The Development of a Muslim Empire. The First Three Caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman What do you...
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Transcript of The Development of a Muslim Empire. The First Three Caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman What do you...
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The Development of a Muslim Empire
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The First Three Caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman
What do you see here? How many different continents are part of
Muslim world at this time? What geographic obstacles could have
hampered Islam’s expansion into Asia Minor and Europe?
What challenges would the size and diversity of a community like this present to someone who tried to rule over it?
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Abu Bakr (AD 632-634)
Caliph: leader of a Muslim community, but not a prophet
Friend of Muhammad’s; early convert to Islam
Faced two main problems: False prophets claimed to be successors of
Muhammad Secession of Arabic tribes from ummah (Muslim
community) Expanded Muslim community into parts of
Byzantine and Persian empires
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Umar (AD 634-644)
Defined A. Dar-al-Islam and B. Dar-al-Harb (area where Islam is practiced and areas that threatened Islam)
Successful in expanding ummah; empire grew to include Arabia, Iraq, western Persia, Syria, Palestine, and parts of North Africa
Expanded use of jihad (struggle against oppression)
Gave more structure to administration of Muslim state; created tax system
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Uthman (AD 644-656)
Muhammad’s son-in-law; wealthy merchant First years of rule were peaceful, but later
had financial problems Ordered the compilation of a definitive
Qur’an Accused of nepotism Murdered by Egyptian rebels; beginning of
open political and religious conflict in Muslim community
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Ali’s Caliphate and the Division between Sunnis and Shi’as
What do you see here? How do various people seem to feel? What is the man on horseback doing? What issues could cause Muslims to
fight amongst themselves?
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Clan Rivalries: Umayyad
Uthman member of Umayyad clan Mu’awiya, Syrian governor and
Umayyad leader Mu’awiya increased pressure on Ali
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Clan: Hashim
Ali member of Hashim clan Ali was Muhammad’s cousin and son-
in-law; early convert; memorized Qur’an
Elected caliph, but pressured to punish Uthman’s murderers
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Civil War Between Muslims
Mu’awiya and Ali’s armies fought at Siffin
Conflict negotiators decided that both Ali and Mu’awiya should resign
Mu’awiya declared himself caliph; Ali continued to rule in Persia and Iraq
Kharijites attempted to kill both leaders, but only successful with Ali
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A Pivotal Point in Muslim History
Conflict over caliphs created split between Muslims: Sunni Muslims and Shi’a (Party of Ali) Muslims
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The Umayyads
What do you see here? What kinds of products do you see
being traded here? Where might some of these people
have traveled from to reach this city?
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Mu’awiya Establishes a Dynasty
Ruled from AD 680 - 750 Caliphal capital moved to Damascus,
in prosperous province of Syria 14 caliphs succeeded Mu’awiya Umayyad Empire stretched from Spain
in central Asia
Damascus: Heart of the Empire
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Administrative Reforms
Caliph appointed governors to rule far-flung provinces
Governors ruled from strong garrison towns Spoils from victories helped finance
Umayyad government Instituted a three-level tax system:
Muslims: paid zakat Muslim converts, considered mawali, paid higher
tax than Muslims Non-Muslims paid highest tax, izya (security tax)
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Umayyad AchievementsUmayyad’s ruled AD 661 - 750
Ruled vast empire with important trading cities
Developed innovations in the building of canal and irrigation systems
Perfected mosque construction techniques Great Mosque of Damascus Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem
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The Downfall
Many devout Muslims opposed extravagant lifestyles of Umayyad rulers
Persians resented secondary status in Umayyad empire
Abbasids (led by Abbas) of Persia revolted against Damascus
After defeating Umayyad armies, Abbasids took control of Muslim Empire
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The Abbasids
What do you see here? How are those on the left different from
those on the right? Where do you think they’re from? Why would bring these people to the
Muslim world AD 800?
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Baghdad: Center of the Empire
Ideally located between Tigris and Euphrates rivers
Served as crossroads for land and water trade Circular city protected by moat, three
concentric walls (largest = 112 feet high and 164 feet thick), imposing gates, and sentry towers
Divided into four quadrants by two highways Arcades filled with shops, markets, and
businesses
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Abbasid Achievements(Abbasid’s ruled from AD 750 - 1258)
Compiled standard code of law for Muslim world, called the Shari’ah (Qur’an, Analogy, Consensus, and Hadith)
Abbasids developed sophisticated system of banking, which used checks
Encouraged learning by building libraries and universities
Excelled in fields of medicine, astronomy, math, chemistry, etc.
Advanced navigational and sailing techniques
Brought Islam to Indonesia
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The Downfall…
Abbasids exceeded Umayyads in terms of lavish living
Abbasids were never able to maintain complete control over enormous Dar al-Islam
Several independent states separated from Abbasids: Fatimids conquered Sicily, Egypt and Arabia and built powerful capital city at Cairo; Seljuq Turks entered Muslim world as guards for Abassid leaders and gained control of caliphs
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Sunni
Feel that devout Muslims can be caliphs even if not related to Muhammad
Support rule of first three caliphs Strongly adhere to idea of al-jama’ah
(consolidated majority) Make up approximately 80% of world
Muslim population today
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Shi’a
Never accepted caliphs who were not direct descendants of Muhammad
Believe rule of first three caliphs was illegitimate
Insist that only an imam, special Muslim leader, can interpret the Qur’an
Hold that twelve imams- Ali was the first - rightful leaders of Muslims
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Muslim Spain
What do you see here? What is the man seated on the right
doing? What are the men on the left doing? What kind of knowledge would Muslim
scholars be able to share with European students?
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Expansion of the Muslim Empire into Spain
Muslim forces from Morocco gained control of Spain by AD 711
Attempt to invade France - stopped by Charles the Hammer at Tours in AD 732
Charlemagne’s attempts to drive Muslims from Spain failed
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Muslim Spain
A glorious Muslim society (Golden Age) flourished in Spain from AD 711-1492
Umayyad state founded by Abd al-Rahman in AD 756 in Cordoba
Abd al-Rahman III signaled Umayyad rule independent by declaring himself caliph in AD 929
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Muslim Spain
Al-Andalus: the most powerful of the states competing with Abbasid rule
Jews, Christians, and Muslims lived in peace under Muslim rulers
Advancements were made in literature, medicine, law, agriculture, etc.
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Muslim Spain
Ibn Rushd (Averroes): most famous of Spanish Muslim scholars
Ibn Sina’s Canon of Medicine became standard medical textbook
Cardoba’s grandeur included: 21 suburbs, 500 mosques, 300 public baths, 70 libraries, and the Great Mosque