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The Destruction of Heritage
Sites in the Middle East
Lauren Liotti
2016
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Overview
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Overview
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Hague Convention for the
Protection of Cultural Property
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Motivation
• Ideological
• Salafism
• Political
• Erasure of culture
• Sensational
• Media Coverage
• Financial
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Results
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f83i5k6EgTs&i
ndex=5&list=PLAtfWAdHzWmBiIJ-
evsIWulgCr8w8uS0n/
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Destruction in IraqFall of Mosul
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List of World Heritage Sites in Iraq
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The Fall of Mosul
• June 10th-14th 2014
• City in Northern Iraq
• ISIS released a video showing members using
sledgehammers to smash some of the city’s ancient
artifacts
• Overnight, the city was transformed and sharia law
was imposed
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Destruction of the Library
• February 2015
• 100,000 books and manuscripts destroyed
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Destruction in SyriaSite of Palmyra
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List of World Heritage Sites in Syria
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Destruction of the Site of
Palmyra
• http://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-
interactive/2016/apr/08/palmyra-after-islamic-
state-isis-visual-guide
• Report of the UNESCO Rapid Assessment Mission
to the World Heritage “Site of Palmyra” Syrian
Arab Republic, 23-27 April 2016
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Other Heritage Sites
Aleppo
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Role of the UNUNESCO
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UNESCO
• United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization
• “contribute to peace and security by promoting
international collaboration through education, science,
and culture”
• 21 May 2015 Resolution
• 40th World Heritage Committee Session
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Unite4Heritage
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Sustainable Development Goal 16
Goal 16: Peace, Justice,
and Strong Institutions
UNDP: “Peace,
stability, human rights
and effective
governance are
important conduits for
sustainable
development”
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Solutions
• Unfortunately, where ISIL still holds territory with
heritage sites, not much can be done
• The work of UNESCO and other organizations like
the Global Heritage Fund is making progress in
restoration and prevention
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Thank you
“We are one humanity…In any culture
there are outstanding objects and sites of
outstanding universal value.”
-Irina Bokova
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Citations
• Barnard, Anne, and Hwaida Saad. “Palmyra Temple Was Destroyed by ISIS, U.N. Confirms.” New York Times [New York] 31 Aug. 2015: n. pag. New York Times. Web. 27 July 2016.
• Bokova, Irina. “Culture Under Fire.” New York Times [New York] 6 Apr. 2012: n. pag. New York Times. Web. 27 July 2016.
• Gladstone, Rick, and Maher Samaan. “ISIS Destroys More Artifacts in Syria and Iraq.” New York Times [New York] 3 July 2015: n. pag. New York Times. Web. 27 July 2016.
• Gonzalez, Susan. “We All Have a Stake in Protecting Cultural Heritage, Says UNESCO Director-General.” YaleNews [New Haven] 12 Apr. 2016: n. pag. YaleNews. Web. 27 July 2016.
• ISIS Culturally Cleansing the Middle East: UNESCO Director. By RT. Youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 July 2016.
• ISIS Destroys Mosul Museum Artifacts. By Youtube/Islamic State. New York Times. New York Times Company, 26 Feb. 2015. Web. 27 July 2016.
• “Islamic State Group: Crisis in Seven Charts.” BBC. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 July 2016.
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Citations
• Kramer, Andrew E., and Sewell Chan. “When Cultural Heritage Is Caught in the Cross Hairs.” New York Times [New York] 18 May 2016: n. pag. New York Times. Web. 27 July 2016.
• Mackey, Robert. “Historians Pore Over ISIS Video of Smashed Statues for Clues to What’s Been Lose.” New York Times [New York] 26 Feb. 2015: n. pag. New York Times. Web. 27 July 2016.
• “Site of Palmyra.” UNESCO. UNESCO World Heritage Centre, n.d. Web. 27 July 2016.
• Syrian Arab Republic. Report of the UNESCO Rapid Assessment Mission to the World Heritage “Site of Palmyra.” N.p.: UNESCO, 2016. Digital file.
• “UNESCO Experts Take Preliminary Stock of Destruction in World Heritage Site of Palmyra.” UNESCO. UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 27 Apr. 2016. Web. 27 July 2016.
• #Unite4Heritage: The Story so Far. By UNESCO. Youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 July 2016.
• The War on Syria’s History. New York Times. New York Times Company, 17 May 2016. Web. 27 July 2016.