The Crusades& The Rise of Papal Power

1095-1215

The main topic in the readings for today was…

A. The reform of the Church

B. The commercial revolution

C. The establishment of communes

D. The centralization of political power in France

E. The emergence of heresies

Moldboard plow

How did the increased wealth change the culture of Europe?

In what sense is competition ingrained in our political system?

How did increased wealth and population change European politics?

Monarchies became

increasingly powerfulby 1300

Medieval Universities

French Gothic at St.

Chapelle

Gregory VIILeader of Church

Independence

Pope from 1073-1085

In the Dictates of the Pope, Gregory VII did which of the following?

A. Established the primacy of the papacy in matters spiritual and temporal

B. Claimed that the Church had no business is temporal or political matters

C. Established a set of guidelines for reforming the behavior of monks

D. Called for the first crusade

The German EmperorHenry III

(r. 1046-1056)

advocated reform of the Church

Council of Clermont

November 1095

Siege of Jerusalem,

1099

Crusader States

during the twelfth century

Krak de Chevalier – east of Tripoli

Templars and Hospitallers

Christian Soldiers of the High Middle

Ages

Crusader States

during the twelfth century

Bernard of Clairvaux

● Cistercian leader during much of the movement’s first century

● Considered by many contemporaries the holiest man in Europe

● Preached the Second Crusade, 1147-9

Portugal

Horns of Hattin,

1187

Leaders of the Third Crusade

Fourth Crusade’s Planned Course

Innocent III1161-1216

r. 1198-1216

The Venetian Mercantile Empire

Overview

● Background on Crusades● The First Four Crusades● Albigensian Crusade● 13th Century and Late Medieval Crusading● Consequences of the Crusades

Background on Crusades

● Early wars against Muslims– The reconquista (1000-1492)– The Norman conquest of Sicily (11th century)

● In cooperation with papacy

● By 1060s plans for crusades were under discussion among cardinals and leading bishops

Background

● The first crusade was conceived in the mid 11th century and was meant to reverse the capture of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from recent Muslim invasions

● Crusades had the effect of rallying the most violent members of Europe around the defense of the Christian religion

● Whether consciously conceived as a way to pacify Europe or not, the exportation of violent members of European society to fight in foreign wars had the effect of pacifying European society

The First Crusade

● Conceived before the papacy of Gregory VII (1073-85) but first preached by Urban II (1088-99) at Clermont in 1095

● Within a year of his sermon, two groups headed toward Constantinople

– The People's Crusade, led by Peter the Hermit; they took the overland route

– A slower and smaller contingent of well armed and equipped nobles some sailed to Constantinople while most also took the overland route

The First Crusade

● The People's Crusade arrived in Constantinople in late 1096 and received a cool reception– Poorly equipped– Little military experience– Undisciplined– Extraordinary religious faith

● The Byzantium Emperor provided transportation across the Bosporus to Asian Minor, where they were almost immediately massacred by Seljuk forces; the survivors returned to Constantinople and joined the knights in 1097

The First Crusade

● Predominately knights from central & southern France, Normandy, and Norman Sicily

● 25,000-30,000 well armed professional soldiers● Different goals from Byzantine “hosts”

– Byzantines wanted Asia Minor cleared– Crusaders wanted to capture Jerusalem, which they

did by 1099– On the way there, they also captured the ancient

Christian city of Antioch● The Crusaders establish the Kingdom of Jerusalem,

which lasts for almost 100 years

Summary of First Crusade

● The only Crusade to achieve its initial purpose: the recapture of Jerusalem and much of the Holy Land

● The territorial conquests were minor but they military victories demonstrated the ferocity of the western European warriors whose equipment and supplies were poorly suited to the hot, arid conditions of the Near East

● Increased contact between Europe and the rest of the Mediterranean

Second Crusade, 1147-49

● Inspired by Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)● Led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III, Holy

Roman Emperor● A failure: “an abyss so deep that I must call him

blessed who is not scandalized by it.”● Rivalry between the princes and also undermined

by princes of the Holy Land● Ended the Marriage of Louis VII and Eleanor of

Aquitaine, who married Henry II of England● Failed to take Damascus

Third Crusade, 1189-1193

● Reaction against the rising power of Saladin● Led by

– Emperor Frederick Barbarossa● Drowned on the way there

– King Phillip Augustus of France● Quarreled with Richard and went home

– Richard the Lion Hearted of England● Richard enjoyed military and diplomatic success but

failed to recapture Jerusalem; he was later taken hostage by the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI

● Ultimately this crusade was also a failure

Fourth Crusade, 1198-1204

● Initiated by Innocent III● Led by territorial princes, notably Baldwin of Flanders● Embarcation from Venice

– Purpose hijacked by the Venetians: attacks on Zara and Constantinople

● Crusaders excommunicated by Innocent III twice but readmitted to the Church both times

● Huge influx of booty to the West● Temporary re-unification of Christianity

Albigensian Crusade, 1209-1229

● The Cathars, 1150-1250– dual gods– anti-clericalism– rival church– support in the Midi– the perfecti

● The papal response– the Dominicans– the Crusade– Philip II “Augustus”

Carcassonne

Albi

13th Century Crusades

● 1212: Children’s Crusade● 1228: Crusade of Frederick II● 1234-41: Crusade of Thibault of Champagne and

Richard of Cornwall● Crusades of Louis IX (St. Louis)

– 1248-54: Sixth Crusade– 1270-2: Seventh Crusade

● 1235-90: The “Political” Crusades

Late Medieval Crusades

● 1291-1336: Planned French Crusades● 1365: Cypriot Crusade against Alexandria● 1300s & 1400s: Crusades in the Baltic● 1464: Crusade of Pope Pius II

Consequences of the Crusades

● Altered balance of power between Europe, Byzantium, and Islamic Caliphates

● The extension of papal power– alliance with Normans and then the French against

HRE– popular politics

● Western Europe comes into more frequent contact with Byzantine and Muslim states– increase of Arabic knowledge– recovery of “lost” texts

The Crusades and the Papacy– Initiated by Urban II (c. 1100)– Reinvigorated by Innocent III (c. 1200)– Crusade as a means of eliminating heresy– Political weapon against Hohenstaufen

Emperors in mid-13th century– Strengthening of papal authority

● Moral leadership● Military purpose

– Papal indulgences

Significance of the Crusades

● The next step in Constantine's vision: Militant Christianity

● Just War is sanctioned● Western Europe goes on the offensive● Attacks against Byzantines; ascendance of the

West● Conquests in mid-East● Maritime benefits for Italian merchants

Summary

● Crusades elevated the papacy as the moral leader of western Europe

● Reduced violence against Christians by Christians● The crusades initiated the practice of indulgences, which

allowed those who could not make the trip to the holy land to sponsor a knight and thereby gain the spiritual advantages of crusading

● Brought control of the Mediterranean commerce into the hands of the Italians and especially the Venetians, who made enormous profits from trade with the Middle East

Summary

● The Crusades signified a change in the cultural and political position of Europe– Prior to the First Crusade (1095) the western Europeans

had been viewed as disorganized barbarians– By the end of the Fourth Crusade (1205) the western

Europeans not only gained control of shipping in the Mediterranean but they also demonstrated the ability to develop and adapt technology to their purposes

● The period of crusading coincided with a intellectual reawakening in Western Europe

What was the purpose of the Council of Clermont?

A. To initiate the First Crusade

B. To end the reconquista

C. To Launch the Norman Conquest

D. To gather support for the excommunication of the Byzantine Patriarch