The CUSTOMS 15 Project (overview and beginnings)

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CUSTOMS 15: a digital data archive of Ireland’s international trade 1698–1829 Dr Aidan Kane Dr Patrick A. Walsh Dr Eoin Magennis Economics School of History & Archives InterTrade Ireland NUI Galway UCD [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] The award of a “New FoundaGons” grant, by the Irish Research Council is gratefully acknowledged. www.research.ie www.duanaire.ie/trade 11 th November 2014

Transcript of The CUSTOMS 15 Project (overview and beginnings)

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CUSTOMS  15:  a  digital  data  archive  of  Ireland’s  international  trade  1698–1829  

Dr  Aidan  Kane   Dr  Patrick  A.  Walsh   Dr  Eoin  Magennis  

Economics   School  of  History  &  Archives   InterTrade  Ireland  NUI  Galway   UCD  

[email protected]   [email protected]   [email protected]  

The  award  of  a  “New  FoundaGons”  grant,  by  the  Irish  Research  Council    is  gratefully  acknowledged.  www.research.ie    

www.duanaire.ie/trade  

11th  November  2014  

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The  “Customs  15  Ledgers  of  Exports  and  Imports”  at  the  UK  National  Archives  

We  got  the  UK  National  Archives  to  digitise  12  of  the  140  volumes  in  this  set  of  bound,  handwritten  ledgers.  Each  has  about  100  A3  pages.  Later  years  have  more.  They  cover  the  years  1698  to  1829.  The  data  eventually  get  much  less  complete/reliable.  After  about  120  years.    We’ve  captured  a  fraction  of  the  data  in  our  12  sample  volumes.    

We’d  like  to  capture  all  of  the  rich  data  here,  and  make  it  all  available.  For  everyone.  

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Trade  of  Ireland  300  year  ago.    An  overall  summary  of  exports  and  imports  by  region  in  the  year  ended  25th  March  (Our  Lady’s  Day)  1714.    Regions  include  British  North  America—both  the  mainland  colonies,  and  the  British  West  Indies  islands  in  the  Caribbean.    

What’s  in  the  ledgers?  

Here’s  one  page.  

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Exports  only,  1714.    The  ledgers  distinguish  between  the  “Produce  of  this  Kingdom”,  i.e.,  exports  of  Irish  goods  from  exports  of  “Foreigne  Commodities”  i.e.,  goods  imported  ^irst,  then  immediately  re-­‐exported.  

Fifty  years  later,  1764,  essentially  the  same  format.  And  for  another  50  years.  

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There’s  more.  A  drilling  down  into  exports  for  1714.  On  the  left  are  commodities.  The  main  cells  of  this  spreadsheet  contain  quantities  exported  to  each  region.  Rightmost  columns  are  totals,  price  per  unit,  and  total  value.  To  the  farthing.  

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A  detail  from  the  previous  table.  It’s  all  about  (salted)  beef  in  1714.  To  supply  the  Plantations.  

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Check  your  totals.  This  clerk  does.  At  the  end  of  the  account,  the  page  totals  are  brought  forward  and  added  up,  to  give  the  total  as  before.    It  goes  on  like  this,  for  over  a  century.    

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From  7  sample  volumes,  we  reckon  there  are  about  350  distinct  commodities.  We’ve  had  a  ^irst  cut  at  categorising  the  data  and  re-­‐calculating  it  in  various  ways.  Our  tables  are  not  as  beautiful  as  the  originals.  But  they  are  a  bit  more  ^lexible.  

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We  can  view  the  data  for  each  region  i.e.,  trade  partner    …  and  drill  down  into  the  pattern  of  trade  for  each  commodity.    In  this  case,  it’s  a  broad  commodity  group.      It’s  all  about  beef.    But  not  quite.  

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It’s  also  about  linen.  And  hundreds  of  other  commodities.  

If  we  had  the  full  data  set,  we’d  have  over  a  hundred  data  points  in  these  charts.  You  can  interact  with  these  sample  charts  on  our  project  web  site.  

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There  are  also  ….  

 

Fish.  (and  kelp.)  

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The  most  extraordinary  level  of  detail:  tables  showing  the  trade  for  each  of  (usually)  20  ports.  This  is  the  1704  port  table  for  exports  to  Holland.    There  are  similar  tables  for  exports  to  each  of  the  other  regions,  and  for  imports.  from  those  regions.    This  format  is  followed,  page  after  page,  year  after  year,  for  about  120  years.  

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The  records  invite  unique  explorations  of  local  and  regional  economic  and  commercial  histories      

on  the  island  of  Ireland.      

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Also,    a  table  of  shipping  &  tonnage,    and  the  region  of  that  tonnage  appears  each  year,    listing  the  ports.  

Because  it’s  only  one  page  per  year,    we  photographed  these  tables  from  1719  to  1764  to  give  a  nice  run  of  data  to  chart.  

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Towards  the  detailed  history  of  ports  …  

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All  this  care  and  attention  is  expended  because  his  Majesty  needs  tax  revenue.  Each  year,  he  can  see  where  he  gets  it,  by  type  of  tax,  for  each  port.  

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We  photographed  these  one-­‐pagers  too,  from  1719  to  1764.      And  we  took  just  one  column  from  each,  i.e.,  total  trade-­‐related  tax  revenue,      for  each  port,  for  each  year.  

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By  the  1780s,  the  data  for  each  trade  partner  become  even  more  detailed.    Now  we  see  many  more  countries/regions,  including    

individual  states/areas  in  the  United  States,  and  in  the  Caribbean,  details  are  given  of  islands.      This  table  is  a  just  a  summary.    The  volume  contains  all  of  the  ^ine  detail  of  commodities  and  ports  in  earlier  ones  for  each  region.    

These  are  extraordinary  records.  

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Technology  matters    Each  page  in  this  volume  (no  67  i.e.,  for  1764)  when  digitised,  is  about  170MB.    So  the  resolution  is  rather  good.    It  means  we  should  be  able  to  capture  the  data  very  accurately.  Including  fractions.    

Because  that’s  the  kind  of  people  we  are.  

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A  diverse  skills-­‐set  is  required.  

We  need  academics,  students,  librarians,  technologists,  so  that  lots  of  people  can  engage  with  the  data,  and  with  the  history  of  Ireland.  

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Customs 15 as digital images Excel

MySQL database

Browse as web pages Cross tabs (incl. Excel)

dynamic charts

Dataverse

OCR/data entry

schema

php

highcharts

perl

Tools of the trade

This  is  the  basic  set  of  technology  tools  we’ve  used  so  far  to  capture  data.    We  have  to  scale  it  up,  carefully,  completely,  and  robustly.      And  then  we  have  the  data.  For  ever.  

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We’ve  developed  Excel  spreadsheets  which  mimic  the    layout  and  arithmetic  in  the  originals.  -­‐>    Our  excel  sheets  are  

probably  not  as  quick  on  the  arithmetic  as  

those  clerks.              

 Excel  is  OK  for  this,  but  to  process  all  this  data  ef^iciently,  we  take  it  into  MySQL,  a  very  powerful  database  programme.    

<-­‐  MySQL  is  fast.  And  free.  

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Part  of  the  challenge  is  to  write  software  which  deals  with  prices  and  complicated  commodities.    This  is  part  of  a  MySQL  programme  written  for  this  dataset.  

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We’ve  found,  so  far,  that  the  arithmetic  in  the  ledgers  is  generally  correct.    

Generally.  

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In  order  to  check  the  arithmetic,  we  had  to  get  MySQL  to  add  fractions  exactly,  i.e.,      …  not  by  rounding  them  to  decimals  which  would  not  go  down  well,      

in  the  18th  century.      This  is  part  of  the  MySQL  programme  which  does  that.  

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So  …  

•  130  volumes  •  120  years  •  c.350  commodiGes  •  prices,  quanGGes,  values.  •  7  trading  partners,  (and  aUer  c.1780,  35  trading  partners)  •  usually  20  ports  on  the  island  of  Ireland  •  perhaps  18,000  pages,  slightly  bigger  than  A3.    

Let’s  open  all  this  up  for  everyone.  

 

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www.duanaire.ie/trade    [email protected]