel to tile cholae.u by the vl11, am\ 1D tum, to the act .1

32"1Jaraa lea actf.ona buma1lzea I .. • ., 11 taut dJ.atuauer trole cJ:I.Oafta la c:ot2&lIl1Mattc., l'4ppetl,. 1. tact1on: .1le ........ Or, 1. '.ctloa 4er1". oeceaaa11"ement 4e ltGppetJ.ta q,ue.nd 1& volAnte eat a.eW:rm1nee 6; tel ect4l, cR .ote en proce4e t.teluent, aaut etrave at.r~. Mai.e a IOtl tour, e' tout a.a' ~ ... .. nt, l'appettt volontaUe eat !eU." 1& ccmoa' ... nce prealab18a quan41· ..... a Juae que tel.ate eat, 9" " 5!JBS, eon btau et, en tiD 4e COIIpte, le .. 1 bieD qu111n~ae, la 'fOl.onte. teJ.te pour 1e bien, De pet.t.t pu rae pa8 .', pol'ter. 8au 4oute, 1,hcIae peu.' Jupr apeculaU'¥eIaeJ1t et &a a\?!5mcto ... tel bien .. , 19 " -.uvato J mail ai. .owl \IDe 1r&tlUence ..... s.om.u. ou a.utre~ U Jup pa.1quement, et. 1n COllsate que cat aew eat poar lul, lire. es, lOll b1efl, sa wlDcte, 101D 4e rater 1n4Utvente. ne PfN1;. que •• , attacher. 81 4onc: l'bQae eat lDre, ct.t. <l6me le~uaaeut prelabt.. .. l-act. 4e 'fOlonte 91'11 tatdra trouwr lA lDerte. It 1A)ttiA, fgSle!em " !foDl.!, p. 231.

66

vb1cb ralllta traa tb1t chOice","]]

Tb.e central qv.epton 1D tb18 .'1re 41acuaa1oa. then,

CODe.me the tnterrelat1.onehlp of intellect aDd vlU 1n tbe

..... 18 of a t ... act. J'tee4ca U towd toralll' 1n the \

c:MIMUtJll rexerclaecl »)" tbe 1nteUect on t&lO wiUf

!ftata queeUOn 1. raised expl1cltl.Y 1D QUeet10n 22,

art1ele 12 (U1S'!e YOluDtea~n. et C!t!!I! 19"'" Jim !!'!!t). St",~. U explicit on ODe tact: no tttlc!.ent

CllA.lAll't11. attrtWteO. to the intellect vital napect to the •

wlU" In iNman action, ~ .tts.c1enq ccmea entJ.req from ta:ae . !

»fJL'bostt, au contl'llire, &mee. sa ralaOn, 4Om1ne le ~t pratique 'lui ticte tIOn chout 11 eat 'C&\IM' lib"

u.

de _ 4ec1alonl et en vatu 4e 16 101 P8JcholOS1ClU 4eo.-.lte plua haut, 1&' Uberte 4ft la 4eCtaloA .e ocmraunlqu.e au chou 4e 1& volonte, e' par le el101x .. l'aote qu1 en emane.tt Ib14 ... , p. 2)4.

In a later al't1ele, lottln API "C' .. , ,u'en ettet l' Iaoaatt-e' l'bc:aze aeul.-... t -1tnt cle ee Juae=eAt, 11 en ea' l'auteur I'Uponaab1ej 11 peut porter 8urce ~t un JqMent de _leUr, ate!t M te ~u4iela,1pd1s,aD. ROSIJ\ M auo *P1t!1e .1pD. • aiDal 1. hom.e u' •• , pu aeu.l.e:.Ient attn 4e 101, caM! 'U&' CQlIIIe 41M1t Arlawte, &a 1l0J!940, _1. tWa.i I:a Jg41~. D'une at.Glen plue ahstraite, Alnt,.,... 41t aueaU 18 .tatt cIe pouvolrJuaer de .. 1C)tl propre 3upaent vlet. 4e C4I f1U8 la sison, et la ralaon 'ftle, peut •• replier aur eon act. d comaaltre1e rapport 4e cllOaea 8Ul' le8que:U ..... porie .on Juseaaec'. Ltbo:rlae eat 4oftC~, noa aw'J.eunt 4e Ubre'lOl.Cmte, _18 auaa' de l1bre aliJttre. tt •

ADO.: "Le Jupraent pratlque I).· .. t 40nc que Ja conaequeu. 4e noa 41.poal'tlona af'tectlftG que dependent de notre l1bn1 wlonte. • • • 8olaa.8Oi1IIaea clOne maitre. de not. JqMent pratique pote. tlOUI .cmaaea ma1tre8 4e ce Cfd l'~ en QOQa." lottto "La p1"eUft 4ft la lJlJerte bumaln ches S&1nt '1'b<Iau c1 t AcJdn,' -!'MD!!- 4, .~ 'WSIGM d Me!&!!!11 23 ('1956), pp. 323-330.

vlll. But the lntellect c1efinlteq e:xerctaea aorae -_Ut7,

aDd st. thcxIaa aap tbat ttl!. cauaaUtr 1a final cauaaUtr.

• • • both an eu4 and an .ttlelent cauae an sai4 to move, 'but in d1ttennt Vit78. two 'th1nse are to be taUn ate aCCOImt 10 &ttl action', the aaent and ttl. rea801l tor acting. fA beat1rl8, the &e*nt 18 tire an4 the raaon for &C'108 111 beat. 811rl1l&rll' in 1lOV'1ns" the eD4 18 -.14 to mcmt u the reuon tor .ov1na, but the ettlc1eut. ....... , aa the one pra4uc1na the 1AOYe~t' that is, the one wl'dcb brtnsa the subJeCt or the IIOUon t1'O&1 potenq to act.

The i'eUOn for e.ct1ll8 h 1M torm of the agent bt Which 1t acta. It rau.t aCC01"cU.nal1 be in the agent tor 1t to act.. It 1e not tbe1"e, tioVtr'f'U', aCOO~lna to ita perten act fit -l»e1n&J tor when tbat s.a ha4 the motion ccmea to :eat. Btlt it f.a in tb.8 -.mt bJ wq of an 1ntClUou, tOl" tbe tn4 1a prlor in tnteoUon wt pOSterior til betna. Tb:ua the e114 p1teeX1ata in tile !lOVer 1&1 III pl'C)Jer una. tntellectuaUr (tor 1t be10np to 1t1:~Uect to recelft aometblQC b1 ttq ~ an ~) e.a4 not aocOl\'ltrta to ita real exutence. Bence~. intell8ct .,.... tbe will in the .., in Wb1cb an eo4 1a a14to .,........, c:onottl11.q betorebaa4 the~ tor actlDs aD4 Pl'OJ08ina lt to the will.

td

341•• • • taJI 111111 quaa eftlc1eAa movere 41cuntv, ae4

.Uftl"Gita040) <NIl 1n qualJ.bet aotiOne duo ccmai4erentuJ'J 8clU" .. t asena, et ratio aaen41J ut 1Il caWacUane iFts eat aaeu, et ratlo aseD41 calor. In moven40 41clt\lr tSnJ.. IIOftJ."* 81C\lt ntlo 1IlOftn411 aect. ettlclttn8 .lcut aaena J11OtuIa# boo eat e4\lcene mobile cSe potentia 111 act\R. Ratio autem agcmcll eat tona apnt1a per cpa aaltl Wlde oportet quo4 1nalt aaenti 04 bee quod. apt. Ion autem , ... , aecWld_ .... naturae pertectum, quia hOc bablto quleeclt motUJ sed. lneat. asentl pe~ modLa lAtent1on1a, nea t1n11 eat p.l1.or 1n. intentione, e84 poaw.rlOr 10 8.M) '" 14eo tlnts praeu.1ailt' 111 movente propria .ecun4_ tntell.ect1a, cuJua ut ftClpere allqu14 per ao4ta intent1on18, at non uc'Wldllm OM Datume. Un4e intel.lectue movet voluntatora per .... quo t"inU SOftre 4101'tur. 1n que&lt\D 8C1Ucet pmeconciplt ratiOnem t1a1ll. et eam. voluntatl prapon1t.· Rt Vex;." q. 22,.. 12.

!he 1IlU\ta1 cawsaut;;J of utel.lect aid vlll nee4 not

pl'OCe04 19 19t&eUM. becauee "we atop at the natural -nett. bJ wblch the intellect Ie 1nc11ne4 to 1ta act ... 35 The

1nfAtlJlict 18 tbe tin' GlOftl' SA buIran acttoD, but onlJ tbl"OUlb

t.tal. cauaU\7.

Wbat 40a tbe iateUeet do in 0.1" 'to IKWe tbewUlf

It ClOndl-. Mtonband. \he reuon tor acUlle aDd ~t8 't _ 'tbe viU. "U:ae 1I1teUect l'Ulee the wlU, not _ iAollrd.D&

l' to tMt to which lt teD4a, but .. ebowlna It tbat to vtd.cb.

" ~14 tend. ,,36 i'lNe at. fhaIas clarll wSebU to .Y014

..." otatersent u.t VOl.Il4 ... of _,~ 4ete=lnllia.

While the lnte1l.ect dOe. AOt ~ tile will to 1ta act.

~re 1a co account of precleel¥ wlat 40ee 4etermSH the w111.

Aa4 .iDee the ~cboloa1cal law' (d bov1edae......a.ppttlte-aotSon

u ris14, the .... iOn 18 4etlnltell left of a ~J.lIa.

WIlen he wu later oontl'OAte4 with the lllatallt paJCb.oloas.eal

4eterad.nl" of __ Paria1aD A'fel'l'01ata, St. fbOlllU wu l.e4 'to

ella. h1a app;roach. to u.. queaUon of tne4aa a. to etQbu1ae

acme aapecu that aN pn.ct1ca14 latent 1D tM b Vepta!!J

35";\4 aeoura4UID 41cendUta, quo4 DGIl •• t ~ in 1ttt1n1tlaJ .te.tur ell"" 10 &ppetltu oatural1, quo lnclJ.r.latur iDtel.l.ectwl 1ft .wa a.ctual." ~,ad 2. .

36"Intell.eatua natt voluntatem, noa ... , lncl~ ... 111 14 111 qUOCl 'ti!m41i, led. .lcut oaten4eu .1 .Cl\lO ten44mt 4ebat. It D14., a. 11, ad ,.

Il&iIelr I the act!T. cbc.11P.Cter ot the 1I1ll, the ett1clent

CIOtlon Of 004,31 tne 41at1nct1on between f'l"eecJ.om fd earoiae

Wl4 tree4an of 8J1cUlca;t1oD, aD4 the couequent tNe40ta v1\b

zoep.r4 'lo eDCla. In the let. verb, al.ao, •• we .-.u MO,

St. ~ ph out or his .., to wiat that the in_Ueet

40ea DOt cle'te1:1dne the vUl to a. ,Particular courae of anton. WltU.. tl'H4otll vlll .,1U be 1"OOted 1n the reflecUve per

otraaon, 1t wlU ... t~ rf!'.1!\l:J.t 111 tile vlU aDO. DOt 1n

the act of .1y41g1. ,AI N5IIfJ!.38

31A8 1n U. CW!entep: 011 \M Stu_. tbe role ".1aM4 to 1M 4,.,s.n. _tloa 1D PI Vel"." ,. not. that at an etttcHnt cause or ewJ:7 DeW vUl. act, but mtbeJ' that of the czreator and or4en.-l' of all natuea ccmc:urr1na ill a "" ... aanraer in twan ,... aoUou. See 4,. 22, a. 8.

3~ 20. Laver, in an article reterre4 to ir.l the t1nt. cbaptv, tr1ea to arpe aaa:l.n8t some of J)(!Illotttn'e liD41L1" :refJ'lJ'41na 1M 4eftlOpDen,*, wbUh took place 1u St. !boase. '. tbeo17 or tnte4Q'll. She bbl4a that •• w111 1* Just .. active and Jut. .. pa."ft 1n t. Dt VentateaccOWlt ... SA that of the pe Malo. and that LattSn". Il1etakiii When he ..,.. tbat 'the later !'Ole of 1nwlleot aa tozmal caue cmablea .u. vUl to bewderatooc1 as IItOna &ot11 ••• since format cawsaUt7 18 .tVs.~ to tbe intellect 10 the PI Vel', .... vall u in tb.e De Hel.o. b principal text cttecl 18 that of queat10u 22, an1cl.e 12, where St. ~ atateo tbat "ratio autea acel!41 .at toma ageat15 per t'* *&,t. It LotUn __ .atte eon ... lcma 1D ub 19,6 artlc18, al~ he a.iIea tbat "11 taut tout41ttota aJOt,lte quei nuUe part avau' le PI .ts!. CRte rataoD, .ue tormelle c1e 1& nature tu;aallle. a· .. t pnmenw. ~ caWHt rorme1le 4. 'actlvlte humas.ne." IU" ccmceaa10na are bUt4 on the tact that St. ~, in 1ibe Seg!!pSa aesgnay •• tea bt <tlA IIOral1bwt 1'fBII act\m aiten41tur prlnci;pal1ter .. pu'te as.a." (IX-U. q. 23" a. 8.) AlIIo, 10 the !2f. CarltaM. cbar1tJ u 'taUn AI 1Wt tON of tbe Y1nues, fora" be~ wdentoocl u"e04. It Be atatea, too that "c'eat pour 10 ... mot,if que 1& alson eat pz'eoenteo tutot ~ .... t1nale, tantot CCI'DIII.e cawse tozmel1e. Bt ce fAOtlt .. t que c'., 16 ral80n

1& •

911 preeena ,1'0\)_ a 16 volOnte~ mtw ~1R&t r:sem GeM II .. Dlfaltt, PJ'91&1' (PI Xet., q. ,.. 12 ) ,., .. l§wl !9D! ff~M!e ,19\&' 2p!!!81iay .1 .~ '~I. 1I,t q. 9, a. r. • .... rthele8e, tbne .facta lStuat be po . .,. in t;be ea:rlier worb, St. ~8 De'V8J' MRMc"lI .. alp8 to reuon .... role Of tonal cause 10 bwIan aotl'rt.t,y, lD ... later VOl'., final. crwaaUtJ 1e al.w7a "Biped to the wID mttler tIvm to .reaaonJ an4 in tU earlJ.et voW tile -tOl'8 aseatl .... MI"fU •• ~ mt.le,tiUM, ana is 14ont1cal Vita ~ pl'aOtlcal ~. ~ in \be later ¥om the "toa" wb.1ch 11 OI*ratl_ 18 .... uniftZ'hl, vhJ.cb at.Ul leavea ~·vm wvietel'tdM4. Wlth ~ to Lot.iDls COIlC!aaiou Mea". Of St. tbcaIaa t • ~1t1on em. .11.... Patb.!r IUulMirl:anIt atatea. -Onecov14 .... 1011 vbetbe" chal'1t, 1e ttona ot the vll"tuee' 111 tale __ ...... , for aluaapl.e, pNd.eAce leJ U eo, 'tIJAt COI1Ceu1otla ... unaeoeaaaq." P. 101, footnote 6.· Fatber lCl.ubertana alao .,e: "In the .. Pft!J an4 the euUor texts, lDtellect att4 lI1U are tNa . IOIIIIWhat after the ~ ot two ."ppoa1ta. ft1s 18 not IlGant to iapq that St. 'fhQIaaa 414 DOt knov, or ever torso', that can s.a the aeent wbo kDowa and Vllls, But the aot, or rather, C)l)Jeot ot the 1ntel.lect" 18 relatd 4Urec~ t& tM act. of the w111, at tbe level of the acta tMluel'R8." U. Nt .. to the 1i.7Pt of formal cauaall_ ~ 1D tbe eu-1.r vo.rb as "the "\.I$,1t)' OS form OIl attar," al14 aclmow~. "ttMJ speclal aean1Da wblob tfo:rmal cawJal.J.tJ't acCJl$.rea" .t.n ~ lAter vow, •• tter will. ve wl1111l ..... t~. lateI'. See K~. pp. 110-712.

~tb.er tIla&l conc1u4e the pl'ClY1ou cbapter v1tb •

8\lo'111DU'J of taft 400triGe of treecloil ill. ,.. pe 'U1!!'Jb we ,

~t 1t, -better 10 atu4l tlX'at the 4oc'tr1l1e Of the 81!!l1

COst!! 05,11ee, a1l1ce buicaU7 the AID8 JOSl~1on ia

ex.»nase4 bore 1n a mol1t cone1 .. toN. 1 ~l'4 tile eu4 of

tbU Chapter it vlU be pQ881ble to present a GOIIIIIIJWbat

.... nt.1al ac·oouut ~ ~ .-.18 or tbe t1"M act._

Ap,pet1te 18 apta coWJi4en4 W 'be paaal_ and UlOVe4

1»7 the appetible obJ~t.. ..... the appet1l>le 1& to appetite

e.o the AMmtI' to tIM lIIO'Ie4 • ..2... • • tbe obJect or appet1tlon

IIO'fU the appetite. tt3 !.bill hol4a tJue Of ..... appeUte an4

v111 u well ... na.tlUal appetite. ~. a~lW1 ••• 8hOul4 be

Pl'OJOr\1mJAte to tb.e paul_, and. the GIOVins 1:0 tb.e moveable.

M in tb1ap -V1r:la COsnlUon tbe app:'hen4lna IJOftr 10

relate4 to the appetitive power aa oaaver to 1lOYabl.e" tor tbat n r

lttveut-on une .UluetratlQn 4U vuu 4u PI VE1!!!C!' Q).l'pa 11M catw paae maatatrale de l.a SWaa pOQk! 9!Ullft. It 1QtUn, Pal_11m st !!Om}lb p. 236.

a". • • appetllJU.e ccmpa.ratur a4 aP,Petitum, 8leut moYeDa a4. IAO_. n I, 7~.

3". • • &ppn1'bu" enim .... " appetltum. It UI, 26.

71

wbleb 1. apprebencle4 b1 IeNSe 01' 1mal1_U0Il1llOft8 the

lnteUecttal or the antmal appetite. ,,4 "Ifov" 1n • lIoO'Uon

t.h6t tun place thI'Ouab appxebenelcm, be who baa the

apP*tlte and the flPprehenal0n 18 a mand tmvel', While the

n •••• 111 eYe-q act ot the w11.1 the obJect w1llt14 1$ to the ODe

W'1ll1Ds u a GlOVe!" to the aaove4. ,,6

!I.'he __ 41at1nctlon of the trawe leVels ot appetite

18 operat,1ft bent a& 1a the prece41as worM.

• • • tbat. Which aCCOlRp8cle. ""1'1 be1na MlonaG to being laalmUCh as it 16 1n "ins. . .. low, 1t lMtloDaa W fI/f'e'q belRi to 8eek lttl perfection aD4 the cousenat1on ot ita be1nc, aDd tbla in the cae. of each being aocol"41n& to ita eaQ4e1 tor intellectual be1llS$ tbtOUgb vill, tor ulatlla t,broup aena:1b1e appetite. and to tboae lack1J:lS eenH tm'Ou&\'1 aatural appetite.'

t ,

4". • • actl ... oportet .... 9l'Opc>rt1cmatUla pu81vo, et l:lOt,lYUUlIJlOb1U. sea in habentlbul COsnlt101lIirl, Yf,a appreheDalft .. tae.bet ad eppeUUftIl .lcut motlwm ad. aobUe, I2WIl • .pp~ "I' seuua, ".l1mas,natlODe1l, yel lntellectual II.Oftt appetlturtt 1ateUectual.erll, vel au1lDal.e1l. U, 47.

'w ••• 111 I!IIOttl auteID qtd. •• t per .ppetit_ et a~ bena1ofta, appetcma etapprehen4ens eat movena me\\W1 .ppetlbUe __ at appreh.enaUm Hi 110ft. non motuJA... I, 44.

"'. • • in OBi btu VOlUntat:1a voltt_ 00IDpLU'atul- IHl voleateD, at aowena ad IIOtuII1... I, 76. See .leo II 7 ....

7t1 ••• Ul.w1 qu04 coaaequltur oam.e ena, COImmit ea.t.1,

111 qullll.tu&a eat "'1 quoci IW'teII eat hUJUHI041, oportet tJlOCl in eo -.xiae inY8l'1J.atur, quod. .et prUna 4m8. Crd.llMt autem uti ~lt apten auaa perten~ ., con .. l"ftt~ aut ... , unlcu.1que temen .ec~ .uum.IlO4U1l, lnteUeowallbwi qui«_ per 'fOlwltatem, anSM111n ... per tMmaJ.b1l.ea appetltuaa, oarentibuo _1'0 MlleU per appet1tura naiall1llel. tI I, 72.

73

Sa1n\ i'hocIal aoea OIl to mention a crlterlon or 41at1l1e'ttont

Moreover, tbat wbleb alata tbrougb 4DOtber 18 reter.re4 to tbat wblch .uta tbrougb ltGelt, •• beJ.na prior to the tormflr. bt 1$ WbJ, accol'dlna to Ar1atotle. tb.1rlga ~ bl another are referred to the· tint eelf-mc.wera-. L1kev1ae, in q1.lQs1o=a, the conolualOna, Which are kllovn rna othel' thlD&a, are :n'Iterrecl to tirat principles, which a1"8 known thrwp tbeaselvee. Hew, there are acme created. subetances that etc> not act1vate tberaGelveu, but an b1 toreo of nature ~ to act) such U the cue with intuit •• tb.1np, plante ~ and b1'\1te aniraale, tor to act or not to act 400& tlOt 11e in tbetr pover. It 1a tberetore ,.c •• u..,. to ao back to ecne first tblnp that GlOVe tha8elvea to actiOn. !ut, ao we bave JUot abowD, intel.lectual auttetanoee ho14 the t1rst l"I\Dk 1Dcretec1 tbinp.. TheM aubatal'lCa, then are ~tilt.oectlvat1t\s., lfov, to move. 1t .. 11 to act 1& the property ot the wlU, GD4 by tbe vill a substance 1& master of ita actton., .ince wl~1n ouch a ar.tano. l1ea tb.e power of acttng or not acting.

The relation ~ an appetite to knowle4p 18 another

criterion or 41stlnctlons

101;, appetite, 1& not pecul.1e.r to intellectual aatuJ'CtJ 1natea4 1t 1& present in all thtnaa, thoush it 1$ 1A

&'a4b.\&ct l4 quod est per &UuA, re4uc1tw' in 14 quo4 Nt per .e tanqutiUa 1n pr1ua: UD4e e1; McW1Cbma 1'h1loa9pb.wa 1r1 octavo Pbp., mota ab .. Uo ~untur 1n pr1aa moventia aelpaa: ill qUOa1am'a etlara CODcl.ulODe1, quae aWl1i' notae ex aUis, re4ucuntur in prima prlnclp1.$j q\tM sunt nota pel' ee1paa. InftDJ.untur au-tim in IUbatantU.a oreatia quaec1MQ.U118 non &pD.t aeipsa ad ope1"&tdura, eeel agunt1&r Y1 naturae, stout inaD1Mta, plantae, e' aniMUs bruta. IoD en1a est in eta aaero, et DOn agera. O,portet tsttur quo4 tiat. reductiO ad aU4 pr1ma, q,uao "'pea apnt. d opera ..... Prla aut. in rebua creatla aunt 8ubatantJ.ae lf1tellAtctualuJ ut aupm oetenaWll eat. Hae 1altQ.r aub81iarltSae .. apIlt d operazJduill. Hoc &\.\tea eat p:ropl'1.WJl VOluntatl", pel' quam substantla allqua e.t 40tlba aut actua, "tpote in lpea exutena &&ere et. non apre. Subetantiae ta1tlll' 1ntellectualea creatae babent 'fOluntatem." II, 47.

dJ.tterent t.b1AgJl 1a different vato. Aad tibia 41-.,.rattJ art ... hom .th,e tact that tllSop an 41tter. ent1,- related to knovl.ed,p. For tb1nga lack1ns knowledae eiltlre~ bave natural appettte oclJ.. AM t.b.t.llfPl fmAowecl with lewtOJ;Y knwle4ae .ve, 1ll a441-tloo, sense appetite I under which 11'ascibl.e aDd ccm.wplac1l)le powers are included. .Bu.t tb1np )Oa •••• ed. of lntelleotual know1ec1&e also Dave an appetite proportlona'te to this JmOilledse.~

!vo quoktl6ns will demonstrate another principle of

41at1nctlon, one tbat rec\U's corurtantlJ in the Summa Conte

Oent1m: the relation of agpetlte to tom. !beae quotat1oluJ

will o.lao introduce the preci •• nature ot the will.

• • • whoever poaBe6sea some torm 1a related tbro\aih tbat rom to things 1n rea.llt7. 701' example, wblte wood 1& 't.llroU6h ita whitenesa 11ke 8QlaO thll16l an4 unlike other thlD61_ But in one UD4entan4hIS and a.nelDa there 18 the tor.:1 or the un4eratood. and aeu~ thins, since all knowledge 1s through some 11kenees. There SlWIt, tbereto.re, be 0. relatlOD. ot ot the one underatand1D& am tensing to un4orstooc1 and. a.nae4 tb1nga aceord1ng a8 then are in reality_ I\1t tbta 18 not because or the tact that theae bel. UD4erat.and aDd aetl88, not because ot the tact tbat tb.eae~ 'beings understand and senae, since thereby we rather t1nc1 a relat10n ot tblnp to the one un4eratand1nC 8114 aenala(u tor to understand b4 Genae extst accOrdtna as tldnas are in the intellect u4 the senae, toU.winS the /®de of each. Be who aenaes and Wlderatan4a bas a ntlatlon to the tblD& outalde the soul throup bia w111 and. appetIte. Kence,

9"Appetltua autem non eat proprtum intellectualt8 naturae, ae4 a:m1bus rebus 1neat, 11cet 8it dtvers1mo4e 1n dlver.a, quae 'taIlen cl1~eraltaa p:r0ce4tt ex hoc (J.U)Cl ft_ cUwl'81=o4e se babent ad coanlt1oneau quae en1at 0IID.1nO cosn1tlone carent habent appetltla DL\tural.ea tantwaJ quae vero babent cos;nlt1onelza aenatt1 .. , et appetttum •• nalb1lem babant, sub quo 1raeclbl118 et concup1ac1blUs coutlnenturJ quae Yero tlabent copltionelll 1ntell.ectlYUl, et appetltum coanlt1ont proport1onatUlll babent, scllicet voluntate:a. " III.. 26.

75

all a--iDa a.D4 ~ntan4J.Ds beloge have appetlte an4 vill.

• • • 111 cmtl7 1atellAtct.ua1 nature • will aNat be 41acove:re4. For an intellect 18 Md.e to be 1n act b7 an 1nte1Uaible t01'lll eo tar u it 1. Wl4eratan41n1, .. a natural tb1rla 1a ,au to be 1D aet 1ft 1ta natural be1q b7 ita proper tor:a. But a aatuml thins, tllroqtl the tom ')' vhicb 1t 1e pertecte4 in 1t. opeciee, baa an 1ncU.tloll to its proper ope1'8t10na aDel to ita proper el:14, Wh1ch it achl"" 'b1 opezat1ona, "tor .. ~ 1a 80 does It opeJ1lte," an4 It toe. to Wbat 1. tltttns tor ltaelf. Benee, aleo, tl'Oll an 1I1te111-a1ble tors there muato follow 121 cae wDo W'lderataDda an 1ilcl.1Dat.1Orl to hla proper operatlou au4 bola proper encl. Of cou.rae, th1a 1Ac11ll.&tlcm in an intellectual -.ture 1a the vill, wh1ch 1. tile principle of operatlons 111 WI, t1\oee b, which he who UDderatan4a ope:atee tor anl!",,- lor .. and the flOOd aft the wl11'. obJect.

10 .. _ •• cu1c'UllqUft ineet all". toi"lIllU'UID, ba'bet per lllaa tOIUA habltu41De111 .. ell quae SWlt 1n J'eJ'Ull DAtura, .1eut Upua alb1.ll per 8UU albe41ne.a1 eat. aUqu1bua .!nIUe, et q,utbWl4a:ll 4iaa1ll1l1e. III 1nteUs.aente autea at sentlente _t toma 1'81 intellectae a' aensatae, cum cante cop1tlO .• 1t per aUqua aJJa1Utu41Mm. Oportet 1a1tur e ... babltuCilnec 1AtelUaentla fit •• a.tlent1. a4 ., , .. .unt lntellecta fit aenaata, •• ctm4uIta quo4 aunt 1ft rerwn Datura: DOD autelB hoc .. t .ver hoc, quod intelUauat et aentlwlt, DIUI. per hOc ...... atten4enttur babltuClo fttl'WQ ad In:telUpnt.em et .• eat1er1teD, quia 1ntelUgere et "l1t11"8 eat aecUJll4um quod ne 'Wlt 1A lIltell.ectu et aenau.. ..cUl34wa JD04la UV1""que. Babet Auten bab1tu1f.rlAtm een.t1_ et lntelUaena ad ,. quae eat' extra ao1nam per wltmtateaa et appetltva, un4e om1& aent1entta et lDtell1pDtla appetunt .t volunt." I .. 72.

110. • • in qua11bet tnteUectua1e _tum oportet inventrl YOlwltatem. lDtell.ectua ezWa tit 1rl act\} per toman lIltelU.pb1le:a, in fl'aIltaa eat lntelUaeu, '1cut rea aaturaU. t1t actu 1D e ••• -.tura11 per pzopr1Ul tOnlUl. Rea auta aaturalla per tOl"GUa qua ,.rt1.cltur in a .. epeele habet inol1rlatloMrl 1a propr"" ope:at10Aea fit ptOprlwa t1nem.. que&a.-r operatlcmes cou-.ultur J Cl\I&le erdm eat wwm.qu04que, taua operatur at. in 811d, COGVen1entia tea-41t. UDde etiu oportet quod. ex to,. lntelU,1b111 conaeq,u.atur

16

!1le vl11, then, 18 the power or 1nc11naUon of IU1

intellectual MinaI 1ta act toll.ova upon the movle4p ot an

1ntelUc1ble tom. Jut aa a natural. "10& teD4a to 1ta

pJOper acta b, reason ot 1t. to"., 80 an intellectual beiDa

vl1l ted to h18 proper acta b7 ~ 0:1 tbe lntell1a1ble

for~ which is 1n hl. l'Il1D4.

!be obJect ot tb.e vill, a. :La aent10De4 1n tb.e lut

quotatiOn, ia the aoo4~ But, 81110e the &'004 18 vtle.t eftl'J

thins , .. lrea, tb1a obJect IlWIt be turtber 8,.o11'le4. The

rill teDda to the poclc Which 1, preaeutecl to It b,. the

.1IlteUect. flcm1tl point. out tbat Saint 'l'llomaa in the S!!r&!!!

§gatm Qeptl;\M baa coatrift4 II neW an4 more concu. expreaalOD

tor the obJect of the w:UlI bo!!! 1ntel\!ct\a.12 AD4 becauae

ot the uture of tnkl1ectual lUlovlelp.. this &004 can be

t\al'ther .,"Ule4 and called. Doe!! m!f¥lM pte- _1. 13

The wlll baa tvo kira4a ot acta, co,!,reapon41Qs to YOJM!jiy

in intell1a-tel 1AgltDatl0 a4 propr1u operatlonH at propr1 .. ttnea. Bt.ec &Uta inoUnatlo 1n intellectuall PAtura wluntaa eat, ... eat priDelpS._ operatlOl1U11\ tulle 1.11 DOble aunt, qu1Wa tnteUectua propter t1ne:a operatur J twt. etin et lIon_ eat voluntatta ObJectula." IV, 19.

12"IonUlll erd.rA 1IrbeUectwa eat obJectuaa vollmtatll.· I, 1"" .ee aliJo I, 811 I, 95J II, 24. Roa1tU·t

••• I1O¥a tol'lmla w.l4e cbnclaa invel'l1tul' 10. SUIIIa contra Gentiles, quae .. ,.1' .nKturrit C\1,II cl101tv obJectwa proprlula wllmtat1a .... bcmws 1ntellectua. n P. 29.

Un, 23.

71

u\ patH! and 'fOlw+tas gt ruio. The t1nt act ot the will

18 wllt. It tollows upon knowle4ae of the un1vensal SOO4

or bo!w! HSup4!p ml2B'! bop.l,14 ancl 1a a natural or nee

"-17 motion. 15

As 10 the De Veritate, eo too bere there 1a a tvoto14

daC.8lon of t.ree4c0. The treedom ot a be1ns 18' 4et1Md u

Ita "'-17 and. pover ove~ Ita own actions.16 1n Cbapter 47

ot Book II, Saint Tborau above 'tbat 1Atellectlaal a\lbatanCM

are es.lowe4 with v111. t'h1a he 408a ln a ~ .... ' .1ra1l.ar to

the two cauote4 abo'ge about the relAt10n of tom to appetite.

At the expenae or repea.lua OtoU'Hl .... , but 1n or4er to prov14e

the context tor tbe preaeut. 41aCN88101l, we ahall quote thta

The pr1nc1ple or nef7 operation, furthermore, 1. ttle torca by wbleb a th1na 1. in act, awe eve17 &&eAt acta GO tar .. 1t 18 1n act. So, the II04e ot operation CODS_quent UpoA a rona .. t 'be 1n accordance with the 1D04. ot that total. Bence, a tora DOt proceecU. tl'Odl the .. at that acta b119 cauaea an operat.lon ot Vblch that IIfPU't 18 &lOt •• ter. Bu.t, 1t tAere be a tOl'll vhleb.

. proceecla from the apnt actina b)' 1t, then tbe cOIlIequ.ent operation alao v:111 be 1n the power of tbat 88ftt. ffov, natural tofU, tJ'Oll Which aaturalllOtlona an4 opeea.tlona 4el"lve, 40 I10t pl'OCe4!!d trora the ~ ¥bole torma they ant, but VhOlll' from. extr:l.nalc apntl. For lq a ratul1l1 tON _ell th1na baa be1n& in ita own nature, an4 noth1n& CIUl be the caun ot 1ta own act or be1Di. 80 1t 18 tbat

14... • • ipaua ... u. tl'U'Utcen41t 0/.IIDea apeo1em corporal a, 8leut et lp.ua tntelllaere. S1cut cia 1nteU1&1Saa un1veraal1&, ita et vol_tea noatna in aUqu04 Wli'Yereale tertur. It UI, 8,. See IbUtl, p. 31.

15". • • u.turaUter creatura rationali. appetlt e_ be.tal ua4e non poteet Yelle non •••• beata." IV, 92.

16s.e Book. II, chapters 47 and 48.

til1nga Vh1cb are moYe4 aatlUall¥ 40 not lIOYe tbeaa"lfta, • bea-q b04J 40ee not 110ft 1t .. 11 4OVnwar4aJ lta pnerator, Which pve lt ita tor.a, doea 80. L1kevta., 111 bruteanima18 tb.e torma aenae4 or S-aiDed, which move tbe:A, are not At.covered. b1 tbeia, but are recelftd '1 tba 11"011 extrinsic aeo.alble tb1np, whloh act upon their leue. and are JU4ae4 of br tbAtlr natural ftttaatl we tacultr. lIeDo., thoU&b brutes an 1n a sense 11&14 to move tbeuelft., 1nuIlIUch as one pa1"t at them A\O'I"e$ a.n4 Ilr10tber 18 moved, .Jet the1 are not tbemaelft8 the 8OlU'Ce ot the actual monos, whlch, :rather, 4er1"''' partl¥ tram uten1al tblap sensec1 and partll tZ'Q\'l aat.ure. For, ao tar aa their .ppetite JIOVU thelr 11leIIlbera, tbeJ are .. 14 to move tbeuelves, anA in th1a tb.e1 aurpa .. 1Nulimate 1iIWl&t an4 glantaJ but, 80 tu as appetition 1ft tbu follows neceuarll¥ upon the recept10n ~ torma thro\Ish their aenaee ClD4 tl'OIl tbe Judpent or their natural .atlaat1ft paver, tl1eJ are not the cause of their own aovaent, and. 80 tbe7 are not .ater of thelr ovn ac.tt1Oa.. On the other bas:ld, the tOnt Wl4er ... et004, tIu:'oUah ¥bleb the intellectual auNtance aeu, proceeds trow. the intellect ltself as a th1rla CODcelw4, u4 1ll • wq contr1Ye4 bJ It) .e we ••• in the caGO ot the artS-tic tora, Vblch the art1t1cer con_I ... ancl cot.ltrlvea, u4 tIu:'oUah Wb1cb be pertol'lA8 bl. verb.. l'Atell.eotual a\lbatance., tIUm, alOft tbel», ... eelft8 to act, .. haY1l11 -te17 ot 'tbe1r 0VI'l acttDA-l:

7 It tberetore tollovs that tJa8J are eD4ove4 with vl11 • •

11"Aapl1u: pr1Ac1plum cuJulllbet opuatlon1a eat forma per quam aUCJl14 eat actu, CUll c.'lIIIne apna apt 1n quantua eat aotu. Oportet l,ltv quoCl •• CWlClUll II04wa tomae alt III04wJ ope:at1on18 consequentls tOnml. 1'0ftAt1 1s1tw' quae DOn eat a'b ipso a,aente per tormall, C&uaat operat1onem cuJua aaens DCA e.t 4Oa1DU, 81 qua .... 1"0 tuer1t tema qtae 81t ab eo qU1 per lpua operatur, operatlon1a

. ettaa cooaequentie 401101 .. b.AMblt. Iorae autela naturalea, ex qulbUa sequuntur motu et o,Perattcmea natuAl.ea, flOQ aUDt. ab bu quo.,. aunt tOJ."m1tLe, sed ab exterlor1bua apnt1bua t.otaU~r, CUID per tOl'lDUl raatural.eal WllIISlqU.049.u.e esee habeat 1n aua oatum. 1l1b11. autem poteat ease aUtl cauaa e .. en41J et 1480 qae acmmtur naturallter, nOD IIO'feIlt .. IPM. non en1fa grave IIIOftt •• 1pa= 4eorG'WD, .. pnerana quod de41t .1 tOl'mUt. In anialll:Na .. 1M 11l;'\1t18 tozmae aenaatae, "1 t.a1natae IDO'ffttea, non aunt acllwntae ab lpaia an1malll>ua bNt1., ee4 aunt Nceptae 1n e1a ab exterlor1bua a .. lbll1bu, quae Bgunt 1D "8., .t cl1Ju41c:atae per natw:'alee e.xtat1-matloneml un4e Ucet cUaantur ~ moYeN selpaa, in quantUil

!bus once again 1. t 1s bJ anne ot an ual¥t10 418-

cuulon that Saint !bema ••• tabU." the tnedOlJl ot. the wlU,

1ta 1Dc1epezdence t1'OID one particular aM dete:m1l1ed COlU'H of

actton. '1'he tonus. 111 lmovledae correspond to the Judt;peut ot

tile pJ'8Ctical 1ntelleot which precede" the vUl's choice. SaUlt

'fbara. doe8 not eatabl18h in ORe blow, however, the treedQl ot

the wlll and the treedan ot choice. 'lbe t'reecloIIl ot the wIll 14

e.rt1ve4 at aullticalJ.,J, t:roa& .. discussiOn of the nature 01'

lntell1a1ble torma. These toms are concel"fe4 an4 ccmtr1ve4 hI

the 1ntellect itself I an4 80 man 1& master .ot h18 actlvlt1e •• 18

Moreover, tills treedota 1a the t1nt anA ,*.10 treedOll ot man. 19

eorum UM pare •• t 1IOfttl8, et alia .at tIOta, tuaen lPl\lll aovere non eat au ex .. 1pa15, sed partlm ex exterlortbW1 .... tle, et :put1ll a natu1"a. In quaatum en1m appetltul IIOftt membra, cUeuntw.. ipsa movere quod bftbent supra lMDtmata et plAntu. In quautum vero ipa\ll:l .,patere de neee.8itate sequ1tur in e18 .. tomia aeceptU per .el'UlWil, et JueU.clW11 natw'ali8 exJ.at1mat1onla, DOn albl aunt cawaa quod atOVeaDt\lr, WlCle nOD babent 40IWllta sui _Rue. I'oma autea I.ntelleeta, per qu.aua a\&batantSa intellectual1. o1lftJ'&w, eat ab 1pao tntellectu, utpote per lpaum concepta, Itt 91Qda mmodo exco&1tata, ut petet de forma artls, quam artJ.tex conc1pIt et exooa1tat, at per earn operatur. SUbatant1ae !situI' lntellectualee ae1paas &aunt ad openm4um ut babente& &\188 operat1onla 4olJalu1Ul&. Bubent 191tur voluntt.\elI." II, 47.

~t1n 8&18 tbat st. !bema. or1a1Mlq wrote • COIlel.v.aton tor Cbapter 47 that touchtd 011 !J.b!rwa 8r!!1tJ;lum b\lt tbat. t.hla text vae later cut b7 Mm. Bent 1a the text that vas Or1a1nallJ a44e4: "Ix bee aute:l appa.ret quo4 aunt (subataattu 1I1tell.ectvalea) 11ber1 arbltrl1. Soc en1m eat habere l1bel"Wll arbltrlwa, habere 4ou1ntu out actus, ita quod in Ipso 81t apre et non agere. Subatant1aautea 1nteUectualea bilbent dcrain1um au1 S(itua. Bunt 1a1tur Uberl arbi ... trll." Lottln, p. 237.

19"Voluntaa allt_ prllao habet 11'bertatea in aaen40s 1t1 quantwa~ en1m 'VOl\mtarle aslt qU18, 41cltur llbere apn quamctallque acti __ • " I, 12.

Prooeecuna in the next chapter to the leftl of con

crete actlY1t7, Setat ThQDa. take. up the queat10n or raant •

heectoa ot choice 1n act1D&. The arQUdltlllt 1a similar to

that of the De Ver!!"!_

·, •• "~. tree 1s tbat whieb 1s It. owncauee." Rene., that VblCh 1s not the eauae of ita own act1n& 1a not tree in actin8., But thlnga that do DOt move nor act unl.eea theJ are raove4 bJ other th1np are' not the caue ot thea own act,tDa •. So, onq- 'thlnp that IDO'Ye themae1 ..... act·treel¥. And theae aloDe act b7 JU4pent. For tbe th1Ila tbat CIOMa ltaeit 111 41",14ed into mover aad moved} and the tIO'fer 1s the .p»Rite ClOYed. by intellect, _a1nat1OD, or sense. to wh1ch faculties Juclp\ent belanp. Among tbeae tbiDp,. theretore, theae aione Ju4ae heeq which 1n JUclc1D& t.aOV8 tbemaelYe1" But no Juds1ns power mo'VU ttself to Ju4ge _leBa lt retlec:te em Ita own aet10DJ tor 11' It IIOYetI ltaelt to Juclp, 1t uaat Jmov .1ta own JU4pent; tUl4 thia oDll an lnteU.ect cu 40.20

• Then Saint 'l'bocIaa explains the cbaracteriatlcs of the

Ju4pent (rcmu. ap.prebenaa) whleb allow man'. cho1ce to be tree.

20". .• _ U'berua eat quoc1 aut causa eat; cau.04 e1'&O non eat alb1 cauaa apndt, non eat Uberwn :in -aeDd.o. Quaec~ autem I'.lOD IUO'Vent'Ulll, Ilecpae -aunt nUl at> auta iIIOta., non aunt albl 1pa18 oauaa. apn41. Sola erao movent ... aeipsa Ubertatem in apnAo !labent: et baec sola Judlclo aaunt: DUl:!.tIOvena H1,PaWSl <U.v1dlWl" 1n 110"118 et lIOtum. Motum autea eat appetltUli ab intelleo.tu" vel phantast., aut aenau motwa, ~ eat Judicare. acm. la1tur haec 80la llbent Ju4tcut, ..,ftC_que ill JUd1cat1do selpea IlIt.rIftt. Bulla aute. potent:1a JwU,caoa, aelpeam ad Jud1eanlSW2l IIlOYet, n1al aupra actUlB 8Uuaa zetlectAtur. Oportet enU, a1 .. a4 Ju;41clUldwa aslt, quod 8UUt1l Ju41cl\\11 COpolC6t quOct qu14eal soUua lntellectu •• t." II, 41. at. .tott.tn'l l'eIDU'lu "Dans le !?! Vel1!1n. saint ~. avlt 41t: l'hOIIme a le 11b:re anltre pare. qu U peut • Jupr' de eon JupmeDt. let, aenant de plus pre. le texte 4' Art.tote C!HJ! gl, 11 s1llpUt1e son expose en 41IU1t: l'b.aIaIe .. 18 Ubre arbltra, paree flu' U peut 'ae m0t.n'0lr' .. son. ~lIiIDt." P. 238.

81

!be Ju44pent .. ovee onq 1t it i. a Judpent or 8QJlet.bJ.n&

aaa4 or titttna. Jc)v, it the pe.raon ls to tIOYe b1lr&Belt to

the ¥err act ot JutialD'" "be IllUt do 80 in the 11aht ot a

blaher form a:p»reb~ ))1 h1al." TbU 18 the circuit ot

o.perat1on& inY01:YeCi .in a.lt-aaoYe4 aoUvit!... The JI"avaent

itaelt'lDO'fu the beinS to aOCletbiaa &004 tor it. U the

. be1ng 18 maY" to .mAg, it nwat be _cause ot another to .. ,

whJ.ob. 18 ftthe v'q intell1&lble essence ot tbe SOO4 or

tittlJ18_ It Tbt. fON ... , hoveY.r, not a Ju4cpent, but •

/j k1I:I4 of W11ftra&1.0

It mlpt be vell to return tor a uteIl\ellt to a remark

a4e bJ Saint 1'b.arIaa 1n ~ De Veri tat, 'in reaponae to tile . obJect1on that the 1nterplaj ot the cawsa11tle" of inteUect

aDd v111 18 1at1Al te. TUn Saint 1bQIIU .. 14,"fbere la

no neceaait7 of, go1ng on to 1cf1nlt1, tor v. atop at the

catural appetite by which tbe tnteUeet 1a incl1Decl to 1ta

act. "21 10\11, one or th' acta to which tbe intellect is

D8:t~wall¥ 1nc11neCl 1a the app.rebenalon of eadllce., aD4 ao or

the tntell1G1ble .. sence ot the gooc1. Tb1a act 18 tlrat 1D

the order ot nature 6114, Ult1lu.telJ, 1n tbe order of t ... ,

Vben we are 4eal.1.Da vltb the sene-s.a of the tree act. In the

21"Ad eecUD4_ 41c:enclum, quod non eat procedere in 1D.t1n1tWlJ atatuX' en1rI in apPetltu natulaU, quo 1I1clwt.llr lnteUectua 1n IUUID actum. It De V,r., q. 22, a. 12, a4 2.

82

Usbt of tht. natural act of the lnteUect am tbe Datural

vtll1Da ot the aoo4 80 ap,prehtw4ed, an rAO¥ea bitaaelt to

"Ju4ae bl, OWl) Ju4pent It or, more brletq, be moves· h1=.elt

to JUdge J aa4 tbus he Ju4ps treel.Y. 22

Bcmltl teela the ,res.nce or one rather a1&n1tlcant

cbanae in the §Fe Cont!! 9F!p... J'retIdc:w of cho1ce, he

..,., i., attrtbuteci to the will rather tban to Ju4pent. Be

••• the tollowloS two abort statements to lubstantiate bla

lllterpretattoru "lIaul!!9pR4U11 !2\¥!!!9ta at bO!O 4berl

anitl'll, tt23 and "Vol9!Si!! 9. 1£l!2 baHt: Ml!eDttell J.n

22ca. relevant text tn the s_ COntI! 9&tllea .rea48 s ... • • to=a apprehenaa eat pr1AciplUlll ovene HC'WldUm q\104 appNbtm41tur aub ntione bOld, 'VIIl COJ'lvenlen.tla. ActIo enila exterior 1n mcmtntlbQ nlpea procellt ex Judicio quo Ju41ea~ allqu.14 •••• bon_, •• 1 oonvenlena per tONU praedlctua. 81 1&1tv Ju4lcane at- Jta41caD4um Mlpawa mov.t, oportet quod per all, .. altlorea toraara apprehenaam •• IIlOWet &4 Jud1caMu:a, CJU&8 CJli4em esse noa »otee' 11181 1p. ratto bOAi, .... 1 c:cxrnnleatu, per qUM cle cploUbet 4etel\1linato bcmo, vel. conven1entl Jtldlc:atur. Ill .. 111 tur aola .. a4 JWllcari4uca movent quae cOIIIIlUnem bont ".1 convenJ.&t1G ra.tlcmea apprehen4tmtl btl.c autem aunt .ole. irlteUectaUa. Sola 181tur intellectualla .. no&'1. IOlwla &4 apa4Uln, I • • tJall ad. Ju41caD4Wa IIOftDt. Sola !a1tw:- 1paa aunt Ubera in Ju41can40: quod. ea~ Ubel'Um a:rbltrlum habere. It II,. 48. Alao: ". • • a ooncept1or1e UD1v.reaU non sequ:1tur motua et act:1o nat mecUaate particularl appreHna1one, eo quOd. motu et actto olrca ~1culaJ'1a est. IIltellectus utem •• t natural!ter un1venaltwa ap'prehenat'NIII. A4 bOc 1&1\'ir q\lOIl ex appreheJlatone intel.leota ..... _1' ao"uI, fWt q\IUCwaque &et10, oportet,uod unlveraaU .. inteUectws conceptl0 appUcetur a4 pa:rt.loularS,a. Sed unlveraale cont:l.Det 1n ,POtentia multi. partl(N).a:rtA. Poteat 191tllr app11-catlo COI1CepUon1a 1AwlJ.ectu&U. tleri a4 p:wra, et diverse. Ju41clVm 1&1tur lntellectul de aglbl11bua non eet 4eteJ'mtnatv a4 t.m\III& tent_. lfabent 191tm' cmnia 1ntelleotual1a l~na arbltr1W1l. It II, ItS.

2311, 23.

83

!ft!!SO' &npnl:vm ena voluntarie asit 9\11,. 4ic1twr AiM£!

aere g,uamCUl!WU! .ft1QPa • .,24 There are other texta, tbouab.

whlch 1ad1cato that there baa been no cbange in cloet:rine 0I'l

thlll point. Chapter 48 ot Boolr. II proposes that lDteUec1iwl1

a'lbatancea .va freedom ot cho1ce 1n acting, aDd thea tile"

pr0ceed8 64180.810n &beNt tile tree4o:l or .1udpent.

InteUeetual be1nga, on the otber band, enJoy treeclom not onlJ at action, but also or JudiJDentJ end tIli. 1. to baye tree cbo1ee.25

Bence, none but 1ntellectual be1rsga raove tbetoaelves not onlJ' to act, but 8laO to Jwl&e. TIl.,. alone, therefore, aatree U1 .1U«'stl1&J and tb.1s 18 to bAve tree cbolae. .

• • • the Jw1pent ot the intellect concem1D& tb1np to be clone 1& not determined to one tb1Da on~. It tollov., in Ihort, ~t aU intellectual. be1np haft treedcm ot cholce •

• • • 00 tar as mattera ot act10n are concerned, vbate'rer th1np pes .... Ju4slent tbat 18 1\0' 4etemlne4 to one tb1na b,. ,.~ erect nece.attr endowed. wlth tree40m or choice.

24%, 12. See RGm1tl, pp. 3!tt.

25,. • • • 1ateUectuaUa "'l'O non aolu:a act1on1a, aed etlalD Uberl Judicii, quad eat l1berum arbltrll.l1'4 babere."

26"601& 1s1t\U' intellectualla Ie nOll IOlU:a ad asenc1W1, .. et1&m ac( JucU.can4\1G1 lIOYent. BOla i&lt\U' 'iPsa aunt libea 1n JU41camto: quod eat 11bel'Ulb arb1tr1U11 babere."

27"Jud:tclum 1situr inteUectua de q1bl11bua DOD eat 4etem1natum ad unum tantuD. Habent lS1tur c.xanJ.a 1AteUectual1a liberum arbltrlum."

28..QuaeQUQlqwt l&1tUX' haHnt Ju4lc1ua de apn41& noD 4eterm1natua a DaWra a4 Wl\IJ&, nee.ae eat 11berl anlt1'll ..... "

:1., "

~;'

I'

Therefore, all intellectual beinge baTe 0. tree rill, lUulttna tJ'Olla tbe Ju4pent ot the lntellect. AA4 th1. ~ tbat the1 hay. treedom of chole!. wh1cb 1& d.e1":1ne4 a. the 'ne JuM!et or m'op.~

Ira another apot, SaUlt t.rboasaa &aJ8,

• • • OIl tbi. aCCOWlt 18 man &a14 to haft tree cholce a8 0».P0d4 to the other antma18 beCBWIe he 18 lncl1De4 to w1111o& b1 the Jurlpent ot tile reaaon and 1'lOt \)1 the tmpulse of nature. 30

'!'he text8tolled. bJ' Rom1 \1 reter to tbe 81l."ae tact wtdcb

&1nt ThoIIas expre.,eel in a d1tte:rent tuhion 10. the two

earlier works & tbat Uberum arb&triUiD '18 eaaenttall¥ vill.

'lbfl1 alao ref'er to a tact vh1ch we IAtInt1otled. o.boveJ nam.el¥, tbat

the treed.o:a or in4epeDtlence ot the vill demonatrated in Chapter

47 of Book II 18 the tirst and redlcal tree401J ot man. Despite

ttlie tact, treeclom ot cholce 18 atlll ob1,1ouall rooted in the

practical ~t.

Wbat kind of cause 1a the lntellect! That it 18 a

eauae 18 clear n-om the tollow1Dg:

••• tor every -sent the pr1r1elple of lt8 actloJl 18 attbet' 1ta nature or lts intellect. Now, tMre 1. 00 question that intellectual agent. act tor the aaJre ot an end, becauee t.lle7 t.bJ.nt ahead ot time 1n tbelr 1Dtellecta of the tb1Dp wb1ch theJ achleve 'throuah

29"QmSA 181tur lntellectuaUa l1beram voluntatc bUttrl't 'ex Judicio tntellectuG venJ.entemJ quod eat Ubena ar'bltrl= babere, quod 41tt1n1tur It'berwa 4e ratiOne Ju4101wa."

30u ••• ex hoc bCXDO 41eltur prae eetert. an1rrl8Ub1l8 l1benw arbltrl\rA haMre, quia ad volenc1um Ju41cl0 rattonl. 1ncl1natur, I'lOJ1 apetu naturae .1cut \truta. It I, as.

, ':4

"

act1011' end the1r action ateu baa Quell preconception. 1'hta 1a what it II~ tor lDtellect to be the pr1nolple Of actlon. Jl

Once ap1o. it 18 clear tbat Saint 1boau lnteD4a tbe

intellect to be Wl4erat004 aa a t1nal c:auae •

• • • IUIIOAS IlIOv1n8 powers 1n be1np poe .... 1na an intellect, the tint 18 found to be 'Ule v111. For the v111 eeta fI'Ie-q power to lta acts we understan4 becauee we vll1, ve ~ becawse ve v111, and ao vlth 'the reate '!be will baa ttWs role becauso it.s obJect 18 the end; althO\l8,b 1t 18 alao a tact that the lntelleot, tbough not in tbe tI8nI1V ot an etflclent and. taOvtns C&w.e, but in tbAt ot a tirml caua.,tIlov •• the_1fill b)' proposing to 1t Ita obJect, nameq, the end.~

Aad. tbe reason that the tnte1leet 11 a t1nal CAuae 18 the .... :

it propose. the end to tho vl11.33 T

31tt ••• cme apna vel agit per natural vel per iAteUectum. De apntlbwl auta per 1ntellectum non eat bubilllll quill aaant propter tJ.nec; qunt entia praecOI1cipient •• 111 lntell.eotu. 14 <iUod per actlcm.em cOrl8eqtlWltur, et ex tall praecollcept1<m.e agunt; hoc entia eat apn per tntellectum. I't IU, 2.

32". • • in virtutibu IDOtlv1a 10 babellt1'bWi 1ntel.lHWIIl prlor tnvenlwr YOluntuJ aant. voltmtaa amem potent1am anllcat ad. auUII aotu&a. IntelUgtmu enUi quia 'I'OlUlll\l8, ~ qu1a volUlDWJ, et aLe 4e auta; et hoc babet, quia obJectu8 .Jus est. tina, tWImVia 1ntellectwa non .ecUD4um moclula caueae ettic1ent1a et QK)v.ntls, ee4 aecu.ndw1l moclum cauaae t1naUe m.oveat. wluntatelll, proponea40 albl au._ o'bJectwo, quod. elt t1n1a. 1t I, 72.

~

3~1. can alsO be exPl'Haecl 1n tbe DeW te:rmlnOlog, ..... 'bonwI intellectwa est t1n1a wluntat1a. ft III, 26. lloGerarJ Lawtr's 1nterpretat1on aAw14 not even be cODl14encl •• copnt. She CODClud .. ttl Iqing, "In 8\1D11a17 of What occurs in t.be f\!l!!r!! ContI'! 9!!lt1l!!b it e&'I be Mid tbat tbe lntel.l.eat's tontal cauaal1t)' 10 eapbaalHd, (ancl) that f1nal c.sueal1t7 1. not at all expl1cltl¥." The· l108t nonaal coneluelon to 4raw i. tbat &She baa 0IIl1tte4 l~ 80M text. ao4 baa mlerea4 ethel'll.

86

The pe7cholog1cal law of lmOWle4p-V1U-actton 18

Just as J'1&14 and Jut aa ilamedtate •• 1n tI.he De Ieritate.

It. • • a tom eona1c1ere4 by the intellect 40ea not .we or

cause &n7th1.ils except. tbrou,p the wtu, WhOle obJect 16 the

end an4 the &004,> \)1 which eomeone1a IlOYe4 to act. tt34

It. • • the 1Dtellect 401. not proc1\lC8 an eUeet except ."

I'488Il8 ot the viU, vtaoae object la a soo4 appnb.eD4ec1 bJ

tbe intellect &D4 vb"ch moves the aaent a. an 8114 ... '5

The ultlaate root of tnte4aal 1n actlila 18 the capa.elt7

of the lDtellect. to "comprehend a 13111tltu4e of toruli ,,36 The

proxJJca'te root ot t"reedorA of choice 18, ... we bav. seen, the

capaclty of reflection vbereb)' a .CUUl 1a eaable4 to nlate b1a

Jutlpent to tbe tntell1clble .. sene. td the coo4 and taws to It.F

34-••• ro-r- pel' 1rlteUectua cons14erata DOll eovet, nee &11.14 Cl.UUlf;\t Ilia! me41aI:lte vohmtate, cuJua obJect ..... t ttD.t.. et bonU a quo lIOft:retuJ' aU.'1'l1a ad. apri4ulD. It 1, 72.

3SItIntel1.ect;wa autu n em aslt aUW*' etrect_ nUl uae4tante 'VOluntate, cuJwt obJectWl .. t bowa intellectwa Cll104 IIID'ftSt apntera ut t1l'1U." II, 23. A lao I ..... caml. e1ectlO et actual,1a -.ohmtu in ftOl',s.a 1t:De41ate ex apPreMne10ne tntellectuall cauaatur. lloDutta ea1Ja lntellect=. eat ObJectult vol.u.n ... tatu, ut patet 111 tertto De md.-. It propter hoc DOD poteat Mq\l1 pe"8n1" 111 el1&eJ1do, rda1 Jatelleotua Ju4101wa cleflclat 111 particular! eUstb1U." Ill, 85.

J6ttMo4ua autell .,...1 cuJuaU.Mt rei cou.etultW' tOl'll8l eJUS, quae eat pr1nclplWl &ot10&'118, tol'lla .\item per ~ aa1n 'fOlWlta:r1e &&eu non eat 4ete1'lQ1nataJ aait en1Il'VOluntaa per tota«t .~ a\) lntellec""'J MIA l»omuI appnhenaUil II3O'Nt UlOluntate ut e.1"8 obJectWA. lntellectu.e &uta non babet UDall ton'llBlll ettectua cletem1&1&tarD, .... 4e nt10ne aua eat u.t IIUltltu41n_ tol'laNll CCIIPreheD4atJ et propter hOc wluntu _ltltome. etteotue pro4w: .... poteet. It III, 73-

87

IIIOVe b1aelt to Ju4ae.

The maJor prob1_ 10 this doctriM of tree400l 18, or

count., ita fallure to COIle to Ulps with c1eterminiell. U

the root ot choice 18 in the reflectl.... CQQpari80n ot one

tOl11l (tbe pract1cal Ju4paent) w1th allO'ther (tIbe enenee of ')

t.be &004 01' t1 ttlq) I tI.1en un ahou14 al.1ffq8 cbooae wbat Jut

cona14era :retlectlvel¥ to be 1101' in aoaol"4 with the Wl1ftJ"

.. 1 &004. Tbat he 40u DOt al..vq$ 40 80 18 admitted. .."

kiAt '1'bcI:Du, but no explanation U &1ftn or tbe tree choice

or evU. bt the 4octr1ne or the PI Veri-tate and 01 tbe

§p..'!tee Contra 9.f.t!Ul. don not _quare wlth experlence helpa

to Gotten the charse of 4et.e:nttln1ma but also to lnaU4ate

U¥ clA1U tbla 4oct.r1ne ., . UtNIIe or beina a complete

pbiloaophical explabatlon of man'. tzee4oal.

'1'be --101" chanp In·· tb.e §\!m!!! Cce1D Qent1l.e!, per

bape antlcipat1na; tbe later ~le or 'em!! appreh!p!! ill tile

l!! Malo, 18 tba1ll tbe cozmectl00. between tom and appatlte 1a ..

The 4octr1lle of tbe Pt. Pm of the SBM TM!lPAMf

a Wllque 1n that certain element. remUMl ODe qUite torceM~

of the later expoait1olla OIl hwaaIl tree4o&, while other ele

lI8uta are t\U"tller removed. tro. the cloctr1ne ot the De t!!1o

o.ncl the PriM Secunda. than is the doctr1ne even Of the De -'!rita:\!_

Once ap.1n, appetite 18 cOIUI1dere4 to be pus1 ..... 1

TM tb:ree leVela ot appet1te are aae.:1n cone14e:ted# aD4 41s

t1n&Uo1alle4 1n tema ot the knowledp 1nY01Yed 1A oacb. cue •

• • • 11nc. aU thJnp tlcN tftD the 41y1r1e viU, aU thtnaa 1n their·own Va)' are 1ncUned. ~ appe-tite tOvuU &004, but 111 Autennt Wl¥'. SoIae are 1nc11ne4 to good. bl their aatw'al. 41apoaltlcm, \d.tbout Jenovled.p, .. pl.anta and. 1nan.1mate bcxU.... Such 1nclJ.DatlOG towa1"4a aood 1& c&Uec1 a pa$9J.'!! amt"'Othen, .. 111, an 1ncUne4 ~ aood, but with oaae lmovledae. Bot tbat the, know tbe ve17 aature of &OQ4Dea. J tboJ re:tber appJ'ebfm4 Brae particular aood, .. 111 the cue vltb ~ aenae, wh1eh bon tbe aweet, the wbtte, eD4 to on. !be 1ncllaatlOD which tollova th1a apprellenalon 1. call.e4 a UP!&t1ve· appet1te. Other tlUnp, ..,ua, be .. an irlcltnatlon tovai'4a s,oad, 'tNt with a knowleqe wherebl tbeJ percelve the uaWre of aoo4ne.... !h1a beloDSa to the Intellect. 1'b.1Jl&I ItO 1ncllaed. are moat pertectl¥

l..tPoteJrt.1a en1ll appetltlva eat potentia pa.l1ft, quae nata .at moverl ab apprebeMol WI4e appeUblle apprebeoaUID eat moven. non IDOtum, appetltua autel IIOYeI:UJ mo1a.1lD. It Q. 80, a. a.

88

1nclJ.ne4 towar4a ¥bat 1a aoo4J not, indee4, aa 11 t.he1 van p14ed ~ b7 &bOther towar4a the &004, l1ke tb1np 4evo14 or lmovl.e4&e, nor aa it they were 8'l14e4 tovarda 8Cl!11e particular goo4 onl¥, .. tb,1nss Which have on~ seneltive u.ovledae, but .a 1ncllDed. tow&l'd.a tbe un1ve~ sao4 It.elf. SUCh 1ncl1natlon 18 termed wlU.

1b.e 41atlnctloll baaed on torm, 1ntroduce4 1n the S,.. 9Jmta

Oeeti1ea, 1. al8oconatdered here.

It 18 neceasaX'1 to aasian an appetltive power to the soul. Yo __ tb1l, n14ent, we rauat obaene that aome 1ncl1Dation tollows ever)' torm: tor exuple, tire, bJ' ita tom, 18 lncl1ne4 to rue, Q4 to pnerate ita l1ke. Nov, the tom 1a t0un4 to have • liON parten a1atence ill tboH tlt.tnaa Vhlchpartlclpate in lulovl.e4ae than in those which 1&c1c. knovle4p. For 1n tboH wb1cb lack lmowl.ec1ge, tale toJ'ltl 18 tCIWl4 to determine each thiaa 01111 to It. ovn be1n&--that 18, to the belzla Whlch 18 nat\1ral to Meh. low thle natural fore 1s toUowe4 by a natw:al 1ncliDatian, Which i. called the natural appetite. Bu.t in tboae tb1np wbleh heve knov1ed&e, each one 14 dete:rm.1ned tp 1tl OtInllAtural "ins b;r ita natural tOI'tD, but 111 such a Ii3aIlI1er that It 18 nevel'tbel.eaa recepti ... ot the apeelea of other th1np. I'or e.x.am.ple, aenee

2 ~ It ••• CNil onmJ.a Pl'OCeGant ex voluntate c:Uvlna, 0IIIl1a suo

IlO4o per appetltwa lacUnatur 1n bonum, se4 41'Yf11'81code. ~ en1m incl1aaDtur in bOllUC, pel; 80lam natumlem bablt.ud1n_, a.baflue cop1tlone, .leut plantae et corpora wniuta. Bt taUa moUn&tl0 a4 ·bomaa vocatur .ppetltua natur&Us. Quaec1a:1l vezoo a4 bonWa inoUaatur eum allqva co&r11t1one; non qulc1em 81e quoc1 copoacat ipau ratlCRl«4 boat, H4 cop.oaeunt aUqu04 bOnum partlculAftlj 810ut BeMUS, qUi coanoaelt dulce et a!bUIB et al1quid hu.1U81lO41. IucUnatlO auteaa batlo cosnltlonem sequens .. 41cltur "ppet1tuo HDaltlwa. Qua"" "1'0 lncUnatur ad bomw cuaa copttloa.e qua aosaoacunt lpaara bOl\1 mt10nemJ quod .at Pl'Pprlum lntelleatUl. £t buc pertectlae1me 1nc11llaAtur 1n bomDJ non qu1d.em quaa1 ab alio aolu1ll!.Od.o d1l"ecta 1n bonum, 81cut ea q\I&e cogn1t1Olle careatJ .. que 1n bon. 1*rtlcularlter tantwn, .1eut _ in qulbua eat 80la

HnaltlYa e.1t10J ae4 quael 1D.ollaana in lpaUlll unlveraale bomIa. J!:t haec inclloatlo 41cltur voluntu." Q. 59, a. 1. See alao Q. 60, a. 1, e.

recelve. t.be ,peeLe, Of all ou1blo tbinaa, and \be intellect, ot aU. 1DtelU.glble tblDpJ 80 tbat the 80ul ot an 11, 1n away, all tblDga by HIl8e and lntellect. • • •

Therefore, Juat &8 1n theae belnp that have lmowW,. toNS ext.t in a bipr IlUWIer and. above the JI&mler of aatul'81 t01'lU. so there IIIWSt be in theria All inclination 8Ul}"1fUl81D& the natural 1nc11Da-1;.lon, wbleb 18 called the natural appetlte. An4 tb1a 8U.,erlor IncUbation lMtlonp to tbe appet1tlve power of the eoul., ~ "hlcb the anillal 18 able to 4ealre wbat It apprebenU, an4 not 0Al¥ tbat to which it U"inclined by Ita l1&t\U'a1 tom. An4 80 It 18 llee ..... 17 \0 a •• ip an appetitive paver to the 8OUl.. j

For .. aatW'llI thtnaa have actual belDa'b7 tbelr tom, GO the lntellect Is actuallJ know1na b1 ita 1ntell1s1'bt.. tON. IIov ~ .. thla elllpo-8it-ion tOwar4a ita natural toJ;ota, that when it cIGea not haft 1t, it wncla tovarU ltl and wbeD lt hu 1t, lt. is at .rut tbere1n. It le the lame "ltb

3"Reapondeo dlcen4u:a quo4 nee ..... at ponere quandeQ\ potentle anJ.fae .p,petttlV .. h Ad. c:uf.wJ evi4ent1em, cona14el'aDdwa .. t quod quamllbet tonDall eequ1tur allqua 1nclJJ:latlo: 81C\lt 1p18 ex a. foJ'ma 1ncllDatu in 8\qJerlo:ren locum, et a4 boo ,\&04 seuntt 8ibl 8alle. .rona autem in hi. quae cOan1tlone:n pertlclpant, altion modo iIlvenl-wr flUU 1n b1e q\l&e consttlone carent. In bl, an1lti quae copl1ilone carent, inTenltur taatwamodo tora ad. WU1 eaa. pl'Oprlwa 4ete1'l11cau WWIIICluoClque # quo4 .ttam naturale u.niuacUutue eat. HaD.o 19itur tOJ."D'lUl natu:alem eeq,u1tur aatu!" aU. incUoatl0, q •• appetltu8 uaturaUa 'tOCILtur. In babea:tlbua autea coplt1onem, ale deter.r.a1natur WlWIlqu04que a4 proPJ"ius .... aa'WJ'aJ.e per tOftlall'l naturalem, 4luoci tamen eat receptl'fU11l apecierwa aliarum nruau a1cNt ~ua reelplt apecies OIIIl1_ aenatbl11wa, . at 1ntellectue owd.uaa lntellJ.s1blUW1l, ut ale ui&'la bomoi. a1t 0RIrlJ.a ClUOdamm040 aeCl.Ul4\va HnGUID et 1ntell.ectutD I ill quo qugdlUlllOClo c:oan1t1oraem babent1a a4 Dei ,1milltu41De11l awrop1Dquot, In quo <aD1a praeex18tunt, alc" D10Dl81U 4101t.

"slcu.t tsitur tozmae el.tlor! modo ex1&tunt 1n bUent1bu cogn1tlonea .~l'& mod .. tOrMrUII naturaUwa, 1ta oportet qu04 in eta 81t lncUnatl0 8Upl'lL 1lO4W1 1nc11nat1On1s natul'aUa, quae 41clt~ appetltue na~.. It bale superior incl1Datl0 pertlDet a4 YSJi an1raU &ppetlt1Wfa, per PIll __ 1 .ppetere poteat .. que appreben41t. DOa 801M ea d. quae iDcl1natur ex toma llfl't1Uall. Sic 191tur ucaae eat ponere &Uq1all potent1aa an1att appetit1 .... ft Q. 80, a. 1.

91

eveq natural perfect.ion, Vblcb 18 a oat.w:al &004. 2.'hls 41spoa1tion to aooct. in tAlDp iilltbDut. knovle<lae 11 caUe4 ~t.MDl ail?!YM. Whence al.ao 1nteU.ctlal DaWNS have a . UU 41apoe1tlOn to good .. appnhende4 tArou.sb an intell1a1ble tOnt, 80 .. to rut therein when paa&eue4. ao4 when not. po.aeaae4 to aeek to poaeeaa 1tJ both or whlch pertaUi to the vt.ll. Hence in eYer7 1ateUectwll be1Dg talere 18 vill, Jua~ .. 1n eY817 aenalbl.e ~.1aa tbere 18 an1mal. appet1te."

'.t'be wl11, then, $.a tbe appeUtlve tacult.v ot au 1ntell.eo

Qal ~1n& N aucb. 1be Ol)Ject. ot the will u 4eacl'1bec1 10.

varioua V8¥8, 5 ~llt tbe terra bgpg PRreben!UIn or 'b9M 1nteUeotua

111 .a SOO4 as aD1 ot.b.er.

4"Sleut 801m ... If na'tW'aUa l'labtrt .... in actu per ... toDJIUI, lta intellectwa inteUj.gena G.Cw per GWIm toDlUl tnteWa1bll.em. QJaell'bet a"tea 1'88 a4 8l188l tOl'Ull aatw:al.el'Q bal10 babet bab1tu41n_, ut quan.do non babet lpaaaa, te4at in eaaJ et 4J.'IIlI24O babat lpau, quiescat 1n ea. Bt 14era •• t 4e qual1bet pertectlone Mtw:al1, qUOCl .at boma Da:tura.e. Et haec habitwlo ad. bon\ID, 1n relnaa carent1bua coan1t1one, voatW' ap.P8tltua naturaU8. UIl4e ot Datura intellectua11. a4 bonwa apprehen.Bum per tormew 1nteUlI1bllem, 81111_ babltu4ia .. babetl ut aciUcet, cum babet i_WIl, qui .. cat in 1110, CWJl Ye1'O non habet, quaerat 1palUll. Bt utl'Ulllq\le pen1Det ad Y01wl.tateA. UD4e in ClUOl1bet b&bente 1ntelleotwl, eat voluntaaj .s.cu' in quoUbet baMnte Hue_, eat. appetltwa ....u.lJ.a. " Q. 19, a. 1.

S" ••• bonum .1mpUolter eat obJectum voluntat1a. fa

Q. 48, a. ,. Q... O'bJectum appetltwa lntellectlvl, qul vol.Wl ... tu 41CltQr, eat boJ.ua eecWldwa CQIII\WleII bollS. ratlonem." Q. 59, 8. 4. "... appetltua 1IlteUectlwa, awi teratur in rea quae eunt extra animall a1D&Ularea, tertur taman ill .. seCWt4wa all ... CJ.UU ,.Uonc W11veraal_J alcu.t CUfI appetlt aUqW..d qu1a eat bot ... " Q. 50, a. 2, ad. 2. ItQl1.a 1&ltur eat alterlua palen. apprebenaUSl per 1ntellectwa et apprehermUlal per aens_, conaequena at 9lO4 o.ppetltUi 1ntel.lect1w.a 81t alSa II01*ltia a HUltl'",." Q. 80, a. 2, 84. 1. It... ~ 1ntell.ectUfil nt ObJecWra volwltatis. Q. 82, a. 4. ••• bonus aim 1ntelleotUlB a:IOYet 'fOllmtateoa. " Q. 82, a. 3, ad 2.

ualltlc 41scus8ion or the viU's 1D4ete.l'lllwtton .. 111 pnr

ce4ea tbe cU.acWlolon of tree choice. '-'he will 1s cc:ma14erecl

bOth as a nature ud. ae will, i.e... the appeUtlve tacultJ of

an 1ntel.lectual belni. Aa a nature, tbe vUl baa an obJect

to wh1ch lt toncla natunlll aIl4 neceolarllo¥. fbia obJeCt :1a

happ1neea. tttrbe '1111 1tae1f, u a certaln nature, vll.la &QfItt ..

thln& aaturall¥. Thwt" man'. will naturall1 ~ to baP,P1nee .... ,

Blat \here are several k1n4a of nec.Belt1. an4 1t 1. neceaMI7

to CluaUtr 'tbe atateClent about tb.e vll1'. deal" tor bapp1Den.

'l'bere 1& t1rot ot all. tlie ueceaslt7 which ar1aea f1'Oll

an lJ1u1nelc pr1nclple of a th1a&, either a fo:rmal pr1nclp1e

(e.g., that a t.rtanale !!!Ii Aave three aoalos equal to two .ria"

angles) Or fA _ur1&l one (e.a., all beinp com,posed. ot contra.,. I-

principle. lI1\1st eventuall1 eorrtoLPt). Tlal. nee.Nlt1' 1& cal.l.e4

catuml or absolute neces81t7. BQt there are a180 two tJ.P88 ot

nece •• ltl Whloh an 1lIllpOled traza Without. One 18 call.ed tbe

neee.alty ot the en4, atJ4 nttera to the neenalt,- ot wains those

_DB without wb1eb a g1ven end. camlOt be attaine4; the other 18

the nee .. altl ot coact.lon, :f.m'pose4 b, an aUen efficient caue.

St. 'fhcIr:aaa 8&1., of course, tbat the nec ... lt7 of coactlon

cannot 1n princlple be suttered b7 the viU. 'lhe wl11 1a an

1ual1D1Lt1on, and no 1ncUnatlon can betncl1ne4 a.inst itself • I

611Ac1 tertium tUeen4ua quod e1;1am volunta8. 1nquantum est natura quaeCSaua, aUqu14 aaturaUter. vult.J .leut wluntu boIl1Dia nat\U'allter ten41t a4 ~tltu41Dera. II Q. 41., a. 2, a4 3.

- ---~----------------------------------------------------------------

93

troa without, and attll remain the incl1Datlon 1mMnent to

a stVtm bebg. But neither the DecetJolt.y ot the end nor tale

.. ceslltyor natural 1ncliDatlon 1& eontra41ctor.r to tho

notiOn ot will. The latter ndceaolty 10 tbat 1nvolved in

the vl11's natural ordination to happiness. fbe comparlaon

1& dJ:oavn between tbe netuxal a4berence ot the intellect to

lirat principles an4 the Mtu:ro.l 4bGl:re tor happineso. Plrat

principles p~ the eeme role 1n specull\tlve Judpenta as the

ult1mat.e etld 1n practical ~ta. 7

TlUo cooparbon be Ween intellectual adherence to t1rllt

principle. and volwi'taq appetition ot tile end 1s used aa the

bul& tor the Gnalyt1e 8tud¥ ot the vtll·. Indetendnnt1on.

Just as the lntell.ect a4berea neceaaarll1 to first principles,

tu wl11 nee"881"111: deslres the ultillate end; and Just sa the

intellect a4bens uecfull8rlly to eoneluatone which lt recog

niHS to be necesaa:t1l1 connected with tlrat princlples, 80

the will ad.herea Mceoaarl~ to those Ul!Ul$ 'WhIch nre l'ecosn1secl

aG a'boolutely D.eCeaoary tor the attainment ot tbe ult1mate endl

b\at Just as the lntellect dOea not have to S1ve Ita ~aent to

propoaltlona and concluGlona vb1ch are not Geen to 1)0 necealul11

CODllOctei w1tb tlrat pr1nciplea, 80 the will 1& not 4etemlnect

to part1culAr SOOda whlch are not tl1.Ou6ht to be nee_fU1' tor

Jtsee q\Htst1on 82, a. 1, corpus.

aCq\lir1n& the end. 8

It 18 tnt"ruting to note that aU of the analJUc

41acuu1oruJ ot tb.e will 'e 1n4e'terlllJ.Daq are IUde ex parte

Obl.ct!) that la, the "ill i8 C0I181ciere4 tree because ot the

Wlivereal nature of ita proper anli necea.ltattna obJect u4 the

pe.rtiCUl.&rlty of its acta. In theae dlscu.as.ona, the .\abJec

tift eluent or seli-<lete:mlnatlon 18 not COD814ere4. There

1& one text 111 tb1a lame article which appean to be 4ucua8ina

tbe subJectlV. root ot treedozA ot the wlU, but aU 1t 1.

realq RTlns 18 t.bat tb.e will 1& tree beC8\l88 ita obJect I.e

the universal aoo4.

The 18na1tlve POWI' does not ~ 41ft.rent tb1np with each other, as 1'8&6011 dOesJ but it app"benda 81alpl¥ one tbtna. Theretore, according to tbat one th1na, 1t lIlO'ft8 the eensitl'ftt .ppetite in a 4eter ... mi __ V8'1. But tb.e ~on 1s a power that coIDpnrea several thin. together. TherefOre the intellectual app8tlt8--1ibat 18, the lIl11·..., be lJlOVe4 bY oeve.ral th1nga, but not ot nece.Dlqr b7 one th1Da.~

Sa .. queatlon 82, a. a,- corpWh Aleo: "&t Jm1ua 1'&tlo eat, quia Yoluntaaet natura aectm4W11 bOC 4Ut4tl'Wlt 1D c:auaab40, qu1a _tun. utemlnata .at a4 wmw. aed'V'Oluntu non eat 4etel'Al1mta a4 uml~h Claws ratiO eat, qu1a et'tectua asal!lllatul' t~ apnt1a pel" qua A&1t. Manit.ltum est autem qUDC1 unto re1 non est QUi una forma naturaUS, per quam res habet eaae) un4e quale lpaum eat., tale tacit. Sed tOJ,'lU. per qt.\Ul voluntu astt, nOll eat \Uta taota, sed aunt pl.urea, aecundUm q.uod aunt plurea ret10nea 1ntellectae: UP4e cp04 voluntate aa1tur, nOD .. , tale quale eat apna, ae4 qual.e 'Nlt et intelllslt 11lud eaae agena. Bona 19ttv wluntu pr1nclplUm .at, quae poaount ala vel al1'ter ...... Eonw aut. quae I10D po9sunt nia! a1e ease, prtnclplum natura eat." Q. 4.1, a. 2.

9"A4 tert1Uta 41aen4U1ll quod Via ... 1t1-. UOIl eat 'Via collatift dlverao1'Wl, 8leut mt10, sed a1mpUclter aut,u14 UD&Ia1 apprehend1t. It ideo ex plurlbU mover! poteat. appetitua 1ntellectlW., scilicet volunta., et non ex uno ex necaaltate." Q. 82; a. 2, ad 3.

_. -~-~~~~~~~~---------------------------

Al1O'tber 1IIportant text 1n Ole artlcle wl11 be or use

later wben we d1sCia88 the problem of PlJCholosical c1etel:llin1sm.

Tb.e tlover ot ne<:eu1t.1 causea mowement ln the lIJO'fable th1n8 only when the power ot the moftr excee4a t.lut movable thine 10 such a V8:¥ that its entire oapacl1;f 18 subJect to 'the mover. But as the capac1t)' ot the will 18 tor the unlveraal and. pertect gco4, 1t 18 not 6UbJeeted to Ulf part1cular aood. ADd. tberefore lt 1& not ot neoeaa1t.y mbVed by 1t.10

Betore proceedlna to the questlon or U.bfnw H!?ltrhw,

lt vou14 be well to note obe r_ture of treedoaI ill pneral.

J'ree4Qm ls here exp11c1t~ 11lll1te4 to meauuJ.

• • • ve wl11 our own bapp1neaa necesaarl11'. •• • Now 1n vl1Una an erJl we do not necesaarl17 vl11 thinga that conduce to 1t, utl1eaB the1ue such that the end cannot be attained. w1tbout themJ u, we vill take tood. to pre""e 111e, or to take a shlp in order to croea the sea. Dt.lt we do not vl11 neceuutq those tb.1n6fS vltbOut. whtch the end 18 atta1aable, IUch as a horae tor 0. stroll, 8inee we can take a stroll vltbout a horae. The same appUu to other meat.U5. 1

We are muliers of our own act10na b1 rea801l ot our be1n3 able to Choose thta or that. But choice

10UAd HCUIlClum 41eeodwa quod l'IIOftlUl tUlle ex aeceaaltate causat motwa ill _111, quando potesta. IIO'V'ent1s exoe41t mobile; ita ,tlOCl tote. eJup08e1blUta& IIlO'fentl subdatur. CUm _teD po •• '. bilttaa voluntatia stt l'espectu bont universalls et perfect!, non aubU.cltur e1ua pou1blUtaa tota aUcl.ll I8rtlc\1lari bono. Bt :1deo non ex neceasitate IDOVetur ab 1110." 1b1d., a4 2.

u... • . voluntas nostra ex necessltate wlt beatltu41meD. • • • Sa autem quae aunt a4 tineal, non ex necea.itate voluDaUa wlenteo tina, nial slnt tales, DfJ1e qulbua tlnl. ease non. poteat; 8lout volumua olbum, volenta coueJ'Vl\t1onef, Vitae, et oa .... , volfm. tea trana1'retare. Bon ale auteua ex necessitate vol.umua ea alne quJ.bua tWa esae poteat, .1cut eq\l\t:l a4 euabula134wj& quia sine hOc P8uzaus ireS et ea4e!I 'ratio eat In aUla." Q. 19, a. 3.

reaul'4a, not the end, but the Mea 1M tb! .~, aa the Pb1loeopbe:r &e.J8. Consequen\l¥, tbe deal,. or the ulttate end 18 not Gmona thoae actloaa of Wh1ch we are caaatel'l" 12

When St. ThoraQ H¥a, in the anawer to tU t1r.t obJec

tton 1n thte -.me article, that " .. tural nece .. 1t7 40u not

take AVQ lib:ert7 01 tbe wIU," be aaeau either that, tbe riU . .

18 "imultaaeoul1 neceell1iate4 to bapplne8. ard fl'ee tl'GlA co-

act1On~ or tbat, '.p1\8 thewlll'. ueceua17 inc:UMt,lon to

tke ult1late end, lt 1s tree in 1t. cbo1ce of aeans to that

ea4.13

In the Pr:laa ltD St. ~ !'e8Ul'I88 a .. _ttcm vtL1cb

M took up in tile Ccae!ntep OP 1iM s_ u4 the !!!.

~t"Ht.e, but wh1cb he 414 not atuq e.xpllcltq in tile §.Rae

CO,). gg"J,e!! the tue.t1On ot the !!d!A or .!aHY!! 'l1!&tn" .. "

or tfttt o:bo1., no\ coaa14eN4 J.n ita 11:08' propel' .. Ie .a an

!Sl.t but rather as tile lmall41ate principle at an act. The

pr1nc1ple ot an ac\ 1a either a power or a bab1t or a power with

a habit. Ifow, l.1l!f!'P' -til",!!!! 18 neither a bablt 1101" a povel"

w1th a habit, it 1t were, tlte J:IILblt1nYOlve4 voul4 be a baWl'lll

bIlblt, tor It i.e natu.ral to man to baw tree cboice. p\ ttee

12ft 1.4 tertlUll 41c:er:Jdu1a filed. ... 4aa1ll1 D.Oatl"ON'lI acw.ua MCtmdurI quod poaa\llllU boc vel 1lJ.\l4 euaere. IU.actiO autem non .. to 4e tine, ee4 4e bl, quae aunt e4 t1nera, ut cUcltur 1n III AMs- tb1e appet1tua ult1ml t1n1l DOn •• t 4e b1a ,UOIU1l dcd.nl .umwI." Q. sa, a. 1, ad. 3.

13 .... 0 ••• 1 .. a\1teil natual1G DOn aut8l't Ubertatea "fOluntatu.'* .a&i., a4 1. See lDtt,lIl, PU!!!O!9a11 fit !BaM. pp. 240-241..

•

91

choice c~ enter 1I1to pueq natural inclltlat1ou. JUrther

iIIOre, _btta __ ~ "weu or Ul 41ap0ae4 with "pm to

aotlou anc1 paals.oU," wbU .. tne cl10tce 18 1n4U'terent to

cllOOa1Da well Or tll. Tberetore tI'M obolc:e, as a prlllClple of

actlon, cannot be Ii bablt, l:Nt aut 1)8 .. powe:r. llt

Dlere 'e ODe otber eeHowl pIOblero regarting the aat.ure

or tift cholce, bUt 110 18 ~r han41e4 after the cou14eretion

ot St. TbaIaa's prcot tbat man baa tree choice ..

!he pntGt 1.aalus aome of ~ aubtlet1ea Vb.1cl1 appear

11). the De Y''"'M u4 .... 9ft ... gep.t'l!!. Except tor one

OJ" \WO 'Drier testa ( •••• , *Pree dlOlce ta tb.e oauae of ita

OWD ~t, Mcawae _ b10 t ... choice man aovea b1aelt to

act" ),1' the v.tIuIilnt u Y..,. anal¥tical .&U14 tbe procedure 10

slmllAr M tbat tolltMld 1n aU or the .U"l1 works vbe.n 4eaUna

vith \M related. pl'OblA,la o~ ~ of the wl11. In other 110m, the problem of t .... choice 1a cou14erecl t1ere • am 8.tISM.

vh1le the treatmnt of tree choice presented 1n the De Vtl1.teM

IUd the §!y!!e Cog,£!. filtmtll!! empballaea tbe .u'DJect's self-

_ • • ... tblr.ap act without Ju4eaaent.,u a atone .,.,.. 4own'war4aJ &Ill 1D UU aamer aU tb1lJp which

14a .. qu. .. t.1on 83, a. 2, COrp&8_

lStfA4 tert:l.w:l 41ceu4um ,uod llbVuta arbltrla .. t cauaa auJ. mottle: CJ.l1a baIaO pel" Ubenw tU'lllt1wm ae1JNP.R mo .... , ad acerJ4\a. II ~. 83, a. 1, a4 3.

lack 1lnarle4ge. And acme act trom ~t_ but DOt. a tJ.1te JU4pent; aa br'\lto an1mala.Por the sheep, seeing the volt, Ju4sea 1t a tb1n8 to be ehunDed, hOm e. natur&l anc1 flOt, a tree ,.Ju4aIaentj 'be_un it Ju4gea, not hOD 4eUberat101l, 1Nt troas Datural 1natlnct. And tbe JIUle t,b1na 1a to be aa14 of 1Iil7 JUdpent in bl'Ute an1mala. But aw. acta boa1 4~t. bOcawse bJ bia apprehenaift power be .11.&4&- tbat ~ ahcN14 be avo14e4 or ~t. But because tas1a Jt.I4ph~, in the cue of 80M ;£*1"t1cular act, 1a not tra:s & l1&t1iraltnat1nct, wt trom some act ot compu1.aon 1D tbe reaaon, ihel'etore be acta t'rc:m tree Jt.I4pht u4 retalAa tbe powe!' of "10& lDCUMd to var10ua tbtDp. }'or reason in cont1agtmt _t.ten rtWq t'ollOv oppoeite COlUHa, .. we He in 41alectical 87l.loaUme and rhetorical up_tat !low particular opezaticma are ccmt1a&ent, aDd tMretore in hOb _tten tbe Jud,ament of :Nason .., tollow oppoai te· CO\U'Sea, and 1* not 4eterat1Date to one. An4 in tUt man 18 rat~, it i8 awc .. taq tbat he have tree chOice. 1

There u one text Which doea b8a4le better tile aubJec

tift el'ementl

Some tbb... tbere are which act, nottl'Qll t.m:I prevs.oaa JUClpfmt, but, .. it vere, IlOV'84 u4 mad.e \0 act bJ othen J JuGt as the alTOV 18 directed to

! 11 1 t .,

16... • • · ....... aaunt abeque Judicio, eiat. 1apla IIO't'etv 4eorsum; et 81m1Uter·cmnJa QO&Il1tt..oDe canmt1il •• - QQae4u\ aut.em aaunt JUCU,c1o, sed. DOD l1Mro, slout antmalta bruta. JU41eat en1al cw1e v14ene lUpuiD, eua .. ,e hg1end.ur1l, oaturall JwUclO, et non lSlHtzoJ tu1a non ex collaUOne, ee4 _ natuaU 1nflt1nctu boo Judicat.. It sSmile eo' de CluoUbet Ju4lcio bzutoruM an1malllll • • - Sed. hOIIIo aaJ.' JuI11clO, qu1& .per "f1la ~D8cltl .. Judlcat aUflU14 es .. tualen4w1 vel. proeequeDC'J.um. Sed qu1a Jw11eiwa latwi QO&\

at ex aatuml! 1nat1D.Ctu 111 putiwlari operablU, aed. ex colla-t10rte qua4aII rat1On1aJ 14eo ag1t llbero Judtcio, poterla in 41'ftHa .. , tent. Ratie> entAl circa conttDaatla bI.bet Y1aul ad opJOGlta, \It pate't in 41a1ectlcla atUo(l1atie, et metol'lclll penuae1oDlbua. PlU't1eular1a autea oi*rabll1a aWlt qwua4asa. cont1DiGt1a: ~ leleo clrca _ lu41cmu ratlon1a ad 4i'fena .. babet, et DOD eat 4ote1ldaatur ad un\JI,'i. at pro tanto aecea •• eat qta04 homo 8it llber1 aftltriJ., ex' boc quod rat1ona118 .at." Q. 8). a. 1.

the taraet b7 the areber. Otbem ac\ froB 8ClIMt kinA ot 3~t, but aot tl'Ola tree 0h01ce, aucb 88 1rraUoaal animals} tor the ~ tl1ea from tU wolt b7 a k104 or Ju4saent when)), 1t ..... 1t to be ht.J.nt\al to It.aelt. low aucha. J\l.4pent 1. DOt a tree one, 1Nt 1mplarlte4 b1 _tun. Onl¥ an aaen' ~e4 with an 1D.teUect can act. vltll a ~, Whleb 18 tree# 1n eo tar .. '1 move at ~l!1n1tl HiP of lO94pe!e.trau .&cb l' SM JuYt tM! !~ lb- e!b!r 5!l,re to "if?99.. CoMequntq, wbenrrel' there i.e 1n\ellect; tbere 1s tree cbolee.1.'{·

'ree choice 18 ot course lJ.ra1ta4 to rneaGO. "We haft

h:ee cbolce with respect to vbat we 40 DOt will of aeoenlt¥,

or 'b, natural tDat1nct. Tbilt we wl11 to be bam does DOt per

tain to tree cho1ce but to natunl. 1n8t1nct. tt18

The queatloD of the mutual causalltJ ot 1n\eUect an4

w111 U Aaa4le4 1D the 88U \Irq aa in tile tva p~ treatmente

ot tNe4oat. d .

1 T ttReeponcleo UceD4uIa quo4. quaedua .unt .. ucm aaunt .. aUquo atbltrlO, MId quasi ab &llla acta et mota, .leut I861tta • aaa1ttante 1IOftWz> a4 t1neah Quaedae YeJ'O asunt ~II arbltrio, ae4 non l1bero, .leut an1uIaUa 1rmtJ.cmaUA: 0Y1a enira taalt. .1lqQD ex ~ lu4101o.. qw> exuttraat .wa alb! aox1wD1 8ecl hOc JuUcs._ non eat .lb1 l1beJ'Wll, M4 a natw'a lPAU:twa. Se4 8018 14 q,uo4 habet 1ntellectum poteat aaue 11.141010 UMro, lnquant\1l2l copoeelt =l ..... lem ratlonem bont, ex qua poteat lu41care bOc vel lUu4 ease bomara. Uu4e ute_que eat 1atel1eotua, est UMI'UIII ubltrlU11l." Q. 59, a. 3. DUa particular text 18 IUSl!Utlve or the pntaontatloU of tbe De VH1!!te aDd the '!PI!! 99BtmCei~lA1'.

18uReepon4eO 41cend\P ~ l.1lJel"Wl arbltr1u1a babeInWI •• pecttl eona quae DOll neeeasarto vol.u:ttlus i .. 1 natumU ln8t1nctu. Iionentaa a4 Ubel'Ull arblt:rlla pert,inet; quod. wl.wM&a .... fellce., Mel ad natural.er.n 1nat1llctwl. n Q. 19, a. 10.

100

A th1J1a 1& A14 to .we ill two V&.J8' 'l:rat,.a an eD4, •• vben we .., tbat tiMJ end. moves the qent. In We ., tile intellect IlO'fa the w111, becauae tb.e Wldent004 aoo4 18 the ObJect of the vlU, and BIO'ftt8 it a8 1m encl. SecODdl.1, a 'tll1Da 1$ laid to IIiIOY8 .. an acer~i as wtlat alters rncmts what is altered, aNt wbat impels ~ ¥bat 18 lmpel1e4. In thl. Vtq the vlll IDOl" the tntelJ.ect, anA all tb.e pow8l'8 of 'tile nul. J.':J

Baat one fairly elpltlcant a441tion i. ma4e. To tU obJectiOn 'J~

of an inf:1n1te repoee, St. TlIDaIaa repl.l_:

'!heN :18 no Deed. to tIP on 1D4etlll1tel1, but ve au.wt atop at the Intellect ... ,rece41Da all. tbe reate for .... 1'1 numaent of the vill autt be prece4e4 bJ apprebemalon; vbe,... eveq appl'eherlaton s.. not preceded bJ an act of the riU. blat the p.r1nclple or COW'J.88l1lug tm4 tmderatAndJ.n& 1a an Intellectual. pr1J101p1e h1sber than oar 1ntellect .. • ... lJ, OOclJ ea ArUtotl.e alao S8¥8i explainf.na 1n this w8lao that there 18 no nee4 to procee4 1D4et1nlte~.

There 18 tbwa lntroduce4 the notion of an influence of diVine

ett1ctent caueaU.t7 on b\nan actlona--m.ore pntclael¥ on the

19ttRnpondeO dlcen4= qu04 al1qu:14 41eltur 8IOft}"e 4u.pllc .. Iter. Uno OlCICio, per GlOdWlt, t1nlsj sleut 41cltur q\104 t1l'1111 me.,.t ettlclentn. It boo m.odo 1IltelJJtctua tIOV'et 'Y01uJltat.eau ~ 'bon_ 1ntel.l.ec'tt.lm es\ obJectum 'VOluntat1a, 8t fIlO9'et. lpe.a ut tWa.

"Allo moclo c11clwr al1qu1cl iUO'f'eft per -Ilb4wa acent1a; 810ut alten.na 810ft' altertam, et 1Qe11.ena movet 1!Ilpulaum. It boo aocto wbmtaa 1IOft't 1nteUectwn, at 0IIII1ea an1rDae vtree." 'l. 82, a. 4.

20ftu. tert.WI 41cendum quo4 non oportet proce4ere 1ft 1nt1nltuRl. aed. ltatur 111 inteUeatu 81cut 1n priaKh 0aDem enla "VOlwltat18 1lOt\a a.eceaae eat quod pre.ece4at appreheulo: .. non 0III1eJIl app.reheila1one1D praecedlt motu 'fOluntatU I ee4 pd.Dclpiwa aonsll.11tA41 et intel.UgU41 ea, &l1qu04 1ntel.1ectlwm prlncS.p1wa altius lnteUeetu. noatro, qUCl4ee' Dews, ut etlaut ArlatoWl.ee 41elt 1n VII EMlIeM !!9f!J:easa et per hunc mod.um oateucllt .. \104 noD eat proaedere 1n 1Jlt1n1twA." Q. 82# a. 4, ad. 3.

101

UlteUec~. 'fhe _ell 9B :tM S!nMPeM &N\ the Be !Juta•

ba4 ment1ont4 brh11j tH 4lyine SS9d!'!!!!.

Ao.other .... _~ ~t.os U.,1b8 06wsaU\J 6l.1O inU-

ca .. an ~ •• ·tbalJlt.'" of 004:

Pree cbo1ce b ~ caue or i'tlt own ~', bftaUM til la18 tNII choice _ .... hJM.l.f to act. II&t 1t agee not of ne<*Ja.t.tf belong to U,l)e"-¥ U1At VIa' '8 tree ~ ... Ule tira~ cauae Of t\MIt, .. netty .. t01: 0IiJe tbUa to M ... 01 aIlO\ber MGIl it ...... tint .\1". 004, tberttore, l8 the tint cauM, WllO ~ c:au-. ltotb M.Wnll aD4 volMntAl7. An4 JUt U " alCWtna uawral caUda lie cJ.oea not prevatt tUu 6e ...... r.rcrat ~. _ttual, 80 " ~ 'fOlW1\aq ....... Be ct.Oft DOt UPI's. .. tbelr aetiOU of '*lnavol.WltaJ.7. au. n .. ia Be tile oaue of tbu ftl7 Ultma 1A tIae», tin: Be cptm .. 1a .... tbl.nc He0r41.1la to 1'-~ uatMn.a:l

at. u.s.. clAarl¥ a'f'OUa paJ'ebolQglcal ~ 1A

.... Pria ... 'art_ a. 1IaJ)OJ'taAt tat 10 .... "_1'4 .. quoted.

dow Sft • 4tttftat COBteD.i2 Iott1c ,. .. 18 that tbJ.a .. , S-

A ~'ion at \H ~'t..oD. fit 8a~ ftOllN t• t~' in 'bIlb

catter a.n4 a -.ten of Wbet 10 to ~.a3 Bat in 80 .-i41aa "'.lOS .... l ddeN1t\lIIIl,the subJecUve tactore Sn ••• n ~t1QO

are IlO\ ",*,te4 autt1c:1at1¥. 'iht emalla18 s. !Ii"H1!i~' as , .. IS d ... 1 •

2l~ 1altw" eDt pril:a ~coveoa et tJatua1ea eauaaa· n'rOllmtai'iaa. .t . .tAut _taml1bWt cawlt .. , lIO'femto ._, non. atd'en qldJ:l act.ua eantiIl .tnt Dt.uraleeJ lta ~ C8au YOlWltarSAa, .... u:ren t,U1D .n1oMe earua eta. _l~, M4 jOttQl bot 111 .1a taa't, opera",," enJa 1n WJ.OQ.U04lWl 1leCW1d_ .~ propr'etatea." Q.. 8), a. 1, a4,.. a .. al.llo Q. lOS, A. 4, ,.

Wa.. paae~. -n. __ 1" ct Dee ... t" cauaee • • • •

~ GltJ9&'!).I. p. alta.

we mentiOned above. BeaU_. there 18 no 1DUcatlOD of pre ...

c1aelJ what dOe. move the wiU to ita t1r8t act. Sa11'lt TlloIaa&

SOli that a natural tIO.etaent ot tM v111 IlUSt prece4e a tree

movearent t Just a8 the natural adherence ot tbe intel.l.ect to

Imt prlna1pleIJ muat precede ita _sent to conttnaent proposl

t1ona. Nov, tn 'tbe De Vsdtate fWd the BU£!!! Contl'l.'9!i!I_ .'

he expUclt~ statel that the intellect 40etl not l:'l&C)'ft the vill I

p!r moduaa caul!! etticl.ptl!; yet, as we have seeD, the preaen

tat10n .. cb or P8;fcboloalcal detem1n1am. In the Pr1J! !!em, ,qebOlOaiCfll detemln1am i8 aY014e4, bUt no explanatlon 18

SlftD ot the firat anti natural moveme.t r4 the "Ul. !be will

18 a pa.a1 ... power, an4 80 lIlW'It be moved. to lt8 act 'b7 fJOMtblJl&

Other taIan Itself; ord1nArl~ whot movea an appetite to act la

1ta ObJect; btlt no Jl\rticu).ar good can move the w111 neceeu.ariq.

The Gl,)sence of. ps),chOl:OSlcal. cletem1ntsa U one factor

whlch GUSSe.to that trefJ4cm cd cbOlc:e 1. tb.e pro,Pert7 of tlI.e

VlU rather than of the practical Judp.ent. Another 1D41catton

of Ut1lJ appears 1n one or the articles which treate of the

nature ot tree choice. &.1IltThcaaa bad. ._18 malntaine4 that,

tree obOlce, u a pr1Dclple at aetlv1Q-, waa an appetitive power

(more prectsel¥, the riU) intoJ.'mfJ4 by knowl.e4ge. But 1n the

Prima Pore i he almost Seed to 14ent117 tbe laot pnlctlcal Ju4a-

ment v1tb the election.

I' 1

103

Ob~.l. Further, tree oholoe 1s 10 cal.let1 at though 110 vere a hee Ju4pent. aut to Judse .1a an act ot a cepit!." power. fberefore tree cho!.ce 18 a COSO! tift power.

~2!l obJ., 2. JU4pnt, AS 1t were, IlOnclu4ea and te1'lll1natea counsel. low counsel 18 tero1ttate4, f1rat, b7 tibet Juc1gruent of reaeoflJ secondlJ, by the accegtat.1on or the appetite. Bence the PhilosOpher ..,. that, ba'V'lns t'ormed. a Ju4glDent b1 c«&n8el, we tell" in accorc1ance with that counael. And 1n th1a 8ense electiOn 1teelt itt 'fl J\l4pent trom Which tN. cbo1ce taka 1ta name.

That the la.et practical Judsnent and the elect10n are

BOt reaU, identical 1. clear. fb.ey probabll are Ulet\tlt to be

obmltaneou.s. But the dUtlcul.ty 1D. the formal Qe ot the WON

l1b!l'U1Jl a:rb1tt1wi! sefItlJ8 to be more app.u:eut to St. 'lhotII., a1nc.e he ~ to want to place all treec1cm prec1a.~ in the

will. Perhaps this 18 an ~1cat:1Ol.i ot tile .. re general raean1Qs

which the tent lib!oo Retsil!!! will aesume in t.he PI MalQ.

D:ltmt ere ~ problems with the doctrine of tree4_ s.n

the Prta Pars: (1) freedom ls expllclt~ limited to acta

bearing UlQl non-necea88l7 mean. to manta ult:1.mate eMJ (2) Oocl

18 presented .0::0: means to, man's _pplned,,; (3) the aubJeot1ve n.

24 "2. .PraetereaJ liberum arbltrlwn cl1clt\11' qual l.1beru:I

Ju41e1wl.. Sed 1u41ccue eat actWl cOgn1tlfte 'firtutla. Kl'SO 11bcu'utIl arbltl'lum eat coen1tlft potentla.

"Ad secundum 4iceDdum, 9Jlod lw11clwa est quasi conclWalo et UM1'Il1natl0 coneiU1. DetendDa1illJ" auten oon&1l.1o, pJ1J.uo q\ltdem per sententiam ratlon18, et secundo per acceptatlonem appetltwu unde Pllt10a0pbua 41c1t, in III Ethic, qUOd ex. COl1-all1Grl 1U41cuteG dealdel't!mU.la ncUtl4um conal11ua. Bt boo IlO4o lP8a .1ectlo cU.e1 tur CJ.U0448= lu41elWll, .. quo nom1r.latur Ubenm &l"l>ltriUL" Q. 83, a. 3, ad. 2.

lot.

root Of 11 ... tree40m 1a act blm41e4J (1+) ~t~, mants

«Qer1ence t4 beiq free 1. not explaU1e4 pbllo1opblAlll.

(,) the teJUt l.1b!rue atbltr1gJ .... to "be ab1pO\la and con

tullns 1t Wl4ent004 .. f1bee Jud$I8Ut," an4 (6) co causal

expl.&1at1OD 18 atvaot tbe vill'. tint aa4 aeceeaart aot.

!be .. are alao ...,.,.1 1nd1ftttona of htu.N «welD»

mentac (1) Oocl s.a lntl'04uce4 .. :t;he t1rat caws. of bulan

act1Yl~j (2) pa1ChOlostcal ~1Il'Il 1a &Y014e4 -I' appeal.blB

to the intulte eapaoltJ of the w1ll at14 the i*nlcularl._ of

each COElCU'8te ob.1eC'J (3) t:ree4cIl 1. clbar3¥ tOUD4 10 tbe will . . _tber tban 111 tale lcteU.ct ('ttl .. _I' esplaiMd t.n tenu

or .. It-4etel'l1d.PatS.on), UI4 (~) the tmaatlatacto17 COIlDOtaUOD

Of the tol'dlal IDeaDSDg of laIm't eo'kW! la appmtnt.

The _in commeatatol"ll em the 4eftloPJl4lAt of SaiDt

!baIJu f. tbeoq of tree4cD aaree tbat tbe .De !fele and. t.be

Pd- 8emm4a! :vae botib 1frltten attar the tOW' worM cu..

cuaat4 1a tile prey1Cua cbap1iera, aM alter the COD4 ... _loD

ot )a70. ht there u __ 41ft:raence ot OpWOll ~

.,. reepectlftcb:ronolos:r of thea. two \IOrq tbeatSel ....

Iott1a 8Iq8 tbat the entire Pd,a SIS!!P4M vas wrtttenatter

the PI !!!lo, IUl4 be reSU4a the 'U'eatJaent at tl\e 41.,tne DlOtlon

lD the !!! ~. aa a tnulalt1cmal step toward. tbe twl poel

tlO1lexpreuel in the Pre .Se",*,.l Xllabe:rtalla.... to

bold tor the ... cbronoloaJ, atat1Da tMt "at. ~ aa4e

eome aip1tlcant ebB .. 10 hu treataent of ~ heec1ca at

the tice of the COUtJ081tton of R! MalO • ..-tlO VI, an4 ....,..

84411;1013&1 cl:laDpa in SJ!I1!I!: !Jl!olMHtt,h1e S!sup4M, tt2 1M'

ioIdtl teela tbat tbe Pi I:falg abGuld .,. plAce4 after not on~

tbe b1M liD lM alao after tbe flat. tventl queatlOml of'

tbe hi. 13tsun5Ji.. ~ h1. precis or the II *10,

1lGIa1tl eapbaal&e4 the practical me1Ibocl emploJe4 10 tb18 vorlt,

1z.ottla .. f!Ub2l.9At! et MD.)'" pp. 260-)., footnote 4.

lJ(lUbertans, p. "101.

atat1na that Salnt Tbcmaa 1a no\ ... COQce~ Wl1ihexplalo.1aa

and .t.UoDl ses&9.iM .. vito Mklna pract.lcal appl1ca'tloM

1b the IlOzoal spbe:e. An4 since the quea'tlOna tOllow1Da tbe

tirst twentJ qUeationa ot the rna S!gtap!y are allopzactloal

and 1IOral. appl1eattou, Bomltl t"18 b' the tiret twe.tJ

"*tl<ma of \be PriB §!sl.a!4H put forth the pot, .. vtUch

are appUed to ~1"al. queattou 1ft botk the De Mal! AD4 ttl. reat

or the PEea ~pup4I!.3 LottlAt • arg\Ullftte a .. a ~l' reore

probableJ the point la, howev.r, at little Saportance. What

40et matter 18 tbat the 4octr1ne or the .De .Malg .114 tH fr1:ma

§!sl.a!4H be recos,rdMd aa the 4e1'1n1Uve TbGlDf.atlc thecn:Y of E l

3 .... tb04wa quam eequt.tw;o S. Doctor 1n De *10 at erdum ... tel" pract1ce.: c1e 4et1ll1tton1bu.t et 4e nottonsbua !pate pa.l"Va cura •• t. .. •• Slc en1m aalt s. Doctor ., malta ~ ~t, .iDe qUlbuoelue UJO$ltlo aupe _.p:1ua 1I11I:ltelUsibUJ .. toret. Appl1cat1cua 1&1tv __ 1ft pluna et.fert S. Doctor qua., reatt-teDs 1ectorea, l'l'O aotlO1'11bwi qu1bua 1ml1twltiQr, a4 ea quae aUbi .~ apoalta: quae -.etb04wt appllcata e1u* in S- !heo1os1ca I-II peat trJ.IaU vtgtntl ~tiOllea et til Suaa 'Rbeoloalca 11 ... n. Realtt1tur a~ 1fttor' PlU co.d .. oper1bu$ a4 1D41cetu PI's.. quaesUonea SUIImae Theo1oaleae· I-II. Hoc po De Iifal.o .lJlcet .. al'titlO pwlcto CJ,QOi IlOtaJ?4w .... 4ixtmwa. ex ,PWloW 0. .... qU04 ateriul,PSW1l zuplcl:t. J6l1tu q,uae$tlcmee noll ttactat 8. Doctor lc De MaloJ tn tau ftX'O (jIM tractantur AOI1 pauet loci patal1eU cum Suma 'lbeolo61ca luvel11uatur, 9IOS cOl1atl $\WU8 Sn l.uc. poI*J:e, fit SlUM ... , n1 tall.1ar, lAts1\Ur aU".. aenteDt,1a in De Malo, ealte:t. relate a4 .uoetl'am _ter1all, quae maa1e cohaenat C\1Il prece4ent1lNe operl'bUl qu.am QID SQtIIQa fteoloslca praeaert1ll I-IX. • • •

... • • 41c1rJlu. 4oc~ tbci'Idat1caa 4e aot.u h,.no ccmplAtte at 4 ..... t.1on1bus adM2cla sua pleflU evolllt1ooem 1zmtAlre 111 S ..... !b.eoJ.oa1ca I-U e' qu1d.e.n lr1 prila1a .... t1on1bu8 hUJ\18 operla. MIl poIltea in 1,.. SUIIaaa fheolOalca DOD 1DWn1untur rd.al pll.1.na appl1oat1onee d. ea. Alte.ra conc1wtlo .. t quocl IlO8tt'O

JtaUclo ~t1OlW. 418pu1illtae De MalO ttxal'a'" ~ 8~ ealt.ee pOIlt prSl.lDa parteD sua.. fheolostcae, imIDo poat pr .... queat10Dea s-. Dleolosioa. l-U." Romlt1, pp. 69-70.

1'here IU" several op1n1.<ma :resa1'd1n8 the prec14e -San'tlC6&lCft of the cb.anaa that have been aa4e.4 Thtt moat ~

tWl~'i. I beft aeen, .. 14. h"cm Bom1tl's -1'1 80Mml liloJ'k, 18

tbat of Pr. Kl.uMr'tWlnr., vho reSld8 \be Wlderatan41D& ot appe

t1te toWl4 1n ... later works as ~ ., tactor. -It 8&)J oat

a1oale1Dtenal. factor can be put at the 8Ourco of tbeae ~,

it 1a the new _tap~1_1 Wld.erstaa41ua; ot aniIaa1 appetiw tmm

as ratloaal flI14 tree aa parellel to aatuml apptUte. ,,5 Pazallela

bet".- the l.eYela or .p;pet1te, 'bu_ on their relat1Onoblp to

font, ecn be f0un4 1n the @MIa 999$1'1 Qtat1le! atl4 1n the ft_

f.!a., a. ve have seen. aat the metapl'qa1cal 1mpUuatlona ot tbtt

1'8latlowtb1p between tOl'll an4 appet1 te yere not. l'ecosn1M4 in

tbeM ~ ear1J.el" works. \beae t:r.tetaptqa1cal upecta are respon&tble

tor the ~ U8tlnct1OD betveea1 the exerc10e aQ4 tbe .,ec:U'1-

catioD of a QUIaIlW act, -tor the extene10n at ~ ao that IlI$l

Sa tree :repJ'CUna ..... weU .a ll8IlLIJ, &IlIl tor 'the tJ):uo4uction

or 004 .. IlO'ger of \be vUl.. '.the cocnect1on between 1ihe paraUeu.

of appet1te an4 tbeae O\ber tacton 1e eapeciaUJ obv1ous in

PI M!lR. question 6, and so t.b1atext HaU serve .. the center

or (AU' 41ecuae1on.6. . .

4,01" a renew of the literature, ... KlulMtl'tans, pp. 701-,.

'a!!-, p. 121.

6A1tboQsh _ aixth question temu the o .. tel" ot the 418-CNa.1on of tn.e4om, there are, ot ~, other texta Sn the De!f!l.9 whleb bear uJIOll 0lU pro'bleal. aa4 .. abaU draw ra1*rlal. tI'OIII tbe8e ta.u.

Fora Sa .. .,.1 be""" d"", U .. Pl"iuetPlAtot anUm,

trw Uf)Cm ...,. • __ 1 tcma ...... toUDw wU.tiou or

aatutal .Plltt .. wb1cb Ml'ft .. \be ..... 1&_ .\abJect OZactiCm •

..... u..U.'SOIa O~ _tural ~ .. Are .... tift

P*mc1a « the -1Il&t tbeJ are produced .,. a ~ of .... ,toa

fna tlae Utto~ ... tanc.. !be *lolbat.a.tkl to:na _biNI ,.

Uobl.- Mad. ot...,.U.tJ .1n ·\h1. elt_tlcms l' 1. t __ l

oaute at the.opeatlft potenc1efl, b\at not 111,.. ..... in W'h1cb

it u tbe :0..1 cauM or tile' •• ~"*' ", t_ cauaaU,,'

18 *'" _ eauautj of form __ tter. !he tom. aid exerctan

• k1t.14 of t1mal oauaa).UW, f.n. tbe .... that. the __ Uft

poteJ.tctes of the 'bOiDG. a. 4lNo\c14 'lOVaN. .u. ,..tenton of

.. Mina _.,t9!S!IJ u4 ther6 18 .". • kia4 of ottS.

eltmq iap1H4 be .... 1

hN la "sWlaJ1.t7 ~ we pt'Od..\lC't1oD of 0,.... at1. ~1 .. OJ' _tuml appeUtea .. the eUbatanttal to_

ot a MiIlC anA ... '.PMUlcaUOn Of ~ ~ of .....

.... .. aucb bJ tile known-'.,." '!be 4U'taence as $bat tb1I

tom Of •• __ 1 titUs 'ala:t4l.YUltaaW4 • matter, aDIl tM.re-

tore tbe ~uve poteDq err QaQsal. awettUt 14 4etierz'"

to one Ob.1tCtJ but \he tom knoWIl .,. \be t.a_u.t .. a Wli ......

_1,# eo tMt the opnt 18· not~.,. SAbh e.ctioml1at.a.d

eU ect ... 6ft. ponkmlar fUt4 nt.1" to a jU'tlcu"'" . I [ I 11

_.-t.8

fte ca&ent, tJpecU'tJId: 1c an 1441'~1 .,. .., tile known rom, hall hU tAndenc7 aped.fle4 ., t8\ to., etJ4 flO ten4B ... epeeU1e4~. !be tolllal ca,*UtJ Of tbe· bova to. 18 tJlu not abao~1J s..llateq \liIOIl iibe ut tit teIalu.u, bu.t ' .... s.a.l¥ Uptm .. It.f,en\. 111 tINa aped.tJ1D& ... aaent,. tb.e .ktrbwQ tOl'll ptoYl4M b1I.u vitll ---tbSI1a to W'b1Ch to ten4, ~ *' tbe knova am. u that of ... th1.Di lCac:M1 .. __ -At tale ... tu.. tbe _~ Um1t&t1cma liIbkb ~ lIM.1.lMt S. __ Ut of ~~ 10 1_ Ob*' gounct .. ~ Of -II&'M'-...... ,... in WUlf.rJ&.'

!he '-1 bola 10'11' tIl'- lut ..... ,. alto t'ow:ut.

ill II ,I!JI 6. A JO'MDGJ la -'17 4ete~ _,v act.. tUft

la •• _J,tJoU". .... Sn&\f.On iA .. orter of e.tt1e.1ellt cauallt)'

aDA (& tcmi&l. ute~ts.on trl:1lli __ oltJect- ADIl.!ace DO

ett'tcien_ cauI(lU\f .. w"'~ .. ~ ( .. NI!B! !liS

_ £J.BIs), t:b1al • .au" .180 .tea sa. tbe COl'lai4el$tton II ••• -, I • "';J R 1_ I I H t ....

8n. • ... led IA aUta ~ .. t; aU .. _ pd.m:Sptu »ropnorua aCl'tUilil, 1ta ..... in b.aI1DDu. Ioc . __ .uvea eS-_ IaOtt,.. »-rt.aelplWll in hoa1DtbUe P"lrie .. ~ ta_Uh-. e't -lwdu. . ... ~ \U1d.cza »ri:J:lo1Jiuaa llU'\1a CObWdt cu p.J;"~ c1pto acU'90 th,... aaWJaUw., I*J'Uat.'It to d.1tt.n. eoa· WIltt (Jd4-, tpta .10u in Mbua Nltll~ ~tvr tonaa, ..... , pl'f.aoQ,t.wil actl1ot.lU, e'ttaolJaL't.o ~ t01'1lltll, .... 41cit.l1r .,p",*,.t.twt ratw."alU, ....... bu ~-.r .c'lo, 1. iD heat_ ir.mltd:taar toJM. s.ote1lecU_, ... :tIlCU,ce.'S.o volmlta'i8 CODaet\lenl tOnMlll .ppnb .... , ... cp1lNa H911wr exterior actio. M4 1a bOO .. '41fteNat1a, tuta fo1'lta ,.1 __ .... u.a eat to .. J.n41v14uata per 'tater1u, Qll4e et 1nel.l"'1o 1pt8rl1 ~ en "'te~ta a4 \JmIIl. lied. lOla intAlUeota at unlftnolla sub .. fAUU. JOUWl't CQ8prfteD41. W14e .. actus .tnt 10 e1DaUlAr1W4. 1D quJ,lNe mallwa eat 4l\lO4 adequet ,ottm\1aa Wl,'VW..u.~ t'8lIJtU18t 1r.lcUlMlt1O 'f01ur.ttat1a 1D4etum1s1aw •• babetJa 64 alta. n ~ !!!le. q. 6.

~rtan&, lh 111. !be _parallel 18 preeente4 1u De Malo. fl. 1.6, a. 2. tbe operati'ftt metapbp10a 1. tDOl"e obYloD 111 ,. 6.

110

Of the aubJectlTe iletemlDotlOD of 1219'"-1&9" ",iDa SA a1D4 tbe ,pIU"allel. between _tunl toa aw4 a,petite,

*Ad COCCl"- tom Ud appetite, Sain'Tl:kaas J."eIIarka tMt

ucaWN the specification of _ act ... clerlvecl trota tbe

tom 01' tbe __ ral. 'be1DsiwbU.e tile· -..,."1 •• Of tbe act

U attr1wttd. to \bat aaent wblcb ClWtea the lIOttoQ. AlIi . atno. the tlaal cauae 1& i!i!!' $!ueya. it lel!'fttt .. the

tint principle in \he OIUt' or ~l.e. Svltch1na O\U'

1'lOllS14e_tlon to the leVel of btm&n aottV1~, "e t1a4 tbAt

the aoo4 u the obJeCt of the will, atd belua as true Ie

tbe obJeCt or the 1ntellfm. S1nQe the gco4 ta prec1ael¥

tIM eM tor Wblch ell ... t acta, and akce t1Dal _\HIalt tl

18 the tint pr:\nc1p1ela tile o.r. of exe.,olM, tbe __ -

cd ... or tibe aot ia a"tJ'lWte4 to tile ..,lU, OIl '\he Q\bel'

, ,

baM, aU tonus app~ 1)J * SAteUect are 1nclll4_

UDder the '-'_1 hel41Dc of bolas u true, and, alDco

the ron. of the apnt, 18 ¥bat .putts.. 1. act, ~

intellect h raponatble ~or tbe apec1ttcat1on ot ....

aet.lvltl_ One of ita ap,1"8b.en4tr4 toma 18 the aoo4t Vh1oll,

PftChel¥ .. an a,WJ'ebec4e4 ~:rm, 1$ true. (ConftnMtl¥,

OM of the &OO4e wbldl MJ'Yi08 .. aD ft4 «W4 tmaa as • pr1u

clple of exe:rcue 1c .... 11 actlY11,J 1. Y'I.ltb, vh1cb '8 tbe

111

erA. ot 1nteUectuGl operatiOn. )10

We can apGDd. 'ttua cou1de:ratlon of rozal cauaUt7

a bl"i u we .14, the tOftl ot tbe as-t specUlAte ita act.

ID ortler to gmap tuu, the apec1t1catlon. of bU!WUl aeUylt)', .

"e .. t consider the eD-tire qent whO 18 'l\ct1.ra8 or ttm41naJ

tbue we .. t ooul4er l1tOM tban· .~ tlte a~ .tona.

A bUme.n aaent Ie aD intel.lectual ulna; tllU be baa .. natuJ:al

~ to .. n aceol'41Dg Wl'Odon. 1Jeoau •• of tbe ~l

aa4 :lnOOlQ1ete nature or ~·1movl.e4ae, 01U' att.entton 18

al.w1qo t~e4 on one aG,Peet of reaUt,J ere 'than on otbUa. • 1 • .1 It

lO"~ CODI14eru4u .. , tuo4 potentia aU..- dupU .. o:1terDlO'Ventura WlO Il1040 .. parte aubJectl. aUo 1lOC1o, ex :Parte o»l.ectt. Ex JjIUW AbJect! cpU-,.leut mae per tmutattonea d1O»081~1onu ors,an.1 aovetv ac1 clariwJ .,.1 aalnus clare v14enclWla ex parte '"&'0 ob1eC'tt., 8leut Ybu nunc v1c1et allKua nunc vi4et ti1pwas et -pz1.i4a qal ... 1m.Imatatlo' pen1net a4 ips_ exereitlwa aotwJ) at IclUeet .,.WI' ,.1 aon apt.\U'> all' _1l1i8 .. 1 c1ft1Uws .. tv. aeCWlda vel'O 1IIIautatlo pertlMt ad. apec1t1cat,10Df1a act,loII, ... a.ftWt agecUia., per obJeotWl. Bot eu-. cau~, quoi 1n reb_ l1aQll'a.l.1bu 1,.01l1cat1o qu14a act. eat ex. forma) lptwa au ...... nita.. eat ab apnte, '* cauaat 1psaIa ... 1 ..... tCVeu &Utea apt prop.r tinea. Un4e J."el.i.&lqU1tur quod. Irs.. pHru:lpl_ aotJ.on1 • .-11ttD e4 "1"01U= actua, .1t ex tiDe. 81 au.te:A cOM14ell'tt::!lWl o'bJecte. -.olwltatls et 1llwUectua, lnWDS,quod. ebJe4tuta lrlteUeotu .. t PI'.irauIl Pl'lnclp1wD in aeure cauaae tonaal1e, .. t en1a .Jul ObJec~ Rft ., 'Velf\al H4 ObJectum vol.tat" eat pr1a\a pd.oolp1wa In, &eMu .... tlraUa, au eJWI obJectum eat lao11U:Jl, sub quo COiDpl'ltt1b4unttU" Q!ll'ih t.1rlea, alcu.t .. YerO coap:ebo4Wltur OIDIa tormae appntbenaae. Un4e et 'pauaa bomb, 1&1 flUSntuI'A .at qUae4aca tora ap~nalbl:Ua, coatSr.ltrtUr _b .... 1"0 .... ' quoc1d_ .. weI et 1pauJa .... l"UII, 1n quantum .It t1nU 1ntellectuaUa opeat1onl., contl_tv tub bono ut Q.U04dero pertloulAM lJomJIa.Sl ergO COA8U1e1'eia\Ul DI.OWa potent1&l'Wl uiIIH ex Plrte obJect1 lpec1.t1oaJltl& .0"-, prs.. pl'1uc1plu 1IIOt.1Onla .. t .. 1D\ellec'tut 'hoc en1m IlO4o bomJal In'tel.lectum movet .t.tam lpeu voluntat.... 81 autet C$OU814e1"8ltU1 IIOWa ~~ an ... .. parte exere1t1l. actua, .10 prinC1p1ue eo\1On1aot ex 'fOluutata • .. oesper po __ 't.J.a _ "*' ptJ'tlt1et tJ.D.'" Pl'lac1l*1la, ...... ad aetta potent_ a4 ... pen1net 14 quo4 _, ... ts.n.. Q. 6.

112

'lull¥, we GlWlt allow tor subJective 4apoult10tUl an4 babita,

whicb 4eteim1ne the attitudes we take t~td ret1l1t1.11

When 1t la ... 14 tbat the vl11 1& tbe potenc;v H8)1OQ&ible

tor the ... :retee of the ut, Saint 'ft&cmas 40eu not meart u to

Uil4erotan4 tbat' tbe w1,11 aoves l .. lt ~rot.a poteac), to act w11m

~ to the IGU obJect. :Rathert Juet aa 'ttl. tDte1l.ect IIlOYU

itaelf tr= the Jtnov1.edse of pr1Ao1plea to tH aceept.uoe or

certain conclwl10fl81 eo \be will,,, ••• iuelf tJ'OD vlU1ns tbe

end to ill1111l6 'the mea_ to tbat end, or .0118 Q_Ject cosmeute4

with the _.12 r , • • , I J ••

Uttft quod vol..w'itu tel'&~ in 14 flU04 81\)1 on.rtv_ .... aocW!du:n -bune pliU''tlculawn c<m41t1Oliem quam aeCWldwa al1am" JOtNt cont1llpte tr1pllclte... tJno t.u14M IlO4o 1n ..... una In.-port-4ent, et tucc IIOvetW' voluntu aec\1tl4u 111'10 ..... P\l., OUia hOIrlo praee11a1t 14 t.uoc1 .... 1l.e saldtati,. qUOd •• t utile V01W1tatl. AUo ftf'O modo inqwmtunl ¢081.t de W'e paniculart clnNMtant.1a et non 4e alJa, et boa coaUqS.tplAff'WlltWt per aU,,*, oacu1Ona exb1bltus vel ab 1nte:rio:rl -..1. ab exterlO:d., ut 81 taU .. cop_tio occv.t. '_rt10 _1"0 mo4o CGntil'lslt elt Ullpoalt10M haQ.nuJ quia aeCW'l4U!i fb.lloaophwa. quall. uwa.ull",. at, tau. tWI 'f'i4etur ft." DJ!.

12"1ec propter boo "q,u1tuJ' ... vobmtu eewP4wa 14em a1t in potentia et in actu.. Slcut _111 boInt> aecundwa inteU..ectu!!l in Y1a lnftnt10il.18 aovet. .. ipeUa ad. sclen'lu, l.tl quatltwa ex uno IlOto 1n actu "n1t 1n aUt,lI14 lpotUlll, quo4 er&."C 80m in potentia IlOttaJ ita per hOc qt.I04 hO&ao allqu14 wlt in &etu, .,..,.t .. _ vol.cmclwa allqu14 &11u4 1u aowl s1ell' 1*1' hoe cauod. wlt eat1lt&tem. acmtt •• dYOlen4um ~ pottonell." .a.&!!. tot1i1A rearks tlat tbe new d1tItr11:n~t1On of cauaalltJ empbulHa tbe actl ... aatw:e of the vlU, amt e.Uaa1natea all daqer of lNQ'chOlos1c&l 4eWrJalDt.. -ca:r lA 4oubl.ecauoa1.1te, efflclente et t1Da1e, quo rac1lM.ent evocauealt lf14ee 4e tete_laUrle, eat 4eVem&e l'apenage ftcluaU 4e 1& volo~ .118·,... l>'qtn part, en ~J1t 1& ",n 4e la ratlOb a 1Ul6 cauealltetoJ'Mlle, 11 .. Cflne 4e 1a :ra1aOn tout. 14ee 4.. Wlueaee 4ete~te." f. 256.

i \ !

I,

\

'., 113

It 18 prft1te4t in tb1s context that one ot the IIaJor

4oc'trlDal ohcnaea 1. 1ntrodllCe4. Saint 1'bamu preeent. tale

eawplAt or 0. 1lUln, who cleaWIl8 health, moYeU hlJaaeU to delS.ber

ate conoend. .. the means tbat. will Pl'Oe\ll .. thi. en4, &SlC1

t1nallo1 chooaes t.o lJM IOrIe helpttll me41c1ne. Ie nota tbat a

4eU'ben.'lcm p~oe4.ed. $he cholee or aaeatl&; lle theA aeD vbat

wal tb4l initial .ettlo1.ent. cause that movec1 the &an to uUber

ate. It it va. the vl11 alGt1e .. then tbe -caolce' to cleUbel"

ate IiUat .... ltMlt been preoe4et1 b¥ a 4eU.beratlon, which , . , ..

muet bave tol.love4 a will act, ab4 80 em I9t 1ut&S&ge- Since

au lnt1l:l1te reantGG" 1$ 1m,pOaalbl.e, be concl.u4ea tbat the t11'8t

ttlOtlO1'l of tho w111~ raoUon to vblch the will 414 tl()t or

oou14 aot cnoves.taelt--muot· be C1l.use4 b)t a=e be1Qa other tban

the bwaan apnt. S1nce the will 18 .. epiritual. tacn.tlt)', 1t

cannot. 'be move4 ettlQleDtl,J' 07 a -.terialbeJ.ne. An4 110, .tD,e

cml¥ ca.ue 'who can !110ft tbe w111 to Ita firat aet i.n ~ atVtil

eerleo of w111 acta 1& ~. 13 • • I I

13USlc 01"&0.01 __ '- &colple1lCll poUonea praece4tt «m&1.11., ~ qu.Uesa ,Pa'OCe41t ex volw1tate volent1a 0011.11.1&1'1. CUll "SO voluAtaa .. coeal11O :IIOVIet., couUl_ aute. eat infld..· i:tio q~ non de::aonDt:ra\lva, 8Od. ad oppoalta vlaba'beu, ROD

ex Dec ••• ttate volw'.&tu "' __ !IOVet. Sed CUll '9'Olwltaa IlOD super vol.uer1t Gou1ltarl; nee_ .. eat quocl ab aUquo anoveIltw- ... boo Yellt couillarl, et al Q.ld4em • Ms..tlM, Me .... ea' It.e.Na qQCC1l1Otwa voluutiltU praece6at COD.d.UWn, et coulli.u1D praece4at actu vol.uAtatJ.a. et OWl hOc 111 lBt1nltwa p.rocedere DOn poult, .. c .... eo' pone", quod. q,wwt= e4 p:r"'" IIOtum volwatat1a IJiCJYe&tur volwltu cuJueUII", nco ~ actu volent!. ab a11 _ _ tenorl, cuJU 1nat1octu volantu ftlle ln41plat.

"Poa\lenmt wao q,u14em, ((uocl 18te lnet1u'tU eat a COJ'lIOI'e caelUtl. Sec hOC ... non potASt. CWa ena volunkG .U~ in

UA

The obJect of the wlll in ttl1. tirat ace (UUl)14

1e the &OCIC1 con.l4om .imply u &004. 15 f,l'hua fbi, act .... ,. • I I I T, , w •• J • I tn.

rat..... • • • _t10 coqod.a caelestts .,.., ,-.. '901u.n.tatfm 41.1'eote ••••

"Bel.1DAJUtur .riO •• " CUC4 14 quocl priItO IIlOfR "WDllmtatel et iDte1leCt.um, 81t ali quid aup~ YO~tem et. lnteUectum, .el11cet Deua, .u C\Ul CIIUda av:wee.t .. ClWd.wA ratiODela Mblll_}.-a ut lev1a 8Ul"8'Wa fit pvia 4trOl"llUll, et1aia vobm'tl.\taa IIlOftt •• cua~ 4t1m e-tu ocm4ltlOb11i. noa'ut ex a.eoealltate, .. '" 4eunW,taw .. MbenteA\ e4 multa." tott1. UN tbe upreeas.= ~1IlOVft volvn_tea at 1.te1*." 1;0 ahow that \be De, *16 18 u 1Ateft8liate VOI'k between the .1'&1'8 (wile. Qo4 l.QOYe8 tAo 1nteu..ct) and tM 'tiM!J!m!!4e ·vtle.re 004 move. the Will), He tootnote 1.

LQtt1a alsO ltatea: «tOri le verra b1entot, · Slpr cht Brabant tilSaltl pour p&Uer 4. la Plt_an_ a l'ao.te, 'la _loaM .. eut1"lt; _U 18 »~l.:r moteur eat nectr.aa1re pour 1& spe<:1t1catloo 4u 'YOtl101r. 01', vole1 q\I4t "'\14 tralt 4. plee ealut ~ 4eplAco le clV1mp 4 'aot1Ol:& de amotiOn 411'11:10: c ' •• t po\U" Ph.el" fie 1& pda~ a l'ute twt le prea1er aoteut- eat incU.epenaable a la volDnte'. ct., loSlque d'aU.leun: la eUbontinat10 de _aft "appelaat _tQel~t, tul tat, la p.reuve 4'. preal. ~ nec.I.1J'e~ ee COU\PJend 0'11 s'as1t de caue.ea ettlclenta et tinale., mail JOin, ,'11 s'aal' 4e caueea tOl'Cel.lea. It a1Dal, .. pres aw-lr mult, t. ra1scn &urole 4. cause tot'mel.le, .tnt Ibocaa enarnwut a 1& nee_site 4'un Pl"fIlQ1er ~ur pourla volonte Una 1& Uberte cl'uorc1M, a1& non. pour 1a retaon tJI1. aaauntla IIJ*Os.t1catlen ... wal.o1l' h.-tn." ,. "1. ct. ~taremal'k' "Dca .totUn bu pointe4 <Nt the aSmul~ ..... nCfJ 1n St. !hOllll.a'. text or the 4hUnetloa between the 11M1"tJ or mpeoU'lcatlOn ar.d. tho 11bertr of .. roUe and the expUclt .tateMnt or the nee..-1'; of tbtt Dl'V'1ne Motion for Vl1l1na at, all.. Be arpa tbat tbe _senten that tl'le a,..llt itt tIMt caue of hl. bea1nn1n& to vlU :retui .... on the 'q,u14~d IlOWtur'pl'!.cC1,ple, that M be lBOVed. prevlOwlr b1 (Jodi! It __ au.lJ'a16 10 COft'OC'. 1\ WO\l14 be .Uabt~ mote *CCU5te to .,. that the ptuoaUel l.letW'efm natural 1rlcUrlAt1on aM U1mal appetite require. both the 41atlnctlon l»etveen tbe two 60$ of Ubert,;r aM the Dlv!iw Mot1on. fI p. 716.

14Q• 2, a.a~ ad 6.

15" ••• appetltw; eat lnoUnatlo cuJu811bet appetentul Gubat&utU. flUtes llltellect.ual1bwt, 1n ~ta U1aJuaat041, 1Jlee't appetltue roapeatubonl alti\pllt:lt.el:'. undfl OW"J.18 Zl$tunU8 lncua. ... atl0 in e1a at $I "bonum 81t1lpl1clte:r. It Q. 16, a. 2.

1'AppetltUG erp ratlona.Us., qui .. t YOluu"'a, ~ ,J'O propr1a rat1Cme -.)IIet! boma unt.,.,..l.e." Q. 8, a. 3.

u, ~ tq10a e4a.16 .. 4latlDCtloD ~ DWPt,y 95 I!f1a!II

,and '!!lB9te'.1! !91!!s'U 1a .. tloM4, al~ tb.eIe vtmla U'e

an .... 11 VOl101HtP!~ 1e 0.,...'1 .. in.oral. aet1OU,

1tb1le -!Me$!! •• tla D _rctu4 1J1 11M 11ftt an. of aDJ

.. n.. ~8 .. wlU 18 clAal"ll' ..... the appetltftot tbe Whole ! •

Ulan, tv.I4 tbva " .--l1¥ _bn tl\e obJect* of U. .-.1' pcnrera ot -.n.B .XQ,"'" tin, "ot' or the vUl,. I8tJ1 ...... 1'111

win. the 1004 preaent.4 to bStIa,v1tb .. natuzal ... ,,It, •

.. Jsaowl.e4p QS.crb 'p~ til" an 11 the knowl.e4aeot eoa ... ~ which appe&ft ••• wdftnal pe6J ot.beI'ViH tbe Will

WOQl4 DOt be SO'N4 at aU. Dati st. ~ eapbaa1Ud tl'.l*t tbe

wiU .... not .. rell ,receive .PO •• 1ftl¥ tbtt WlUea.ce of 004, ltu't. J I

,~, 13, a. 2,0,

11"14 9liDtUII Uceaba, ... YOlJUl ..... ':I.OntJ.le cnat.wu 4etereJ.aata •• t ad ~. in fi.U04 MturaUter t;lC)ftt\u'J .1011t OiI\nU bGIIo _tu:raU .... vult eue, ., Y1~o, et lMaUtu41Ae11.Bt. lata aWlt at ... prs. ......... rat\1roUter cnatuta 'f*l1atellt.pu4a _l. YOlAtndaJ 4l\lla .... 1" actiO at.tll1llU prua\JfJOUltu .. US act.1onl'lKW. tt q. 16, a. 4, a4 5.

lLA4 ~ 41e .... , CJWIl4 "l\mtao eee_a _ .. .. ~ .. t boDa. UDde " o.c,* -.Ius na't\mtlla 8"'l" .. , bor.\Uj et 41eo acwa na~ Wlunta$16, ',l'Wt hc:IrIO wl\ teUcltateD naw1'&lt.'-r, .... "tlvent, et ....... 1... 81 ... ltqu1aul" 4e bOaO _rau, do 'I'Olutu ....... ecmai4emta nee eat l.lona nee _lac eel .. babet in ~'ia .. ~ Vel _lID. It Q. 2, a. 3, 14 a.

19ltMlu:d.teatuo .. t au_ "* oat pant_are cont1aetv au .. t .. ruuJ ae4 non COA'tVtlturJ .-.. U ~ petteat turi taac1blU. _1 ~C1bU:l.a~ poteet .... t.r4 wluntaa, .. in _lta au.. ft Q. 8, a. 3. ••• 'pa. wnuD, iJl .-ntua ... t1ri1e lIltellec",*U. OJftaUoos.., 4Ont1aet.ur aub bono ... , ~ p.nlcula:e 'boma.. n Q. 6.

116

eivea. tb1e WUal ialpetws, \be w,n MaiM to mcmt J.ueu.20

!he ll8.wJ'al W1.1Mmn or Qo4 i.e tOllaJ4 aD4 in'CO 4e11_11IU.,

bat. an can eeue to uU1Mmte 1t he GO vUlaJ if h* COQ.

Un\te5 to 4eUbeate, -. __ tJ'Cle'4oD _~ to !ita act or

ctlO108. ~1a 18 Sa1ai ~at. wq ot 4Unaalus tHedCll ot

"re1ae, vitk ~J4 to all O'OJecta, .in the PI !Ne. the

hbtlttfAa of ~Pl!"sa bmJI!4M aM SlOt gnMfl' bere. fte

toll.oV~ COlIJDltnt$ of h. llubertans. ... to "'1" •• , Samt ftoIluuI '" .fina 1Il 'bbe PI !!!\25

_ •• uaw. • IMUl U pectpttatf14 :ta. act10Jl b7 ,...'011 01' .., c1nW.1UtaDeeG". 01' .~ from tw:tber eono14eratlOA bl lpol'Uce or en'OlI', " 11 ut.ui'Gl to ~ bottl on tbe M1 JIl:rt.~l" ot the obJect -an4ou. h1e own wlU:J.ua of tbat obJect. !bU ill'Dtm.t of mlecUon 18 alao tile .. nt. of heedol. tw 1t ,...11 ., 1eut ·-.t be neM 1lO~ cont1aittt to aink about \he Ob.JHt" an4 1n tbe ... or **' obJeoU 1t _ ,hOlt ... 40tleienqJ 1». eoae .... it ., co.plat.lr o~ tb. o'b,3ect tl"OlZl a;:J04 to bad Qr nee wr ... i!l

• • • ... point of .. t.q IMt. lnto ac~ concemiD&_ -..tbSq ¥bid 1. &OCd 1&1 1ta abeOl.u.te cows1 ..... at.1Cm. 1. ~, eo aho\l1.4 tetlect vbetM:r 1n tile cone'" .. aU tillnp cona14ere4 he ahOta14 __ 1· utel¥ YiU tbat act or obJect, or ~t' be ahou14

\. . ao"M. qliIt.n. 41cJendt.1ll, .. Wl'Wltu aUq,uU contel'"t CN1I

.. J)eo ~. 1pA en1Is .. t ... Opmlt\1J', .. mota • Jleo: et w.o. mot.qa _.,. q\1UlVU .,it ab ~ .U.out II. :primO » .. 1Dc1p1O, ftOa ... eat Y1olen. ... it Q.. 6, e.- ...

Lo\t1.ll 1&18' ". • • apna .VOir accet.tttae .s.a ... -Y.la 4ft ~ ~ .. 18 Qa1'8Ctft* actU 4e ~ 'VOl.onte. _lel p, eA rep.r4 de la CNUe Pl"*I1en, _tnt !barN Jftt .tv. en Ion nia .1OW:' 1.e e.aJaCte:nt 4e ~ psutve ,,,'Arhtote .. l~ rever.a-41.,.. pour toIat.e appeUt10n .t tot.ite 'fOlonW e.reeea. If p. 251.

a~l"taUIP. 716.

117

not. It, OD retlee\ton; be tiD4t -., be tbwlA abaoll1tell ..,111. 'Wta, .. 1a lMUl\e4 to, tM 1l1Y1M MoUon cont.tnt.1ea on 1ll .U 1~ OQto~oal tuUrletJI into tbe tree ac" ltaelf. It t&& t1D4a tbllt he abotllA cot,. Wt nesl4Jeu tbe pro.cUca1 a.pp11c;aUcm of the I3OJ'all'\l18, all that there 18 Of actuaUtt in. b1e cb01c. .. 1a Gtill due to the o~ DiviDe Mot1on, but the DAa 1. h1a own.22

rreedclt.a ot8pecltlcaUGn u present 11\ MIlt. cho10ea,

if ea4 wben tbe ObJaet la J'ecoaatze4 u ~loular. It; attft

J'e1"lect1on, \be ob.1eOt. aUU aPl*l'l Y I!f!ta. s9aJ!!l1!R!

~ 0DSnta ,ertlsHlY1! iN squ&Ui!£& ppu!!l. then

..,. 4oe8 .. baYe lnet.km of $pecllicat.1.on. lilt be ettu ,Daa

tree40Ia of aeroUe; to~ ~ act. at consl4erlDs the ObJect 1a

om.r a put1C\1l.ar aooc:t ... 00 au. .. Will 1ta COntraq, l.e.,

no lorIpr to coui4e1' tbe o\)~. 23 ·'1't1ftpenoaal •• u~er Of t . II III t dl , 1 . JP

22au •• PP* 118-9. Bee also MNltaia,I1t,,'SRP" • • ;:n:'!' obapter 4; .-p_. pp. 96-99. (letl Yo*_ DoDl.e&'Ia.V ,

as .. c. Mate cou1u.. et el.ftftlorlee .... t OU. psn1et.&l.llr.l'ta, CJAOruIll .. tae, •• nqu.1rltur lit 14 9104 aJ1pl'eMD4th.r ut bema et COflVellf.eU, apprehen4atur ut bot.'ua. et CC»l'Wm1eIlI U. _nleulvi, et neD .. 0 .u.venm.l1 tantura. 81 ."eo appreheMatur al",,14ut MmIra eottfetdima ~ OIIfWI.JfArUoulal'Ja 'Pl. eou14el1U"l poell.unt, •• nece •• U .... te 1IlO'fA1\ VOlWlt.a~) -' pt'Opter bOo· bOlO .. neceaaltate awn1t -,""adSMI, ... ' .. t .ta\\le Gl.lD1U111 boria .. ~t.1one pertec-.. 1)100 1W'telI tx __ asltate tuantum $l, uwt'Id.tla, .... actua, Pia aoa JiIOMR ¥ella oPPMltu1a, ltOn uw. flUIUlt\a &4 "%'citlUUl ut.uat .. 'lUis poteat aUflld. non w11 .• t.\utc coat .... 4e .,tlWcUneJf1wda etSeta 1,., ac .. JAtel.l.eO" et wlunta't1e puU .. cware. o\lt1t.. 81 Q'Qtea .1t talAt bOlUa tf.lOI. DOn ~1&tur ... bOm;&a aeoWJ4ura ClllDta p:l'rt.h\11ar1a quae couW.an pooWit, IlO&\ .. nee_oaita_ f&'IOftb1t eu... quantlD 04 detem1ne.tl0ae0 aotu, JOteri.' en_ .:U,qule velle eJua oppoaltu1D,etlAa 4e eo costtuLs, ..... tone tat bon1.a Wl COA'fen1elul lleCW'lClWa AU.-. au. JU'tlcul.u'e con.U.l'Ilt\la;81cut quod e.t bOmal a&D1tatt, DOG .. , ... 4electatloa1, at 810 4e al.U.a. n ~ 6.

AlaOl ttA4 Mit'*-~I quo4 acti'WII nora .. Mce •• l._

118

of tbeM' Of abo!ce 18 f.II'opbaa.t-.1. 2~

Roci1tl outUDln the aer1ea or ".c_- ilm>1'ftd. in the

.... 18ot It. ·tree act.

Fint of all, tJ:te 1ntoellet:t apprehen4a tbe al'¥el'Hl. SOOI fUl4 tbe vlU bIlWl'all¥ ~ tovUl I', prtO ... ", -rq eoaaU.4.,.t.ta Of 'Wbetberlt Can jOHll'il¥ be atta1a.e4 OJ" no'J then .. ,rao" .. l J\ldpent 1D41ca* It the &«Ii in "'"t.1_ au. tJe at~. ani abOve all .. ,. .. a.le raeans tbat eft14 .. taken) t.be. vUl ftOW 1. 1IOY84_ ... eoo4 ibIL't '- pot.,lb,...; ad *ccol'i!llia to all tbe ... Wb1.ch 'the pmetical Ju4;itmt Welt_ted 8. Wlet'Ul.$ thea rfIQOft ~ ~t all ~ ...... , -oil 1n particular, until ,1~l!u1:'1,," .t. t;hat .MI'UUS wbich a Ju4se4 to M _ IlCIt uetul. tb1a 1a tbe act, of CC)UUel.. Tbe "m COtiAnt$ to tilt.. ~.. Then tbft Ul~ practical JU4pe_ (tft!~s.t1S2:JSC!'ua) ~ that tAlI aeant .hou cun her. en nov i eince it 18 &004 and tl'Ctilts to~ tbe aaent. '!ben the Vill ,r0cee4a to ~t.2J

:II ... ' iii'. 11$ '.,JJI • F $ r . u ,

ilCWet nla1 ~ iSUJ,'IPIl\ 'I'1rt.v.ea PN.tV1. Qa &\1_ 'fOltmtu .. _'bee' hl poteatla rea,"~ bOnt Wd. ... u.,. aulba ..,.. M.P8"" y1nuteA volwd:aUrl q;uaal ex .. _a1ta. 1,... SO'Y8Aa; ntai 14 ~ ~ CJIIIleII oou14erati.olles eat ~: e\ hOc 80lura ea. bOn\a JWteotwa ....... , Natttwlo, ~ vo1w1taa non ~t non Yelle, tte acU1cd 9lOI1_1tt eJua oppoa1tWlJ potea\ tMerl DOn Yelle acw.i 4lda lOw.' .~ costtaUortn 'btIatl~18i 1D "..tua mcn-et In\el1eeWa. a4 ... actlaJ et ~tla .. boo neo 1,.. MA"l~ .. aecee.l1._ "IIl1t, 81cut etSam aUquU aoG _ neoN.lta_ ca1et1eret, 8' JOHen cal.14um a .. repe1l.ere ewa wll.et.1t

%b14., ad. 1. A.tlO\ber ~ with same or tbo __ el.eaenta U ~. 3,

a. 3. c.

24-.. • •. CtOMJ4el'8Zt4ma eat, .qu04 ObJect .. .,... 'fOl»r.itatea .. i bODlD cOI'fVen1«l1 owret1enma; \m4e a1 aUquod. bOma ,1'0-poDaWr ffDl ~w in ratloM boDi, Q99 N!j! m ..... lB· !!RI!n!ltb non &O'gebl" 't'Ohultate." (lapba81a tal", .. ..

25ft ..... in p1'1llo 1ICatn~ babetur iftcollectua unt'Nl"&alA!

boa_ appreheti4._ et. VOluntu 1r.l hoc md._reate 'boola • __ Utel' ~ Aba .. OOMIAei'tlt.tone $Ill D08$ibU .. 81t an non 1lJ.v4 bO.IJaa obt1nel poult et oumUraeua 4lUibue· HUbert potut, ao 9OlWltatJ, booa· lDipOHllttUa .... Un .. l'l8, 1ft al,1qu04 bonum pos&lb1le .... __

- ~--------------------------------------------------------~

119

bitt 4a4 K~n.& both point cut tbati tUN 1s

DO ~ &n7 ... tUm; at coct\iaSna tbe laat ptact14:fil Juq.

U!!n' anA the Mt; of ChOice. ror i fll lom1tl .tate., the

d1e't1ncrt1oD between apecUloaUon and exercf.ae, U41catee

tbe prec:I.H role of bOtb lntellen aJl4W'lU 1ll the act of

~1c., ft_ ,,....... tbob respective COAtrJ.but1oWJ to ..

total. ~n ac~ trom. beina c~. 26

!'he petlwat as."dtlCN1. of tbe 40cVine of tJaa

Rt !!9Je. at. leaat. to)." our present pu-poM$, 1a exptease4 b7

h.X~.

'1'hU anall,,1e 1. mow __ ptqalcal than the eerUer anea" a1nce 1t wor_ out b'IDm the relatlOG of tON

11 'J I ,.un • •• If •• • II d . 1 1 111

aecun4ua .uSa· 11la tDe4ta ob~ ... lu41clwa Pl'OJOfIu1tl tunc ... m:f;lO ~ 1u4U a4 Grulla tao1endaD 0IIn1_ l11or\a lIItCUOJ'UUl at fJlQU1d.t. super oiGnen 1'8t1onea quae ad ~ _10_:,01'.. ta:wiA al~ ~ com:aerx.lCint. ua_ 4ura pel'ftntat e4 Ulutl ae4t.wa __ utill_ ... ~laIe.t:Q1", .. hoe nt per condU ... , ac 'WOluaw couen'tl\ vel a~t bot! ~J ~. t\141Cium Jl'fI4Uce.*praoUCW!I. lU111cat boo mell. eaee hie .fIt mmc· .U&e~, qu1& botUa et cOtWen1Ctnl agetl.,. tw:lC w1oo1;u ad. ac"J.8e.la ps'OC.lt. tf Bora!tl, p.. ~.

26.. •• ootaaa 1A De MalO ftUllM ~1~ umtn1rl « .. appueat in t.anUUl eon1\miU 1U1l1clula 8lec'lonl. et .teotolonGli, .. -.." ponlt\U' psfobolO8f.ce an .. bafMl'l1U4.tAl_ -' teind • • leo"~. ft in hoc et1.eIIl eobU.ret De Malo eua S- 'Ibeoloaioa I-II. Q:u1a pmillleU.... .\$Iit expl1oat1onecA bI.lbet ex 1rd1eata c1Setlnct1one 1r1te1" Ubertatea QeCitlaat10nU et lJ.lal"taWa uuclt:U.. l'u baDc tmi.Ja 41etJJteUcmem 4eUrtlltat.\l.r P&l'iI 1ntelJ..ec ... tu ., JCU"& "fOlwltatu in elenlone .lle'.... ~ ... Ita .," lnteUecta .1w volunteu 8\I!Af4 ~ hnbea't 1ft elect10ae ... 4"t1nctl.IKIIIiIn~18 pa,cho19S1cb psrt1ct~. If pp. 61-8. 8M Kl\abertAna, p. 7lSl. lQ.ubertanz po1a.t.8 up one acld1tt.ollal aM ft2:';Y tfttftre.'ing feature of the doev1tle on·t,bo ~l caueaUtJ of tntelJAtc\ .. Will, bUt .'lace be WM8 the 1"1",.. Secpdt! tor a WxtU$l baGla, ". \fill 4lawaa tbla p()1nt. 1ft 1lhe next Cbaptel'.

to ~ in be1ft&. It 18 at, tb.e .. tae more extateAUt.ll u4 pell'GOAal, a1D.oe the M1D6 of tao -sent CUd thf; d.inatU- of bU act of _latins are 1slYOl'Ve4 Ureatll. be aUo the apotltanaltr ot tbtJ .cUrls CI\lbJtct 11 .UeBacd.27

I I r tM. J I;..... 1 I I

8"'nu~, ,. 711. Lottln ~ the to1l.Ov1n& ,..rka about the _lsftU'1cance 1# the ~I "Xl ae ta.utlftlt ... &Nte pu \U'l3ttZ" l.a 4ltteftftce. =anttute 4'&lUeun, qul aha entre en 0lt,po.tJe 4" IS ~ .~ _lui 4u Pi V!dMM. Carla AUt1nctlon entn l1bert.e .... rclc. at Ubert.e ,. epecUl.eat.lon qu1~t l.e e&4re a 1a \tlCI&tton 64\l ~ *l&! u'eat paa et1'fm_" au I!!..'.!:&~:Y' ,. ea .. e.. 6, ou saln' ~ ptU'le de l'~r:UnatlO11 de la ftloate v1a ..... .....u b l'acte .... 40 'fOUlo1i" et db 1 'obJet 4e <!etao.. a "'autre part 1$ 1.01 P'JChOlO&1Q.\ZO qui MUe lle.ct1on a la "fOlOnte e't celle-a! au Junement D'Nt·~ repud1ee __ 1. p!~l!b P\luq\a'elle es' .rappolee au debut _ k 1 'eqoM. On ne pout clone parler 4'oPJK>8S:t1on .. nil1alede 41Yft8tte d.e 4Octr1rle.

tile tour 4e peneee eopen4an\ eDt a"ve, R l'accent nt 4eglHct. fIt P. 258.

'li;Jlrf'llflt-.... i. J!.i I. It ~ - - ,

~3

(lEt -"I! i lifi!! h,t :=, -'°1' =) i e

ii

iliJ, , ~,t .. I~, 0 ~f hi , ¥l i c:: i I ~ !~Hi !!jl!li!

~ill,i I,~~fltl,. , g et_'-"' __ !.

- -- - - ~ ~ -5 ) -- -- " .I 5 II~ =, ! IIl_ .,l~i ~ I~· .. 1r14 ',ts1r tj", il,i~ i!hJ : 5i:~C:: I· fiat

'-C I" ~ a"·lii ,~ I I I It-li-I,'" , I r , Ii; f .'.l a f.. 'i :: i .,. Il' f 1 11=1'5,= 'I ! r I ~.I f !f I ~IJiar~~ ~ ! i i ~ ~ " ,.. .",1, .. , r: .. I to a li'i f· i It f·1 a, 'I 1,"· .. ~:r;ll " I,' I i I r CF if" f I'i ! I c f c:fB~I,f,' ~ ~ 'I', i, ',' E I, " 0 I r; It "." to r: .. !ii!i!'i I· I ~ ! ~

Ift::1 i, ~!,J i i ~ i,·i. i !Ic,!' · ~ i ~ I f t1:ii;'h ~! J I ii,' ~fJld!f ; I i "I' " :, lif' ~. . I

,.., ....

I I I ~

·122

Iby part1culAr ~ta'lOAot the puaUeU. ot appeUtes

40tD llOt ctraw· out. the ..apllplcal ,-U.'lou wb1ch.1n

t:be Rt !fe19. :laIDe4lateq tolJ.oif IlJOQ .. preMDtatton (It

coardU- apJetlte .. p:m.l.lal to na~ ."..ute. .. It

... cl.c$r hca the doc\r1ne of the P£!tpf .~ tbat the

..... ~1u 1e O,PUatlft. lR the " !tlQ, kSD' Della.

couJ4we4 tile ent'"' )l'Oblh or mad_ Ul ODe article • .

lel'tl" 01.\ \be other brUl4. the 41.eCtii8810A U aJl'M4 Oft%'

...... l'a1 ·' .... t1cDa, aid oaeb olemeD' 1a ba&141e4 at the

opnutle &IOIIIInt.

2he will, ~ aplli, i.e '. proJIer appetlUft

tt.oQl'J at an 1Dte:u..ctutlll"J.Da. .. _-.101».1_' of taw

w111 1a caUe4 wmm H&!lE!!M3 or .. in t911!!9&.4

!bU III I , . ... 11 I , ! t

.. t.1J.raUtli Nt ~ eautena 10 "'I 1ta J4 1D qv.o4 t.lUt • .PJ8~ 'I .. uJaaU ... 1 .l.tmtarlu, eat boZwzI .ppftb......... ". e, a. 1. ~ taulaUGD. __ 111 tb18 cbapte:rr 18 that of A.· e. Pesla, a IYlJ;"'d,tlflD or ~!e' _ A_9!!,. lett 'forau ~.., .,,, Vol. II.

,. A4 tel'Uula. Dlcen4wl.- obJectUID volantaUe at tlala et 'bOm1a in tlt1lftreall." (i. 1., a. 2. a4 3.

#AP»eftltu &latta b .... , "'" oat ~lwl", .. ~ boot 1m1vereal1e. tf QII a, A, 1.

*Ob~ __ voluntattl, ... eat ~ltwl maaou, "'Wll_~ boma. tt Q. 2, a.8 • .. "e. tattv vol un .. att .qua_ ...... terial.1s, .1cut .. inteu.c'CU, ,.epondet albS, ratQ:raUter all .. 1m\II CCIiIIIWae, .eillat bonWllI .lod et1eD1dellec:td a1.1CJiQ4 WlU C:~, IclUeet. ... fUIl, vel ena, Ye1 ,~14 tat ~ •• Q .. 10, o. 1,'" 3.

"S1alU.wZ' etta:4 ~1p1.\D _u,... ftl.mtari.Orua OiIOrWt ... aUt\l1A .. "Uter YOU_. Boo ~ at ~ 1n ~l,. in cpiCIIl 'fOl..l.ui'taa ratunUter UlltU.t, .lem' .ts. .,..Ub __ poten,11. to ... ObJee'WII.· Q. to" &.1.

123

ioo4 &a, of CO\1l"e., al.,.,. ~ tbat •• beea ap~

111 the 1ntel.lect,' .tnce &11 a,,.tltlOA tol.loQ upon know ...

1e4p.' ConcNtel.r, the vUl 18 4Upl.a¥e4 .. the appeUte

ot the whole metl .aDd. tIlUI ten4I towa1'4 the aooh ,l"Oper to

-eb of amt • poV6J'e cOn.1deJl'tlCl1n theeHlvea.

Vol' 1\ is DO' 01111' tb1D" pena1n11'18 to 1'be will that the will .......... tNt .. leO tbat Villcm. ptrtalwl to tach power i an4 w the entire man. !'beretore Ian vtu.. _~ &'1Ot 0Dlr the Ob..1eC't of Qe WiU, 'but .lao ()tber ttli. _t are oppJ'OprSA. to tbe ~ JQW.n, auch .. the knovl.e4a,e Of tftttt., wblOh Wiw a. inWlhC\1 .m to be anc.\ to 11 .. an4 ~l' Uke tbu.,.e wblob ·reaal'4 Ide _ .. 1 ~U-be1na."

.. 'Dle "ill Sa 1IOft4 not oalf _ tb.e UJU.V.-.l ao04

&W~ ltJ tbe reaBOO, "' al.lO b7 th* po4 appnbell4e4 \1 ... e. '1bel'etore he C$Jl be ....... "' ... puotleulal' t;oo4 ~tl¥ ot .. ,...1or1 of tbe Haaitt .... #.PHlte~e- -~~-. "'-

~t \here 1 ...... nJ. aM- uoea-17 .... t of the

• f •

',,_ 8. a! 1, ,.15, a. 'I ad 2, q. 19. a. 1, &4 3.

6..QIaS.a atlta __ .,petit.! .. , .. incl.iDa'tl.O COD

~ appreben.1oPeI, ~ act appeUtuua tnteuect,iva .... 1 .eultl'VWtl.J .¥*IlblcUaatlo a,ppm.twJ natul'al.la noa ~ .. (U1Wor app:theu1.Om!r.l 1p*f.u1 appetcts.., ae4 alter1 •• It Q. ", a. 1.

lab enllD 1ft volD __ .~ eol_ .. quae peJlltSnent ad pc:;t.eJltil.ml YOl\m.tatll J M4 eUaa ..... peJ'ttnUt; at .~ »OteDt1M at eel tetJIa hcalda. tb!e Dattl_Utel' bcmo 'N1, ccn aollla ObJect. '¥Ohm:'"", .... flt1az al1a qwM ~ a111apotentUa. vt copUd.OH'tI ,.1, ... Cf)n'ftJ11t bteUect.ulJ et ea .. e\ .1wa fit ~1 alia, ... ,.p10-bmt. ccmaiateat18m _turalell." Q. 10, a. 1.

SaM, terUa. D1ce __ q)104 ..-01 ••• non 801_ ~ Go bono univenal.t e.ppJ'ehenao »er rationa j ae4 et:I.U a bono ap,pftlaellllO pe1"...... .It 14eo poteat moftrl ad. aU.9I04 )IJUt1cul.ate boma ... :pu.'" aJl)8tl'kw ... tttYl, ff Q. Ul. a. 3. dl.

vlU i.e ,f0'fte4 b, a conal4eatlon wb1_ 18 toun4 &leO 14

the "JOlter voru: tbat. .. tare .. t P1"O'f1.4.e the toWdatUm

few all actlVit7J .. prl.nclplAt ~'1" ,,11111 ..... I'd. to

thoH tb~ wb1cb &l'e tbe _-.1 -Jecu at • ,...1" 1.a

calleS a uatw.lprinciple. ODe fAat operatea acecmUa1a to

DAtuM, CI.f.\4 th\ta one vldch 1ft 4e~Md. 111 ao tal' U , •

• • • .. ~.'t6l:I4e tor W'I'1 .mtance, Ol' __ tor ~ MiDa. Ad 1a th1e MUe, tbat. 10 M14 ,to be ..... 1 to .. ~ which ",1_ It accordtba to ita 8\lba"""J en4 tbU u Wba •. ta in .. tb1Q.a ...... i1all.J. Row .... ~ 40ea f)O\ belOl1l to a ~ •••• ttall¥ t& J'etuce4 to ""ld.q, wlUob lMtloDp • t.bat tIa1Ag naenttaU, ... to ita prJ.Ulple .. Theretoro, teklcs nature irl tblI .... , 1\ 18 neceuart that tile »ri11clple of vbaW'reT ~ to a 'tl'dq be. 1I61alral pr1nclple. 1b1. , • .,.1-44m' '" re8/1U'4 to _ tDtelleCt, tor the prtncs.. ,lea of J.ntellftkal bov'l.Hae a~ ... au, lca.ottn. lD It.lIe marmer, the pr1nd.p1e of ~luntal'N 110ft. lIeb •• _t ... ~ _tuJa1:\7 V1UM.7

!be will is \twa IiOft4 Da'ttaJ'au, toval'd tta11 'tMM ~

vtdeh belaa 110 .... wl11lna a~ to thU aatw:e.-lO

II , I PIT 11 I L • 9"1\110 ac;dO 4ultlU" 8\Ul'a ... UNt .ubata.Dtla "1

q.uo4Ubet eD$. It etc\ltl4lW boo lUu4 41cttur ... _~le rel qaod oomenlt a1 HCWl4ua NUl oubatanttaL Bt aaoc eat quocl per .. ltlUt ,.1. In .at'_ ..... quae DOll per .. 1mNr1t, re4uClm""*' 1uQ.1Q)114 ,\&04 :Per .. 1tle8t, .ttNt in lW1nclp1=.h ,14aO ~ .. est quoA, Goo iIOio acclp1eD4o ra'Wram, aeraperpri.llclp1WD in hU ... ~t .'t .it. _tun.l.e. h hoc menltelte .~ In 1"~. flU pn.a-0$.p1& 1atellectual1e copltlOnla .\lA" ___ Utei' ute.. SlId.Utttr et18m Pl'1nC1P1Wl 'I'Oluo1:tu,"lorwa opoJ!'te1'j .... allquo4 IlIot\mlU,t.er wUtula. Q Q. 1.0, a. 1-

lOal!_

!Au natW'al. act of tbew111 1a 4ettb:mil*\ in the or4ero at

qecU'J.catl= iA the t1n' .... ' or·UlJ ..... 1"'. of vlU

Bca. !l.be obJect, 18 prtieIlte4 1utazt~),J' u l!fmE .y

~, .tUJ4 the vlU necuaullf teP4a WwaI4 1,,·.ll ,

fhe w1ll. 18 tI.OYed. Sa t.Wo ¥aJat tint, .. to .. .-:ret .. ot 1ta ac'.~, .. to tM epeout .. oat1OD of itt ut, tort ... tltOa tbe ObJeo\ •• it ..

Ae 'to tbe 88COl.\4 _rmer Gt ltOt.lorl, tbe ttill 18 awe4", 0Ae ob .... uec ... arU.,. but uo __ not. For 111 the .o' ..... "ot a p:nte.l' V It •• .,.., ve IIlUSt <*UI14e .. ~r ., ... peo' tu Ob.1Oct rt1O'M8 .. power. .. • .!Ile4tfcn1t., it * will .... orre1'ft .. Ol)JeC:t wbic:h .t. aoo4 w ..... u.r ... tl'OIn "'17 ~ or ,,'ev, tbew'l.l. ..... to 1t of necen1t)f, It it. vil1.1 .~1Da at flUt sUloe tt CAzmot vl11 the 0f.P0*1 ... 12

In eWUOn to tilt nla"ioAOt tbe \ll.t1laate .1l4 "lth

tale ~ toward at_ini.aa tb1a -', ~lot .... inwodw:etl •••• 111: an '"" ., I 1.1 .! .' t L J

Ull.~ the ~l't'ot atartins a .. Hrla of will acte vltft aa.thl08 !IlAwrau, wtl.le4t II'. lUa'bettua AP' "'1be .~ia ... , 1'oUw tbJ.. 0 ... 1". ,1ftt, beoauIe', aJUt b\',m a almcm1cNe ~tlOh, tale DiVine Motion u 81"COJ:lOl'etf1l' vhen _ .,.t\u:tt wclUJ)0d4 p~"teq to M _ flOYd; o'tbenliR, the two lSOUl"Ooa of the will f. 1&OVeIleD't (tnca \be paRot tblObJect ani frca 004) vOUl4 M tntriuualll unrelate4. 8econ4. bftaUH .... then IIt\tSt be a 'priorl_' (DOt 1n t:tae) on Ute 81M of the O\)Ject" .~ the· .Jed 18 the end, 0il4 the en4 lathe tint call" and -- ftI'J' ~. WbJ the aU1eJAnt ... acta.- P., 118, fooiaOM 9+.

li"D~ ~ volWltu.-.ettU' 4Upl1cltert uo IM)d.o

4Qtlntuta e4 uenl'1_ ac'tueJ allo ~» quanwa a4 apM1ti.tio ... e.ctu, .... t .. -""to. . ... h4 quu ...... MCdu\a motlon1e ,13G4um» volun .. ab aUquo oh.tecto ex "*=-88.1taw ~, tAb allqu.o au\e 110ft. In _. eaW& wJulU," pOteatiae .. 8UO o'bJecto» eQMl~ .. , rat10 pel' 901-Ob.)ecWnl mow' POt.en1#1aII. .. •• 1kt4e.1 pro,poratu:r .~ O'bJec~ 'VOllmte.l tu04 .1t al'te1'8&U1ier homta ., ~ .... cona14ela:U" •• ,. .. ___ "itate volw" 10 U.lu4 ten41t, .1 aU9.d.4 _at; aoa ella poterl~ vella 0PJOS:ltwa." Q. 10, a.2.. .

126

tile nllltlOA ~ a a;coa. Widch 1. tetal.Ulr l1t»a bel

puotlct4ut oxclutJlve, &114 If.li11tfJ4 &0048. .,. lAt.teJ'cou

e14eatlon 1. more experiential, 81nc* aa'& will 18 otten.

pat 1nto aot vltD Hplll to eometbiq ¥bleb 1M lutaAtueowtl¥

__ 1» be coraPlete17 pod. but cot. cowal4ete4 um:leI' tbe

toftSlii7 of 'tbe ultimate erd..13

!he Ililt~l act of the vlU can tenA ~ a pod.

Wbicb. ~ be at'tab_ in tbe pmctlcal om.l'. It tb1. 1&

1M caM. tbla ~ 18 reterrea. W .. DlieM! lDS2!RkI*!f

or 96*,&» •• 1.4

Men,!. WU Jut a4e of the 4UtlnctJ.cli betwetm

the ed1"CiH of a wUl act anA ita lpeettieatton. Ae $a. the

PI It!!. tb16 4iatlnctiOA 18 Ne~lble tor the _ttnbuUoa

Of tONal. C!WIal1tr to tile iAt4tu.ct, fUl4 1',..1 e.a4 ett1cd.eot

CD .. 11\7 to tbe wi.U. .. dlMWJ.iOn. here 10 lUntlcaU¥

the __ .. in tbe De MrlJs. •••• L .. if i.) '" IF I

.~ cona14era:iloa. of mee.IlI an4 end 16 not. ......... , ~* "Ad tent_. Dice __ q,uo4 tln18 al.t1mae a .... '. tate ... , ..-ol\mtatel, qu1a eDt bOr.n.tm perfect.. .!to a.111tel' Ula ... or41naDtAar acllnti.LC tlAel, .s.r.e ~ tiAifl baberi D,OJ1 JOteet, .:leut ... et Yivue et l1uJQm041. Al.ta "J.'O, alne CU1bua tlAJ.. halter! poteat, .Cl(m ex neea.it&t. 'VUlt 9d 'IW.\ t1m_l .twt. concluaJ.ones aU. fllllbua prtno:lpla poaunt. .... veta. aoa u .... 1tate cre4it q\l1 prucilda cre41t. tt Q. 10, a. 2, 44 3.

14Se4 voluntu in~1eta eat 4e j,mpoa81blU, quae ~ ~ veUelua 41elt.v. ,u1a ac1Ucet; .u,U1a ve11.et Uld,. 81 eun ... 1bllAt." ~ 1.3_ a. S, a4 1.

'I

liT A tb1Ila "'lUtree to ..... .., ..... 1.Da f.a *> fIIlr .. It. '* in ~1al1_ to M'ftttal~. For tasst wblch 1a in pO'teft'J.alJ.tJ' aeeu to be n4u.ocd. to act ., ~ actualJ _04 to 40 W. Is to..... .. • ~ Of • scml 11 tOW3A to be .", po_tJAU.t7 .. 41tt .. _ talDp 1A 'two wep* t1~t, Vitb ~ to aoua, Nil aot acUrt.cl ..... 11, Wi_ ~ to tbta or tbat ac"s.oa. • ... The t1nt Of ibfMMIr U _ tile ~ of tbe .. ~,' vblOb 11 ICIIIttJawa ~, eomet-. not -af,rtU&, Wbile tbe ~ -1. c)ll the . part or .. -Jecti, bJ i'8HOD of WhI.. ibe Mt u apecU1e4.

!lie IlOtlon Of \be .ubJecU-'ltMlt Ie .. to ... ..... ArMl ahOe tI'IfII1q .... ' acts 1ft aa .... ' • " .. prJAolple or w. ISIO'Uoa :u.. ill tAle erJ4. • .. .. low tb.e &004 b ~.J Vblch bU iibe _tun Of u esv1;J U ta. ObJect ot 1;bIt will. ~tl¥, 1ft th1a nepect. the will. .,.. V2e ~r' powen ot .. ~ to tbfI1r acto, tot' ..,. ..... or the otblr ~ VbfIa we vUl. FOr the ........ \be pertec. tieM Of ..." otllft power _" Utc1u4e4 Wl4er 'the o'bJec$' or \be wiU •• ~r ~J and. the art; or JOW'U, to vhf.ch tbj wd ...... l d IMtlotlsl. alw.,p ... to the .... acta the U't* OJ!' pen to 14lidl 'bel.Oni tJMt l*l'tklilal" ... :Uacluckl4 In. tile ......... 1 f5IOO4. • ., •

i r • F F r . * I 1* I I •. . I

15~l.1c1teJ' autea aU. '118 ul_ !Imm1t-w: .... Sa potentia a4 41 ... "". UG ao:lo, .-_ ... ...,. ftl. ~ .. reJ alS.o 1ItOIJo, 98°_ a4 ~ hOc .. 1 ill.. S:1cut 'ri.IRw ~ vi4et ac\Q, et .-tI404.l.IO DOD yu.etJ e\ .. ~ ..un al.ltt.ci, at ~ . .,!4e't l\~. INt_, Ialtlll' ... te .-ctura a4 4&&0; _1. 4f.\I&I'1'tu1a a4 uenlt1a vel. __ eo'-, *' qtIlU1tua a4 uterofI1Iultioaa acrwa. ~". ,1"t&Iua eat .. pane --.seeU,. ..,. ~ ~1~ .... , ~ con aaen-. aUu4 aute .. ~ .. ~ ObJect,l, ~ tuo4 _.-cUt_fAa aotu..

"".10 _,. 'pes. "'*'Jectl en ..... te .U_. h <NIl.

Iotice tbat t;be parallel nth .. _tt.tnl omer 1e atntalrae4 •

.. -.. tual ton" of IUlat Sa 'the tcmalpJ'1aelp1.e of the

.c)"lOA of "'lDI, bUt in ttle ~ .... ot ,...1 .... 11" wbloh v. 4180 .... 1n tb.e Jut ct.I\pt.er. In·the ... vtq" ..

tOt'll knolIn .. pocl \9 the sm.Ueot 1a the tcm!sal prinoQlJt

at ...... 1ft"" .. 0' .... ~:r tat ."tla~ to one ~C*114 SA \he PI .1& b

.. tollOwUta# 4u.lJ.q .,ltb ·tbe ·• ... tual lac1uion or UUlan-

4antal uuth ani po4neut

j n •

!'be lIUl ·mcmta tlW f.rlttllJAc\ u to tM aeret .. or 1~ ae'.. .s.nce .... ." tbe \Ne 'uell, wb1cb 1e. ,.. pel"tectton of tbe lDtel1ect, U lul.u4ecl in the uul .. nal &004 u a putlCUl.ar 6004* .... to the 4eteftl1Dattoa. of tbe act, vhJ.f:a tile aot 4Vi... tl'QII tbe Cb3OO', the btel.l.ect ...... the wtu) tor tbe s.oo4 lteelt S. apprehea\t14 ~l' 8_auecSal ... peet .. contIL,,*, m the wwnal vue. ur

P' I TAr n f , nr ..... I It

CiIIiIi1:la ...... ' ,ropter ttIltm, ut agpa oatenNa .. t, J~inct.p1tla ...,. _tton ... .n .. tDe. It 1rJle ee' t\104 art a4 ... pth'tlnet IUle J aovet ftC· SaQeriO utem ... qua ptl'tfJ.let 14 qp.otl .. , .. tina • •• Dom.tAl ... tit co.unl, q\t04 ~ nts.oa.- ttllJA, es' obJect.u:A wol\tntatte. It 14eo ex bao puW 'I'Ol.t.uitU IICrfet .. UM potent .. aMmM ... & .. actulJ a'1.r&ur 0Idm .uta ~u. QUill Y01\&121h .. tSue. n ~t1oDH -OlIn_ alJ.arou potenttaNI CCIQt~r a. ObJecto ftluDtatia. elC\it ~ pant4\&.lN'ia 1IoDa. • • •

ftW .~ IIO'V'et ~ _"- a4 .., •• prt.nclpU toraUs,a tpO in rebua h&tu.t81ibua actio epecit1cat.ur. 'Ulat ea)AtQc'UOr- calont. Priaum autea »r1nC1p1wt tOl'lDale .. , ens .t .... l'U'IIl U01ftnale, ~ eat obJect- lawUectu. Et 14eO tato tIOdo mot1on1. 1nwU.t.u IiOV8t tfOl.tm ... , "teut praeeentau at ••• .teotUl$ ...... 't. " e. 1.

l61iM, wtt1=. Dleeal_ f.UOIl 't'01Wl.tU ~1nteUeo_ tutmtwl. a4 uerclt1Wll $C_, tpia et 1Je- vel'UUl, ..... - ptl'1ec .. t.iO 1ft~Uectua, con~ aul:t WUYel"l&l.t. bODo \it ~ ~ JU\lc\i\l.a.re. 8ft ~ 14 4etel'aSAatl=- actua, ..... , .. JUte ot..,..'I. lAtell.eotu ... , volUnta.'*J quJA .• , .LpaUIi ~ ."fthd1tar .ec!2W36WD q,uaMaft apec1ala raUcmea ~ tub Wlt .... U _tloDe .... 1." Q. " a. 1, ad. l.

1. ,',

Aa !D the Rst *'1b howeql'" .thel' el.elleAta *lc1eo

tho uP4ent0a4 toM or the __ tuDcUOb u tor..l .caueea

of the aaeut .. a.h.

• • • !bat wbSCh U .,,~ Wl4e1' tb* _~ Of what ..... Utl MtltUDa ..,.. 'tbt rill aa ... obJect. ,Mow tbat .. ~ .~ to \)e aco4 .. t1" .... "1** ~ \Vo ..... --11, t1'O:l the con4t:u. Of the ~ PfOJ08*l .. OJ' of tbe one to WOiIt , .... JIOIlO .... for tltueu ... t,.. of __ ., O"Mlatton, .... leA ... , ~ on bOtb ~. AId ... " U that ta .... aecorO.fJ)& .. 1t 1e ftl'toull' <UapoMd., __ to a tbinS 111 _r.t.cNa vap, _ 'btt1DS tttt1D& O~ .,It,UJa* '!be~ .. tho IbU_OJber eapc Accol'CU.q .. • man 11. nch 40Ja ....... to l'.d.IIa.

Bow 1~ 18 _!dent .. t. acCOJ."4f.nG to a paI.or the ... ltl ... appnfte mtlI.ll 11 oblnae4 to a ,cenau 4uJQd.t1Ga. ~. &COOl'dJ.DI •• fIlM t. _fleeted bra ,. •• lon, ~ ..... 1'1._ 11"&08 .. v'blob .......... aOO4 .n .. '- calL It SA iD tbtJi: ..., that t.b.e ... 1\1 ... appetite .".. the ..,ill, _ \btl JU't of ttut obJect.loT

!be tollow1.ns iext 06 1M Uet~loD betM .. n DeM!

D.!\!1!!I tm4 !llr!i!B! ,\ ,19l1!dYvlU 1n~ \1& '\0 use d ! ) • .1 F P) I •. U II' II' q •• d r jill , ..

1.1 .. -..pQJi4taO. D1oedt.aa .... , .1cmt .,s-a 41e .. "', 14 ..,., .appMlmJ4lar .. atSGne boal .t COAftt'SHntb, llIOYett wa. ... "'1eG$ per ~ 0l:t~1. '*' ",tea ~4 vi4ea'UI' bODUra et c:onwu1eUt .4u0bU coot_i'J .. lUCK .. COft41tSOAe eJt,aa quCMl ,NpOld •• , ft e,. .s. PfOJ01l1.Wr'. CoD.~.e.t:lSfa teel$4Ua ",.latl-. cllo.lt\tt', ..... utroque ~rut4 4e,ttebtet. It b4e at tu04 pat_ 41w" .. dmQ .... 4tapoa'_ nOll _em aoeo aco1p1' aUquU u" oonverd,ea Itt \It acm.~. Vrde, u.'t Pb1lo11o.PbUclt in III I$b&!.. 'Cj.Wl1U ~ n., tal ... tlnU v14e\lU' el. tMQU .. ~ eat _tela ,UOtl .......... t.oaea appetltua Mnaitlvt ~tlIr haao ad. aU,,*, 41aplUOr&ea. Urd$ .nun .. .. 9lO4 bOIDO _tt in, pauloM all_; Y14etur .U.l aUqu14 ~, ... DOll Y1.4.ftt~ t1 extra 1*H~ exUteltl, sleut 11'&\0 ~ 'bOnlJI, quo4 l'iOD vl4iltur q,W.eto. It Ph' b'QI\\C !DOdd .. l*rte .Jed!, ap"t~ Moat"'" ~ wlunatelt." Q. 9" ".2.

9*ltiOn of ffte4om#

!he v1U Ie ~u.,~ hoi nat'U"O Q om. Id.cd or cauu troll eAOtbel", ~ ... tblnp baPlMtD zat.u:e.lll au4 tQtte «mt be volwttaril¥. D\eN s.., boWiftr, aaotbttr tDI.l1C8%' Of C&\I&q that. 1a ptOJelo" to tMt tlUl, whlol11a 1II1at:eea or 1 .. act, b1814H the ~,. ~r \0 n8tul'eJ . wbicm is 4etem.1i1e4 to ODe 'tb.1n&. aR u-u. the will 16 tCW!de4 m .,. aaturel' It 18 maoea .. q ., the move:aent proper to nature 'be abared ·bJ the viU, to acme extent., jut lUI wbat 't*l.oD6a to • PriOr .... U ahareel lily .. aa.bIq,uent .... 18

h'et4oa Ukan41e4 in a. ~ almUa¥" to tba~ towi4

1u tile De _1.0 .. wt witt. a tew e:Le:bCmlttont" In tl\e on1er or

-.0"" the wUl U. bOt aoYe4 MCttI-rlll b7."" obJect

whataoner, 81nce ".C)Im can. vill. too e ... oona14erl.n& .,.

tboH SOOda Vh1ch appeal' to be ~u, pc:t4. III the onl.el" or opecU1ea'UOIl, \be wl1.1 'e 4etenskae4 it the cooct ". .. ted to

,t 10 un'1!I!IlIter ... ' !I ,.9!'!\.t!!,JII. seHU\!l!$f.!9!!·

Btl, 1t tbe pol f.n --.ttoa 18 10 -OJ war 80vn 01' COllai4e:N4

., .. Utd'M4, \ben Ute 1111l. 18 not ~ n~e.r1~ .. 19 • t 1 .. I II /. I t. F 5

l&tM»r:lmuis .rae. D1 ... qUC'J4 voluritfla 41V1CUtl.tr eon.tra, aa'tW'U, tleu. t.Il'ta .... eon .. altafo, ~ enta tiUIlt _tiur&lU'kr. ft q"l1IIe4a1at.f.lia\ 'rolun.n.e. Bot _tell au C*lUWJ41 propr1u 'fOlu.nta'S., ~ at doedna fNt act., )After IIGtlua fill coU'ter"'.t .... , Q\IAe ~ 4etertUnata a4 \Vma. a.4 q;tda voltmw.. in a1.1qua ."ttua tundat.ur, ........ , flU04 motu pl'Op,riu aa1'.Au'M. ~wa ad al1qu.14,; pa&"t1c1J)eW¥' • 'VOluatflte, al<Nt 9Ud .. , p.rlot'S. caUlaO, pan1clpatur a JOB_Sol's.." (;l. 10, a. 1, a4 1.

1.9 .... pcm4eO. »1'**_ ... _bmtu IDOWturd"PltclteJ."C rmo JDIo, ~ ad .aM"!wa adui .l1o ldClO quan1Ua ad. epeeltlet.tioDeta actua, q\M eat ex obJedO. P!'Ulo tn·so ... 'fO:bu1tu a &110 obJtH:t.o .. neoeaaUate ~J poteat enSm alJ.qala4e ~ ObJectw noD oosttare, ., -'*" ~na actu Yelle Ulud.

"Sed ~ c&4 .. ~ lIO\1onte lQ04t.1."r1, "t()lwltu ab al1910

k .. 0l'iIler otC!t.l.eftiae. tbe =--_ 1*a' the ffIQ cam cer1M

to __ u.. ~ the pert_, &004 ... talat " .. ,...,. can

~ .. po4 lIOt. ODlf' tAla, ria., to 11m Or it ute, bd aleo tb1.a, vb., BM SO 1m ea4 t!9! 59 flU".ao fba,

I., .. U'U of ~ e.n4 nl1ba eN "tbIIMel .....

ptJ."tf.cUlAu' eoou'l .SJ.\ie tbeJ en ac~l .. ot otbe uta,

ana. tbu .., 40 net ..... taW tM w1U. nvoltm~.

~ - uta of lttlowlAldce 1n the ... vq as it. J'ItClU:Ue

.. ·ect of WUl, "11. in or4U -..t it be b _'a pe,' to o " ·f r I •

... ~ ...... t.te ~, ab aU .. au1;em ...lD __

...... cu1wJUbet. poten.s.ae • fl_ .~, .. ~ ea' aUO

..... ob~ fID1'Att ~ '''SbllAt· ... .,..' .s.._

.. _t1oM colona ac .. VI.o1b1Ue. t.fa4e at .101'' PIOJOD&'t'lfnlt, .. nece..ltAtelaOVe' lpet.a, Jda1 aUfl& •• ria_ a_rtats t,\104 I*l"tSNn a4 uercltbll~. 81 autera ~ .... alJ.qui4 Ylaul .... 0IIId.INa .ue ~ cow U1 ac~, ... oct.ar14u a11ttU4 ..... tale, .. c~ __ 8U.14 QO'A tale. ,. .. .... , ........ tale .~ -ri4er1'tj ,..... enS. .lDielllleJte Sa l:p1RU& .... ~ .. DOD .. , colo_twa 11.\ .. etta. e't ah 4pa\a ..... 14e~ SJAut __ ooloAtua in aetu .. , ~ v$.au, 1_ ...... , -Jec'- vollan.l1e. Ode.l ~ ..... aUCJIG4_.,.. vo,.taU ~.1't W11vereaU ......... fit ~ QIIti&tI eou14eftttonc, ...... ltate YOlurltu in Ulud tR41\. 41 al.1qult veUtJ DOD .". PO_1"1t .. u. oppoaltur:s. 81.tea ,rop:matm- .u., a3J.9;ta\ ObJeC_ 9loI l'1OO OCtal-4Ia •• mUbet 00IUJ14tmlt1oneel .1' ~# .. ex .... taw voluntu tvtw: to 111»4. h fJlla. ~. ca~ bcm1 UMt .tSOdm DOn bSA', 14eO. Ub4 aolua __ ....- .. t ,..hot .. et ctd. nlbU 4eticlt, .. t tale bonum .... bmw DOll. ""*' 11011 'Valle! tu04 _, 'beaUt,&ado. AU. aute quaeltbet put~ 'bona,In .... _ UtJ.c1ua.\ .. aUCJIO boDO. JlQUU11t ~1arl. .... 1 .WI'OllU1 a vo1unta., "",.,.., ia 1_ tent. ~ 41_l'IItW ~'10Ma.· Q.. 10; a. L

2O-rote.t 6U'teIl .tSo.~", t.rt. boina llOD aolwD bOe· tu04 .. t ".u. aut. ~J .. hOc "_ .... t b.OB _u. ., l'lOtl -ceN-"Q. 13, a. 6.

ooraai4er, to ,,1U,· IUd to ac'_ Ant tMn, JU' .. tH)t. \0

Will ao4 not to act, ~ it u tiM to wlll .an4 to act, ,.

'tObmta.l7 i ao 11 1t wlwlta17 not to 4On&iQl". flal

tb1a 115 .~. In ..-ter __ 11 in t.llo bocSI of

tIl1t anteltu

, - t,

Voltmta17 '0 wtaa, pn')Cteb troaa· the VUl. lew ODe

thtna p~ tJ'Cllcll aootbu Ja two va,.. """, clireo",. 1r1 Vhf.cl\ .... ~ pJ."GCftdJl tJoa ~ 111a1!1!lUch .a tbU o\btr 60"' ••• ,., *tlrl8 tl'OlI beat. S~. 1rldJ.nctl¥, Sa *oboe,..,. ~. ~ .tl'oa 8ii00tber ~ the ta" .t thY o1IUJ' 40ea not act. I'hQ tbe etnk1llC of • tldIt 11 .ttnb\tt44 ., thtl bel .... n, bOla b1e baY1aa '*UStI4 ~ atefd, ..... we INa' t.Ue note ._ tile cawse of what toUova ho:a ... ta1l.UJe to act ... DOt al.'nJa __ qat; b ~ Mtill411 _, onll vher1 the apQt au u4 0\I.Iht toac\. VoJ" 11 the llel.mlnart wen .... u. to ate. ~ .hlp, or U t1ae abt,p'. bela were not ......... to bJa., tbI -tnk1D& Of the··~ VOUl4 ~. be at\rlbut.e4 to 111., AlthOu&ll it tdab, •. t!ue \0 hl4 &been_ ~ ·tbe· bolAt.,

S1cee.. tMr.t# bJ Vi1llDc .. ~1tac, 'th.e. vf.U ... _leI ant ~s.e. ~, to h~ QOt4S.lUnI flUIl ~~. ~DOt41Ulna e.n4 uot.ott.na 1a ~ to ... WiU Q thouP ~ tl'Ofl 1t. AM tbua it to *' .. taD .... the ~ w1t1'MMt faD act, ~. tbtw ........ totS.thout M OtItwai\\ act, but w1t1l an .tJl..l'1Ot' act. tw ~. Wheli _ nUs not to act, IU14 1OIfI't" w1*-., .... ~ 111~O~ U'.U wheb On.~ 4Oe$. not wUl to .0\.

rr. ,. . II I , 'il' ) t At I ,p . ". I 'IF 11 •• •

2l-Ad terti_. J)ioerAu .... _ .,m040 ~1'" 114 volunta1"iW:l actus coplt1onit,alout., acM wlutltatle Jut .1lt_t Bit 1a potee __ .Un. ctmel4e1U4t et wUb .. qtH. J!:t \unc .leu' 110ft _llAt et f'lOA aseN, ota _,. Mrit • • t 'fOluntari_, ,to. .~ AOn couiUNft. ff lU4., a4 3.

12,. __ ~. »1~ CJlG4 .olDt.ta".,... tiel.r cp:Ml .. , • ftlu1'ltate. Ab aUq\IO flutea 41ettur .... aUqu14 4upUelter. Uno ao4o 41recte, tl*l 'cf.l.S.a' ~1~ ., eU.9I01.wpin_ ... &&eU, al@t ca1etactlO a ealOft. Alto 12040 Sn41reo." _ ~ ipso .. IlOll 861\' .lcut, ....... 10 _m 4I.41tv ... a

A tvtbel'cbaaowmtl0 of tree4c:Ma Gt 8pec1tl ... s.on

.~ .lao be i'IIfAlt~. We note4 Qat the •• It1eatton of

"1 _ ~t .. euCb ueludea eueh el.eDenu u ~ .. ab4

4S.aJO*iUon. Do the$e e .... ntoeaa1t&w tbG ,,111 or not t

. I

• • • tba ,...101\ or tu Mn81tl". .".," .... -"wW In 10· t .. r U "'* rill.' 1& tAOW4 bJ' tte ObJee'J ... 1n u acb _, fttWIlt~, ~ beln; 41epoatd 1n ... aD4 fhlOb • wq 'b)' • puaS<m, • IDID ~ ~ to Ie t.tttln& ai!l4 SOOCl, Wb.idl be VC\ll4 .110\ 3U4ee tbu were tt not t\)l' __ • .ton. low tMt f.atl.Qen~ of puaicm OIl ClIft OCCUN So two .,.. ft. ... " ... , h1s rtaaon sa wholl¥ ~, 00 .. 'to be baa nO' tH .. of ,...., ... .,:p«ma 1» theM W'bo. ~ 'flol.eCt ~ OJ' CC'Irlc'IlpUOftCtII, _ ..... 4)r inIaQe,~, .. tb.e7 .., trora 80IMt

otl\U bo41l¥ ~j tor sue .. ,...tou 40 ClO\ taU place YltbouteOd cbRae to the boq. An4 or auc.bme" tile ... s.a to be I6iIl .. of unt:1one.l. ._1.$, Which to1.* 0'1 nec-ea.ltJ the tmpttlile Of tlltlr l*Ia1OnaJ t. 1n tbeIl thtiM 1& neither .,.... IlRt ~ NoflHtl, tI.Or, ~~, of "lU.

SOmet.1fIea, ...... ,., 'tbe I'IIUOn .. DOt otSnq ...... b7 "tbe ,...tonl .. t.t.t, tbe ~ tid .... retaUl*, too. oestasn uteat, 1. , ...... J and tb'u \be IlO'f'tMIlt ot tbe·wUl ,..s. in • certau 4ttp'ee. ACCO.nU~, In eo tu .. the

Ok . J n)' ,... t •• " fJ I,lL I". HI .•. if'

.... ~tore, tntuantua"i4'Ut.~. s.d M~ 9)lQ4 UOQ ...,.1' 14 '*'" dequ1ta:r a4 OtectWli act1On1a; :Nttucltv Hen SA ___ ·SA ___ ,. eo tp:1Cl ..... actt, .... ldn wac .. ""-.. , et 4ebft..... S1._ pMmator l'lCJft ~ .YeII 4U~, .,.1 non eMet .1 CQtd._ ~tio alana, ... ~ .1 .vb aubllleNlo, .... I*' abfIUtl.8l!l ~t.on. UOlt'~'. -QW.a 1a1tllr vobmtae vo14h14O Itt ~ JO'tftt ~ hOc .. .. t nou Yelle • ftOD aae-,d .U~ "tt, boo '*" .. , aoa. 'VOlle*, fJOft agel'lt, imp.ltatur.s., ... ' ,ab iPM exUteQ. h ale ftlW1tan'UII}JC)Wa\ ......... acrh) .. ~ f1Q14 • ..... aetu "don, cu:.u utu ~lf .leu" .. Wltnon ~! all~ ~ .t ·~.c_ Ultertul, .lout. CUll .. 'V\tl.t. ~ 6, a. 3.

134

rtUOD ,..lna rr.. ana DO' subJect to 1dW ,...1on~ -. wlU' • ., .... t, vb1Cb alao rtIIdJ,lIlt, ... hOt. teDI1 ot ll6O ... 1t7 to that ~. thIt pi_lOs .. u.s It. COI.uIctqlMlU'l¥.t ~re U .1,... no ~ Of tbe wiU 10 mt.m, oa4 the ,..iOn a10M .140 It. avq, en- It there be • ~t at baliU, 1t. 40ea not ~llr follow IMtalolS. :~

~ thfl I'tIlillfll Of ,,,:. ~.. ". • ., ~ ....

'8 pl'tetpltate4 'idO flC'Wm bJ PDoHton or b1 Oi~~,

Or b~ trcr& ~J' "oIUU4e~iion _ ipotimce or ~l"J

" 1.8 Mt\lra). _retleOft bOtb on t1uI tu.U ~lAr'1t¥ of

of'the Ob.,.ct an4·011 ht8 QVn.tdUiaC ot that obJtct.u24

blt! fa 4eeor1pUon ot tM ..... 1& fit the tree 1E1I 1111 .n 111 I. i I • TIl I •••. i 11 • ,p ,

i3ttbPO~ J)1~ t.*I4, G1Q~ lupra 41etu&rl .. , ",,110 ~U_ I'MltlYi move, vol,.._ ox .. po.rte .. voluntu .,...tur .. , CbJectoJ ~\=a ecl1tcet ,homo 611...,.1.,_ 4upoa1.:tua Jtr ,.._to.,. lu41eat auqu14 ... ccm'ntd .•• -' bonura, q_ ~ pe.$'1brlct e:daten8 noll l.UiU~. ad.tA04s. a\Jkla J.ulrnriaUo lu:II::lln1* pU' .... 1onea 4uobwt l\O41# CGIlts.ra. att .. Ur&o rAOIlO, al0 ~ totaUwJr iaUo 11p~; 1_ ... h .. WtUa raUoaU ~ habet •• 1cut eonUrtiit a bi. 911 Pl"Oftft ~te= 1-. ..,..1 4OlteU.P~\.IaA tur1oa1 .,.1. ..... ts.utLt, alcut et propter aUquoa .11cm pe~tJ.oJiM CO%'lJO'" alAltlj .luaao41 erWI pcu10nee non .. 1ne COI'JOl'ali ~ .. UQno acci4unt. It dsttaUbue eada:l •• t' xu.tlo • .teute' a. .nt_~ bNtla ............ 1taw .~tt.u-~ ;a#oSorauJiA bi. erd.I:l nQIi. .. t allquta 3tlon18 mot.,.t 'per con ...... tUR YOluntatU ..... AU.quando eutea _tto MIl tot,al:i_ AbM~J" • pu81-... H4 ~ ~a4 a1.1.q,Ut4 1;lI4ic1Ul!l rau.J.a Ubel'Wla. EteaCWiidla boo ~ aUqu14 4$ ~ YOlwttaUe. ~ 82:'30 mUo ~ Ubem et pe •• lont I'IIOa .1N'bJf:cta, trrtAnt __ luuta\ia ~ "" ~, llC>n ___ eal._ Mn41\ c4 hoc M quod paulo incl1.nG\ •• • 10 G\'it raotua ~u. non _t fA had., M4 oolA paul. 40ld.natv'Ja.u:tj a1 iAOtua -.oluntfl~1a 11t, 'non ex nee_.ttate eequtitU PUIJ~.· Q,. 1.0, a. 3. Bee J. 4e 'l.aco, 8 • .1., I!l,tas! et Latd!, PI. al46~

~n..Ii, ,. 716.

1.»

&C~ bOlA» tfJIr ~ Pre J~ .. weU u tor tM P.s t!qdg.

F~ 1& ~ in tile /lOaltnt of ren.ect1w a.Ube.'Jota, in tbt .... , the Will. a ttl cOlIlplete eoatrol or Vbat laappeu.26

fb1a 1'1ItleoUon iD4ic6tea whetU:- or not t1ae obJec't J!!1 be

.tkf.D14 end. ~~ OJ' tlOt it amla be ,wl1le4. JOUtl

.,.,.. or tbe aJ*'l1tle t\motton ot \;he wtU a,. "4GUa&aul

J'.9.t!1!!.iJ!r~. 0.2_.,021

What ..... the viU £t'OI ~ to oott ·Aa 1A the

»0 *10, ~ tbe Will. :ta 1i1 act "'itb ~. to one oll.1ect,

1t can moq t'tlelt trcti p:,tten~ to act vl_ 1'ePl'4 to uaooiaW

.~ 28 BUt I!IODle prSnc~1e other t1Wi .-111 mull ..,

1mi~ al u.eft1.ct.ent ~ Of _ willi I abeoltlte aot:lOl1

111 the tlrat an of. a new aerica ~ wiU aet4. Wo _ ....

~, tile Snte~ and thO Hnae appe,tteB, 4ilpaaStiOmJ,. Q4

bAbtto, wnJl9 the Gpnt in the omr of tr.ma1. cattSA:u,t,y. '!be 1 I I I t. j I I M I if - F 'v t 1fl • L.

~ .. Cbapter " toothOte as. 26..A4,~. D1cen4wn ~ ex bee «tnt.lnslt 4U04

Mil;

bOlO ea' &8lIlu au aotu.,. ~ bo\'le't 4e~1'Ot1Or1elll 4e hie aot1-bus. '" Q.,. 6, a. 2, M 2.

21Ro1Dl\', ,. 61..

28"Memueatwa _1:. au .. ~ It.1_ueetua l*' lIOC quod ~cl' principia, reduc1t .. s.pautt 4. potenUa 1a actwli, 9*'tum f14 C08fd.t~ concl1mlO1lUm, et hOC .xao iIC'tnI' a.SPIlus. St rdaU"ter ""lJm.tuper bee: qU04 wlt t1nem, *IN' dlpeu a4 vo~ .. qt»Ut t\mted: tSl1eft. If Q, 9; ... 3. he D1l- ,14 1 0tlA act 1.,

2SJOn 'bbl. ute of' ...... ", ... IU1ibertaP, p.71O,. fQQt. note 38 ..

Oill¥ jtett1c:t.laoltt vbtOb ~ .. n"" 1e ~ to the

~UOn_ operaUw potenete. tllzOuib· tbe ft~. or ... ubatadiIU tON 14 .. tue. tau u. PliMiple Wb1cb

.... tWU" tl'Ol J01Ibcq to -" wltla respect. to 1M aecma

to am ... , It .... tal ... ~_ lIIfdUt;1Oli Of u act

of .... Ubtmticm. a. __ • or t:b8 btt.dte ~ tAl

.u~. aul WI oru, .,. to .01_ 't t. to 11081\ _~

__ \efttal ... h~_1At tor tDe vlU *. tun act_

low 1M tl1U '" IIlCMI4 lq 1M obJN\, ~ in _

0Z1itu' at foftlal qj . .tSM1 CNI .. U" 0lll¥.30 ifbat t. DHde4

u ... -tunal. ettiottn' ... of ... • ... lwte .ot 0:

vUlI»a.31 a1 .... 0MI'l0l be materlial., .~" will •. L b w. J1 I' "l1"'il

t " f t J

~ '*~ ..... ~ I ...... qt 1tbS.$. poin\ 1.8 tbat of J ... ~J IUS &E.\~Ylr .. ie ... 1.

3l._~. 1)1"*- ... ~ ~ w1tmtu ~ .. ob3eCto,-.dt ...... t .qu04 ...", __ t-aU_ ".J'lftl.. Se4 .. IlO4O q.uo .~ ~ G4 'Ge1"* c1t-lura an., a4bu.c ~. -' ~ ft1.Ui1tAtel ab ~ ..... 1»'SmtJ.plo _tfJriOr'~l. au..u. ~ ~. tit ... JA actA,& ft _~,s.n ~, in4san eYt.d _ aU..., 409... ~tw:l eat. ~. f1Q04 wllmtuUlolplt

rn

.. u. a11ff.d4 eua boo pJ.'tu ftOt.l wn.t. ...... .. ereo qd

.. aut,Qo UIOVIaW 84 ~ It tuUea. 81Ct.iltt 4tct. .~, .tfIa AlOft, ...... , ~ .. ,.1' boO cpo4 'VUlt t1ueII, ndv.cl\ ~ 14 yo~ .. ~ .\11.'$ ... tmeua. Ioc aut_ &iIIR\ ~ fa"" cbi .-.us.o 'ltISUte, cum __ aUqu1e 'VU1' aanarl, iDd.p1' COSitare \\1011040 bola ~ ,..1'" et PH' 1I.alAIz coattats.oa. ~1' a4 boo 4J;104 _te., ....n plr #1'.1141 .... , bM 'Nlt. 8ft 9lta ~ ..,.1" santtate utu. Wl.Q1t,· aft.,.. .. t qU04 tao.t»tm wu. ..nan ab alt. .. IID'fWAte. a.1 ~ lJ*l ...... , .. s.pa. a4 vo~. ~ ~ "1ImW coutUo ho4~ ... flU .. ~ ""'M p1"llllJU:UU1U • .., aut. nOll .. ' p~ in .Iafl.t\1t... 1ble ...... ea' .~. qu04ln ~ IIOtuia '4OlwitatU Wl.tm. CAl ~.t ex _tinCh ~. ~. 1IQVtllU8 •• ill ."

Q. t, a. 4.

131

1a .p1rl.tual.38 Aliso. * w111. ~ ..... bJ eq

Ql1'ltual 'Mini othU ... the ~ fit ... wiU t. B",",

.... w_ .. _-.en, WfN14. be 'fiolat, .. vUl b en

1Dc11J1uUOo .. ata4 ~ """,,r .. Sac:1Suatkm.G$ltut it

.u. an4 ~. ~ balq Wbtell can mote .. _tale ·aceo~

to ita .:"'1:'&1 tDcU-UOA t ...... 011 .. , • __ • leN

God. 1e the .... of tile _t.Ut -. w1U 1$ a tacult, of tn.

loul~ aM the ooul b =-t.e4 ~_.U •• ll' _ 004. leef.4ea,

t.kfj wiU', c.,.u, 11 W1I1te, att4 ao It eaft bt ...

01\1J b7 6ft WIn1t4, M1n& (I'J!l.MIHMllIW ,IIJ!U!). u It parUc1llaJ:' aI.U.M 40ft no\ alw " ut .... l :lactUat.UOll. ft

t1leet~. tb.etXtenMll pri.nelp1A1 Wbich rJ.CMIIl the vlUSA

itt ~te aow ... t .. 004.33 Sf 1 I I t!" 1 I u ." t I I 1 J t . I" 11 l f

3ta .. 1Id! ..... S.

33". .. • .. _tlUI 'fttl.Uil'tUi_ -.su .t. ob a11tuOpr1n-011'10 .""weoo fIIOIl noa _ ..... volUlltaU., eat UIpOtaa1b!U, • .... Vol.uta,,,, autea ca .. t'lSbU .u. ..... pOteat .- Deua. It i.

IlOc ,..... 4upUolter. '1"1rao <Pl14- _ boO Q.U04 'VOl._ .. t pot_t~ u.iIr.U _tl.e.aU •. , ...... 010 leo ...... l*' ...... ~~... SeCNdo.1'O" llH. Q.\104 'IOluntu baltet or4tnem a4 Wliwnale...... aa. __ 611u4 ~. per JBl'tlctlpaUontBa 4101_, et .. t ~ ,*"lculel'O bOIUI. ~twlar" 8\lMIa 0$\iS& non at 1aClJ.eatlmltallUl'ftll'fJalam. tt Q. 9. L 6.

"'04 wnt.. 1)1 ... .- oeu . ..,.. llQIu.. a4 ~ JIfm .• laI.t.eu, ~ .... ~ -PJl8'U.b1le, w1 alc\$ ilmMta. 5rpwl, ..... ettu .leu' ~ 1,... YOluntatiem. fIl1a amsa CIlOiwt _ ~ie ... na~" ab .. p:ocecUt alcu~ a priIaO.~. ." _1M rton .. , contJoa mt1OMl!l ¥1&'IIr1U'M ... IIO'trU.S _~ alt Ii ~ .1cut a »rlao IS!DYttnte, Inq.\W\tuaJ Ila'tlml eat ~ t.netl\aenta Del IIOVenUa. Ita. non .. " ~ta _ts.on. _ow. wlatanl. 4J,1Q4 a1' a ItO, ~ vol.wltu .. leO 1IO .. tu.r. let; .... c~w¥,t 4e ,.tlone atlu'aUa -' voluctuU. __ fJlO4.tad a pr1.nclpio 1nt~.ft Q. 6; a. 1, e4 3.

It .,. aleo be OOlU'ODe!)' vltb tl\e ~ ot .tn, thc:Imu to 4fttt an --'loIJ ~ .... iBclJ.latlCll ..

wt11111&_ ~ 1. no ..... tton in tM vozokiJ or kSat ao.. 0'1 DO ..... or laue "''"tte~ :u we _ ..... tbat tbe

lncll1ation.u etftefAatll -- b7 .. &(t04 app~

~ • ..,.1 .... , S_sina,loD, enrl eatSUtt:ft .....

~ perbQJJ tate tollOWlq U"~ta,toD U. ~Iuob a

&Odell. PlnScular an4.".. the GeMe .".ttte \0 tYell

(i.e., te .. panlcmlv 8QCd. t.a qt.le&tlOJl). .,. lltOtloD ot

the aeDe .ppetlt" 1s determined to thte one good, wlllch,

W24er tiro e.apeete, ant two at04alttleB of be1n& (lntentional.

a114 plq.lca~ t'wlct10118 8. ef't1e1ent and t1Dal CAU8. nttpee

t1wl)t or the appetlt1 .. act. ,., ual.O&Y # tt tbe aoo4

appntherJ4e4 by 1Dtellect, Vb1ch 10 !! tacH a particular

&004. vere to aove tbe vlll. ettlclentq, the wiU vau14 'e

4etetsalnecl to ttlO one partlcula~ SOQd. But the will. 1.

umteterm1lle4 wlth MPI'd to pa1"tlC\1W aoou, .inee ttl

natural. obJect 18 the wd'¥fJrlal aood.fhe:retore 1t mut be

aoved. ettlclentll bJ tbat betraa Who 14 "",cW the Unlvereal

&'004 tUId. the ol>Ject ot the vUl (004), and mast be I&Oft4 s...

ita absolute acta to 8 particular good. appzeben4e4 at lBat.

f1'lOIIientull,J u1£ .!!t191! bop! W11!!raa1la •

S1nce Qo4 It.l the caua. or f.ture, be tIlO'Yh each beiDa

aceont.1r.l8 to ita nature. Sua the nat\mt of tbe villi. to

be hee, tbe DiviDe Motion 11.\ DO -7 ulltatea aaalrit\ lSJUl'. h'ee4CC1.34 YOI' toe tlCIIent ot fJ'eel_, .. we )ave .ftll, 18 the

IlOMttt of "tleet!ve 4el.1beratlon, c::ouaecauent upon __ initial.

an4 abaolute .,,~ of the vm.3' We will bent repeat it.

qt.lOtat1on t);'QD Fr. KluMJ"tana·. article.

• • • tbe point or be1lil PIt Into aat COIldndos ... tb1zlc Vh10h ... gooc1 in 1ta Qaol\tte COIl.14eJ'&tl.O:o U tbat 111ft .hOul4 J'etl.ect vhtrtber in the COQeftte aa4 aU 'thtnae coul4end he ehoul4 abMlIItel¥ v1U 'tbat act·oJ' obJect or vAetbez- he ebou14 1lOt. It, on l'etleet1oB, be na4a tbat be ahfNl.4 u.oluteq vlU What bAt la iRcl11ae4 to, the liivU1e Motion C4At1.rntea 08 SA aU 1u ontGloa1cal tw.ln •• into .... tno act lUell. It he t104tt 'that lle aou14 DOt, bUt nesJ.ect.8 the practical appUcat1cin 01 \be flOral rule, aU tbat U of aduaUt7 111 hla eJaolce la atlll 4ue to tbe",ol"tglnal Dlv1De Mot,101l, but tbe 8i1l 1a b1e own.lb .

I I '" t .,

34ttA4 tenlua. J)l~ quod n.u.s ~ IfOluna .. habi., 81cut wuveraal.l& "\01', a4 unS.ftreal.e obJeetu» volwttati., qQQ4 eat bOwm. • 81H hoc: wd . .,.reall IiOt1tme homo non ,ote8t allquJ4 .... 1le. Stt4 bello pu -.UoDea cletel1ll1Mt ee a4 'WOlen4ura hoe vel. Ulll4, q1Io4 eat. Yen _rna 981 appareu bomII. ""w Se4 tue; 1!lter. 41a apeclAUter I>4iNII tlOvet aUquo6 a4 al.J4l14 4e .. ~te wl.eDdul:a, quc4 eat bomn, 8.tCUt 1». !lie quoa _vet per pt ..... it Q. 9, a .. 6, a4 3.. See ,. 10, a. 4, c., &P4 tLd. 3.

351'1'. Kl.UertNspolnta out tba'C tau 4ocv1lle ".u_ I ... ~ 8t.. '1hGMa -. dOctrine that tbe f'lrat treeaet ot 8ll Wlbapt1a4 JerlOD. Glut be eltAer .. .,rtal • .ttl Or .. aozau, aoo4aet." P. 71.6. (lr.l tact, be ,tatea tb1. e'Veft before he baa _naide ..... the Dlrirle Motlon). For the t1nt. ac~ of tree40II .. , follow .u,pon an abaolute W1U1q or the WUvezu.l. aco4 (or a correaPQDll1Da abaolDte a.ra10{l.). U tb,ia &eo4 1ta J'ttJecte4. t'.bea Qc4 1& reJecteclJ it this SOO4 ia eabrace4 &1\4 W1Ue4, then Qo4 1a accepte4. 8ft J. Ma:rlta1n, "The 1_0_1; Dialectic ot the Firat Act or J'ne4om," b! !!ye U !!!!,ee, pp. 68-&5.

~rianI., pp. 718. t. Lottltl cGI,pIU'ea the De MaW ,ftaentat10A ot tile .olv1.Ae Motion with 1.iMt of the trie SecH94H1 tteaa.. OIl peut 11 -en nDAn COGlPte par 1a eontrcmtat1On 4ea teste ...

140

\'be l'1nal pl'Q)l.em to be 41acwaaea. u that of !mt

obol0. (8lect1o). saint 7J.1aIu aep that 'the ... elMenta

of ~18e a.n4 .peo1tlcaUon enter iAto tb.e aot ot cbOlce,

IN.t thAt tibia act " tree 1ft botb 'ft&CU\\a, a1nee choloe 18

preel.ell' an act ~1DaUPOD. JIiefiUl8, vhlch A~ lq ~1Dj:t1on

ps.rt1CUlar &0041.31 the M' ot choice u cl.Brl¥ 418t~ I.

1.6 ,ria s.!W!l!~ apporte l'uae OQ l'avt.re precS.s1Cm .. l'expoae 4u De MalO. A:I.n&l, daM let pea lblO, aaiAt fboIDuee:rlt wae le prea1e .. motelu' 'mont vo1.untatel et 1Gte1.l .. otwa' (ct- , c1rca med. )>> aloft que l'uguIIllentatloD _ l! ... lt a parier tu.e 4ft la wlontG. Fomul.e 4. tlWutltlon, _~ 4oute, apro 1' .. po .. 'e 1& Pl1!!: ed, ct- sa, 8. '. a4 3, _ ... O\l c· .. t 8V l.'uwlll ... ~e q\l*aa1t le p.rft1er mateur. .Le tate 41l R! Malo .. trouvfI netto;re aana 1a IaIlae q,. 9, ..... O\l l.e prealer IlOtfftlr n'apt pWia q_ &U1' la volon'te ...... Dana 1. h !!Ee, _tnt ~ reMrft lA motion 41viM 0. la l10erte 4'exe1'clce,toutetola, 11 De 1 'exolut Pia U})1"U8e.ratmt dane l·or4re 4e la epecittcation. 1a IaU4e. q. 9. a.. 6 a4 3 41t fonael.l-.nt Clue 14 IIOtloo 41Y1De De ft q\\'u b1en _&Oneal. c'ut l.'baIIae qui. JIll" ... ra1eorl. _,"Ul. 1. 'obJe:t coneret, b1en vral CAl bien .~nt, .'11 pow:-81Ut e&l we ''',bien en sene.i, ce ntat que dana certa1ne cu que 1)1eu ~ l'b.clarme a 1m bien ccnol'et, et I&1nt 1!hcxDIII pftlJ4 COCIDII UlllPle 1B raotioa 8\lJ"Jl&turellll "8 la am- (q. 9, a. 6, a4 3). IIotou •• al que .. 'Jl.ua ex.pUcitelellt que l.e De .;te, 1& IaUae re4u1t, la cauaalltlt to.rmeU .. de l'lDteutpnce sur 1A volon ... a lAs1mple ~t.at1on 4e l'obJet·., 1a ¥Oleate (q_ 9, a. 1). It pp.a60-i, footnote 4.

n"Reap:m4eo. Dl~ quo4 halO D.Cm ex nee_altate el1slt. it hOc 14eO, qu1a quod. poetd.blle eat ncm .ee, =n necea .. eat..... Qw)4 autea poolbl1e att non a1..".. vel el.1aere, buiua ratlo ex 4upUc1 boInini. potestate ac~lpi patest • .Po .. , en1a hOllO VOlle et non veUe. ",1'0 et non aaere,; poteat. ethW velle b.oc aut 1.l.l.\1d. CUJtd:ra\1.O ex 1pa vlrt\1te .ration1. accs.pltul'. ~14qu14 en", ratlo poteat .pp,reblm4ent \it bona, in hoc volUntL\a teD4ere ~t. Potea~ _tea -.tlO a.ppreben4ere ut boatD non aolum boo q\104 eat Yelle IWt .... _, aed boo eUaIa quod eot non ft1le et. IlOIl agel"8. at nara.a 1ft OfDD.tbla pantcularUJ_ MIlia poteat cona14eJ'&J'e rstlonea bont aUcuJua, at detectum aUetdu bonl, quo4 babet l'6tlonea _li, et. aecNB4WD hOc

141

froID tile last pracUcal ,.1uc1pent, wh1ch pN(ldea1t at t.ut

In cat1ue.]8 The IlUtval causaUtJ ot 1atellect ami. vill 111

the act of choice 18 41ft.rent traa vbat it 1. 1n the Absolute

act ot wl1Uns (velle) I were the known tom 1" analogOWl to

the eubatant1al tom ot & natw.'al beiDa an4 ·tbe w1ll act

.,.lopws to th. operatl" potencies 01" DCltuftl appet1tea Of

a noa-l1nna thins. Xntbe act of choice, foral cau84UtJ

U 6t111 attrlbu.ted. to the 1fttelleet, 'IN' it 18 a Uttuent

k1a4 of foral cawaallt.7. It 18 not the eauaalltJ of eu.batan

tsal tom oa *ppetlte, ,DOt' tbe couallt)' of au.bataDt1al tom TI, . 1 ., ...

potetttWl_;u04que luduam041 bonol'UA app~. lit e11&1bU ... vel tuaDl1e. Solaa autea ptrl'ecWta boma, 4.uo4 _t balt1'." nOD poteat 1"&t10 .JP~"" sub rattone aU, hi «d.id1\1ft clef.ew.. It 14" exneeoaJ:tate beatJ.t\1IIlt.nes bomo 'Nlt, AM poteat .,.u.e non e ... ~tua; aut lI1aer. Blectto uta, cua DOn •• :~ de t1ne, ae4 4. h18 q~ aWlt ad t1nfm, • • • non .. ' ,u. teeti benl, quod eat beatltQ40, sed. al.101Ut1 pa.rtlcular1ul:i b01lona. ft u.eo bGaI.o DOll ex Heueltate, aed. ~.re -Ua1t." ". 13, a. 6.

-f)1etm4t.1m. tuOfl. aleut 1U 41cb ut, electlo ~tur _'-tlaln vel J1MUclwa, ~ •• t .lcut concluiO .,l.l.Cta1Al operatl'f'1. Uo4e i1.hl4 ca41t INb el.eot1o.ne, quod s. habet \It eoncbuJ10 1i1 a,l.lOa1aO ogel'llblUum. r1n1a autea in opel'8bl1ibWi H habet ut prmclp1W11, et ·non at conolualO • • • Uale t1D1., JAcpaantwa at buJulrllD41, QOI1 C$41t .\Ili~.lac\1ou. • ... Se4 ult:1sla tate mauo :a.o4O a. el.ectt.one _1t_" Q. 13, a. 3.

, "Do;aa 1*nlC:l1l.art&" are &l8o .uae4 1D 'place 01 "1H41a", -Ad attcU.ll4wl. Dtcet'l4t.a quod, alcut -1»'& babltwa eat, 1l1.t.iIIIwI r1n1a en W'aI8 tantUII.. Ur&4e w"lcwaque OCC~ phana tb .. , tDWl' eoa poteat ee .. eleeUO ... et.U'I4a quod. or41nantw:' ad ult1rata linen." DJi-- ad 2.

3811 to .. to aentea'SA vel 1ud.1ciWllI ~ •• .u.t1u' electio." Q. 13, a. 1, a4 2. ft... electlof!OnMqultW'" e.tenttaa •• 1 lwl1c1ua, quo4 •• t 81cut ocmcluaio qUos1U1 ope_Un." Q. 13, e. .. 3.

on _tU .. , but, ae Pl'. lUubertanl poS.aU Oil', tbe ~U\7

of aceJ4eD1al tora OIl .... tance.39 1M ,tObJ.-. or ,.,-.1 ...

OS1cal Utora1nu. ... conquered. once aDA tor all 'Wb.ea 1t 1.

nal1d4 tbat tile wUl fHe1;r ,...,.~ lueU' at a leftl t.

.... per tb1Ul tb.e leVel expl.a1necl 111 tbe euUw vona. be

riU _t111 chooIh vtJat tHlaat pl'aCtlcal Ju4 .... ~ ..... 111

~ be the beat aean. to the at1ia1laeAt of u en4. 1Mt the

will'. tNed.oa 1a anterior to .. ,...-:attraa tho ve:q act

of ol.lbentln,,, q4 .1IIa U t,. to balt 4eUbe.'lon at

aDJ pcut, --, IIO~ I W !a&Ae vbat IIIN\a wiU COllOntelJ

appear an4 be JucI&e4 .. tr. ... , _ne to a 81'" tm4.40 B7

the ts. tbe ll.an aotlorl a.obe. the ..... of .~,onJ th1a

ac1;104 1, GUbatut;:I&l.l.J ~te4 1a the vlUJ en4 tlte vm ... been bee .. eelt-4etea1nlD& Il'oIrl tbe ftl'J ... , of renee· 't,l .. 4ell'be:ratton.

• f • • .. 39"810 1a1tw:' iU. 8Ow. tuG ~lw1taa teD41t 1a &Uqr&14 ,\104 lUOJlOllltQ1* ut ~, ex eo quod. per _t,1OD8I .. t Ol'41M.tura

.... liMa, at.erSal,lter ,uu. eat volwltatte, tonaUteJ' aute zattoall. IIlIau1UDOil1 ""tea .... au. tletua _tenal.lteJo .. baMt t4 ~ qui 1QOnltv • .,.,..1ol't potImtia. at 14eo elect10 .u'bfttlm'1al1ter aoa eat. aetua ntlCmU, M4 volatatus pert1clwr en. 8lect.1o in IIlOtu quod_ au.. M bamIa CJI04 el1c1wl'." Q. 13, ... 1. see k1ubertana, p. 113.

~Wbat we WU COOl 1. wa' we vtah to tA1b& SOO4. • • • Ou.r .ot1" ue vbat we make -.. It G. Saltb, 8 • .1., ~ lawn al14 Uaea or L1ltert¥," an SU2lHHste (26), 1952. pp.31....,.

i ~.. ~ e I I J. ~ i I I! i I ft « ~ ~ ; f l f ~ i I I Ii; i ~ a i ~ I I t ~ i c ~ ~ i ; . Iii ~ I' l I ~ ~ · I i ~ I ! I ~ , i : i! i f I ; ~ i I ! I t r f I I I i ~-i ! ~ .1 f I i. r I ' f 5 Ii· ~ i r • l , r r I; a I-~ f ~ i 1. ~ e f » ~ ! iii -, ~ ! I ~ r ; , ! ~ i I f I ; I I I f I !- . i. ~ i ~~. r J; I ~ ~ I ~ • f 1 I. • f ~ a ;. g P t:: Ii II! ~ p- - - it I 'It' .. i :. ~ .' : l\ It I

- - 0; .. - po Ill> - • _. . - . -- - -~ - g ~ i. g t i ~ r • ,~ ~ I ~. I. ft. I~ :. i ~ ~ ~ g I : if! ~ i. ; iI' ~ 0 1 .. fir i i ! I J I r : i E I I I ~ Ii: ! I r # r ! ! l' ~ I a I ~ ; J - I • ~ i ~ f 0 f iff ! ~ I a I.. & ~ ~ I i I I · I· I t --:1 'i. ; I, i- i ! f ~ 6 i r i

1" act of cho:f.ce. be1a& a aubMq,\lent act, tbws part1c1pltn

In t.IWt trect ee1t-ctetcmd.nattcm (bee140t, Of COUDe" belaC

ffte 1D the oJ'de:r ~ Gpec1tlcat!on).

fhe GeCO!d ~ propoalt1on re1eYant to Sa:bt

~ '. tbe017 of t"*"OIl .ttate4 that tbe pover of tree

cbClce we pu81.,. anA moved neceuari.l¥ b7 tho appetlble

ObJeo-t.BaSAt ~ ... 4 4et1n1telJ COtUJtlUote4 a .cbema

villa preaente4 ll'bertJ:I arbltri.wa u .. puet:n powttl'J u4

he ~ Pl.c.ce4 h'ee4o:a ill tt&e practical JUl4e;r&ellt. MIn alv.,.

chooan wbat ~ praatt.l Ju4amtnt ~ to be tAe '*' merma to the ulU.w tmd. SaiDt fhoIau expU.cltl¥ RJecta

~1ostcal4etem1a:l1am. but it ...... , tile _rUe.- worb

ant not capable of au;pJOJ"t1na a theoq of cIa01ce ala clarlJ

end ~YOCall¥ ayolU <tete_info_. Itlt when heecloa 1a ann

to utat at a deeper level of .cUV1" than the cbo1ce of .... ,

at. ,l'Obla sa OYel'COrleJ hen tbe IlCIDIIlt of 4eUberatlOft, tbe

11101 ... 11.\ ccmt1'01 of ' the pl"Og1'fts Of the bumaD aot.

In OW' lIlUOcl"oUOA we etate« tbat " would. 11ke to

abov that kint !tMJM.' ... .rWtl_ tbeOq of tne4ora, or tbe

atJ'UfttU'e of fIIU.. b\'aaan apnt, 18 tborOUlbll COAlIODlIat with

.. CC!CJI1O,ft experlenee C'4 bOibS hee u4 with tbOM ~.

loat_l and exutefttial aHOWl. which ueta1tbtul to tIl1e

00Ia0D. lWaa experience. Jov I .. ve .-t10Dll4UI1 ~ iIltl'04uc

UOD) 1t .... *" aD1 a'ttelapt to ·CODW1nce MOttier man tbat. he

f· I

I

I

14,

1e tno wou14 uk hill to cwalpe caNtullJ cmd retlectlftl¥

1;be moot Gtan1tlcant and. ~toua 4ee1alona ot Me ute.

!hue 4oct.1ona beu'. upOn • ant. OteJ."&l1X:at1on of tboae

val_ .1' pode vh1cbttlU be tl1fUm~ mba ute. t.heJ

bear upon the baG1c ortontatlOU of a MIl'. ex1Jatence. Wl11

I be eaotSJit1cal anA .elfin or oscm aid reaepttve to the

exletence ot other penonuf WUl 1 maJAtat= a relattvel¥

t1Xe4 .ttltu4e of re.ponae to tm ideal caUtn& .. fre:.

~_ OWD belng, or will 14ete.'l"tl1nfJt tba\ llmve no . obUp\lcna to cuvoae tNt .. Ut EftA.. I tb1nlt, vtu I

afts.. a SUpJ'C2e Sau-ee Of fthte b4 aoo4nae, An Ideal at

tM horbon of ."..,.. 14-1.. Or yill I procl.e.1m #J7 own

autoDaq a1'l4 ~. In' an act Of abeoluie .eU4tnxa

tiOllT b.·an tbe IlOIaiImtoua 4ee1GI0mt ot a man'a lUe,

erdtn tbeIl a lUll ca. reflHllwlJ Il'MP tNt pO\fU' ot tau ova

tree4cm. CIm theee a1p1tlC1.Ut.t _ntt M explained wi.ttl

tile eoatut of 8atnt '1'b.omaa'. f:lMl tbeOq ot m.a t:reec1cllf

OW1oU1.JJ once f'ned.aa is NeOSU1* a. 01*.\1_

tJ'QI the _nt O't retleC'tlve cte1.f.»erat1.OA, taw wlU ot an 1.8

oonc.el .. u haYing _uq Oft~U or lIIlrl·. opttou, 4Jftn the

aoat; ra41cal. Ia.\ tid, aewse, at the 1eft.l ~ vola!l.e u)

":were, I -- ifill own ~.1 w

ltbu abou14 not" lnte:-prete4 ..... Sanreon statement, tor SartN olAtrao tlaat __ ., the leftl of 'ttbat a.ete caU VO!!R'}.!!t -lsm (Of cOUl'M, a meaninsle.a expreaeton to sann , tfttt4ol:a .... So .. ovn val.aa.a' tile bor1&on ot 4ealre

1~6

'lheft are o\UI" 1n~ft$t1D& prolll.ema 10 cOmtect1oD

yi:th. OU' t1n41naa_ It 1. rq tmpreu1oa, thOftCb I bYe done

t10 oaxefUlwora Oft tbJ,a JOint) tMt aome new olAr:senta M¥

apptal' SA the tl"&!!! §!Wl¥1N.! with l'etcmmoe to the relation

betWen ,.tit .. aM ~ taO the ul.timate eM or mn. It

1aia 1a the ___ , the8e -na- ., vaU be at lAIut

extr1u1cal17 related to Ute c~. in ~ 4octr1M of

t:ree4om, .apec1al.l¥ to tbe 1B~uctkm ot thO· 41atwtlf3G

between ibct !9!S unlVGl'Ial.e tu.'d cMOte4"panlcul.ar SOOU.

fte 41eu:rU.'".1on of tl'HdOal aa .elt-4etel'ldlv.lt1oA ., o.leo ~

throw new l:t.ah' on Ule will act of .ou~ 1n the poe ... ton

of the latVia Vi.loa. While 'bheee .cul. De 4etend.ne4 ill ,

tulr lDftJ, thu 4ete1'l1tnatloD ..,.. to be a OGnlUZlAte !d£

a.te:now1;1On, the.Y ~ tum • ., tlUl tbe '181011 0: 004

prec1aell ~. tbe)' 4.0 not aDd ~.!!!Bl to 40 .0.

SUch a cs.tenunatlon 18 tar ~ tl'GI:t1 t.be 4ete~'lOn

ot _·.,wln 1n ita 6UO~ act, of ",11l1ns at the ~1Da

of ~ ... 1M of will 1I0ta.

A~ 1DtftesUns .. rea otatud;F 18 auapeted bJ tl1e

above ftmaZ'U QQ the u~tton or balto orlentat1OD8. h. f .. M.l , 1 1ft 3 1

141

KlJaeJtlUu£ "*.l.\'01'11 t.vo trpea of basic orl.eutatlou or

latenttorusJ one is the intention to tbe &004 i.n aeneml;

~ tb1a, be aap, ~$. not an acts It 18 tb«t Vh7 ontolo

.,..1 eseClOO Of the will 1welt. tf !he other It tbe

lnteA\$.OA "ito wbAt tbIi 1bc11v.14ual ,penon bae dete.nUn'e4 to

be his last tmd. tJ hee lAtieJ' aro the o.l"i.en1at:I.CmtJ wtUQb

we ¥ere 41aeueGs.q aboVe. Such an 1Dtentloc tt~ be:

It !!I! at the orl.etn or 0'fCl:'1 tree ac\, certa1n}J net of that

bee act 1q wbiah .1t ltaelt 1. =ode to be the tint 1utentiOft

of tbU en, f.lOl' of b1a acto Which are RmsJe!£ lBSf!:!t19BM

£&lA', co ... Of oar ~l ct:acae in hh cwe .... U orientat1OJl."

Fr. K~rtaQ cont1cueat

I' ... ·'* •• -17 to sal (1) tbat ce~ -.r-cU !nteattoM of oua dO WlueDce • great 1lUIiMtr- ot acte.bt.lt (2) that otten we ore ¥lOt lA a&Q' v&J tblnk1D& ot tM- ob~cta Of .t,boae 1ntentlOU" .. at) cannot expUcltlJ an4 dl.tiac~ lie wt.U1q~. Rev 40 ~ tzee acto, ~ once 01!4 ** DOlI actual, c:ontll118 to 1ntluence other' act." '.fo call tbO:I 'ylrtUal inteAttoc.· 40n not aeea l'fIIeoaabl.eJ the7 cNl blZ'41¥ be ca~ !:!k!m' tile), a1a.b't ... acqutre4. 4Upoeltlorus vb1chl..nce wU.'ioM. but. tbe1t' utve i8 still obecue, an4 bat cot been. wen tnat .. b7 aDJOQt.2

I I , .. 'IF

I. Prlp.!7 !9MJ:9!1.

A. 9Q.fdp!\

8t. ~ Aqulltao, @2!iJtwa NiH WV9t !E1itntlaea *tQ!:trt f!lrJ x.!!Iytl, Paw1., 1AItbl~, 1929 (Vola. 1, 2), 1933 (vol. al, 1~1 ('YOJ.. ,.).

___ "*!' .!Me. .uae.a, D!:t.I!1!::!M, Vol. %1, ltcmet ~1D1,

1.9li2--'~--~- -

_,_. _ ..... !iIIIe SSW,!! !JIn!11ea. RoM' Fonalll, 19I7.

__ ........ ,_ !M2JRIHS" Ottawa, 1"'1.

B. !l'f1P!1e!l!nl\

Pesie. Anton c. (el.),. BaAls wrM&sLlL~ h_ (2 _11.), "'Yol'JU ;;aa0llil0Ui;li4,. St. ~. Aqt.J.1nU, k'f.1a (3 YOU.), ~l". b1 aoo.rt- w.

Malligt\n, l.iI., ~ v. NcGlpDj s.J., am1 !obRt W. SebllUt. a.I., eM"l ~ RepeJ'f1 1952-19-54.

__ .~.' !!.~!t as £!He1&, btl\) (4 _la.), tr. til ~. p.eau, Jft.Ila F .• M4.J'8On, v~ J. Bourke; aI1C1 Qerlefl J. 0'.11. lev Yoliu DoUlA!t4q IMp Boob, 195,.1"1.

n. SiS4t!Z 195:91. A. IS!9B

De .r1.M.t.tCe, Joel."., S.J., h.el IJ!£ )rete! !!e!a. ttom.t Gregorian, 1962 ..

__ -,I I!k!itDCe It l4lHt!:t!, Pari •• Yltte, 1955.

lAS

I. ~~lel!!

Cb1JAntes, ~ MllJAtlt; lfJrtlc'" cauau.t7 in u..n Aa~1Cm&,» at Me4sm ~ 26 (1950), ,p. 191.m.

lUubel"tala,. Geor&et, 6.J., "!be ROot; ot 'ree4oIa 1n6t. TheDa'. later tiorila;" ~. 42 (1961), ,p. 701.-124.

lauer, ~ I., ·St. 'fbGmaa'. Tbeo17 or IAteUec'-l cw..1J.t¥h BlHtu-., "bt In ~t's:'e 28 (19J4) I pp. 299·319.

looeIWm, IeJ'lllml, 8 • .1., *'St. ~'. ~t on eGmt1a .~, t" !l¥!2ioa1c,a16\9!!" ,) (l94a), pp. 533-578.

lott1n, 04cm. 0.8.B., trIA preu.ve de 1a Uberte lIi_i .... Sunt tbOmU 4·Aq1d.n," ~ As 1heQJMJt oost.sn.es Itt ~ 23 li ·}I pp.. 323*330-

Marita1n,Jactun, "l'he ~t. D1a1ctCt6 ot -. '1n~ Act of , ... ," De §a!v&! 2' Beugn, lev !o,-kl a.lreD kJii.ba*r'a Sou# 1952.

SlUtb, GeJl\U4, s.J.. ~.~ and. Ua. ot L1tIer1'¥ ,tt Be Gstl9lHtlcte. 26 (l9S2)" w. 30'-326.

The Development of St. Thomas's Theory of Freedom - Lonergan …€¦ · _ D.I'VIUlPI4BIff or...

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Transcript of The Development of St. Thomas's Theory of Freedom - Lonergan …€¦ · _ D.I'VIUlPI4BIff or...