THE CRUSADES 1096-1291
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Transcript of THE CRUSADES 1096-1291
THE CRUSADES1096-1291
A Quest for the Holy Land
Crusades
A long series or Wars between Christians and Muslims
They fought over control of Jerusalem which was called the Holy Land because it was the region where Jesus had lived, preached and died
Causes of the Crusades
The Call to Arms Byzantine emperor
Alexius Comnenus asked for help from West.
Pope Urban II called for the defeat of the Turks, returning the Holy Land to the Christians. If you die assured place in heaven.
Pope Urban II
Goals of the Crusades (from Western Perspective) Economic, social and political goals as well as
Religious Stop Muslim Turks from conquering additional
land from Christian Byzantine Empire. Reclaim Palestine / Holy Land from Muslims
and reunite Christendom, which had split in 1054.
Opportunity to unite Europe. Eventually goals change and include
Economic.
Who Answered the Call?
Feudal LordsKnightsPeasantsFueled by religious fervor, adventure, land.
Based on this map, which holy city was the destination of the first three? How about 4th crusade?
The First Crusade (1096-1099)
Peasant army Ill prepared Lacked military
equipment Many killed by
Muslim Turks Knights
Succeeded in capturing Jerusalem, July 15, 1099
Second Crusade (1147-1149) After victory many Christians went back
home. The Turks eventually took back much of
the territory and re-captured Jerusalem. 2nd Crusade was unsuccessful in taking
back Jerusalem.
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
Saladin leads the Muslim Turks to victory, defeating the Christians
* He was considered a very wise ruler. He was known for his sometimes kind treatment of fallen enemies. Many Christians saw him as a model of knightly chivalry.
Third Crusade (1189-1192)
King Richard of England and Saladin fight several battles, eventually convinces Turks to allow Christians to visit the Holy Land
• Well known in Literature, due to Robin Hood
Fourth Crusade (1199-1204)
Do not reach Holy Land Western – East Christian relations
strained Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204! In 1453, when Constantinople is under
siege by Turks, Byzantine Empire does not bother to ask Rome / West for help.
Crusades Continue Through 1200’s
Several more crusades attempted with no victories for the Christians
Children’s crusade of 1212, - 30,000 soldiers - many of them under 12 years old – Never made it to the Holy Land
Most died from cold, Hunger or sold into slavery
The last crusader citiesfell in 1291.
Crusades Die Out
Lack of interest Rising European prosperity Repeated military defeats Pope influence lessened, tired of
religious call to crusade
Results of the Crusades Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
after Constantinople sacked Vast increase in cultural horizons for
many Europeans. Stimulated Mediterranean trade. Need to transfer large sums of money for
troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques.
Romantic and imaginative literature.
Results of the Crusades Knowledge introduced to
Europe Heavy stone masonry, construction of
castles and stone churches.
Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
Moslem minarets adopted as church spires
Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes
Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return
Distrust (mild term) between religions