The crisis in NYC class sizes & threat to student privacy Class Size Matters
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Transcript of The crisis in NYC class sizes & threat to student privacy Class Size Matters
The crisis in NYC class sizes & threat to student privacy
Class Size MattersCitywide analysis 2013
Leonie Haimson, Class Size Matters
Why is class size important?• Class size reduction one of 4 reforms proven to work through
rigorous evidence, acc. to Inst. Education Sciences, research arm of US Ed Dept. *
• Benefits esp large for disadvantaged & minority students, very effective at narrowing the achievement gap.
• NYC schools have largest class sizes in state;
• 2003, NY’s highest court said students denied constitutional right to adequate education in part due to excessive class sizes (Campaign for Fiscal Equity decision).
• 86% of NYC principals say cannot provide a quality education because of excessive class sizes.
• Smaller classes top priority of parents on DOE learning environment surveys every year.
• *Other three K-12 evidence-based reforms, are one-on-one tutoring by qualified tutors for at-risk readers in grades 1-3, Life-Skills training for junior high students, and instruction for early readers in phonemic awareness and phonics.
Stagnant achievement in NYC schools under Bloomberg
• NYC students have fallen further behind their peers in other large cities, according to national assessments (NAEPs), coming in 2nd to last in progress since 2003;
• NYC also only large district where non-poor students have lower NAEP average scores than in 2003.
• Only 21% of NYC HS grads are considered “college ready”; 13 – 15% of Black and Hispanic students;
• Students needing triple remediation* at CUNY have doubled in last 5 years.
* Triple remediation means make-up classes in reading, writing & math.
Contracts for Excellence
• In April 2007, NY State settled the Campaign for Fiscal decision by passing the Contracts for Excellence (C4E) law.
• State agreed to send billions in additional aid to NYC & other high needs school districts; to spend in six approved areas, including class size reduction.*
• In addition, NYC had to submit a plan to reduce class size in all grades.
• In 2007, the state approved DOE’s plan to reduce class sizes on average to 20 students per class in K-3; 23 in grades 4-8 and 25 in core HS classes.
• In return, NYC has received more than $2.5 billion in cumulative state C4E funds since 2007.
*other allowed programs include Time on Task; Teacher & Principal Quality; Middle & HS Restructuring; Full-Day Pre-K; & Model Programs for English Language Learners
City’s class sizes have risen sharply in all grades since 2007…esp. in K-3; now largest in 14 yrs!
Baseli
ne
2007
-2008
2008
-2009
2009
-2010
2010
-2011
2011
-2012
2012
-2013
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2120.7
20.520.3
20.119.9 19.9
21 20.9
21.4
22.1
22.9
23.9
24.4560996563574
Average class size K-3(gened, ICT & G&T)
C4E TargetCitywide Actual
Avg.
Cla
ss S
ize
This year’s class size data is available at http://schools.nyc.gov/AboutUs/data/classsize/classsize.htm *All class size figures calculated averaging Gen.Ed, CTT and G&T November reporting.
1998
/1999
1999
/2000
2000
/2001
2001
/2002
2002
/2003
2003
/2004
2004
/2005
2005
/2006
2006
/07
2007
/08
2008
/09
2009
/10
2010
/11
2011
/12
2012
/1318.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
25.0
26.0
24.9
23.2
22.422.1
21.7 21.621.3
21.1 21.1 20.9
21.4
22.1
22.9
23.9
24.5
K-3 Class Sizes largest since 1998 (data sources: IBO 1998-2005; DOE 2006-12)
What happened in K-3
2007
-2008
2008
-2009
2009
-2010
2010
-2011
2011
-2012
2012
-2013
265000
270000
275000
280000
285000
11400
11600
11800
12000
12200
12400
12600
12800
13000
268100269097
275323
277878
280941
28466912804
12619
12451
12109
11758
11640
K-3 sections dropped consistently each year as student pop grows steadily
Total Stu-dentsTotal SectionsTo
tal S
tude
nts
Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Bronx Staten Island21.5
22
22.5
23
23.5
24
24.5
25
25.5
26
24.2
23.1
25.4
24.2
25.1
2012-13 average K-3 class size by borough
No. of Kindergarten students in very large classes has increased sharply
• This year 45% (29797) of Kindergarten students in classes of 25 or more (25 is UFT contractual max);
• In 2010, for 1st time since 2000, there were more K students in classes of 25 or more than in classes of 20 or less;
• In 2011, for 1st time since 1999, there were as many K students in classes of 20 or less (C4E goals) than in classes HIGHER than 25.
Almost half of all K students are now in classes of 25 or more
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
17
20
26
33
42
45
% Kindergarten students in classes of 25 or more
K students in classes of 25 or more by borough
Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Bronx Citywide0
10
20
30
40
50
60
14 14
23
17
27
17
41
34
4947
53
45
% of Kindergarten students in classes of 25 or more
200720082009201020112012
1997-1998
1998-1999
1999-2000
2000-2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
2005-2006
2007-2008
2008-2009
2009-2010
2010-2011
2011-2012
2012-2013
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
58%
39%
20%
7%9%
20% 21%
17%20%
33%
42%45%
8%9%
23%
33%
40% 41%38% 37%
40%38%
27%
24%
16%
12%
45% of Kindergarten students this year in classes of 25 or more
% at 25 or more
% at 20 or less
% G
en E
d an
d CT
T Ki
nder
garte
n st
uden
ts
Also in grades 4-8, class sizes have continued to increase far above C4E goals
Baseli
ne
2007
-2008
2008
-2009
2009
-2010
2010
-2011
2011
-2012
2012
-2013
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
25.6
24.824.6
23.8
23.3
22.9 22.9
25.6
25.125.3
25.8
26.326.6 26.67055707309
Average class sizes 4-8gened, ICT & G& T
C4E Target
Citywide Actual
Axis Title
4-8th grade class sizes largest in 9 years
1998
/1999
1999
/2000
2000
/2001
2001
/2002
2002
/2003
2003
/2004
2004
/2005
2005
/2006
2006
/07
2007
/08
2008
/09
2009
/10
2010
/11
2011
/12
2012
/1323.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0
27.5
28.0
28.5
28.1
27.527.2
27.4
27.0
26.726.4
25.925.7
25.1 25.2
25.8
26.326.6 26.7
4-8 Class Sizes largest since 2004 (data sources:IBO1998-2005; DOE 2006-12)
What happened in 4-8th grades?
2007
-2008
2008
-2009
2009
-2010
2010
-2011
2011
-2012
2012
-2013
310000
312000
314000
316000
318000
320000
322000
324000
326000
328000
330000
332000
334000
12000
12200
12400
12600
12800
13000
13200
327847
325198326450 326308
325160
322207
13047
12883
12614
1244412247
12081
Grades 4-8 Sections drop each year while student popula-tion decreased only slightly
Total Students
Total Sec-tions
Tota
l Stu
dent
s
Also in HS: citywide average class sizes have risen
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-10
2010
-11
2011
-12
2012
-1323.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0
27.5
26.1
26.626.8 26.9 27.0 27.0
26 25.7
25.2
24.8
24.5 24.5
26.1 26.2
26.6 26.5 26.426.2822235421829
High School Class Sizes vs CFE Goals (DOE High School data inconsistent and unreliable)
Nov. Class Sizes*
C4E goals
Feb. Class Sizes
*There is no November reporting for the 2007-08 year, data used is from Feb. report
Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Bronx Staten Island23
24
25
26
27
28
29
26.3
25.4
27.8
25.9
28.6
2012-13 average 4-8 class size by borough
Why is this important?
• When Bloomberg first ran for office, promised that he would reduce class size in grades K-3 to 20 or less.
• Recent study shows that students in smaller classes in K are more likely to graduate from college, own home and have 401K3 more than 20 years later.*
*Raj Chetty et. al. “How Does your Kindergarten classroom affect your earnings? Evidence from Project Star,” NBER Working Paper 16381
Ways that DOE has worked AGAINST reducing class size
• Since 2007, DOE has cut school budgets 14%– contradicting C4E prohibition against supplanting.
• In 2010, DOE eliminated Early grade class size funding– despite promise in C4E plan to keep it.
• In 2011, DOE decided no longer to cap class sizes in 1st-3rd grades at 28, leading to tripling of class sizes 30 or more in these grades.
• In 2012, DOE instructed principals to accommodate special needs students up to contractual class size maximum.
• DOE has never aligned either “Blue Book” formula or capital plan to goals in class size plan, as required by state law.
CFE funding also flat-lined; but even when increased; city’s class sizes grew!
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-10
2010
-11
2011
-12
2012
-130
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
$0
$258
$645 $645
$531 $531
21 20.9
21.4
22.1
22.9
23.9
24.5
2120.7
20.520.3
20.119.9 19.9
C4E spend-ing (in mil-lions)
K-3 av-erage class sizes
C4E class size goals
dolla
rs (i
n m
illio
ns)
Cla
ss S
ize
Avg
s.
Loss of teachers while DOE had other priorities
• Number of pedagogues (mostly teachers) has been cut by more than 5,000 since 2007, despite rising enrollment. *
• Smallest # pedagogues in 2011 employed by DOE since 2003.
• Largest # non-pedagogues in 2011 employed since at least 1980.
• Highest % of non-pedagogues to pedagogues since 1993.
• Spending on testing, contracts, consultants, and more bureaucrats have all risen sharply.
(*Data source: Office of Management Budget headcounts, through IBO)
But can we afford to reduce class size?
• In 2009, DOE estimated that it would cost $358 million per year to achieve average C4E class size goals across the city;
• DOE estimated it would cost $448 million per year in staffing to achieve class size goals in ALL schools; plus more in capital costs for school construction.
• This year, NYC received more than $530 million in C4E funds.
Other questions re city’s C4E plan• Why did the DOE not centrally devote ANY C4E funds to
class size reduction, given its legal obligation to lower class size?
• DOE finally posted C4E plan for this year only in Feb., and holding hearings now, though funds mostly spent, making mockery of public feedback and process required in law.
• Is DOE’s C4E plan for last year (2011-12) yet approved by the state ? If so, where is it posted?
NYS & NYC also violating student privacy and parental rights
• 9 states/districts including NYS sharing confidential student and teacher data with inBloom Inc., private corporation funded by Gates Foundation.
• Data includes student names, grades, test scores, disciplinary & attendance records, race /ethnicity, economic status, disability and health issues.
• Data will be stored in a massive electronic data bank, built by Wireless Generation, run by Joel Klein & owned by Rupert Murdoch of News Corporation.
• NewsCorp found to illegally spy and/or violate privacy in UK and US.
Then what?
• inBloom, Inc. plans to put this sensitive data on a cloud run by Amazon.com and transmit it to for-profit companies to help them develop and market their “learning products.”
• In recent survey, 86% of IT experts say they do not trust clouds to hold their organization’s sensitive data.
• In its security policy, inBloom Inc. states they “cannot guarantee the security of the information stored in inBloom or that the information will not be intercepted when it is being transmitted.’
• All this is happening without parental notification or consent.
Sample data to be shared with inBloom, Inc.