The Cranial Nerves: A Review Dr. Ann Gathers Department of Biological Sciences The University of...
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Transcript of The Cranial Nerves: A Review Dr. Ann Gathers Department of Biological Sciences The University of...
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The Cranial Nerves: A Review
Dr. Ann GathersDepartment of Biological SciencesThe University of Tennessee at Martin
Health Science Teacher Education SymposiumNashville, TennesseeOctober 1-2, 2007
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Athletes and Cranial NervesContact sports have the highest incidence of nerve injuries.
In the US, approximately 1/3 of diagnosed nerve injuries were related to football trauma.
Others included wrestling, weight-lifting, and baseball and softball (regional differences)
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12 Pairs of Peripheral Nerves Originate in or near the brain Sensory, Motor, and Mixed Voluntary, Involuntary, and Mixed
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VENTRAL VIEWOlfactory (I)Optic (II)Oculomotor (III)Trochlear (IV)Trigeminal (V)Abducens (VI)Facial (VII)Spinal Accessory (XI)Hypoglossal (XII)Vagus (X)Glosso-pharyngeal (IX)Auditory (VIII)
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OlfactoryOpticOculomotorTrochlearTrigeminalAbducensFacialAuditoryVagus &GlossopharyngealGlossopharyngeal
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Spinal AccessoryHypoglossal
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Oh Olfactory (I)OnceOptic (II)One Oculomotor (III)Takes Trochlear (IV)TheTrigeminal (V)AnatomyAbducens (VI)FinalFacial (VII)VeryVestibulocochlear (VIII)GoodGlossopharyngeal (IX)VacationsVagus (X)Seem Spinal accessory (XI)HeavenlyHypoglossal (XII)
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Functions
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Olfactory (I)Provides sense of smellDamage causes impaired sense of smell
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Optic (II)Provides visionDamage causes blindness in visual fieldOptic (II)
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Oculomotor (III)Some eye movement, opening of eyelid (innervates all extraocular muscles except lateral rectus & superior oblique)Constriction of pupil (parasympathetic)FocusingDamage: drooping eyelid (ptosis), dilated pupil, double vision (diplopia), difficulty focusing & inability to move eye in certain directions
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Trochlear (IV)Provides eye movementDamage causes double vision (diplopia) & inability to rotate eye downward and outward
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Trigeminal (V)
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Trigeminal (V)Main sensory nerve to face (touch, pain and temperature) and muscles of masticationDamage produces loss of sensation & impaired chewingThree Branches:
OpthalmicMaxillaryMandibular
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Abducens (VI)Provides eye movement (lateral rectus)Damage results in inability to rotate eye laterally & at rest eye rotates medially (strabismus = cross-eyed)
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Facial (VII)Facial expressionsTaste on anterior 2/3s of tongue, Salivary glands and tear, nasal & palatine glands
Damage: sagging facial muscles (ptosis and corner of mouth droops) and disturbed taste (no sweet & salty sensations)i.e. Unilateral sagging facial muscles Bells Palsy
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Auditory/ Vestibulocochlear (VIII)Provides hearing & sense of balanceDamage produces deafness, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance & nystagmus
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Glossopharyngeal (IX)Provides control over swallowing, salivation (parotid), gagging, sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue, control of BP and respiration (receptors in carotid)Damage results in loss of bitter & sour taste & impaired swallowing (dysphagia)
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Vagus (X)
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Vagus (X)Provides swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera (somatic and visceral)
Damage causes hoarseness or loss of voice, impaired swallowing (dysphagia) i.e. Neurocardiogenic Syncoperelatively new diagnosisfainting spells
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Spinal Accessory (XI)Swallowing, head, neck & shoulder movementDamage: impaired head, neck & shoulder movement, head turns towards injured side
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Hypoglossal (XII)
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Hypoglossal (XII)Tongue movements of speech , food manipulation & swallowing
Damage: inability to protrude tongue if bilateral damage deviation towards injured side & ipsilateral atrophy if unilateral damagei.e. Dysarthriapoor articulation
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Thank You