The Dawn of Civilization (Prehistory – 300CE). Themes of History There are 8 common themes that...
Transcript of The Dawn of Civilization (Prehistory – 300CE). Themes of History There are 8 common themes that...
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The Dawn of Civilization(Prehistory – 300CE)
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Themes of HistoryThere are 8 common
themes that connect people & society throughout history.
1. Arts & Ideas2. Belief Systems3. Economic System4. Geography &
Environment5. Government &
Citizenship6. Migration &
Diffusion7. Science &
Technology8. Society
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History …History is the study of man
& the human experience Prehistory: Before writing History: Writing
Historians & anthropologists learn about past societies by studying culture & artifacts. Culture: A society’s
knowledge, art, beliefs, customs & values
Artifacts: Man made objects from the past Ex: clay pots, coins, tools, etc.
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Key DiscoveriesDonald Johnson:
“Lucy”: Partial skeleton proving that man walked upright at least 3mya
Mary & Louis Leakey: Laetoli Footprints: 3.5mya
– earliest evidence that man walked upright
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Australopithecine
Homo Habilis
Homo ErectusHomo Sapiens
• “Southern Ape”• 4-5mya in Africa• Upright• Walked on 2 legs
• “Handy Man”• 2.4mya in Africa• Simple stone tools
• “Upright Man”• 2-1.5mya in Africa• Stone tools & axe• Controlled fire• Migrated out of Africa
• “Wise Man”• 200,000ya in Africa• Same as modern man• Migrated around the world• Created fire
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Human Migration (Movement) It is believed that humans
first appeared in Africa
About 200,000ya, early man began to move out of Africa To Asia, Australia, Europe
& the Americas
The Ice Age made this movement possible Created frozen land
bridges that connected the continents
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The Stone Ages (2.5mya – 3,000bce)Paleolithic Age
(2.5mya – 10,000ya)
Neolithic Era(8000 – 3000bce)
AKA: The Stone Age Major Advancements: Tools People:
Nomads: Moved from place to place following food
Hunter-Gatherers: Men hunted & women gathered plants/berries
Technology: Specialized tools, clothing & shelter
Art: Cave paintings, stone carvings Religion: Animism – the belief
that all things in nature have a spirit
AKA: The New Stone Age Major Advancements: Farming &
better tools Neolithic Revolution (10,000ya)
Development of agriculture & farming!!
Domestication of plants & animals Domestication: selective breeding
of plants & animals to be more useful to humans
People: Pastoralists: Herded live stock Some began to create settlements
Technology: farming tools, pottery, weaving
Religion: More formalized w/gods
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• 10,000ya – end of Ice Age
• Warmer climate & new plants
• Man learned to farm
NEOLITHICREVOLUTIO
N
(man begins to farm)
• Domestication of plants & animals
• New farming tools
• Larger & more stable food supply
• Early settlements & farming villages
• Pastoralists herd animals
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Man begins to use bronze tools Bronze is metal that is stronger than copper
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From Villages to Cities Improved farming techniques
(irrigation) led to a surplus (extra) in food supply
Extra food meant less people were needed to farm
Other people could focus on different jobs
Pottery making, weaving, etc.
Specialization: Being really good at what you do
Division of Labor: Each person has a specific job
Leads to trade
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• Type of economy in early farming villages• An economy based on customs & traditions
• Ex: farmers trade food for pottery or blankets
• Still around today…•Ex: S. American tribes, tribes in Africa, the Amish…
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7 Characteristics of Civilization Formalized
Religion• Ceremonies, rituals, religious leaders
Developed Cities
• Social & Economic institutions Organized
Gov’t.• Created laws, taxed, oversaw construction
Specialized Labor
• Farmers, tax collectors, builders
Social Classes• Social order based on occupation
Record Keeping & Writing
• Taxes, crop output• Writing beliefs & ideas
Art & Architecture
• Monuments, statues, pictures
Artisans: skilled craftsmen• Pottery, weaving,
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Changes in Civilizations Early civilizations relied on
the environment & began to trade for things they did not have
As people traded, they began to share ideas
Cultural Diffusion: Sharing & adopting new ideas, skills, & beliefs.
As civilizations continued to grow, they began to compete with each other for resources, often leading to warfare
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The Fertile Crescent Fertile land between the
Mediterranean Sea & the Persian Gulf.
Due to the nutrient rich soil, many civilizations emerged Fertile soil = good for
farming!! Civilization is dependent on
geography
2 major rivers run through the Fertile Crescent Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
Mesopotamia: Land between the rivers
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Sumerian Civilization Settled in Sumer
Cities developed around 3,000bce Used mud bricks (example of
how geography influence society)
City-states developed Political unit with a
government
Ziggurats were temples at the center of each city-states Pyramid shaped
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Sumerian Religion & Gov’t. Religion was the center of life
Polytheism: Belief in many gods Usually controlled nature,
protected each city-state, & were like humans
Priests initially governed city-states & enjoyed high status
Successful war chiefs became kings & formed dynasties
Dynasty: rulers from the same family
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Sumerian Culture
Math & Sciences• Number system based on 60• Used geometry to build cities
& irrigation systems• Invented wheel & plow
• Basic surgery
Arts• Ramps, arches, &
Columns• Cylinder seals
Writing• 1st writing system
• Cuneiform • Used stylus on clay tablets
• Epic of GilgameshGilgamesh Interactive
Trade & Society• Traded with other societies
• Traders became wealthy• Class systems
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Mesopotamian EmpiresAkkadians Babylonians Hittites
• Ruled by Sargon I
• 1st permanent Army
• 1st Empire
• Empire: Large area w/many different people
• Ruled by Hammurabi
• Taxed & traded
• Hammurabi’s Code:1st set of written laws &punishments
• Adapted ways ofprevious empires
• Strong military withChariots
• Began ironworking
• Adapted ways of previous empires
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Mesopotamian Empires (Cont’d)Assyrians Chaldeans Phoenicians
• Military power with ironweapons =very harsh
• System of roads
• Kings ruled throughLocal leaders
• Library of Nineveh had20,000 cuneiform tablets
• Babylon was the capital
• Nebuchadnezzar II•Built Hanging Gardens
• Calendar based on phasesof the moon
• Used astronomy to predict weather
• Wealthy trading society
• Expert sailors• Dominated trade• Explored
• Alphabet• Influenced Greek& English language
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The Hebrews Ancestors of the Jews
Traced back to Abraham
Torah: Sacred religious book 1st 5 books of the Old Testament
The Torah states that God promised the Hebrews “the promised land” of Canaan
Modern day Israel
Abraham led people to Canaan & land was divided into the 12 Tribes
1 for each of Abraham’s sons
Patriarchs: Ancestral fathers of modern Israelites
Abraham & his sons
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Egypt & the Hebrews As the Hebrews became powerful,
the kings of Egypt feared & enslaved them
The Exodus: Moses led the Hebrew slaves back to the promised land
40 years in the desert
Moses asked prayed for help & was given the 10 Commandments
Moral laws
After reaching Canaan, Israel became very powerful, but divided around 722bce
Diaspora: Movement of Jews outside of the promised land
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Judaism Monotheistic: Belief on only
1 God Believed to be the 1st
monotheistic religion
Believed in: Justice & righteousness Obedience to the law
10 Commandments Mosaic laws govern
worship & prayers
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The Persian Empire Cyrus the Great: Created the
largest empire in the ancient world He allowed the many different
people to keep their customs & cultures
Darius I: Rebuilt Persian Empire after Cyrus’ death Created permanent army Satraps: governors of certain
regions w/i the empire It was too big for Darius to rule on his
own
Xerxes: Last strong ruler of Persia
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Zoroastrianism New religion based on
dualism Dualism: Belief that the
world is controlled by two forces – good v evil!!
People have free will & can choose to act as they please
Declined after Persian Empire declined However, ideas are still
around today & influenced many other religions
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Persian Achievements Blended cultures
Cultural diffusion….
Road system Help rulers communicate with
regions around empire Easy for military to move
around empire
Art Gold cups Stone carvings Columns
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Ancient Egypt Civilization developed along
the Nile River in Africa Longest river in the world Very fertile soil (silt) deposited
when Nile flooded
Delta: area around the mouth of the river Richest soil
Divided into two kingdoms Upper Egypt Lower Egypt: Near delta
Menes: United Upper & Lower Egypt
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Basics of Egypt Pharaohs: Egyptian kings
Seen as gods
Theocracy: Gov’t. ruled by religious figures Pharaohs were “god-like”
The Pharaoh counted on many people to help him/her rule Bureaucracy: Structured
system of gov’t. officials Vizier: Most powerful; Pharaoh’s
main advisor
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Significant Pharaohs Hatshepsut: Only female
pharaoh of Egypt Took over when husband died Funded huge long distant
trading expositions
Akhenaten: Changed Egyptian religion to monotheistic Worship only 1 god (Aten – sun
god)
Ramses the Great: Made peace with the Hittites Most building projects
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Egyptian Religion Mainly polytheistic
Osiris: Judge of the Dead Isis: Goddess of nature &
protector of women Horus: God of the sky Anubis: Protector of the dead Amon-Re: King of the Gods
Obelisks: Tall pillars with detailed carvings
Priests cared for the gods & common people played no role
Believed in an afterlife
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Mummification Process to preserve the body from decaying
How Egyptians prepared their pharaohs for the afterlife
Pyramids: Burial tombs for the pharaohs Size does matter…the bigger the pyramid, the more powerful the
pharaoh
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Egyptian Life Class System
Gov’t. officials & priests, doctors & scribes (writers)
Artisans & merchants Peasant farmers (90%)
Women had more rights in Egypt than anywhere else in the ancient world Worked outside the home!!
Leisure time spent like we do Played games, ate,
swimming…
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Egyptian Writing Hieroglyphics: Egyptian
form of writing that used symbols
Papyrus: Plant that was made into paper for writing
Rosetta Stone: Ancient stone with 3 different languages
Hieroglyphics, demonic, & Greek Unlocked the key to translating
hieroglyphics & other ancient texts
..
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Art, Science, & Math Huge pyramids & temples
The Great Sphinx Huge statue 65 feet high!!
Basic math & advanced geometry
Studied human anatomy Heal broken bones, remove
tumors, basic surgery…
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Ancient India India is a subcontinent
Subcontinent: Large land mass that is part of a continent India is part of the Asian
continent
Two major rivers helped support Indian civilization Indus River Ganges River
Monsoons: Seasonal winds Summer = warm, rainy months Winter = cool, drier months
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Indus Valley Civilization Cities:
Well planned with roads in a grid system
Sewer system
Economy: Based on agriculture & trade
Society: Varnas: Four social classes,
which were divided into hundreds of smaller classes called castes.
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Hinduism Religion practiced by most
Indians, even today
Believe that life is a pattern of birth, death & rebirth
Reincarnation: process of being reborn
Dharma: Set of spiritual duties Achieving dharma frees one from
the cycle of rebirth (moksha)
3 sacred texts The Vedas Writings inspired by the Vedas Sacred epics (long heroic poems)
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Jainism Less ritualistic than Hinduism Can achieve moksha by giving up all worldly possession & carefully controlling actions Strive to eliminate greed, anger, gossip, etc. from their lives
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Buddhism Based on the teaching of
Siddhartha Gautama, aka = Buddha
Four Noble Truths & the Eightfold Path are essential to Buddha’s teachings All centered around
overcoming suffering
Nirvana, a state of perfect peace, could be obtained by following the Eightfold Path Freedom from suffering
Middle Way: To live in moderation & avoid excesses
Spread around the world
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Ancient China As with other ancient
civilizations, two major rivers supported society in ancient China: Yangzi River Huang He (Yellow) River
As the rivers flooded they deposited rich soil called Loess Just like the Nile left silt
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Shang Dynasty (1766BCE) 1st dynasty of China
Governed by a bureaucracy A system of governors
Most of what is known about the Shang came from exploring tombs Afterlife b/c prisoners were
buried with royals
Achievements: Writing Bronze works Architects Astronomy & Calendars Money
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Zhou Dynasty (1100BCE) Ruled by the Mandate of
Heaven The gods would support a just
ruler & not allow the corrupt to govern
Dynastic Cycle: Rise & fall of dynasties Just dynasties lasted & those
that were corrupt collapsed
Achievements: Iron working (stronger &
cheaper than bronze) Army Roads & canals Coins Chopsticks
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New Philosophies
Based on the teachings of Confucius
People should show love & respect for each other by honoring traditions & rituals
Respect for tradition would restore stability to life & society
Based on the teachings of Laozi
Encouraged people to reject the laws of man & respect the laws of nature
Yin-Yang: Balance of nature Male & Female Black & White Hot & Cold
Confucianism Daoism