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Transcript of The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, ethnic, racial, political, or cultural...
AFRICAN CONFLICTS
GENOCIDE
The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, ethnic, racial, political, or
cultural group
THE UNITED NATIONS
Started in 1945 192 current member countries Purpose: to bring all nations of the
world together to work for peace and address international problems
Issues include: poverty, disease, illiteracy, environment, human rights
Each country has one vote
U.N. CRITERIA FOR OF GENOCIDE
Both of the following must be present for the UN to declare genocide:
1.) Mental Element – this means there needs to be an intent or plan to destroy a group of people
2.) Physical element – any evidence of the following being committed:
1. Killing members of a group2. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to a group3. Inflicting conditions of life to bring about the destruction of a
group4. Preventing births in the group5. Forcibly transferring children from one group to another
Punishable forms of the crime of genocide: genocide, conspiracy, incitement, attempt and complicity
SUDAN
SUDAN’S HISTORY
Egypt controlled Sudan Great Britain colonized
Egypt also took over Sudan
Independent in 1956 Ethnic power struggles
Arab Africans vs. Black Africans
Dictatorship took control extremist Arab/Muslim
SUDANESE POPULATION
Divided into northern and southern region 61% of the population can read Blacks make up 52% and Arabs make up 39%
of the population
North SouthMuslim (70%)Arabs live mostly in the northMajor cities located hereMany factory and urban jobs
Either Christian (5%) or traditional animist religions (25%)Black live mostly in the southMany in South converting to IslamMostly farmers or herders
GOVERNMENT PROBLEMS
President supposed to be elected every 5 years No limit to re-elections
In 1983, Islamic Law became law of land Everyone forced to obey the Laws of Islam,
regardless of religious beliefs Civil war broke out between north (Muslim)
and south (Christian) General Omar Bashir staged a coup
(takeover) and has been in total control for 20 years
Bashir is the leader of a radical Arab Muslim group Goal = entire nation of only Arab Muslims Target Black Christians and Animists
CONFLICTS OVER OIL
Discovered oil in 1978 in southern Sudan
Arab/Muslim north fought Black/Christian south for control
Military government won control of the oil
This keeps the south in poverty Government does not give any profits to
the south
DARFUR Region in the west In 2003, Black Sudanese rebelled
government neglected them In 2004, Government army attacked
to stop rebellion Government hired radical Arab militia
to carry out killings of Darfur villagers Called Janjaweed = “Devil on
Horseback” U.N. declares it genocide
THIS MEANS…
Sudanese government planned out the killings of the Black Africans in their own country
Mass-murder was organized and issued by General Bashir (president)
His intention is to oppress and eliminate non-Arab/Muslim Africans in Sudan
TODAY… Held first elections
in 24 years in Feb. 2010 Gen. Bashir won with
68% of vote 2011 vote
determined Southern Sudan could become an independent nation in July
GENERAL OMAR AL-BASHIR
First sitting head of state to ever be indicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC)
2009 Charged with 5 counts of Crimes Against
Humanity (murder, extermination, forcible transfer, torture and
rape) 2 counts of War Crimes
(pillaging and intentionally directing attacks against civilians)
2010 Charged with 3 counts of Genocide
#’s 1, 2, & 3
RWANDA
ETHNIC HISTORY
Region first organized into kingdoms
Hutus and Tutsis were two major tribes
By 1800’s one kingdom dominated the land
Sparked tension between Hutus and Tutsis
Kingdom fell to Germans
COLONIAL HISTORY German colony from 1884-1916 Became Belgian colony in 1919 Belgian government preferred Tutsis
over Hutus Tutsis were minority (15%) Hutus majority (85%) Tutsis given more rights and freedoms
Government required Hutus to carry ID cards Sparked class warfare over the next 75
years
RWANDAN INDEPENDENCE
Became independent nation in 1962 After giving up control, Belgium began
to favor Hutu majority Hutus killed & exiled Tutsis to
neighboring Burundi Hutu President Habyarimana seized
control in 1973 Government began threatening Tutsi
elimination
TENSION BOILS OVER
Civil war erupted in 1990 Tutsi refugees invaded attempted to overthrow Hutu government
Hutus believed Tutsis were responsible for all problems
In April 1994, President Habyarimana was assassinated in a plane crash Believed plane shot down by Tutsi rebels
Final straw between two tribes
TUTSI GENOCIDE Approximately 100 days long Estimated 800,000 Tutsi massacred in
villages across Rwanda Hutu military carried out murders Tutsi rebel-group Rwandan Patriotic
Front (RPF) defeated Hutu militia Rwandan government replaced by Tutsi
President Paul Kagame
CRIMINAL CHARGES 1996 Rwandan government held
genocide trials of many government officials 22 were killed for their role in the murders U.N. not supportive of the punishment of
death 1998 U.N. held trials
Found 2 guilty of Crimes Against Humanity Sentenced to life in prison
SOUTH AFRICA & APARTHEID
THE BOERS
Dutch were first to settle on the southern tip of Africa
Set up a “rest stop” for passing ships Turned into Cape Colony
Most Dutch settlers were farmers Boers = farmers
BRITISH VS. DUTCH
1775 – British invade and occupy Cape Colony
For 100 years, these countries fight several wars for control of Cape Colony
1910 – Union of South Africa is formed 1931 – Officially becomes a part of
Great Britain
APARTHEID
Apartheid = “Apartness” in Afrikaans Segregated white South Africans from
black South Africans South Africans were classified by race
White Indian (also a colony of Great Britian Coloured (mixed race) Black
APARTHEID LAWS Races separated into
specific geographic locations
87% of land reserved for only 20% of population
White, Indians, & coloured
Created “homelands” for blacks
13% of land divided into 10 homelands
No longer citizens of S. Africa (no vote)
Deemed “guest laborers”
Had to carry a pass
Could not intermarry
Could not employ white person
Black police could not arrest a white person
Could not get a S. Africa passport Had to carry a
passbook from their “homeland”
Could not travel
ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT
U.N. declared Apartheid a crime against humanity
African National Congress (ANC) promoted civil disobedience of unjust laws ANC leader = Nelson
Mandela Sentenced to life in
prison for treason = betraying your country
International Sanctions: World refused to trade
with S. Africa Companies refused to
invest in S. African companies
Banned from Olympics Boycotted tourism to S.
Africa
GOVERNMENT RESISTANCE
1980’s – Only government to have segregation laws constitutional
Attempted to eliminate the opposition through police & military
Concealed activity through censorship Kept foreigners out Restricted television & newspaper reports
APARTHEID ENDS
1989 – Prime Minister repeals Apartheid laws
1990 – Apartheid abolished 1992 – vote to amend the constitution
& give equal rights to citizens 1994 – Nelson Mandela elected
president in first multi-racial election President until 1999
COLONIAL HISTORY & INDEPENDENCE Former colony of Great Britain Gained independence in 1962
Debate over whether to be a fully united country or to allow the various kingdoms to have some self-rule
Established a republic form of government Milton Obote elected prime minister Mutesa II appointed as president
Position with not much power
THE RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS
1966 Obote staged a coup (takeover) which exiles the president Led by his army commander, Idi Amin
Obote introduced a new constitution Abolished all kingdoms Appointed himself as executive
president and prime minister (dictator) Used his military to suppress any
opposition to his newfound power
IDI AMIN
1971, while Obote was overseas, Amin staged a coup Overthrows Obote Becomes new dictator
Exiles all Asians Targets all tribes other
than his own Estimated 500,000
Ugandans murdered or tortured during his reign
Goal to rid Uganda of all people who are not in his tribe
OVERTHROW OF AMIN
1978 Amin invaded Tanzania Tanzanian military defeat Amin
Obote and small army of exiled Ugandans help
Amin fled to Saudi Arabia Lived there until his death
OBOTE RETURNS
Obote is put back in power by another military coup in 1980 Elections officially place him back as
president During his presidency Obote used
violence to maintain his rule Allows tribes to carry out massacres
against each other Obote finally exiled again in 1985 Replaced by guerilla army leader
Yoweri Museveni
UGANDA TODAY
Museveni still in power today as president Under his rule, stability and economic
growth has returned New constitution of 1996 allowed only for
one party to be in control National Resistance Movement All parties, however, are welcome to share ideas
Rights granted in the constitution include: universal suffrage (voting) the secret ballot a free press separation of executive, legislative and judicial
powers
COLONIAL HISTORY
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) colonized in 1885 by Belgians Called Congo Free State Under the leadership of King Leopold II
1908 King Leopold gave up control Renamed Belgian Congo
Belgians sought to convert Congolese to their Christian views Had no interest in maintaining native cultures
INDEPENDENCE
In late 1950’s, many African colonies asking for independence
Belgians knew they could not hold on to their land much longer without violence
Granted independence in 1960 Became Republic of the Congo
Belgians left the country in instability Tribal leaders left to fight over control No one left with any knowledge of how to run a government
Elections held in 1960 Patrice Lumumba named prime minister Joseph Kasavubu named president
POLITICAL UNREST UNFOLDS
Shortly after independence military revolt against their officers Looted the capital Murdered the Prime Minister
1964-1965 ½ of the country taken hostage by rebels US, European, and Belgian troops sent to
help
MOBUTU SESE SEKO
1965 General Mobutu seized control of government using military force
Declared himself president for 5 years Reelected in 1970 Renamed the country Zaire
Made all citizens adopt African names
Maintained control through the 1980’s Began using force to eliminate opposition
CONTROVERSY OVER MOBUTU
1990’s brought scrutiny to Mobutu’s methods of power Accusations of
human rights violations
Accusations of corruption
Embezzlement of government funds
CONGOLESE WARS
1996 Hutu refugees from Rwanda living in Zaire Sending rebels from these camps to attacks new
Tutsi government in Rwanda Soon joined with Congolese Hutus to attack
Congolese Tutsi in DRC Tutsis formed their own militia to defend
themselves Warfare began between these two groups
Uganda and Rwanda joined Tutsi militia Began rebellion against Mobutu
MOBUTU OVERTHROWN
1997 Mobutu exiled Replaced by Laurent Kabila
Named himself president Changed country to DRC
Kabila assassinated in 2001 Replaced by his son, Joseph Present-day president of DRC
DRC TODAY
Continued instability and fighting Involved in border dispute with Rwanda
Continued attacks between these nations Rebellions
Lack of water Food supply shortages