The Development of Simulation Model on the Effectiveness of Light Rail Transit in Iskandar Malaysia...

8/16/2019 The Development of Simulation Model on the Effectiveness of Light Rail Transit in Iskandar Malaysia Region

1/86

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODEL ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF

LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT IN ISKANDAR MALAYSIA REGION

MOHD LUQMANULHAKIM BIN ROSLI

BACHELOR OF INDUSTRIAL LOGISTIC

57275211150

UNIVERSITY KUALA LUMPUR

(MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY)

APRIL 2013


2/86

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODEL ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIGHT

RAIL TRANSIT IN ISKANDAR MALAYSIA REGION

MUHAMMAD LUQMANULHAKIM BIN ROSLI

(57275211150)

Report Submitted to Fulfill the Partial Requirement for the Bachelor in Industrial Logistics.

Universiti Kuala Lumpur

April 2013


3/86

DECLARATION

I declare that this report entitle “The Development of Simulation Model on The Effectiveness of

Light Rail Transit In Iskandar Malaysia Region” is my original work and all references have

been cited adequately as required by the University.

Signature: …………………………

Full Name: ...….……………………

ID number: ...………………………

Date: ………………...………


4/86

APPROVAL

We have examined this report and verify that it meets the

program and University’ requirements for the Bachelor

in Industrial Logistics.

Signature: ……………………….

Supervisor’s Name: .….……………………

Date: ………………………

Official Stamp: ….……………………

Signature: …………………….

Co- Supervisor’s Name:……………………

Date: ……………………


5/86

Official Stamp: ……………………

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks to Allah Almighty due to His blessing, I was able to complete the project without

any serious problem and trouble. I would like to give a very special thanks to my project

supervisor, Madam Zirawani Baharum for the efforts by guiding and leading me through every

aspect during the preparation of the study. Very special thanks also to my parent, Rosli Aw. Da

and Nurul Huda for supporting me in everything I do and also my family. Not forget my friends,

Hamizan who always with me, Saffuan, Gaban, Cha, and housemate for the huge support they

gave to me. Thanks to all.


6/86

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODEL ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIGHT

RAIL TRANSIT IN ISKANDAR MALAYSIA REGION

ABSTRACT

Transportation is movement of people and goods from one place to another and it is important

towards society. Nowadays public transportation is one of the vital parts in any city in this world,

especially to counter congestion problem as well as increasing number in population in the city.

Like most of busy cities, Johor Bahru which under Iskandar Malaysia region was faced in

congestion problem. Because of that, the Malaysian government is planning to build Light Rail

Transit (LRT) system in this region to encounter the problem as well as improving public

transportation. Thus, it wills also increasing the mode of public transport and the efficiencies for

Iskandar Malaysia. According to International Association of Public Transport, LRT is an

electric rail-borne form of transport which can be developed in stages from a tramway to a rapid


7/86

transit system operated partially on its own right-of-way. LRT become one of the main solutions

for congested city to solve the problem and also can help in economic development. This

research aims on the development of simulation model of LRT in the way to validate the

effectiveness of LRT in Iskandar Malaysia. The objective of this research first, to define the

station and route of Light Rail Transit. Second is to develop the simulation model of Light Rail

Transit and lastly to validate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit.


8/86

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE

TITLE i

DECLARATION iiAPPROVAL iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

CHAPTER 1

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

INTRODUCTION

Overview

Background of Study

Statement of Problem

Purpose of Study

Objective of Research

Research Question

Significant of the Study

Scope of the Study

Research Framework

1

2

3

4

4

5

5

6

7


9/86

CHAPTER 2

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

Public Transportation

2.2.1 Mode of Public Transportation

2.2.2 Public Transportation Demand

2.2.3 Advantage of Public Transportation

Light Rail Transit (LRT)

2.3.1 Light Rail Transit in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur)

Light Rail Transit Planning for Iskandar Malaysia

Light Rail Transit (LRT) in Simulation Studies

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

17

CHAPTER 3

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

Methodology of Research

Respondent of the Study

Research Instrument

3.3.1 Observation

3.3.2 Questionnaire

3.3.3 Simulation

3.3.4 Research Design

Research Procedure

Data Analysis

18

19

20

21

21

22

22

23

24

25

CHAPTER 44.0

4.1

4.2

RESULT AND DISCUSSONIntroduction

Observation

Questionnaire

4.2.1 Section A – Demographic

26

27

32

32


10/86

4.3

4.4

4.2.2 Section B – Case Study

Analysis of Findings

4.3.1 Questionnaire

Conclusion

35

46

46

47


11/86

CHAPTER 5

5.0

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

DESING AND DEVELOPMENT

Introduction

Simulation Design

Simulation Settings

Simulation Result

Conclusion

48

49

51

53

56

CHAPTER 6

6.0

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

CONCLUSION AND FINDINGS

Introduction

Overview of the Study

Restatement of the Objective

Limitation of the Study

Recommendation and Findings

Recommendation for Future Research

57

58

58

59

60

61

CONCLUSION 62

REFERENCES 63

APPENDIX 65


12/86

LIST OF TABLES

Table Tittle Page

1.1 Population of Iskandar Malaysia 2005-2025 3

2.1 Number of Passengers for Light Rail Transit (LRT)Services in 2009 - 2012

14

3.1 Formula and Calculation of sample size 20

3.2 The research objective and tools suitable for study 23

5.1 Travel Time 51


13/86


14/86

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

1.1 Research Framework 7

2.1 Iskandar Malaysia five flagship zone 15

2.2 Future planning for Rail Network and Transit Stops in Iskandar

Malaysia

16

3.1 Methodology of Research 19

3.2 Data Collection flow chart 24

4.1 Johor Bahru Sentral 27

4.2 Ulu Tiram Map 28

4.3 Nusajaya 29

4.4 Legoland Theme park 29

4.5 Larkin Sentral 30

4.6 Pasir Gudang Industrial Park 30

4.7 University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 31

4.8 Gender of Respondents 32

4.9 Age of Respondents 33

4.10 Occupation of Respondents 34

4.11 Respondents Mode of Traveling 35

4.12 JB Sentral to Pasir Gudang 36

4.13 JB Sentral to Nusajaya 37

4.14 JB Sentral to Larkin 38

4.15 Larkin to Skudai 39

4.16 Larkin to Ulu Tiram 40

4.17 Respondents view on Light Rail Transit development in Iskandar

Malaysia Region

41

4.18 Respondents agree to use LRT 42

4.19 Respondents agree most area in Iskandar Malaysia have a 43


15/86

congestion problem

4.20 Respondents agree current public transportation in Iskandar

Malaysia not enough to counter the congestion problem

44

4.21 Respondents view about LRT can solve congestion problem in

Iskandar Malaysia

45

5.1 LRT Station design in ProModel 7.5 49

5.2 LRT Station and Route design in ProModel 7.5 50

5.3 Process Settings in ProModel 7.5 52

5.4 Entity Settings in Promodel 7.5 52

5.5 LRT Station Utilization Simulation using ProModel 7.5 53

5.6 Locomotive Utilization Simulation using ProModel 7.5 54

5.7 Average formula 55

5.8 Station and Locomotive average utilization level 55


16/86

CHAPTER 1

PRELIMINARY

1.0 Introduction

Transportation is movement of people and goods from one place to another and it is

important towards society and a vital part in nation. There are several mode of transportation

which is air, rail, road, water and pipeline. Furthermore, field in transportation consist of

infrastructure, vehicle and operation. Transportation infrastructure field involve in development

or build transportation infrastructure such as build road, rail, port and pipeline. In vehicle field, it

involve of traveling in transportation network which include car, buses, train and others. For,

transportation operation consists of ownership of infrastructure which can be either public or

private.

In transportation, public transportation plays major role in development of a nation because it is a

movement of people from one place to another and public transportation network increase

accessibility between cities. Most of major cities in the world are having congestion problem

which mainly cause by private vehicle. Therefore, to counter the problem authority starts to take

action by improving road network as well as public transportation system.


17/86

Light Rail Transit (LRT) becomes one of the main options for authority to counter congested

problem in their cities compares to traditional solution such as adds more taxi and bus which also

would lead congestion. Therefore, when planning to develop Light Rail Transit (LRT) there is

necessary to evaluate the effectiveness for proposed area to avoid lake of efficiency and waste of

money as well as not achieve the main purpose which is to solve congestion problem.

1.1 Background of Study

As mention previously, Light-rail systems have become a common fixture in many

metropolis cities in the world and becomes one of the main options for authority to countercongested problem in their cities compares to traditional solution such as adds more taxi and bus

or expand road and build new road which also would lead congestion.

Currently in Malaysia, Light Rail Transit (LRT) system only available in Klang Valley and

become one of the main public transportation in the area since Klang Valley suffer a congestion

problem. As a fast growth economic region in Malaysia, Iskandar Malaysia also faced problem

as many major city Malaysia which is congestion and increase number of population. Thus,

Light Rail Transit (LRT) system can be a long-term solution for this problem.

Therefore, to develop Light Rail Transit (LRT) there is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness

for proposed area to avoid lake of efficiency and waste of money as well as not achieve the main

purpose which is to solve congestion problem.


18/86

1.2 Statement of Problems

Table 1.1: Population of Iskandar Malaysia 2005-2025

Source: SJER CDP 2025 and EPU

City 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Iskandar

Malaysia

1,353,200 1,538,900 1,912,600 2,396,200 3,000,000

Kuala Lumpur 1,620,000 1,972,000 2,085,200 2,198,400 n/a

Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA) are proposing to build Light Rail

Transit (LRT) network in this region in order to counter congestion problem as well as

improving public transportation system in this particular area. The project will change the

landscape of Iskandar Malaysia region specifically Johor Bahru town and will impact to the

society.

The cost of building Light Rail Transit (LRT) system will cost millions of Ringgit Malaysia and

its aim to accommodate traffic as well as population which increasing each year. According to

Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA), by the year 2020 the population in Iskandar

Malaysia area is forecasted to be 2.3 million and 3 million by 2025. These figure shows that

current road and transportation system can’t cope with continuous growth in traffic because

number of car user will increase.

Therefore, the Light Rail Transit (LRT) projects aim to cope with the continuous growth of

population in this region which will help to reduce the impact as well as to meet the growth of

population in this area. The proper route and station placement is important and it must be placed

at high density population in order to fully utilize it.


19/86

1.3 Purpose of Study

The number of population are rising every year as well as vehicle, this situation lead to

congestion problem and current, road system and public transportation cannot accommodate.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT) in Iskandar

Malaysia region by using simulation software.

1.4 Objective of Research

Objective is a specific result that researcher aims to achieve in the research. Objective

also is tools or guideline for researcher in conducting their research. Therefore, the main goal of

this research is to simulate the effectiveness of light rail transit implementation in Iskandar

Malaysia Region by developing simulation model. There are three objectives that have been

construct which are listed below:

1. To identify the possible station and route of Light Rail Transit (LRT).

2. To develop the simulation model of Light Rail Transit (LRT)

3. To validate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT).


20/86

1.5 Research Question

1. How to identify suitable station and route of Light Rail Transit (LRT)

2. What is the data and information needed in order to develop the simulation model.

3. How to validate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT)

1.6 Significant of the Study

This study is to validate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT) in Iskandar

Malaysia region and the findings of this study are important to Iskandar Regional Development

Authority (IRDA) to find out the effectiveness of LRT implementation. From the findings also, it

can help in decision making and IRDA can make any improvement or adjustment to planning

more efficient LRT system that would be develop in Iskandar Malaysia in future.


21/86

1.7 Scope of the Study

The research will focus on the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT) implementation

by using simulation model. The scope of the research is focused on Iskandar Malaysia Region

specifically suggested LRT station and route which is:

(a) JB Sentral to Pasir Gudang

(b) JB Sentral to Nusajaya

(c) JB Sentral to Larkin and to Skudai

(d) JB Sentral to Larkin and to Ulu Tiram

The data that has been collected and analyze by conduct an observation, distributing

questionnaire and developing the simulation model. Findings will be based from result of the

simulation.


22/86

1.8 Research Framework

Figure 1.1: Research Framework

The Development of Simulation

Model on The Effectiveness of

Light Rail Transit Implement In

Iskandar Malaysia Region

To define the layout

of all station and

route of LRT Station

To validate the

effectiveness of

Light Rail Transit

To develop the

simulation model of

Light Rail Transit

Instruments

Questionnaire Observation

Simulation

Findings


23/86


24/86

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

It is fundamental relation that in social order, people and goods move from one place to

another and it is deniable that the process involves transportation which is essential in any

society. Therefore, transportation become more and more important because needs of people to

travel from one place to another and as well as goods. Because of this situation, demand for

transportation increase especially public transportation and demographic and social-economic

characteristics are most significant in influencing the demand for transportation (Bruton, 1985)

which is:

i) Population size.

ii) Population structure, by age and sex.

iii) Household size, structure and formation rate.

iv) The size and structure of labor force, income level, which is usually measured by

some proxy such as number of cars owned or owner occupation.


25/86

v) The socio-economic.

Nowadays public transportation became major medium of transportation in oversea such

as Japan, China, Germany, Singapore and also countries in Europe. It is because, it far more

convenient in terms of coverage, fares, time and safety.

Therefore, in this chapter the researcher discuss about literature review of The Development of

Simulation Model on The Effectiveness of Light Rail Transit in Iskandar Malaysia Region. This

literature review has covered the definition of public transportation, advantage of public

transportation, light rail transit (LRT) medium of public transportation, light rail transit in

Simulation

2.2 Public Transportation

Public transportation can be defined as shared passenger transportation service which use

by public citizen to move from one place to another. According to Idaho transportation

department, “Public Transportation includes all multiple occupancy vehicle services designed to

transport customers on local and regional routes. It is transportation by van, bus, or rail or other

conveyance, either privately or publicly owned, providing to the public general or specialservice.”


26/86

2.2.1 Mode of Public Transportation

As mention before public transportation is a shared passenger transportation service

which use by citizen to move on place to another. Therefore, there are several mode of public

transportation which consists of:

i. Bus

Bus service use on road for carrying numerous passengers for shorter journey and

inexpensive bus stop to serve passengers

ii.

Taxi

Taxi is a vehicle which for hire with a driver usually use by single passenger to travel to

specific location

iii. Train

Train are use on specially designed rail track which allow high capacity of passenger for

long and short distance which require special infrastructure such as track and rail station

iv. Airline

Airline are schedule service with aircraft between airport which provide high speed and

capacity for long distance but relatively expensive and require ground infrastructure

which connected with other land transportation

v. Light Rail Transit

Light rail is urban public transportation which faster and more capacity than bus. But itrequire special track which covered in this city.


27/86

2.2.2 Public Transportation Demand

Most cities in this world start to face congestion problem that cause by increasingly

number of private own vehicle which led to traffic jam and based on Urban Mobility Report in

2004, “Congestion occurs during longer portions of the day and delays more travelers and goods

than ever before."

Previous research consequently found that increasing travel demand and preferences in using

private vehicle is causing rapid motorization in the developing counties and massive traffic jam

(Hafezi and Ismail 2011).

People tent to use private vehicle because it mobility to take anywhere and public transport still

could not compete with the private car or motorcycle, such as inflexibility, no direct access,

longer travel time, and unsafe when travelling (Hafezi and Ismail 2011).

Most of Malaysia main cities are not exceptional to this problem due to car ownership growing

rapidly. In many cases in Malaysia especially in Klang Valley and Johor Bahru, new highways

are jammed as soon as they are opened to traffic (Teh) Therefore, in order to reduce the

congestion problem there is necessary to build public transportation system because it can reducenumber of private vehicle on the road.


28/86

2.2.3 Advantage of Public Transportation

The main agenda in developing Public Transportation system is to reduce congestion in

cities and according to American Public Transportation Association (APTA), there are several

advantages of public transportation which is

i. Public Transportation Enhance Personal Opportunities

Public Transportation provides mobility and accessibility to people for them to go

to work, school, visit friends and others. Public transportation also provides

access to job opportunity to unemployed people.

ii. Public Transportation Saves Fuel, Reduces Congestion

Public transportation can reduce the consumption of fuel since the commodities

become more and more expensive as well as reduce the congestion in the cities

because more people will use public transport instead of their own vehicle.

iii. Public Transportation good for the Environment

Public transport is at least twice as energy efficient as private cars; a full bus produces 377 times less carbon monoxide than a full car. Each full standard bus

can take more than 50 cars off the road while a full train can take more than 600

cars off the road.


29/86

2.3 Light Rail Transit

Light Rail Transit (LRT) one of the modern mode of public transportation which can be

defined as a form of rail transit that is opposite from heavy rail which normally use to travel for

longer distance between state and also it capability to transport heavy goods compare to light rail

which generally use to transport people from one place to another which shorter distance.

American Public Transportation Association (APTA) defined Light Rail Transit as "An electric

railway with a 'light volume' traffic capacity compared to heavy rail. Light rail may use shared or

exclusive rights-of-way, high or low platform loading and multi-car trains or single cars."

The terms “light rail” also refers as the rail itself which carry “light” passenger which is

people compare to traditional rail which carry “heavy passenger” such as people and cargo. Light

rail is characterized by greater flexibility of location and generally by grade crossings for

vehicles and pedestrians, overhead wire electric power, short trains of 1 to 3 cars, speed of 25 to

55 mph, barrier free proof of payment fare systems and some operation in medians, malls, or

even streets.

Light Rail Transit can be categorized into two type which the traditional and modernLRT. The traditional LRT track builds together along with street and train share with road traffic.

The train stop frequently and there is no station same concept as transit bus. Next, modern Light

Rail Transit (LRT) which usually have their own track and often separated from roads traffic. It

stops less frequently and stops only at station such as Kelana Jaya Line in Kuala Lumpur.


30/86

2.3.1 Light Rail Transit in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur)

Table 2.1: Number of Passengers for Light Rail Transit (LRT) Services in 2009 – 2012

Source: Rapid Kl Sdn.Bhd, KL Starr ail Sdn.Bhd, Express Rail L ink Sdn.Bhd

Type of

Services2009 2010 2011 2012

Kelana Jaya

Line14,044,679 15,035,679 18,096,333 18,685,296

Ampang Line 12,465,226 13,773,524 13,911,334 14,930,837

KL Monorail 5,223,989 6,005,553 6,487,498 6,600,809

KLIA Express 354,757 388,281 413,616 452,927

KLIA Transit 613,798 696,965 873,453 949,863

Kuala Lumpur rail system consists of Light Rail Transit (LRT), Commuter Rail,

Monorail and Airport Rail Link to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA). Kuala Lumpur

Light Rail Transit network consist of 60 stations with 64.6 km and Kelana Jaya Line is the

busiest LRT line which is 18,685,296 passengers in 2012.


31/86

2.4 Light Rail Transit Planning for Iskandar Malaysia

Figure 2.1: Iskandar Malaysia five flagship zone

Source: I skandar Regional Development Authori ty (IRDA)

Former Prime Minister of Malaysia Tun Abdullah bin Haji Ahmad Badawi has

introduced regional economic corridor and one of them for southern region which is Iskandar

Malaysia Region formerly known as Iskandar Development Region (IDR) and South Johor

Economic Region (SJER) which is the main southern development corridor in Johor. Iskandar

Malaysia Region consists of an area 2,217 square kilometres covering the city of Johor Bahru

and neighbouring towns such as Pontian, Senai, Pasir Gudang and Construction of a new

administrative capital in Nusajaya.


32/86


33/86

Figure 2.2: Future planning for Rail Network and Transit Stops in Iskandar Malaysia

Source: I skandar Regional Development Authori ty (IRDA)

Under Iskandar Malaysia planning, there will be a plan to improve local public transportation

system such as light rail transit (LRT) system as publish in News Straits Times on 4th December

2009 “Nusajaya will be linked to Johor Bahru by a light rail transit (LRT) system in the next

seven to 10 years”. By improving local public transportation, it can counter congestion problem

faced by Johor Bahru and surrounding areas.


34/86

2.5 Light Rail Transit (LRT) in Simulation Studies

According to J. Banks, Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world

process or system over time. Simulation involves the generation of an artificial history of the

system, and the observation of that artificial history to draw inferences concerning the operating

characteristics of the real system that is represented. In this context, simulation is the imitation of

a dynamic system using a computer model in order to evaluate and improve system performance.

Many cities around the world start to build Light Rail Transit (LRT) as part of their mode

of public transportation because LRT is an attractive option because of its ability to be located in

a variety of settings.

Center for Transportation Studies at the University of Virginia in United States has carried out

studies on Effects of Light Rail Transit on Traffic Congestion. According to their studies the use

of a computer simulation model to represent situations where there could be light rail transit

systems is an appropriate option. Simulation models have been used to represent hypothetical

and real life situations with great success, and the quality of modeling software has improved

with greater computing capability and increased knowledge concerning the behavior of systems

that are being modeled.


35/86

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

Based on the research that has been carried out, it focuses on the effectiveness of lightrail transit in order to improve public transportation system and also to reduce congestion level in

Iskandar Malaysia. The main purpose of this research is to identify the suitable route and station

for the Light Rail Transit and the effectiveness of its implementation.

In this research, the methods, that researcher used to gain the data are thru observation,

questionnaire distribution and from secondary data from various sources including books,

research paper, journals, article and website. Then, based on the data, the researcher will conduct

a simulation by using Promodel 7.5 simulation software to obtain final result.


36/86

3.1 Methodology of Research

This methodology of this research consist of four main stages, namely requirement of

definition, Analyze, Modeling, and Implementation and Validation as shown in Figure 3.1. Task

and activities that performed amongst the stages are, Identify and understand the problem, collect

and analyze data, design and construct model, do simulation, validate and modify, and validate

and verify the model.

- Identify and

understand the

problem

Requirement of

Definition

Analyze Implementationand Validation

Modeling

- Collect and

Analyze Data

- Validate and

verify based

on outcome

of the

simulation

- Design Model

- Construct

Model

- Do simulation

- Validate and

Modify

Figure 3.1: Methodology of Research


37/86

3.2 Respondents of the Study

Since the study is about the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit Implementation in

Iskandar Malaysia Region by using simulation model, there are necessary to collect data from

respondent before develop the simulation. Population is the number of the similar subject in the

same geographical area. While sample is the subset of population.

The respondents of this project were the communities from various backgrounds such student,

owners, workers who are living or working in this area. The researcher observed distributed the

questionnaire in order to get related information and correct data about the research which is

important to support finding of the study.

The sampling size of this study is a total of communities in Iskandar Malaysia with total

1,538,900 people. This estimation of population from Iskandar Regional Development Authority

(IRDA) and from the questionnaire survey, the researcher must be complete to collect data about

100 respondents in Iskandar Malaysia. The table below shows how to calculate sample size for

the questionnaire.

Table 3.1: Formula and Calculation of sample size

n = N

n = N / [ 1 + N (e) 2 ]

n = Sample Size

N = Number of Sample Frame

(1,538,900 people)

e = Error Limit

(10%)

n = 1,538,900 people

n = 1,538,900 / [ 1 + 1,538,900 (0.1) 2 ]

= 1,538,900/ 1,538,901 (0.1) 2

= 99.99

So, researcher must get complete data about

100 respondents.


38/86

3.3 Research Instrument

The instrument used to collect data was observation, questionnaire and simulation. Data

for the research are divided into two areas which then be refers constantly; quantitative data and

qualitative data. Quantitative data tend to be statistical, which involve a lot of numbers and

calculation in order to analyse the data. Qualitative data, however, are subjective and cannot be

calculated. Data collection methods are depending on the type of data in order to be analysed

correctly and effectively. This research instrument is important for researcher to achieve research

objective and to obtain final result.

3.3.1 Observation

Researcher use observation method in early stage of study to collect data on suitable

route and Light Rail Transit (LRT) Station at several places in Iskandar Malaysia such as JB

Sentral, Larkin, Nusajaya, Skudai, and Ulu Tiram.

Researcher use VTA Light Rail Transit Guidelines during observation stage to identify suitable

route and LRT station which is close walking distance to, if not directly serving, major trip

generators, such as civic and employment centers, downtown business districts, mixed-use

districts and high density residential areas, colleges and universities, and shopping centers.


39/86

3.3.2 Questionnaire

A total of 100 respondents involved in this research and a set of questionnaire containing

10 question and 5 sub question divided into two sections which are section A demographic and

in this section, there is consists of three (3) question of respondent identity.

It includes gender, age, and occupation. In section B, Case Study consists of seven (7) question

and 5 sub question. Those question are based on data needed by researcher to conduct the

simulation

3.3.3 Simulation

Simulation is the imitation from real operation process or system. Firstly, Simulation

need model to be developed. This model represents main characteristics and physical of the

system. The model represents the system itself, whereas the simulation represents the operation

of the system over time.

Simulation was another method of data collection, therefore Researcher use Simulation method

in this research by using ProModel 7.5 software to build the simulation model. ProModel 7.5 is a

discrete event simulation software developed by ProModel, Inc. which is used for evaluating,

planning or designing manufacturing, warehousing, logistics and other operational and strategic

situations.

In order to develop and run the simulation model, researcher use data that already gathered

during Observation and Questionnaire stage in this simulation to find final result in order toachieve research objective.


40/86

3.3.4 Research design

After identifying the research objective and reviewing the literature, the researcher has

designed the research in the way that the necessary data is gathered and analyzed. The research

design is considered as the blueprint for the implementation of the research process. Below table

3.2 the research Objective and tools that suitable for study

Table 3.2: The research objective and tools suitable for study

Research Objective Tools

To identify the possible station and route of Light Rail Transit

(LRT).

Observation

To develop the simulation model of Light Rail Transit (LRT) Questionnaire

Simulation

To validate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT). Simulation


41/86

3.4 Research Procedure

This study is through several necessary processes in order to collect appropriate data

which design to achieve study objective and answering the problem statement. The data

collection is a most important part in research for the implementation of the research process.

Figure 3.2: Data Collection flow chart


42/86

Figure 3.1 shows the data collection flow chart which illustrates the flow of the instrumentation

and data collection process from choosing data collection instrument which is Questionnaire,

Observation and Simulation to the documentation.

3.5 Data Analysis

In the stage of analyzing the data, all data gathered by instrumentation were analyzed and

extracted then will be used during the process of simulation by using Promodel 7.5 software. The

data presented will be used in the formulation of the study to determine the outcome the

effectiveness of light rail transit implement in Iskandar Malaysia.


43/86

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.0 Introduction

This study focuses on simulating the effectiveness of light rail transit (LRT) implement inIskandar Malaysia region by using simulation model. In order to conduct the simulation, the

researcher needs to collect other data that are necessarily needed in order to run the simulation.

Researcher use observation method to achieve first objective which is to identify LRT station

and route and then thru data gathered in questionnaire, researcher will develop simulation model

to achieve second and third objective.


44/86

4.1 Observation

The researcher use observation method to achieve first objective which is to identify LRT

station and from the observation that has been made, there are several places which are suitable

for Light Rail Transit (LRT) Station which is Johor Bahru Sentral (JB Sentral), Larkin,

Nusajaya, Pasir Gudang, Skudai and Ulu Tiram.

(a) Johor Bahru Sentral

Figure 4.1: Johor Bahru Sentral

Johor Bahru Sentral (JB Sentral) is a transportation hub located in the main area of Johor

Bahru City, similar to KL Sentral in Kuala Lumpur. It is connected to the Sultan Iskandar

Customs, Immigration and Quarantine Complex and City Square shopping center by pedestrian

overhead bridges. Currently the hub has a KTM railway station and a bus station.


45/86

(b) Ulu Tiram

Figure 4.2: Ulu Tiram Map

Source: Google Map

Ulu Tiram is a town in Johor Bahru District, Ulu Tiram is located approximately 18 km

from Johor Bahru to the south and 20 km from Kota Tinggi to the north. Currently, there are

massive residential developments in this area to accommodate demand because there are

increasingly numbers of population.


46/86

(c) Nusajaya

Figure 4.3: Nusajaya Figure 4.4: Legoland Themepark

Nusajaya is one of the main zones in Iskandar Malaysia Region planning and The Johor

State New Administrative Centre (JSNAC) which is of houses the Johor State and Federal

government department offices with landscaped gardens and parks. The components are the

Dewan Negeri Johor – State Assembly, Menteri Besar & State Secretary Complex, Dataran

Mahkota ceremonial plaza and the State Government Departments Complex. It is includes the

development of the mosque and government quarters and house the Federal Government

Department Complex. On September 2012, Legoland Malaysia theme park, officially opens in

Nusajaya as one of the attraction in this region.


47/86

(d) Larkin

Figure 4.5: Larkin Sentral

Larking is suburb area near downtown Johor Bahru. The main focus in this area is Larkin

Sentral which is public transportation hub for Bus and it has direct bus services to and from

many cities and towns in West Malaysia, Singapore and Hat Yai in Thailand. This T-shaped

terminal has 3 levels and about 50 bus bay

(e) Pasir Gudang

Figure 4.6: Pasir Gudang Industrial Park


48/86

Pasir Gudang is an industrial town located 35 km east of Johor Bahru. The main

industries are transportation and logistics, shipbuilding, petrochemicals and other heavy

industries, and oil palm storage and distribution.


49/86

(f) Skudai

Figure 4.7: University Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai

Skudai is a suburb of Johor Bahru, the largest city in Johor. Skudai is part of the new

growth corridor of southwest Johor, which includes the Senai International Airport, Tanjung

Pelepas Port and the new administrative capital of Johor, Bandar Nusajaya. Its population ranges

between 160,000 and 210,000. It is the headquarters of the Johor Bahru Central Municipal

Council and it is home to the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia campus. Skudai is located 8 km, 4

km and 16 km from Kulai, Senai and Johor Bahru city respectively.

This places has been choose based on several criteria based on VTA Light Rail Transit

Guidelines which is close walking distance to, if not directly serving, major trip generators, such

as civic and employment centers, downtown business districts, mixed-use districts and high

density residential areas, colleges and universities, and shopping centers and to achieve second

and third objective which is to develop simulation model and to validate the effectiveness of

LRT, researcher use questionnaire method before conducting the simulation.


50/86

4.2 Questionnaire

A total of 100 respondents involved in this research and a set of questionnaire containing

10 question and 5 sub question divided into two sections which are section A demographic and

in this section, there is consists of three (3) question of respondent identity. It includes gender,

age, and occupation. In section B, Case Study consists of seven (7) question and 5 sub question.

Those question are based on data needed by researcher to conduct the simulation

4.2.1 Section A - Demographic

(1) Respondent Gender

Figure 4.8: Gender of Respondents

The graph from figure 4.8 shows the detailed analysis of respondent’s background. The majority

of respondents consisted of male which 64 respondents (64%) and female 36 respondents.


51/86

(2) Respondent Age

Figure 4.9: Age of Respondents

In this question researcher categorized the age of respondents by five (5) groups. The

majority respondents groups are consists of teens which is 55 respondents (55%) from group age

of 21 – 30 and followed by second higher group age is below 20 years old which is 21

respondents (21%). Next, 31 – 40 years group age which is 12 respondents (12%), 41 – 50 year

old 8 respondents (8%) and more than 51 years old 4 respondents (4%).


52/86

(3) Respondent Occupation

Figure 4.10: Occupation of Respondents

Based on figure 4.10, the majority of respondents of this study consisted of student (46%)

and the workers from private sectors (37%). The lowest respondents group is unemployment and

work own which only 4% or 4 respondents for each. There 17% of respondent working in

government sector.


53/86

4.2.2 Section B – Case Study

(1) Respondent mode of travel

Figure 4.11: Respondents Mode of Traveling

Based on Pie chart on figure 4.11, the majority of respondents are using public transport which

73%. This is because most of respondents are student and want to avoid form stuck in traffic jam

and only 27% of respondent are using private vehicle.


54/86

(2) Respondent experience, time taken to travel from following area:

(a) JB Sentral – Pasir Gudang

Figure 4.12: JB Sentral to Pasir Gudang

Based on figure 4.12, most of respondent average travels time between JB Sentral to Pasir

Gudang are 45 minutes which is 72 respondents (72%), 17 respondents (17%) average travel

time are 60 minutes and only 11 respondents (11%) are choose 30 minutes. It is because, road to

Pasir Gudang are heavily congested especially at Lebuhraya Pasir Gudang due to most of heavy

vehicle are using that particular road to connect to Johor Port and Industry area.


55/86

(b) JB Sentral – Nusajaya

Figure 4.13: JB Sentral to Nusajaya

Based on figure 4.13, most of respondent average travels time between JB Sentral to

Nusajaya are 30 minutes which is 69 respondents (69%), 21 respondents (21%) average travel

time are 45 minutes and only 10 respondents (10%) are choose 60 minutes. This is because this

area is less congested compare to other area in Iskandar Malaysia which is are more high density.


56/86

(c) JB Sentral – Larkin

Figure 4.14: JB Sentral to Larkin

Based on figure 4.14, most of respondent average travels time between JB Sentral to

Larkin are 15 minutes which is 69 respondents (69%), 21 respondents (21%) average travel time

are 25 minutes and only 10 respondents (10%) are choose 5 minutes.


57/86

(d) Larkin – Skudai

Figure 4.15: Larkin to Skudai

Based on figure 4.15, most of respondent average travels time between Larkin to Skudai

are 45 minutes which is 71 respondents (71%), 28 respondents (28%) average travel time are 35

minutes and only 1 respondents (1%) are choose 25 minutes.


58/86

(e) Larkin – Ulu Tiram

Figure 4.16: Larkin to Ulu Tiram

Based on figure 4.16, most of respondent average travels time between Larkin to Ulu

Tiram are 35 minutes which is 67 respondents (67%), 24 respondents (24%) average travel time

are 46 minutes and only 9 respondents (9%) are choose 25 minutes.


59/86

(1) Respondent view if Light Rail Transit (LRT) builds in Iskandar Malaysia

Figure 4.17: Respondents view on Light Rail Transit development in Iskandar Malaysia Region

The pie chart on figure 4.17 shows respondent view on LRT development in Iskandar

Malaysia Region and from the data above, all respondent agree if LRT build in Iskandar

Malaysia


60/86

(2) Respondent view on Light Rail Transit (LRT) usage

Figure 4.18: Respondents agree to use LRT

The pie chart on figure 4.18 shows that all respondent will use LRT as mode of

transportation if it were develop in this area in the future.


61/86

(3) Respondent view on congestion problem in Iskandar Malaysia

Figure 4.19: Respondents agree most area in Iskandar Malaysia have a congestion problem

Based on figure 4.19, 76 respondent (76%) Strongly agree that most area in Iskandar

Malaysia have a congestion problem and 24 respondents agree that Iskandar Malaysia have a

congestion problem.


62/86

(4) Respondent view on current public transportation in Iskandar Malaysia whether is

it enough to counter the congestion problem?

Figure 4.20: Respondents agree current public transportation in Iskandar Malaysia not enough tocounter the congestion problem

From the chart above (Figure 4.20), 70 respondent (70%) Strongly agree that current

public transportation in Iskandar Malaysia not enough to counter the congestion problem.Next,

21 respondents (21%) agree and only 9% with moderate about current public transportation in

Iskandar Malaysia not enough to counter the congestion.


63/86

(5) Respondent view about Light Rail Transit (LRT) can solve congestion problem in

Iskandar Malaysia

Figure 4.21: Respondents view about LRT can solve congestion problem in Iskandar Malaysia

The figure 4.21 above shows that the respondent views about Light Rail Transit (LRT)

whether it can solve congestion problem in Iskandar Malaysia. From 100 respondent, 82

respondent (82%) Strongly agree and 17 respondents agree that LRT can solve congestion

problem in Iskandar Malaysia.


64/86

4.3 Analysis of Findings

In this chapter, the researcher will explain the findings based on method that have been

used to conduct the study, all those data collected then will be discussed with the theory or

literature, and the researcher then will make a comparison among the findings and experimental

result, thus, each of the findings can support the objectives of the study.

4.3.1 Questionnaire

The researcher has been specifically design the questionnaire based on the second and

third objective that has been stated in Chapter 1. The researcher will explain the analysis and

finding from the questionnaire.

From questionnaire on figure 4.19, 76 respondents (76%) Strongly agree that most area in

Iskandar Malaysia have a congestion problem. Because of this problem, Iskandar Malaysia needs

new mode of public transportation in order to support current demand and to counter the current

problem in this area which is congestion problem due to increase number of private vehicle and

population in this area. The pie chart on figure 4.17 shows that all respondent agree LRT build

in Iskandar Malaysia and figure 4.21 shows that 82 respondent (82%) Strongly agree and 17

respondents agree that LRT can solve congestion problem in Iskandar Malaysia.

Next, the researcher found that majority of respondents are using public transport which 73%.

This is because most of respondent are student and to avoid stuck in traffic. Next, from figure

4.18 shows all respondent agree if LRT build in Iskandar Malaysia and they will use it as mode

of transportation if it were develop in this area in the future. Furthermore, from the chart onFigure 4.20, 70 respondents (70%) Strongly agree that current public transportation in Iskandar

Malaysia not enough to counter the congestion problem.


65/86

Respondents experience travel time

Based on second objective which to develop the simulation model of Light Rail Transit,

researcher need data regarding time taken to travel from several places before conducting the

simulation. Therefore, in Section B of the questionnaire, researcher found that from JB Sentral to

Pasir Gudang 72 respondent (72%) experience 45 Minutes of travel time to travel to the places.

Next, from JB Sentral to Nusajaya took 30 Minutes of travel time based on 69 respondents

(69%) and from JB Sentral to Larkin 15 minutes which is 69 respondents (69%). From Larkin to

Skudai are 45 minutes which is 71 respondents (71%) and Larkin to Ulu Tiram are 35 minutes

which is 67 respondents (67%).

4.4 Conclusion

Based on data that has been gathered from questionnaire researcher found that this area

has a congestion problem due to increase number of population and vehicle in this area. Through

questionnaire distribution, researcher found that most of the respondent agree that current public

transportation not enough to counter the problem and most of respondent also agreed that LightRail Transit System should be built in this area.


66/86

CHAPTER 5

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

5.0 Introduction

This study focuses on the development of simulation model on the effectiveness of light

rail transit (LRT) in Iskandar Malaysia region. Therefore, as mention in previous chapter

researcher will develop simulation model to achieve second objective. And from simulation

result, researcher can achieve the third objective which is to validate the effectiveness of Light

Rail Transit (LRT) in this region. From the findings in this chapter, it helps in decision making

for transport planner in development of Light Rail Transit (LRT) in this area

Researcher use Promodel 7.5 simulation software to develop the simulation model of LRT and

use data that gathered from observation and questionnaire stage to run the simulation.


67/86

5.1 Simulation Design

As mention previously, in order to develop simulation model researcher need to identify

LRT station and route which already achieve through observation stage. Below are LRT station

that has been identify during previous stage which is JB Sentral, Pasir Gudang, Nusajaya, Larkin,

Ulu Tiram and Skudai.

Figure 5.1: LRT Station design in ProModel 7.5

As mentioned before, LRT station are choose based on VTA Light Rail Transit Guidelines which

is close walking distance to, if not directly serving, major trip generators, such as civic and

employment centers, downtown business districts, mixed-use districts and high density

residential areas, colleges and universities, and shopping centers


68/86

Figure 5.2: LRT Station and Route design in ProModel 7.5

Next is developing LRT route and layout as show in figure 5.2. The routes for this LRT

simulation are JB Sentral to Pasir Gudang, JB Sentral to Nusajaya, JB Sentral to Larkin and to

Ulu Tiram, and lastly, JB Sentral to Larkin and too Skudai. JB Sentral are main hub for public

transportation in Iskandar Malaysia, therefore researcher use it as main LRT station in this area.


69/86

5.2 Simulation Settings

In order to run simulation, the settings must be set. Therefore, based on data collected in

questionnaire researcher will conduct simulation and insert it into settings in Promodel 7.5

simulation software. The main data needed for simulation are simulation run time which is

operation hour for the Light Rail Transit (LRT), the operation hour will be same as Kuala

Lumpur LRT system which is from 6.00 am to 12.00 am (midnight) or 18 hours.

Table 5.1: Travel Time

ROUTE TIME

JB Sentral – Pasir Gudang 45 Min

JB Sentral - Nusajaya 30 Min

JB Sentral – Larkin – Ulu Tiram 15 Min + 35 Min = 50 min

JB Sentral – Larkin - Skudai 15 Min + 45 Min = 60 min

Next is travel time data that has been collected from questionnaire. The data is based on highest

result from the questionnaire in previous chapter that has been analyzed by the researcher in

table 5.1.


70/86

Figure 5.3: Process Settings in ProModel 7.5

Based on data in table 5.1, researcher will set in into ProModel 7.5 software in order to run the

simulation. The data is set in operation settings for each route that has been mentioned before.

Figure 5.4: Entity Settings in Promodel 7.5

Next step is entity. The simulation will use 4 locomotives (entity) which serve different route as

below:

(a) Locomotive 1 for JB Sentral to Pasir Gudang

(b) Locomotive 2 for JB Sentral to Nusajaya

(c) Locomotive 3 for JB Sentral to Larkin and to Skudai

(d) Locomotive 4 for JB Sentral to Larkin and to Ulu Tiram


71/86

After simulation settings have been complete researcher can start run the simulation in order to

find the final the data. From findings, the researcher can identify the effectiveness of Light Rail

Transit (LRT) in Iskandar Malaysia region and identify whether the third objective is achieve or

not.

5.3 Simulation Result

Figure 5.5: LRT Station Utilization Simulation using ProModel 7.5

From the result of the simulation on figure 4.3.2, the highest utilization is JB Sentral

Station which is 65.60% and second highest is Larkin 65.14%. This is because, both stations are

main station and most of locomotive are passed thru the station. Next is Ulu Tiram station which

is 59.28% followed by P. Gudang 56.12%, Skudai 47.78% and Nusajaya 41.45%


72/86

Figure 5.6: Locomotive Utilization Simulation using ProModel 7.5

Based on figure 4.3.3, Locomotive 3 state the highest utilization which is 80.94% which

serve from JB Sentral to Larkin and to Skudai. The Second highest are Locomotive 2 which is

78.61% which serve JB Sentral to Nusajaya. Next is Locomotive 1 which is 72.54% serve for JB

Sentral to Pasir Gudang and Lastly, Locomotive 4 which is 70.95% serve for JB Sentral to

Larkin and to Ulu Tiram.


73/86

Next in order the get average percent of utilization for Locomotive and Station, researcher will

use formula on figure 5.7.

Figure 5.7: Average formula

Figure 5.8: Station and Locomotive average utilization level

Based on figure 5.8 the average of station Utilization is 55.89% and for locomotive

utilization is 75.83%. From this result, researcher identify that the effectiveness of Light Rail

Transit (LRT) system in Iskandar Malaysia would be moderate.

∑ data % ∕ ∑ n = Average

Station Utilization 65.60% + 65.14% + 59.28% +

56.12% + 47.78% + 41.45% / 6 =

55.89%

Average Utilization = 55.89%

Locomotive Utilization 80.94% + 78.61% + 72.54% +

70.95% / 6 = 75.83%

Average Utilization = 75.83%


74/86

5.4 Conclusion

From the finding that has been collected during simulation by using ProModel 7.5

simulation software, based on figure 5.5, the highest utilization is JB Sentral Station which is

65.60% and second highest is Larkin 65.14%. This is because, most of locomotive are passed

thru this station and currently both station are public transportation hub in this region. Next is

Ulu Tiram station which is 59.28% followed by Pasir Gudang 56.12%, Skudai 47.78% and

Nusajaya 41.45%. The total average utilization is 55.89% which is moderate.

In term of locomotive utilization based on figure 5.6, Locomotive 3 state the highest utilization

which is 80.94% which serve from JB Sentral to Larkin and to Skudai. The Second highest are

Locomotive 2 which is 78.61% which serve JB Sentral to Nusajaya. Next is Locomotive 1 which

is 72.54% serve for JB Sentral to Pasir Gudang and Lastly, Locomotive 4 which is 70.95% serve

for JB Sentral to Larkin and to Ulu Tiram. The total average utilization is 75.83% which is high

utilization.

From logistic perspective, the level of utilization of locomotive is high and effective.

Therefore the route is suitable and highly utilize. In term of station utilization are moderate and

can be improve to increase the efficiency.


75/86

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.0 Introduction

In this chapter, the researcher will discuss and conclude all the data gathered from the

previous chapter which the data were collected through several methods which is observation,

distributing the questionnaire and developing the simulation model. In this chapter, the

researcher will determine whether the objective of the research is achieve or not based on

findings in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. Furthermore, the researcher will come out with several

recommendations or improvement that can be made in future.


76/86

6.1 Overview of the Study

This study has been conducted to develop simulation model on the effectiveness of Light

Rail Transit (LRT) implementation in Iskandar Malaysia Region. It is because the number of

population are rising every year as well as vehicle, this situation lead to congestion problem and

current, road system and public transportation cannot accommodate. The purpose of the study is

to evaluate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT) in Iskandar Malaysia region by using

simulation software.

6.2 Restatement of the Objective

As mentioned previously in Chapter 1, the main goal of this research is to develop

simulation model on the effectiveness of light rail transit implementation in Iskandar Malaysia

Region. Therefore, researcher has state three objectives that already been achieved First

objective, to define the layout of the station and route of Light Rail Transit (LRT), researcher use

observation method in order to identify station and route for LRT system as mentioned in

Chapter 4. Next, second objective which is to develop the simulation model of Light Rail Transit

(LRT), to achieve this objective researcher need distribute the questionnaire before can develop

the simulation model. Necessary data already been gathered in Chapter 4 and Simulation model

in Chapter 5. And lastly the final objective is to validate the effectiveness of Light Rail Transit

(LRT) in Iskandar Malaysia, therefore based on findings in Chapter 5 thru simulation, researcher

found that the level of utilization in term of LRT Station is moderate to high, total level of

utilization is 55.89% and in term of locomotive is highly utilize which is 75.83%.


77/86

6.3 Limitations of Study

This research faced some constraint and limitation in conducting this research such as

time. Times are the main constraint and limitation faced by researcher to perform this research. It

is because there are needs to collect several data at different places that involve in this research.

Furthermore, based on data collected, the researcher need to develop simulation model and

analyze the outcome.

Furthermore, the problem with simulation software also part of the limitation of the study,

researcher need the appropriate data which able to insert in the software in order to run the

simulation.

Another limitation is in terms of financial aids. The researcher needs to travel several places to

collect data by taking public transportation to do observation along the process of collecting data.

Lastly, lack of resources and reference material is the other limitation in completing this

research. The limitation is including the lack of related journal or article and references that

related to simulation of Light Rail Transit (LRT).


78/86

6.4 Recommendation and Findings

Based on the study findings, several recommendations can be suggested. These suggestions can

improve the level of effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT) system to highest level of

utilization compare to this research simulation and help transport planner and city planner in

decision making.

(1) Add more station

By adding more station, LRT system can be more localized and citizen can easily

access to the LRT. Therefore, the level of overall utilization and effectiveness will

be increase compare to current simulation which only moderate 55.89%

utilization.

(2) Add or relocate LRT route

By adding more routes also can cover wider area in Iskandar Malaysia and by

relocating route also can increase LRT station utilization.

(3) Design highly utilize schedule

From the result of the simulation, researcher can recommend design highly utilize

schedule in order to increase station utilization level.


79/86

6.5 Recommendation for Future Research

Since the study only focused on certain area in Iskandar Malaysia and several station and

route, it is recommend that further studies to be carried out by adding more station and new route

to see whether there are any similarities from the result or the result would be better. It is also

recommend for future research regarding the LRT scheduling by using simulation which can

improve the level of effectiveness of LRT system itself. Furthermore, further research could also

explore the effectiveness between Light Rail Transit and other mode of public transportation

system.


80/86

CONCLUSION

Congestion occur in most develop cities in the world due to increase number of population and

as well as vehicle. Most of local authority struggle to solve the problem, but it is not really

solving but only slowing the effect. Therefore continuous improvement in term of policy and

facility is necessary.

As mentioned in before, Light Rail Transit (LRT) projects aim to cope with the continuous

growth of population in this region which will help to reduce the impact as well as to meet the

growth of population in this area. The proper route and station placement is important and it

must be placed at high density population in order to fully utilize it. Therefore, to develop Light

Rail Transit (LRT) there is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness for proposed area to avoid

lake of effectiveness and waste of money. It also helps decision maker, transport planner and city

planner to make decision or identify any necessary improvement from this research.

From the findings through instrumentals, Iskandar Malaysia suffers from congestion

problem and current public transportation can’t counter the congestion problem and yet most of

respondent are using public transportation. Most of respondents also agree, Iskandar Malaysia

should build LRT system to counter the congestion problem. The result from simulation also

show that, if LRT system build in Iskandar Malaysia the efficiency will be above moderate to

high because level of utilization in-term of LRT station average 55.89% and LRT locomotive

average 75.83%.


81/86

REFERENCES

American Public Transportation Association (APTA) (2011). “Definition of Light Rail Transit

(LRT)”

Bruto, M. J. (1985). “Intoduction to Transportation Planning at The Zonal Level”. Washington:

Transportation Research Board.

C. Chandler, et. al (2004). “Effects of Light Rail Transit on Traffic Congestion”. Center forTransportation Studies - University of Virginia, United States.

Denny B. (2009). “Transportation - Incorporating Security into the Transportation Planning

Process” Georgia Institute of Tecnology

Eberts R.. (2009), “Transportation Economy - Understanding the Impact of Transportation on

Economic Development”. W. E. Upjohn Institute

Hafezi, M. et. al (2011) “Study behavior of passengers on transit operation”, Journal of Applied Mechanics and Materials: Advanced Transportation,Vols. 97-98 , pp. 1154-1157.

Iskandar Regional Development Authority (IRDA). Iskandar Malaysia population forecast 2005

– 2025

Idaho Transportation Department. “Public Transportation Defination”. Retrieved from

itd.idaho.gov/taskforce/Public%20Transportation%20Definition.pdf

Jean-Paul, Rodrigue (2013). Transportation Economy retrieved from “The Geography ofTransport System 3rd Edition”. New York: Routledge


82/86

J. Banks, J. Carson, B. Nelson, D. Nicol (2001). Discrete-Event System Simulation. Prentice

Hall.

Law, A.M. and W.D. Kelton, 2000. Simulation Modeling and Analysis, 3rd Ed., New York:

McGraw-Hill.

“Nusajaya to get LRT service to Johor Baru”. News Straits Times 4th December 2009. Retrieved

from http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/news/091204/nusajaya-to-get-lrt-service-to-johor-

baru

Rapid KL Sdn. Bhd, KL Starrail Sdn. Bhd, Express Rail Link Sdn Bhd. Number of Passengers

for Light Rail Transit (LRT) Services in 2009 – 2012. Retrieved fromhttp://www.mot.gov.my/my/Statistics/Pages/Land.aspx

Santa Clara Valley Authority. “Light Rail Transit Servis Guidelines”. Retrieved from

www.vta.org/projects/tsp/pdf/7_light_rail_transit_service_guidelines.pdf

Texas A&M Transportation Institute. “Urban Mobility Report 2004”. Retrieved from

mobility.tamu.edu/ums

Vasconcellos & Eduardo, (2001) “Urban Transportation: Environment and Equity (The Case forDeveloping Countries), London: Earthscan Publication.

Zirawani B. et. al (2013). “The Conceptual Model of Uncertainty Factors In Environmental

Issues on Late Delivery for Construction Industry” Methodology of Research Uncertainty. Trans

Tech Publications. Vol. 610-613 pp. 2893


83/86

APPENDIX


84/86

APPENDIX 1: Questionnaire Form

Universiti Kuala Lumpur (MITEC)

Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology

“THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODEL ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIGHT

RAIL TRANSIT IN ISKANDAR MALAYSIA REGION”

Objective: This case study is used to collect data from community on Light Rail Transit (LRT)implementation in Iskandar Malaysia Region for researcher in order to conduct Simulation Model.

Respondents should answer all the question given, and to be informed that the answer given in this

questionnaire is strictly private and confidential.

Responden hendaklah menjawab semua soalan yang diberikan, dan untuk makluman, jawapan yang

diberikan adalah rahsia.

A. RESPONDENT IDENTITY

1. Gender ( Jantina): Male

Female

2. Age (Umur ): 51

3. Work ( Pekerjaan): Government Sector (Sektor Kerajaan)

Private

Unemployment

Student

Own


85/86

B. CASE STUDY

1. Do you travel by using: Public Transportation Private Vehicle

2. In your experience, how much time taken to travel from following area:

(a) JB Sentral – Pasir Gudang: 30 min 45 min 60 min

(b) JB Sentral – Nusajaya: 30 min 45 min 60 min

(c) JB Sentral – Larkin: 5 min 15 min 25 min

(d) Larkin – Skudai: 25 min 35 min 45 min

(e) Larkin – Ulu Tiram: 25 min 35 min 45 min

Please circle on the scale number below/Sila bulatkan di skala nombor yang berkenaan

1 2 3 4

STRONGLY DISAGREE STRONGLY AGREE

QUESTION SCALE

1. Do you agree if Light Rail Transit (LRT) build in Iskandar

Malaysia Region? Adakah anda bersetuju jika LRT dibina di Iskandar

Malaysia?

YES NO

2. If yes, will you use it?

Jika ya, adakah anda akan menggunakannya? YES NO

3. Do you agree most area in Iskandar Malaysia have acongestion problem?

Adakah anda bersetuju bahawa kebanyakkan kawasan di Iskandar Malaysia mengalami kesesakkan lalulintas?

1 2 3 4

4.

Do you agree, current public transportation in IskandarMalaysia not enough to counter the congestion problem?

Adakah anda bersetuju bahawa perkhidmatan perngangkutan awan sedia ada tidak cukup untuk mengatasi

masalah lalulintas?

1 2 3 4


86/86

5. If yes, do you think LRT can solve congestion problem inIskandar Malaysia?

Jika ya, adakah anda percaya bahawa LRT bolehmenyelesaikan masalah kesesakkan lalulintas di Iskandar

Malaysia?

1 2 3 4

APPENDIX 2: Example of IRDA Integration of Development with Transit Facilities consist

of LRT, pedestrian, BRT system, and Road

The Development of Simulation Model on the Effectiveness of Light Rail Transit in Iskandar Malaysia...

Documents

Transcript of The Development of Simulation Model on the Effectiveness of Light Rail Transit in Iskandar Malaysia...