The Cytoskeleton. Intermediate Filaments 8-10 nm in diameter Four types: basis of aa sequence actin...
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The Cytoskeleton
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Intermediate Filaments
• 8-10 nm in diameter
• Four types: basis of aa sequence
• actin & tubulin -> globular protein, cell type specific• subunit of IF -> fibrous protein, wide range of size, nonpolar
• Around nucleus, extend out to cell periphery (by attachment of ut)
• Abundant in cells require mechanical stress:• epithelia, length of axon, cytoplasm of smooth muscle
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Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s Disease) :accumulation and abnormal assembly of NF in motor neuron cell bodies and in the axon-> interfere axonal transport-> degeneration of axon-> muscle weakness and atrophy
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A microtubule array can find the center of a cell
Dynamic + ends pointing outward and stable - ends collected the center
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Dynamic instability
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Effects of stathmin on microtubule polymerization
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Organization of microtubule bundles by MAPs
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The effects of proteins that bind to microtubule ends
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Capping proteins help to localize microtubules
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Microtubule motors
Dynein
Kinesin
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Microtubules in cilium or flagellum
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Ciliary dynein
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The bending of an axoneme
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Basal bodies
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Kinesin and KRP
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A model for the attachment of dynein to a membrane-enclosed organelle
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Actin filaments
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The tip of the leading edge of a cell nucleates actin filaments
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Nucleation by the ARP complex
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Web formation by the ARP complex
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Actin Binding Proteins
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Profilin bound to an actin monomer
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Effects of thymosine and profilin on actin polymerization
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Filament capping and its effects on filament dynamics
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Actin array in a cell
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Actin-cross-linking proteins
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The formation of two types of actin filament bundles
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A microvillus
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Filamin cross-links actin filaments into a 3-D network with the physical properties of a gel
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Filament severing and its effects on filament dynamics
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A model for actin filament severing by gelsolin
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Platelet activation
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The role of ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin)-family proteins in attaching actin filaments to the plasma membrane
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Focal contacts and stress fibers in a cultured fibroblast
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The effects of Rac, Rho, and Cdc42 on actin organization in fibroblasts
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The Actin motors
Myosin
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Myosin II
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The Myosin II bipolar thick filament
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The motor activity of the myosin head
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Myosin superfamily tree
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Comparison of the domain structure of the heavy chains of myosin types
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Light-chain phosphorylation and the regulation of the assembly of myosin II into thick filaments
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Skeletal muscle myofibrils
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Organization of accessory proteins in a sarcomere
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T tubules and the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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