The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner

8/20/2019 The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner

1/27

THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY

MUSEUM NOTES

18

numismatic

Symy /VsOCIETYJJggpT /

THE

AMERICAN NUMISMATIC

SOCIETY

NEW

YORK

1972

This content downloaded from 83.85.149.119 on Thu, 25 Feb 2016 12:21:58 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions


2/27


3/27

THE DATED

CISTOPHORI OF EPHESUS

(Plates XI-XV)

Fred

S. Kleiner

Among

the

coinages

of the Hellenistic

world,

the

cistophori

are

perhaps the most remarkable. Exceptional in the choice of types

and

unique

in

weight

standard,

these

curious coins

pose

more

problems

than

they

solve.

Although

they

carry

the mint marks

of

over a

dozen

known cities and

often bear

dates,

there is

still no

general agreement

on

when the

coinage

was

begun1

nor

why

its

peculiar

weight

standard was

adopted.2

Moreover,

ome

of the

most

widely

held views

regarding

he

cistophori

re

open

to

question.

One

such view

concerns

the

dated issues

of

Ephesus

and is the

subject

of this

paper.

The

larger questions concerning

the

beginning

and

purpose of the cistophoric coinage must be discussed elsewhere at

greater ength.3

It is

universally

accepted

that the

cistophori

of

Ephesus

were

undated

prior

to the formation f the Province of Asia

in

134/133

b.c.,

and

that thereafter n

"almost unbroken"

series of

dated

coins was

issued for

sixty-seven years.

Both

assumptions

are

surprising

n

light

of the

recorded evidence.

Of

the

sixty-seven

years

of

dated

emissions,

only

twenty-four

ere known to Pinder.4

Head

was

able

1Themostrecent iscussionslacethebeginningf thecistophoricoinage

about

188

b.c. and connect he

istophori

ith

he

enlargement

f

the

Attalid

kingdom

n

Asia Minor fter he

Treaty

of

Apamea.

H.

Seyrig,

RN

1963,

pp.

22-31

C.

Kraay,

Greek oins

nd

History

Oxford, 969), p.

8-9.

I

would

place

the date still

ater,

a. 166

b.c.,

after umenes I's

greatvictory

ver

the

Galatians,

nd

after he reation

f

free

ort

t

Delos,

which

ignificantly

altered

he

patterns

ftrade

n

the

Hellenistic orld.

2

The

cistophorus

as been

variously

escribed s

a silver

piece

of

reduced

Rhodian

r

Chian

weight,

s a didrachm n the

Aeginetan

tandard,

nd

as

threeRomandenarii r three

Attic

drachms.

ompilation

f

approximately

1000

pecimens

truck efore 28b.c. reveals

hat he

istophoric

etradrachm

was ntended o

weigh

2.60

grams

t thetime f ts

nception.

8A studyofthecistophoricoinageof Asia Minorbased on the notesof

Sydney

. Noe s

currently

n

preparation

y

the uthor.

4

M.

Pinder,

Uber

die

Cistophoren,

bh.Berlin

855,

p.

533-635,

os.

25-54.

17



4/27

i8 FRED S. KLEINER

to add eleven

to that

list,5

and

since then

only

seven

other

years

have been

published, raising

the

total

to a mere

forty-two,

r

sixty-

two

per

cent.

By

contrast,

the

published

record of

the

pre-133

cistophori

of

Ephesus

includes four ssues

with dates

ranging

fromA

(year 1)

to

AK

(year

21).

Both

groups

require

reexamination.

I. REGNAL DATES

An

example

of an

early

Ephesian cistophorus

dated

year

A

(Plate

XI,

6)

was

known

to

Imhoof-Blumer

and illustrated

in

his

study

of the

coinage

of

Pergamům.6

More

recently,

two

additional

specimens

have been

published:

one

by

Nekriman

Olçay;

the second

in an

auction

catalogue

of

1964.7

All

these

pieces may

be

distinguished

from

the later

year

1

pieces

dated

from the formation

of the

Province of

Asia

in

134/133

B.c.

by

the

symbol

in

the

right

field

of

thereverses.The later serieshas a torch as the invariable civicbadge

of the

city

of

Ephesus;

the earlier

pieces

have

a double

cornucopiae

as

symbol.

Nevertheless,

oth varietieshave

two

features

n

common:

the

placement

of

the date

and ethnic

to the

left,

and the inclusion

of

a

bee between

the

opposed

heads of

the

serpents.

This

format,

as well as the detail

of

the

bee,

may

indicate that the two varieties

of

year

A

are not

too distant

in time.

Year

B

(Plates

XI,

7;

XII,

1)

was

known

to

Pinder8 and several

pieces

of this

variety

are included

in

catalogues

of

major public

and

private collections.The issue differs romthat of year A and from

the later series

in

two

respects

the

B is

placed

to

the

right

and the

symbol

in

the

right

field is

a bust

of Artemis

Ephesia

wearing

a

lofty

headdress. One

specimen

published

by

Nekriman

Olçay9

shares

an

obverse

die with

pieces

of

year

A

(Plate

XI,

6-7).

6

B. V.

Head,

NC

1880,

p. 149-151.

6

F.

Imhoof-Blumer,

Die

Münzen er

Dynastie

on

Pergamon,"

bh.

Berlin

1884,

Pl.

IV,

7.

7

N.

Olçay,

Istanbul

Arkeoloji

Müzeleri

Yilligi

11-12

(1964),

pp.

58-63

(Turkish)

nd

171-177 English),

no.

42.

Kress

Sale, Munich,

June1964,no. 286.

8

Pinder, Cistophoren,"

o.

19.

9

Olçay,

no.

58.



5/27

DATED CISTOPHORI OF EPHESUS 19

There

are

no

known

early Ephesian

cistophori

dated

to

years

P-I0,

but several are recorded

for

year

K

(20) (Plates

XI,

1-2;

XII,

2).

This issue

was also listed

by

Pinder10 nd is

represented

n

a few of

the

published

collections.

n

this

case

the K is

placed

to

the left and

the

symbol

n

the

right

field s

a

profile

ust of Artemisthe

huntress.

The last

series,

AK

(21

Plate

XI,

3-5)

is

likewise

represented

n

Pinder11 nd

in

several

published catalogues.

It bears

many

points

of

resemblancewithyear A. A double cornucopiaeis again the symbol

in

the

right

field;

the A is

to the

left;

and

in

a

few

examples

a bee

is

placed

between the

serpents'

heads.

Moreover,

the

style

of

many

of the

obverse

and

reverse dies of the two

years

is so

close that

it

seems

almost certain that some of the dies of

years

A

and

AK

were

executed

contemporaneouslyby

the

same

man,

rather

than

twenty

years

apart.

The

similarity

s so

striking

that one of Mr.

NewelTs

pieces,

where the K has been

erased,

is almost

indistinguishable

rom

the

pieces

marked

year

A.12The

significance

f this observation will

soon become apparent.

The

following

s

a

corpus

of all

specimens

of

these

four

years

known to me.13 For

each

denomination,

Arabic

numerals indicate

10

Pinder,

Cistophoren,"

o.

24.

Cf.

he

perceptive

emarksfE. H.

Bunbury,

NC

1883,

p.

183,

note

3:

"There s one coin described

y

Dr. Pinder nd

by-

Mr.

Head in his

ist

with he etter

K

in

the

field,

which

hey

do not

regard

as a date

. . .

because the coin

n

question

. .

wants he

ong

torchwhich

appears

o be characteristicf

heusual eries

earing

ates.

Notwithstanding

this variation

t

appears

o me more

probable

hat the etter

K

is

intended

for

date."

11

Pinder, Cistophoren,"o.23.12 eries b,4-b.

13

wish

to

thank he

following

urators or

upplying

asts or

photographs

of

he

material nder heir are:

M.

Jessop

rice nd G. K.

JenkinsLondon);

G.

Le Rider

(Paris);

H.

Bioesch

(Winterthur)

M. Comstock

Boston);

O. Morkholm

Copenhagen);

.

Kraay

(Oxford);

H.-D.

Schultz

Berlin);

N.

Olçay Istanbul);

H.

von

Aulock;

G. Pollard nd M.

Hendy Cambridge);

G.

Dembski

(Vienna);

S.

Taner

(Ankara);

M. Oeconomides

Athens);

J.

Oleson

Dewing oll.);

A.

Robertson

Glasgow);

H. E. van Gelder

Hague);

and

H. Küthmann

Munich).

he

pieces

n

the ANS collection re llustrated

from asts

prepared

y

Mrs.

Persy

Coronis.

n

addition,

profited

rom

discussions

r

correspondence

ith C.

Boehringer,

.

Cahn,

P.

R. Franke

and,

above

all,

M.

Thompson,

withoutwhose assistance his

paper

could

neverhavebeenwritten. herebylso gratefullycknowledge grant rom

the American

hilosophical

ociety

which nabledme to visit he

collections

in

Istanbul,Ankara, zmir,

Bergama

nd Athens

n

May/

ne

1971.



6/27

20 FRED S. KLEINER

obverse

dies,

numbered

consecutively

for ll series lower case letters

indicate reverse

dies

within a

single

series.

Tetradrachms

Obv.

Cista

mystica

with

half-open

id,

from which a

serpent

issues

to 1. all within

an

ivy

wreath.

Rev. Two coiled

serpents

with heads

erect;

between them an

ornamentedbow-case with

strap

at r.,

usually

containing

a

strung

bow at 1. E


7/27


Series

3:

To

r.,

double

cornucopiae;

above

1.,

A

(year 1);

above

center,

bee.

5-a.

*ANS-Strauss

12.35

t

(Plate

XI,

6)

;

ANS-ETN

(Asia

Minor

1928 hoard)

12.51

f;

ANS

12.45

Istanbul

(Yesil-

hisar

1963

hoard,

42)

12.65 t

I

Berlin 12.68.

5-b.

ANS

(Asia

Minor

1955 hoard) 12.59

t

Kress

130,

June

1964,

286.

Series

4:

To r.,

facing

bust of Artemis

Ephesia

with

lofty

head-

dress;

above

r.,

B

(year

2).

Pinder

19.

5-a.

Istanbul

(Yesilhisar

1963

hoard,

58) 12.67

/

■

6-b. Istanbul

(Yesilhisar

1963

hoard,

57)

12.60

f.

6-c.

*

ANS-ETN

(Asia

Minor

1928 hoard) 12.43

f

(Plate

XI,

7)

;

von

Aulock,

SNG

7842

12.65.

6-d.

London,

BMC

144

12.65 t;

Kress

130, June

1964,

285.

6-e. Berlin

12.52

(pierced)

Vienna

12.38

/

.

6-f.

Serrure,

April

1911,

43;

Kress

149,

November

1969,

243.

6-g.

Lockett, SNG

2813

(Naville

1,

April

1921, 2435)

12.64

t-

7-g.

ANS-ETN

(Asia

Minor

1928

hoard)

12.71

/

;

Paris

12.30

f.

7-h.

Von

Aulock,

SNG

1858

12.59.

7-i.

Helbing, April

1927, 1774

=

Helbing,

March

1920,

hi.

8-j.

*ANS-Strauss

12.65

t

(Plate

XII,

1);

Istanbul

(Yesilhisar

1963

hoard,

56) 12.74

t-

8-k.

Istanbul.

8-1.

Kress

120,

November

1961,

208.

9-m.

ANS-BYB,

SNG

1057 12.46

/

;

Kress

135,

March

1966,

188.

9-n. ANS-BYB, SNG 1058 12.58 / ; Istanbul

(Yesilhisar 1963

hoard,

60)

12.50

/

'

Commerce.

Didrachms

and

Drachms

Obv :

Club,

over which a lion's skin is

draped;

all

within a

wreath.

Rev.: Bunch of

grapes, placed

upon

a vine leaf. EOE in 1.

field;

other marks

as indicated.

Series i : As above.

1-a.

*Na ville

1,

April 1921, 2439

6.02

(Plate

XII,

2).

2-b.

""Copenhagen,

NG

315 2.83 f

(Plate

XII,

3).



8/27

22 FRED S. KLEINER

Series

2b

or

3:

To

1.,

bee

on

side;

to

r.,

double

cornucopiae.

3-a.

*ANS-Stephens 6.15

t

(Plate

XII,

4).

4-b.

*Berlin

2.73

(Plate

XII,

5).

It will

be noticed that five of

the

pieces

come from

the

1963

Yesilhisar

hoard,

buried in

130

B.c.,14

nd five

others from he

1928

Asia Minor

hoard,

buried

in 128

b.c.

An

additional seven

pieces

dated

year

B

were

recorded

by

Newell

as

part

of the

1928

hoard,

but

have been dispersed.15 n both hoards, the

early

series of dated

pieces

are well

represented;

only

the latest

pieces,

dated

from the

formation of

the

Province of

Asia,

outnumber them.

The

former

series was

probably

struck

n

the

years

just

prior

to

134

b.c.,

which

accords well with the

similarity

n format

between

the two series

noted above.

This

assumption

is

confirmed

by

the evidence of the British

Museum's

piece,

dated

year

K,

which was

struck

over a

Macedonian

tetradrachm

of the

firstdistrict

(Plate

XI,

1).

Part

of

the

legend

MAK . . . nPß . . . and the end of the club are still visible beneath

the

cistophoric

obverse.

The

Macedonian series was

issued between

158

and

149

b.c.,16

nd the

cistophorus

of

year

20 must

postdate

158

and is

probably

somewhat later.

An

unpublished

hoard of

cistophori

and

tetradrachms

f

Prusias

I

and

II,

Eumenes

II,

Demetrius

I,

and

Side,

buried

ca.

150-140

B.c.,

does not

contain

any

dated

Ephesian

cistophori.17

The

range

of

possibilities

s thus

very

narrow,

and in the

period

between

158-150

and

134

B.c. there is

only

one

set of dates

that

14

The

lot of 100

cistophoricquired y

the stanbul

Archaeological

useum

contains

everal

ntrusions:

os.

30-37,69-70,

nd

91.

The

remaining

ighty-

nine

pieces

constitute he

largerpart

of

a hoard

of

104

pieces

found

t

Ye§ilhisar

n

1963.

The seven

Ephesian ieces,

nos.

62-68,

dated

132-130

.c.

are

n

excellent

onditionnd

indicate

hat

hehoardwas buried a.

130

b.c.

15

The

1928

hoardwas seen n several ots

during

928-29

by

E. T.

Newell

and G. F. Hill.

The London ot of

sixty-threeieces

was

published y

Hill

(NC

1929,

pp.

72-76)

and the burial

dated "soon

after

29

b.c." The entire

lot

of

158

pieces

has now been studied

by

the

author;

he

only significant

additions o

Hill's

record re

two

pieces

f

Ephesus

ated

year

C

(129/128.c.).

18

This

series

has been

discussedmost

recently y

P.

MacKay,

Ancient

MacedoniaFirst nternationalymposiumSalónica, 970), p. 256-264,with

previous

ibliography.

17

nformation

egarding

his

hoardwas

kindly

rovided

y

C.

Boehringer.



9/27


could

correspond

o

years

1,

2,

20,

and 21.

In

139/138

b.c. Attālus

II

died

during

his

twenty-first ear

as

king

of

Pergamům

and was

succeeded

by

Attālus

III. The

years

K

and AK

must refer

to the

twentieth

nd

twenty-first

ears

of the former's

reign (140/139

and

i39/i38),

and

A

and

B

to

the first wo

years

of his successor's

rule

(139/138

and

138/137).

This would

explain

why

pieces

marked

AK

and A

are so close

in

style

and format.

They

were issued

in

the

same

calendaryear,but commemoratedifferentegnalyears. This solution

would

also

provide

an

explanation

for the erased

K on

NewelTs

piece

(4-b). Apparently

the

Ephesian

mint had

struck,

but

not

yet

issued,

a series of AK

pieces

when

the

change

in rulers occurred.

In

order

to avoid

restriking

he

now misdated

coins,

the K

was

simply

removed,

rendering

the

pieces

indistinguishable

from

those

shortly

to be

struck

from he new

year

A dies.

There

does

not, however,

seem

to be

any

special

reason

why

the

series did not

begin

until the twentieth

egnal

year

of

Attālus

II and

was abruptlyhalted in the second year ofAttālus III, norwhy the

dates

appear

on

the

coins

of

Ephesus

and not

of

Pergamům

itself.

Perhaps

the

celebration

of Attālus II's twentieth

year

on

the

throne,

coinciding

with his

eightieth birthday,

was

sufficient

eason

for

beginning

the series. The cessation

in

138/137

must remain un-

explained.18

n

any

case,

the

identification

of

Ephesian

cistophori

commemorating

he

regnal

years

of

two

Pergamene

kings

once

again

attests to the

political hegemony

of

Pergamům

at

this

time,

and

to

its influenceon

(or

control

over)

the

issuance

of silver

coins

by

its

possessionsin Asia Minor.

II. PROVINCIAL

DATES

The

following

s a list

of all issues

of dated

Ephesian cistophori

after

134

b.c. known to me.

Fifty-seven

f the

sixty-sevenyears

are

represented,

s well as all three

cistophoric

denominations.

Previously

unpublished

ssues are indicated

by

an

asterisk

and

are illustratedon

Plates

XII-XV.

18 t is unlikelyhatany piecesmarked ,A orE were ver struck. everal

hoards buriedbetween

130

and

128

b.c. do

not

contain

ny

such

pieces,

although

, AK,

A

and

B

are well

represented.



10/27

24 FRED S. KLEINER

Tetradrachms

Obv.: Cista

mystica

with

half-open

lid,

from

which a

serpent

issues

to 1. all within an

ivy

wreath.

Rev.'

Two

coiled

serpents

with heads

erect;

between them an

ornamentedbow-case with

strap

at

r.,

usually

containing

a

strung

bow

at 1. EOE in 1.

field;

torch n

r.

field;

other

marks as indicated.

1. Above

center, bee;

to

1.,

A

(year

i

=

134/133).

Pinder

25;

von

Aulock,

SNG

7844.

2.

Above

center,

bee;

to

1.,

B

(year

2

=

133/132).

Pinder

26;

Cam-

bridge,

SNG

4431

de

Luynes

2597.

3.

Above

center, bee;

to

1.,

T

(year

3

=

132/131).

Pinder

27;

von

Aulock,

SNG

7846.

4.

To

1.,

T.

London,

BMC

156; Copenhagen,

SNG

317;

von

Aulock,

SNG

7845

Glasgow,

Hunter 26.

5. Above center, bee; to 1., A (year 4 = 131/130).Copenhagen,

SNG

319.

6. Above

center,

A. Pinder 28

Copenhagen,

SNG

318

;

von

Aulock,

SNG

7847.

7.

Above

center,

E

(year

5

=

130/129).

London,

BMC

157; Copen-

hagen,

SNG

320;

von

Aulock,

SNG

i860;

Cambridge,

McClean

8087;

Aberdeen,

SNG

272.

*8.

To

1.,

lyre;

to

r., NE;

above

center,

E. ANS-Strauss 12.60

/

(Plate

XII,

6).

*9. Above center,stag r. to 1., E. ANS-Strauss 12.67 / (Plate

XII,

7).

*10.

Above

center,

stag

r.;

to

1.,

C

(year

6

=

129/128).

ANS-ETN

12.73

t

(Plate

XII,

8).

11.

Above

center,

Artemis

Ephesia;

to

1.,

Z

(year

7

=

128/127).

London,

BMC

158.

12.

Above

center,

stag

r.;

to

1.,

H

(year

8

=

127/126).

Pinder

29;

von

Aulock,

SNG 1861.

*13.

Above

center,

Artemis

Ephesia;

to

1.,

0

(year 9

=

126/125).

London 11.72 f (Plate XIII, 1).

*14.

Above

center,

cornucopiae;

to

1.,

0. London

10.70

f

(Plate

XIII,

2).



11/27


*15.

Above

center, tar;

to

1.,

(year

10

=

125/124).

Athens

411. 1969

12.6o

'

(Plate

XIII,

3).

*16. Above

center,

ound

shield;

to

1.,

IA

(yearn

=

124/123).

Berlin

12.57

/

(Plate

XIII,

4).

17.

Above

center,

Dioscurus

pileus

surmounted

by

star;

to

1.,

IB

(year

12

=

123/122).

Pinder

32

(Vatican

IB was misread

by

Pinder

as

KA)

Cambridge,

McClean

8093.

18. Above center, caduceus; to 1., II". Berlin 12.49 t (pierced);

unpublished.

*19.

Above

center,

aduceus;

below

C-

ĀIN-C;

to

1.,

T.

A. S.

Dewing

Coll.

(Plate

XIII,

5);

below

1.,

C-ÄI;

below

r.,

N -OF*

Berlin

12.64

t-

All three

varieties of

year

IT are struck

from

the same

obverse

die.

*20.

Above

center,

orch;

to

1.,

A

(year

14

=

121/120).

ANS

12.48

/

(Plate

XIII,

6).

21. Above

center,

torch;

to

1.,

IE

(year

15

=

120/119). Cambridge,

McClean 8088.

22.

Above

center,

ornucopiae;

to

1.,

C

(year

16

=

119/118).Copen-

hagen,

SNG

321.

*23.

Above

center,

bunch

of

grapes;

to

1.,

IS

(year

17

=

118/117).

London

12.46

f

(Plate

XIII,

7).

*24.

Above

center,

cornucopiae;

to

1.,

10

(year

19

=

116/115).

New

York,

Private

Coll.

(Plate

XIV,

1).

*25.

Above

center,

ear

of

grain;

to

1.,

AK

(year

21

=

114/113).

ANS-Strauss

12.29

'

(Plate

XIV,

2).

26. Above center, ear of grain; to r., KA. Copenhagen, SNG

322.

27.

Above

center,

yre;

to

1.,

BK

(year

22

=

113/112).

Von

Aulock,

SNG 1862

Cambridge,

McClean

8089.

28.

Above

center,

Helios head

facing;

to

1.,

~K

year

23

=

112/111).

Cambridge,

McClean

8090-91.

*29.

Above

center,

gorgoneion;

to

1.,

AK

(year

24

=

in/no).

ANS

12.50

Î

(Plate

XIV,

3).

*30.

Above

center,

winged

caduceus;

to

1.,

EK

(year

25

=

110/109).

Hague 5691a 12.36 t (Plate XIV, 4).

31.

Above

center,

winged

caduceus;

to

1.,

CK

(year

26

=

109/108).

Cambridge,

McClean

8092.



12/27

26 FRED S. KLEINER

32.

Above

center,

palm

branch;

to

1.,

KH

(year

28

=

107/106).

Copenhagen,

SNG

323.

33.

Above

center, trident;

to

1.,

K©

(year 29

=

106/105).

Copen-

hagen,

SNG

324.

34.

Above

center,

bunch

of

grapes;

to

1.,

A

(year

30

=

105/104).

Cambridge,

McClean

8094-95.

*35.

Above

center, wreath;

to

1.,

bee,

above which AA

(year

31

=

104/103).ANS 12.61 t (PLATEXIV, 5).

36.

Above

center,bucranium;

to

1.,

AB

(year

32

=

103/102).Copen-

hagen,

SNG

325.

37.

Above

center, owl;

to

1.,

Ar

(year

33

=

102/101).

Cambridge,

McClean

8096.

38.

Above

center,

tripod;

to

1.,

AA

(year 34

=

101/100).

Pinder

33;

London,

BMC

159;

von

Aulock,

SNG

7848;

ANS-BYB,

SNG

1059

Cambridge,

McClean

8097.

*39.

Above

center,

tripod;

to

1.,

AE

(year

35

=

100/99).

ANS-ETN

12.39 t (Plate IV, 6).

*40.

Above

center,

crested helmet

r.;

to

1.,

AC

(year

36

=

99/98).

ANS-ETN

12.27

t

(Plate

XIV,

7).

*41.

Above

center,

crested helmet

r.;

to

1.,

AH

(year

38

=

97/96).

Commerce

12.27

(Plate

XV,

1).

*42.

Above

center,

crested helmet

r.;

to

1.,

A0

(year 39

=

96/95).

ANS

12.64

t

(Plate

XV,

2).

43.

Above

center,

andelabrum;

to

1.,

M

(year

40

=

95/94)-

ondon,

BMC 160 von

Aulock,

SNG

7849.

44. Above center, bee; to 1.,MA (year41 = 94/93). Von Aulock,

SNG

7850.

45.

Above

center, fulmen;

to

1.,

MA

(year

44

=

91/90).

Pinder

35-

46.

Above

center,

erpent

staff;

to

1.,

ME

(year

45

=

90/89).

Pinder

36;

Copenhagen,

SNG

326.

47.

Above

center,

headdress of

Isis;

to

1.,

MC

(year

46

=

89/88).

Pinder

34

and

37 Glasgow,

Hunter

27.

48.

Above

center,

filleted

trident;

to

1.,

MZ

(year

47

=

88/87).

London, BMC 161.

49.

Above

center,

head

of

Isis

facing;

to

1.,

MH

(year

48

=

87/86).

Pinder

38;

Copenhagen,

SNG

327;

von

Aulock,

SNG

7851.



13/27


50.

Above

center,

Nike

holding

wreath in

r. to

1.,

M©

(year 49

=

86/85).

Pinder

39-40;

London,

BMC 162.

51.

Above

center,

eagle

on

fulmen;

to

1.,

N

(year

50

=

85/84).

Von

Aulock,

SNG

7852.

52.

Above

center,

Hermes

holding

wreath in r.

and caduceus

in 1.

to

1.,

NA

(year

51

=

84/83).

Pinder

41;

London,

BMC

163;

Copenhagen,

SNG

328-329;

von

Aulock,

SNG

7853.

53. Above center,headdress of Isis; to 1., NB (year 52 = 83/82).

Pinder

42;

London,

BMC

164; Copenhagen,

SNG

330.

54.

Above

center,

bow in

bow-case;

to

1.,

NT

(year

53

=

82/81).

Pinder

43;

London,

BMC

165; Cambridge,

SNG

4432.

55.

Above

center,

cornucopiae;

to

1.,

NA

(year

54

=

81/80).

Von

Aulock,

SNG

1863.

56.

Above

center,

Artemis

triding

.,

bow

in

1.,

drawing

arrow

with

r.;

to

1.,

NE

(year

55

=

80/79).

London,

BMC

166;

von

Aulock,

SNG

1864;

ANS-BYB,

SNG

1060;

Cambridge,

SNG

4433.

57. Above center,owl on palm branch; to 1.,NC (year56 = 79/78).

Pozzi Coll.

=

Naville

1,

April

1921,

2437.

58.

Above

center,

Priapus facing;

to

1.,

NX

(year

57

=

78/77).

Pinder

44;

Copenhagen,

SNG

331.

*59.

Above

center,

stag

r.;

to

1.,

EA

(year

61

=

74/73).

London

12.41

/

(Plate

XV,

3).

60. Above

center,

ear of

grain

between

opposed

cornucopiae;

to

1.,

Er

(year

63

=

72/71).

Pinder

45.

61.

Above

center,

palm

branch between

opposed

cornucopiae;

to

1.,

Er. Pinder 46.

62. Above

center,

covered

crater;

to

1.,

EA

(year

64

=

71/70).

Pinder

47;

London,

BMC

167; Copenhagen,

SNG

332-

333-

63.

Above

center,

gorgoneion;

to

1.,

EE

(year

65

=

70/69).

London,

BMC

169.

64.

Above

center,

ear of

grain

between

opposed cornucopiae;

to

1.,

EE.

Pinder

48

;

Cambridge,

SNG

4434.

65.

Above

center, poppy

between


to

1.,

EE.

London, BMC 168.

66. Above

center,

palm

branch between

opposed

cornucopiae;

to

1.,

EE.

Pinder

49.



14/27

28 FRED S. KLEINER

67.

Above

center,

quiver

between

opposed

cornucopiae;

to

1.,

EC

(year

66

=

69/68).

Pinder

50.

68.

Above

center,

ear

of

grain

between


to

1.,

HC.

Copenhagen,

SNG

334

;

Cambridge,

SNG

4435.

69.

Above

center,

poppy

between

opposed

cornucopiae;

to

1.,

EC.

London,

BMC

170;

von

Aulock,

SNG

7854;

Weber

5866.

70.

Above

center,

palm

branch between


to

1.,

EC. Pinder 51 ; London, BMC 171 Cambridge,McClean 8098.

71.

Above

center,

quiver

between

opposed

cornucopiae;

to

1.,

EZ

(year

67

=

68/67).

Pinder

52.

72.

Above

center,

ear of

grain

between

opposed

cornucopiae;

to

1.,

EZ.

Pinder

53

;

Glasgow,

Hunter 28.

73.

Above

center,

poppy

between

opposed

cornucopiae;

to

1.,

EZ.

Cambridge,

SNG

4436-4437.

74.

Above

center,

palm

branch

between

opposed

cornucopiae;

to

1.,

EZ.

Pinder

54;

London,

BMC

172; Copenhagen,

SNG

335;

von Aulock, SNG 1865.

Didrachms

and Drachms

Oiv.:

Club,

over which a lion's skin

is

draped;

all within a

wreath.

Rev. Bunch of

grapes,

placed upon

a vine leaf.

Efl>E elow 1.

other

marks as indicated.

*75. Above 1., bee; below r., torch; below 1.,A (year 1 = 134/133).

Munich 6.22

(Plate

XV,

4).

76.

Above

1.,

bee;

below

r., torch;

below

1.,

A. Von

Aulock,

SNG

I859.

*77.

Below

r.,

torch;

above

1.,

CK

(year

26

=

109/108).

ANS

3.13

f

(Plate

XV,

5).

The

seventy-seven

issues

enumerated

above

represent

almost

everyyear

from

33

to

67

b.c.

and

suggest

hat the

"almost unbroken"

series of issues was a continuous row of annual emmissions.

The

missing years (IH,

K, KZ,

AZ, MB, MT,

NH, N0,

E and

HB)

will

undoubtedly

turn

up

when new

hoards

are uncovered.



15/27


It

is

interesting

hat

Ephesus

is the

only city

to

place provincial

era dates

on

its

cistophori,19

decision

which

possibly

reflectsa

readier

acceptance

of Roman rule than

in

the other Attalid

cities.

It is

perhaps

significant

hat t was an

Ephesian

fleet hat

turnedback

the

pretender

Aristonicus,

while

other cities

opened

their

gates

to

him as

the

rightful

eir

to

the Attalid throne.20

In Issues

1-3,

the

date

is

placed

in

the

upper

left

field,

a

bee

is

included between the serpents' heads and a torch occupies the

right

field.

Whatever

function

the

changing

symbols

served on

the

Ephesian cistophori

prior

to

134,

the bee

and torch have no com-

parable

significance.

The

torch,

which

remains

the civic

symbol

of

the

Ephesian

mint until the

introduction f

cistophori

of new

types

under Mark

Antony,

s

really

a

subsidiary

type,

not a

control

mark;

and

the

bee also seems

to lack

any

temporal

significance.

Issues

4-9

reflect brief

period

of

uncertainty

with

regard

to the

format

of the

cistophoric

reverses and

to

the inclusion

or omission

ofmarks ndicatingpersonalcontrol.The civic bee is usuallyomitted

and the

date

is

variously placed

to the

left

or

in

the

center,

until in

Issue

9

a

satisfactory

format s

attained.

Henceforth,

the

date

is

placed

to

the

left and a

symbol

is

located

between

the

serpents'

heads.

In

Issue 8

(Plate

XII,

5),

a

monogram

and

symbol

appear.

That

the

symbol,

as well as the

monogram,

s a mark of

personal

control

s

borne

out

by

the

erratic

pattern

of

symbols

used in

subsequent

years.

In

Issues

9,

10 and

12,

the

symbol

s a

stag,

while n

11

and

13,

ArtemisEphesia appears. In 20 and 21 a torch s used; in 14, 22 and

24,

the

symbol

s

a

cornucopiae.

The

lyre

of

year

E

appears

again

in

Issue

27,

the

cornucopiae

is

repeated

in

55

and the

stag

in

59.

In

years

KH,

K0, A, AA,

AB

and

Ar,

a

different

ymbol

is

used with

each

date,

while a

tripod appears

with

both

AA and

AE,

and a

crested

helmet

is used

in

year

AC and

retained for AH and

A0. Years

EE,

EC

and

EZ

employ

four

ymbolsper year

with threeof

them

retained

throughout

and

so on.

19

The

dates on the

T7TOA

pieces

of

Tralles,

as K.

Regling, rankfurterMünzzeitung932, p.1-5,hasshown,rereckonedromulla'sreconstruction

of

the

Province f

Asia in

85/84

.c.

20

trabo

14.1.38.



16/27

30 FRED S. KLEINER

Such a

pattern

of

symbols

cannot

correspond

o artists'

signatures,

months

or the ike. As the hi of

ssue

8,

the

symbols

can

only

be the

personal

marks of

supervising

magistrates,

whose

terms of officewere

unequal

in

length,

or

signify

liturgy,

as

Thompson

has

shown

to

be

the

case with

the

New

Style

silver

coinage

of Athens.21

The

most

curious

of

all

the

seventy-eight

ssues

is

year

IT

(Plate

XIII,

5)

in

which the

name of

a Roman

magistrate

s

added

in

Latin,

as on the later pro-consular cistophori. The official,OÄIN-OF

cannot be

identified

with

any

known Roman

magistrate

n

Asia

in

122/121

B.C.22

III.

CISTOPHORIC OVERSTRIKES

The

publication

of

the dated

Ephesian

cistophorus

of

140/139

B.c.

struck

over a Macedonian tetradrachm

of the

firstdistrict

(Plate

XI, 1) affords he opportunity or a generaldiscussionofcistophoric

overstrikes.

Plate

XV,

6 illustrates

a

cistophorus

of Tralles23

which

is also struck

over

a

Macedonian

tetradrachm.

Very

little

of

the

undertype

s

visible,

but in

the

left field

of the

reverse,

somewhat

obscured

by

the

ethnic,

. .

QTHZ

(reading

downward)

s still

egible.

Plate

XV,

7

reproduces

a

cistophorus

of

Ephesus24

struck

over

a

Thasian tetradrachm

f

the HPAKAEOYZ IfìTHPOZ

type.25

ll

three

21

M.

Thompson,

he New

Style

ilver

Coinage

f

AthensANSN S

10

(New

York, 1961).

22

T.

R. S.

Broughton,

he

Magistratesf

the

Roman

RepublicNewYork,Ī952),p. 462cites C. (Atinius?)abeo,governorfAsia "before0,possibly

before

00

B.c.;"

Ins v. Priene

121. D.

Magie,

Roman

Rule n Asia

Minor

(Princeton,

950), p. 1579, places

C. Labeo's

governorship

n

120/119B.C.

B.

V.

Head,

HistoriaNumorum2

Oxford,

91

), p.

575

and note

1,

cites a

variant

f this

piece,

lso

dated

IT

"The date

and the

early tyle

of this

cistophorus

ake t

quite mpossible

o

identify

he

magistrate

hosename

it bears

with

C#ASIN#C#F

Gallus),

roconsul f

Asia in

b.c.

6-5."

28

ANS-ETN

12.53

f.

24

ANS 12.11

f.

25

The Thracian etradrachms

re

traditionally

ated

after

46

b.c.,

but this

date has

recently

een

questioned

y

M.

Thompson,

ho

prefers

o

place

the

beginning

f the Heracles

eries

fewdecades

earlier

ANSMN

12

[1966],

p. 61 and note4; cf. G. Le Rider n Guidede Thasos Paris,1968],p. 190).

The evidence

f the

Ephesian

verstrikeoes

not

unequivocally

uleout

the

traditional

hronology,

ut it

renderst

exceedingly nlikely.

My

die

study



17/27


cistophori

attest

to

an

elaborate

process

of

restriking

t the

mints

of

Ephesus

and

Tralles,

for the Attic

weight

pieces

were

apparently

heated

and

trimmedto

approximate

the size

and

weight

of

a

cisto-

phoric

flan

before

being

struck

with new dies.

Why

this

costly

operation

was

preferred

o

outright

melting

nd

restriking

annot

be

determined.

A

fourth

xample

of

overstriking

was

already

known

to

Pinder26

and is now in Berlin. The cistophorus is a didrachm of Tralles

weighing

6.20

grams;

the

undertype

s

a

Rhodian didrachm with a

facing

Helios

head,

usually

ascribed

to

the

period

before

189

B.c.

In this

case,

the

overstruck

piece

was not

trimmed,

nd

its

unaltered

flan

has

been used

as

evidence for the

compatability

of the

two

weight

standards.27

The

question

of

compatability

is,

however,

quite

different rom

that

of

acceptability.

The four

cistophori

are

all

struck

over

fairly

recent,

fully

egible

foreign

ieces.

Whether or

not the value of

these

coins could be easily converted nto cistophoricdenominations,the

fact

that

restriking

was

carried

out indicates that

the

Macedonian,

Thasian and

Rhodian

pieces

were

not

legal

tender

at

Ephesus

or

Tralles.28 The

earlier

regnal

coinage

of

Pergamům

is

frequently

foundwith other

Attic

weight

pieces

from ities as far

way

as

Athens,

and the

Philetaerus

types

were

often

hoarded

in

Syria.29

By

contrast,

cistophori

are

rarely

found

outside Attalid

territory

nd

hoards

of

of the

early

istophori

uggests

hat the

cistophorus

n

question ught

o

be

dated bout145b.c. It ishighlymprobablehat heundertypes a Thraciantetradrachmfthevery arliest

ariety

whichhadbeen

brought

o

Ephesus

from

hasos nd

restruckn

the

veryyear

t

entered

nto

irculation.

nough

is

visible f

theThracian

ndertype

hat

systematic

omparison

ith

ther

Thasian

pieces

might

ead to an

identificationf

the dies. f

the ssue marks

werefound

o

be

rather ate

in

the

series,

s seems

ikely,

Miss

Thompson's

suggestion

ould

be

confirmed

nd the Thasian

chronology

laced

on

firm

ground.

26

Pinder,

Cistophoren,"

.

551,

pl.

I,

16.

27

ee

note

2

above.

28

At

a later

date,

even the

Attic

weight ieces

of

nearby

amphylia

ad to

be

countermarkedo

insure heir

cceptability.

.

Mowat,

RN

1906,

p.

291

Mowat,

orolla

umismatica

Oxford,906), p.189-207;

. P.

Noe,

ANSMN

6

(1954).pp-85f.

29

The

hoards

of

Philetaerus

oins are

discussed n

U.

Westermark,

as

Bildnisdes

Philetairos on

Pergamon

Stockholm,

960),

with

bibliography.



18/27

32 FRED S. KLEINER

cistophori

almost

always

exclude

pieces

of

any

other

weight

stan-

dard.30

Actual

exchanges

of

cistophori

for

Attic

or

Rhodian

funds

must

have

been restricted

to international frontiers.

Those

foreign

pieces

which reached

cities where

cistophoric

mints were located

were

apparently

melted

down

and restruck.

f

it

was the intention

of Eumenes

II

in

creating

the

cistophorus

to

make

the new coins

the

only

form

of

money

valid for commercial transactions

within

Attalid territory, e was highlysuccessful.

80

The area of

circulationf the

cistophori

as been most

recently

iscussed

by

H.

Seyrig,

N

1963,

p.

25-26,

with

ommentary

n earlier

ibliography.

What s so

peculiar

bout the

cistophori

s that

they

arely

eft he area

in

which

hey

were

truck.

t is

very

ifficult

o believe

hat

ny

Attalid

ecree

would

have

prevented foreign

merchant

rom

ccepting istophori

s

payment

fhis

client

rovided

n amount f

istophoric

ilver

qual

n

bullion

value to the

askingprice

n

another

urrency.

et

such transactions

ere

apparently

are,

specially rior

o 128.

Only

one

explanation

s to

why

he

cistophori

ended o remain t home

appears probable.

The Attalid ilver

musthave had a

higher

alue

within

ergamene

erritory

han outside t.

Somedegree fovervaluationmustbe postulated r else theflexibilityf

the

cistophoric

eight

tandardwould have

encouraged

ather han

dis-

couraged xport

f these oins.



19/27

XI

DATED CISTOPHORI OF

EPHESUS



20/27


21/27

XII

DATED CISTOPHORI

OF EPHESUS



22/27


23/27

XIII

DATED CISTOPHORI OF EPHESUS



24/27


25/27

XIV

DATED

CISTOPHORI

OF

EPHESUS



26/27


27/27

XV

DATED

CISTOPHORI

OF

EPHESUS

The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner

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Transcript of The dated cistophori of Ephesus / Fred S. Kleiner