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Title:TheCoverleyPapers

Author:Various

ReleaseDate:September,2004[EBook#6482][Yes,wearemorethanoneyearaheadofschedule][ThisfilewasfirstpostedonDecember20,2002]

Edition:10

Language:English

***STARTOFTHEPROJECTGUTENBERGEBOOKTHECOVERLEYPAPERS***

ProducedbyTonyaAllen,CharlesFranksandtheOnlineDistributedProofreadingTeam.

THECOVERLEYPAPERS

FROMTHE'SPECTATOR'

EDITED,WITHINTRODUCTIONANDNOTES,BYO.M.MYERS

PREFACE

ThefollowingselectioncomprisesallnumbersoftheSpectatorwhichareconcernedwiththehistoryorcharacterofSirRogerdeCoverley,andallthosewhichariseoutoftheSpectator'svisittohiscountryhouse.SirRoger'snameoccursinsomeseventeenotherpapers,butintheseheeitherreceivesonlypassingmention,orisintroducedasaspeakerinconversationswheretherealinterestisthesubjectunderdiscussion.Inthesehischaracteriswellmaintained,as,forexample,atthemeetingoftheclubdescribedinSpectator34,wherehewarnstheSpectatornottomeddlewithcountrysquires,buttheyaddnotraitstotheportraitwealreadyhaveofhim.No.129isincludedbecauseitarisesnaturallyoutofNo.127,andillustratestherelationbetweenthetownandcountry.No.410hasbeenomittedbecauseitwascondemnedbyAddisonasinconsistentwiththecharacterofSirRoger,togetherwithNo.544,whichisanunconvincingattempttoreconcileitwiththewholescheme.Someofthepapershavebeenslightlyabridgedwheretheywouldnotbeacceptabletothetasteofalaterage.

Thepapersarenotallsigned,buttheauthorshipisneverindoubt.Wheresignaturesareattached,C,L,I,andOarethemarkofAddison'swork;RandTofSteele's,andXofBudgell's.[Footnote:Spectator555.]

Ihaveavailedmyselffreelyofthereferencesandallusionscollectedbyformereditors,andIhavegratefullytoacknowledgethehelpofMissG.E.Hadowinreadingmyintroductoryessay.

O.M.M.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

COVERLEYPAPERS.

Spectator1Addison(C)

"2Steele(R)

"106Addison(L)

"107Steele(R)

"108Addison(L)

"109Steele(R)

"110Addison(L)

"112"(L)

"113Steele(R)

"114"(T)

"115Addison(L)

"116Budgell(X)

"117Addison(L)

"118Steele(T)

"119Addison(L)

"120"(L)

"121"(L)

"122"(L)

"123"(L)

"125"(C)

"126"(C)

"127"(C)

"128"(C)

"129"(C)

"130"(C)

"131"(C)

"132Steele(T)

"269Addison(L)

"329"(L)

"335Addison(L)

"359Budgell(X)

"383Addison(I)

"517"(O)

NOTES

APPENDIXI.OnCoffee-Houses

APPENDIXII.OntheSpectator'sAcquaintance

APPENDIXIII.OntheDeathofSirRoger

APPENDIXIV.OntheSpectator'sPopularity

INDEX

INTRODUCTION

ItisnecessarytostudytheworkofJosephAddisonincloserelationtothetimeinwhichhelived,forhewasatruechildofhiscentury,andeveninhismostdistinguishingqualitieshewasnotsomuchinoppositiontoitsideasasinadvanceofthem.Theearlypartoftheeighteenthcenturywasaverymiddle-agedperiod:thedreamersoftheseventeenthcenturyhadgrownintopracticalmen;theenthusiastsofthecenturybeforehadsobereddownintoreasonablebeings.Wenolongerhavethewealthofdetail,theloveofstories,thedelightintheconcreteforitsownsakeoftheChaucerianandElizabethanchildren;thesemenseekforwhatistypicalinsteadofenjoyingwhatisdetailed,argueandillustrateinsteadoftellingstories,observeinsteadofromancing.CaptainSentry'behavedhimselfwithgreatgallantryinseveralsieges'[Footnote:Spectator2.]buttheSpectatordoesnotcareforthemasChaucercaresforthebattlefieldsofhisKnight.'Onemight…recount'manytalestouchingonmanypointsinourspeculations,andnochildandnoElizabethanwouldrefrainfromdoingso,buttheSpectatorwillnot'gooutoftheoccurrencesofcommonlife,butassertitasageneralobservation.'[Footnote:Spectator107]Heisinperfectharmonywithhisage,too,intheintenselyrationalviewwhichhetakesofghosts[Footnote:Spectator110]andwitches,[Footnote:Spectator117]foritwasaperiodinwhichmencaredverylittleforthingswhich'theeyehathnotseen'.Inhisuseofmottoes,again,whicharedeliberatelysoughtillustrationsforhispapers,[Footnote:Spectator221]andnotthesparkswhichhavefiredhistrainofthought,heistypicaloftheperiodofmiddle-ageinwhichmenamusethemselveswithsuchacademicpastimes.Addisonistheveryantipodesofthekindofmanwho

'Lovest'havehissailsfill'dwithalustywind,Eventillhissail-yardstremble,hismastscrack'—

heremarkssoberlythat'itisveryunhappyforamantobeborninsuchastormyandtempestuousseason.'[Footnote:Spectator125.]Hemaynothavebeena

greatpoet,buthewasanexquisitecriticoflife;hesharedhiscontemporaries'lackofenthusiasm,buthepossessedafinediscrimination,andthoselesspractical,moreirresponsiblequalitieswouldhavebeenmerelyanincumbrancetotheapostleofgoodsenseandmoderation.Forwhenmenareyoungtheyaremuchoccupiedwiththeframingofidealsandthesearchafterabsolutetruth;astheygrowoldertheygenerallybecomemorepractical;theyaccept,moreorless,theideaofcompromise,andmakethebestofthingsastheyareorastheymaybemade.Theagebeingvicious,Addisondidnotbetakehimselftoamonastery,orurgeotherstodoso;hetriedtomenditsmorals.Thiswasadifficulttask.ThePuritans,duringtheirsupremacy,hadimposedtheirownseverityonothers;andnowtheCourtpartywasrevengingitselfbyindulginginextremelicentiousness.Itsamusementswerecruelandvicious,andthePuritansdidnothingtoimprovethem,butdenouncedthemaltogetherandheldthemselvesaloof.ItwasAddison'stasktorefinethetasteofhiscontemporariesandtowidentheiroutlook,sothatthePuritanandthemanoftheworldmightfindacommongroundonwhichtomeetandtolearneachfromtheother;itwashisendeavour'toenlivenmoralitywithwit,andtotemperwitwithmorality…tillIhaverecoveredthemoutofthatdesperatestateofviceandfollyintowhichtheageisfallen.[Footnote:Spectator10.]ItwasahappythingforthatandforallsucceedingagesthatamanofAddison'scharacterandgeniuswasreadytoundertakethework.Hewaswellversedinthepleasuresofsocietyandletters,buthisdelicatetastecouldnotbegratifiedbytheordinaryamusementsofthetown.Hetreatedlifeasanartcapableofaffordingtheartistabundantpleasure,butherecognizedgoodnessasanecessaryconditionofthispleasure.Hewasthemostpopularmanofhisday;evenSwiftsaidthatifAddisonhadwishedtobekingpeoplecouldhardlyhaverefusedhim;[Footnote:JournaltoStella,October12,1710.]andthequalitieswhichendearedhimtohisfriendswereexactlyofthekindtoenablehimtoholdthemeanbetweenthebigotsandthebutterflies,andtodictatewithoutgivingoffence,fortheywerehumanityandhumour,moderationofcharacter,judgment,andamostsensitivetact.HisqualitiesandhislimitationsalikeappearintheSpectator.Forexample,hetellsusthathewishesthatcountryclergymenwouldborrowthesermonsofgreatdivines,anddevotealltheirowneffortstoacquiringagoodelocution:[Footnote:Spectator106.]herewedetectthepracticalmoralistandthemanwholikesathinggoodofitskind,butnottheenthusiast.HeupholdstheobservanceofSundayonaccountofitssocialinfluencesratherthanforitsreligiousmeaning;[Footnote:Spectator112.]Swift'sfamousArgumentagainsttheAbolitionofChristianityisonlyasatiricalexaggerationofthisposition.ThevirtuescommendedintheSpectatorarethosewhichmakeforthewell-beingofsociety—goodsenseanddignity,

moderationandasenseoffitness,kindnessandgenerosity.Theyaretobepractisedwithaneyetotheirconsequences;evenvirtuesmustnotbeallowedtorunwild.Modestyisinitselfacommendablequality,butinCaptainSentryitbecomesafault,becauseitinterfereswithhisadvancement.[Footnote:Spectator2.]Thegreatfunctionofgoodnessistopromotehappiness;whenitceasestodothisitceasestobegoodness.

ButthegreatesthindrancethatanenthusiastictemperamentwouldhavepresentedtoAddison'sworkisthatitwouldhavespoilthismethod.Hisaimhedeclaredroundlytobe'theadvancementofthepublicweal',[Footnote:Spectator1.]buthedidnotprosecuteitintheusualway.'Aman,'hesays,'maybelearnedwithouttalkingsentences.'[Footnote:Spectator4.]Hesawmuchevil,andhelaughedatit.Hehastried,hetellsus,to'makenothingridiculousthatisnotinsomemeasurecriminal';[Footnote:Spectator445.]anenthusiastcouldneverhavemetcrimewithlaughter,unlesswiththecorrosivelaughterofaSwift.Addison'shumourisperfectlyfrankandhumane;himselfaWhig,hehasgivenusapictureoftheTorySirRogerwhichhasbeencomparedtotheportraitofourfriendMr.Pickwick.SirRogerputtosilenceandconfusionbytheperversityofthewidowandherconfidant,[Footnote:Spectator113.]congratulatinghimselfonhavingbeencalled'thetamestandmosthumaneofallthebrutesinthecountry',[Footnote:Spectator113.]seekingtobereassuredthatnotraceofhislikenessshowedthroughthewhiskersoftheSaracen'shead,[Footnote:Spectator122.]puzzledbyhisdoubtsconcerningthewitch,[Footnote:Spectator117.]andpleasedbytheartfulgipsies,[Footnote:Spectator130.]invitingtheguidetotheAbbeytovisithimathislodgingsinordertocontinuetheirconversation,[Footnote:Spectator329.]andshockedbythediscourtesyoftheyoungmenontheThames[Footnote:Spectator383.]—thesearepicturesdrawnbyonewholaughedatwhatheloved.Addison'shumourhasa'gravecomposure'[Footnote:Elwin.]andacharacteristicappearanceofsimplicitywhichneverceasetodelightus.

Thiswastheman;andhefoundtheinstrumentreadytohishand.Therewasnowalargeeducatedclassincircumstancessufficientlyprosperoustoleavethemsomeleisureforsocietyanditsenjoyments.Thepeersandthecountrysquireswerereinforcedbytheprofessionalmen,merchants,andtraders.Thepoliticalrevolutionof1688hadaddedgreatlytothefreedomofthecitizens;thecessationoftheCivilWar,theincreasedimportanceofthecolonies,thedevelopmentofnativeindustries,andtheimpulsegiventocloth-makingandsilk-weavingbythesettlementofFlemishandHuguenotworkmenintheseventeenthcenturyhad

encouragedtrade;andtheestablishmentoftheBankofEnglandhadbeenfavourabletomercantileenterprise.WefindtheSpectatorspeakingof'atradingnationlikeours.'[Footnote:Spectator108.]Addisonrealizedthatitisthewayinwhichmenemploytheirleisurewhichreallystampstheircharacter;soheprovided'witwithmorality'fortheirreading,andattempted,throughtheirreading,torefinetheirtasteandconversationatthetheatre,theclub,andthecoffee-house.

Dunton,Steele,andDefoehadmodifiedtheperiodicalliteratureofthedaybyaddingtothenewspapersessaysonvarioussubjects.TheaimoftheTatlerwasthesameasthatoftheSpectator,butithadcertaindisadvantages.Thepresscensorshiphadbeenabolishedin1695,butnewspaperswereexceptedfromthegeneralfreedomofthePress.AmoreimportantdisadvantagelayinthecharacterofSteele,whodidnotpossessthebalanceandmoderationrequiredtoeditsuchanorgan.UnlikeAddison,hewasnotatruesonofhiscentury.Hewasenthusiasticandimpulsive,fertileininventionandsensitivetoemotion.HistendernessandpathosreachheightsanddepthsthatAddisonnevertouches,buthehasnotAddison'sfineperceptionofeventsandmotivesontheordinarylevelofemotion.Hecouldnotrepresshiskeeninterestsufficientlytotreatofpoliticsinhispaperandyetremaintheimpartialcensor.SotheTatlerwasdropped,andtheSpectatortookitsplace.Thisdifferedfromitspredecessorsinappearingeverydayinsteadofthreetimesaweek,andinexcludingallarticlesofnews.

Themachineryoftheclubhadbeenanticipatedin1690byJohnDunton'sAthenianSociety,whichrepliedtoallquestionssubmittedbyreadersinhispaper,theAthenianMercury.ThiswassucceededbytheScandalClubofDefoe'sReview,andthewell-knowncluboftheTatler,whichmetattheTrumpet;[Footnote:Tatler132]buttheplanofarrangingthewholeworkroundthedoingsoftheclubisanewdepartureintheSpectator.

Itisintheseperiodicalsthatwefirstfindthefamiliaressay.ItsonlypredecessorsaresuchseriousessaysasthoseofBacon,Cowley,andTemple,theturgidparagraphsofShaftesbury,thevigorousbutcrudeandroughpapersofCollier,andthe'characters'ofOverburyandEarle.These'characters'hadalwaysbeenentirelytypical;theyweretreatedratherfromtheabstractthanfromthehumanpointofview,andhadnonamesorotherindividualizationthanthatoftheircharacterandcalling.InsomeofthenumbersoftheSpectatorwestillfindthese'characters'occurring,suchasthecharacterofWillWimble,[Footnote:Spectator108.]ofthehonestyeoman,[Footnote:Spectator122.]andofTom

Touchy;[Footnote:Spectator122.]buttheyaresurroundedbycircumstancespeculiartothemselves,andsoaremuchmorehighlyindividualized.TheTatlerandtheSpectatorverygreatlyextendedtherangeofessay-writing,andwithittheflexibilityofprosestyle;itisthisextensionthatgivestothemtheirmodernquality.Nothingcameamiss:fable,description,vision,gossip,literarycriticismormoralessays,discussionoflargequestionssuchasmarriageandeducation,orofthesmallersocialamenities—anysubjectwhichwouldbeofinteresttoasufficientlylargenumberofreaderswouldfurnishapaper;asSteelewroteatthebeginningoftheTatler,'Quicquidagunthominesnostrilibellifarrago.'Differentinterestswerevoicedbythevariousmembersoftheclub,andthelighthumoroustreatmentandaneasystyleattractedalargerpublicthanhadeverbeenreachedbyasinglepublication.[Footnote:v.AppendixIV.]TheelasticityofthestructureenabledAddisontoproducethemaximumeffect,andtobringintoplaythefullweightofhischaracter.

Thenatureoftheworkwasdeterminedthroughoutbyitsstronglyhumaninterest.Itissignificantasstandingbetweenthelifeless'characters'oftheseventeenthcenturyandthegreatdevelopmentofthenovel.ThackeraycallsAddison'themostdelightfultalkerintheworld',andhisessayshavepreciselythecharmoftheconversationofawell-informedandthoughtfulmanoftheworld.Theyareentirelydiscursive;hestartswithacertainsubject,andfollowsanylineofthoughtthatoccurstohim.Ifhethinksofananecdoteinconnexionwithhissubject,thatgoesdown;ifitsuggeststohimabstractspeculationsormoralreflectionshegivesusthoseinstead.Itisthecapriciouschatofamanwholikestotalk,nottheproductofanimperativeneedofartisticexpression.Itissignificantthatsomuchofhisworkconsistsofgossipaboutpeople.Thisgrowinginterestintheindividualwasleadinguptothegreateighteenthcenturynovel.Itseemstoariseoutofagrowingsenseofidentity,astrongerinterestinoneself;thereisacommonmotiveattherootofourobservationofotherpeople,oftheinterestattachingtoordinaryactionspresentedonthestage,andofthefascinationofareflectionoraportraitofourselves;bythesemeansweareenabledtosomeextenttobecomedetached,andtotakeanexternalandimpersonalviewofourselves.Thestagehadalreadyturnedtotherepresentationofcontemporarylifeandmanners;portraiturewasincreasinginpopularity;andthenovelwasonitsway.

IntheCoverleyPapersallthecharacteristicspeciesoftheSpectatorarerepresentedexcepttheallegoryandtheessaysinliterarycriticism.Steele,whowasalwaysfullofprojectsandswiftandspontaneousininvention,wrotethe

initialdescriptionoftheclubmembers,andthecharactersweresustainedbythetwofriendswithwonderfulconsistency.Apparentlyeachwasmainlyresponsibleforacertainnumberofthecharacters,andSirRogerwasreallythepropertyofAddison,butnoonepersonwasstrictlymonopolizedbyeither.Thepaperswerewrittenindependently,butitiseasytoseethatthetwoauthorshadanidenticalconceptionoftheircharacters.ItistruethatthesingularityofSirRoger'sbehaviourdescribedbySteeleinthefirstdraftofhischaracterisverylightlytouchedinsubsequentpapers,andthat,judgingbythesimplicityofhisconductintown,hehasforgottenverycompletelythe'finegentleman'[Footnote:Spectator2.]periodofhislife,when,likeMasterShallow,he'heardthechimesatmidnight',buttheseareinsignificantdetails.

SinceSirRogerbelongstoAddison,itfollowsnaturallythatinthepresentselectionAddison'ssharecomparedwithSteele'sislargerinproportionthaninthecompleteSpectator,butitwouldbeamistaketolosesightoftheimportanceofSteele'spartofthework.Addisonwasthegreaterartist,andthebalanceandshapelinessofhisstyleenhancestheeffectofhisthoughtandjudgment,butweshouldbenolesssorrytorelinquishSteele'sheadlongdirectnessandwarmthoffeeling.ThehumorouscharactersketchesofSirRoger'sancestors[Footnote:Spectator109.]arehis,andhisthepassageatarmsbetweentheQuakerandthesoldierinthecoach—thedelightfulsoldierofwhoseremarktheSpectatortellsus:'Thiswasfollowedbyavainlaughofhisown,andadeepsilenceofalltherestofthecompany.Ihadnothingleftforitbuttofallfastasleep,whichIdidwithallspeed.'[Footnote:Spectator132.]His,too,isthecharminglittleidyllofthehuntsmanandhisBetty,whofearsthatherlovewilldrownhimselfinastreamhecanjumpacross,[Footnote:Spectator118.]andthewholefragrantstoryofSirRoger'sthirtyyears'attachmenttothewidow.[Footnote:Spectator113,118.]Butaboveall,wemustnotoverlookthefactthatwithoutSteele,ashehimselfsaysinhisdedicationtoTheDrummer,Addisonwouldneverhavebroughthimselftogivetotheworldthesefamiliar,informalessays.Addisonwasnaturallybothcautiousandshy;themaskwhichSteeleinventedlenthimjustthesecuritywhichheneeded,andtheSpectatorenduresasthemonumentofagreatfriendship,amemorialsuchasSteelehadalwaysdesired.[Footnote:Spectator555.]

Steelehimselfexplainedtheotheradvantagesofthedisguise:'Itismuchmoredifficulttoconversewiththeworldinarealthaninapersonatedcharacter,'hesays,bothbecausethemoraltheoryofamanwhoseidentityisknownisexposedtothecommentaryofhislife,andbecause'thefictitiousperson…mightassume

amockauthoritywithoutbeinglookeduponasvainandconceited'.[Footnote:Spectator555.]Itistotheinfluenceofthismaskthatmuchoftheself-complacentsuperioritywhichhasbeenattributedtoAddisonmaybereferred;one'havingnothingtodowithmen'spassionsandinterests',[Footnote:Spectator4.]one'settowatchthemannersandbehaviourofmycountrymenandcontemporaries,'[Footnote:Spectator435.]andtoextirpateanything'thatshocksmodestyandgoodmanners',[Footnote:Spectator34.]suchacensorwasboundtoplacehimselfonapinnacleabovethepassionsandfoibleswhichhewastorebuke.YetoccasionallyAddisondoesappearatrifleself-satisfied.Pope'sindictmentofhischaracterinthepersonofAtticuscannotbeentirelysetaside.Hiscreed,asimpliedinSpectator115,esteemsthewelfareofmanastheprimeendofafosteringProvidence,andsuchanopinionasthis,heldsteadilywithoutdoubtorstruggle,wouldtendtogiveamanastrongsenseofhisownimportance.Thesuperiorityofhisattitudetowomen,which,however,doesnotappearintheCoverleyPapers,isattributablepartlytohisofficeofcensor,andpartlytotheirpositionatthetime.Thissortofcondescensionappearsmostdistinctlyinhistreatmentofanimals.Heisfarmorehumaneinhisfeelingforthemthanarethemajorityofhiscontemporaries,butalthoughhelikestomoralizeoverSirRoger'spoultry,[Footnote:Spectator120,121.]hereallylooksdownonthemfromtheelevationwhichareasonablebeingmustpossessoverthecreaturesofinstinct.Yethowdoesheknowsocertainlythatinstinctisactuallyinferiortoreason?

Addisonisessentiallyatownsman,andhistreatmentofnatureisalwayscold.TheonepassageinthesepaperswhichevincesagenuineloveofthecountryisSteele'sdescriptionofhisenjoymentwhenheisstrollinginthewidow'sgrove.Heis'ravishedwiththemurmurofwaters,thewhisperofbreezes,thesingingofbirds;andwhetherIlookeduptotheheavens,downontheearth,orturnedtotheprospectsaroundme,stillstruckwithnewsenseofpleasure'.[Footnote:Spectator118.]Thestyleofthetwowritersreflectsthequalitiesoftheirminds.Addison'swritingisfluent,easy,andlucid.Hewroteandcorrectedwithgreatcare,andhiswordsverycloselyexpresshisthought.Landorspeaksofhisproseasa'coolcurrentofdelight',andDr.Johnson,inanoftenquotedpassage,callsit'themodelofthemiddlestyle…alwaysequableandalwayseasy,withoutglowingwordsorpointedsentences….Hispageisalwaysluminous,butneverblazesinunexpectedsplendour.Heisneverfeeble,andhedidnotwishtobeenergetic….WhoeverwishestoattainanEnglishstyle,familiarbutnotcoarse,andelegantbutnotostentatious,mustgivehisdaysandnightstothevolumesofAddison.'

Steelewasafarmorerapidwriter,andevengrammaticalfaultsarenotinfrequentinhispapers.Heexplicitlydeclaresthat'Elegance,purity,andcorrectnesswerenotsomuchmypurpose,asinanyintelligiblemannerasIcouldtorallyallthosesingularitiesofhumanlife…whichobstructanythingthatwasreallygoodandgreat'.[Footnote:DedicationtoTheDrummer.]Hisstylevarieswithhismood,andwiththedegreeofhisinterest.Occasionallyitreachesthesimple,rhythmicproseofthepassagequotedabove,butgenerallyitissomewhatabruptandalittletoneless.Butnowandagainwefindthe'unexpectedsplendour'inwhichAddisoniswanting,inphraseslike'acoveredindigence,amagnificentpoverty',[Footnote:Spectator114.]orinthesparklingantithesesofSirRoger'sdescriptionofhisancestors.[Footnote:Spectator109.]YetSteele'sclaimonouradmirationrestsnotonthequalityofhisstyle,but,asMr.JohnForsterhassaid,on'thesoulofasinceremanshiningthroughitall'.

TheinfluenceoftheSpectatorwasincalculable.Addisonsucceededinhisprincipalobject.'IshallbeambitioustohaveitsaidofmethatIhavebroughtphilosophyoutofclosetsandlibraries,schoolsandcolleges,todwellinclubsandassemblies,attea-tablesandincoffee-houses,'andthatIhaveproduced'suchwritingsastendtothewearingoutofignorance,passion,andprejudice'.[Footnote:Spectator10.]Aglanceatthesocialandliteraryhistoryofthenextthirtyorfortyyearswillrevealhowfullythiswishwasaccomplished.Itistruethatfollyandvicehavenotyetbeenwipedoffthefaceoftheearth,buttheSpectatorturnedthetideofpublicopinionagainstthem.Thefashionableidealwasreversed;virtuebecameadmirable,andthoughvicecouldnotbedestroyed,itwasnolongersufferedtoplumeitselfintheeyesoftheworld.TheSpectatorhaddeliveredvirtuefromitspositionofcontempt,and'setuptheimmoralmanastheobjectofderision'.[Footnote:Spectator445.]

TheSpectatorhasalsoacquiredanincidentalvaluefromthepassageoftime.AddisonhintsatthisinhiscitationsfromanimaginaryhistoryofQueenAnne'sreign,supposedtobewrittenthreehundredyearslater.In'thoselittlediurnalessayswhicharestillextant'—two-thirdsofthetimehaselapsed,andatpresenttheSpectatoriscertainlyextant—weareenabled'toseethediversionsandcharactersoftheEnglishnationinhistime.'[Footnote:Spectator101.]Itisintheliteratureofanationthatwefindthehistoryofitslifeandthemotivesofitsdeeds.

Finally,theSpectatorhasapermanentvalueasahumandocument.'OddanduncommoncharactersarethegamethatIlookforandmostdelightin,'

[Footnote:Spectator103.]hetellsus,but,withtheexceptionofthesketchofTomTouchy[Footnote:Spectator122.],noneofhispersonsarelifelessembodimentsofasingletrait,likethe'humours'oftheearlypartoftheprecedingcentury.SirRoger,who'callstheservantsbytheirnames,andtalksallthewayupstairstoavisit',[Footnote:Spectator2.]whoistoodelicatetomentionthatthe'veryworthygentlemantowhomhewashighlyobliged'wasoncehisfootman,[Footnote:Spectator107.]whodwellsuponthebeautyofhislady'shand[Footnote:Spectator113.]andcanbejealousofSirDavidDundrum[Footnote:Spectator359.]afterthirtyoddyearsofcourtship,whohardlylikestocontemplatebeingofservicetohislady,becauseof'givingherthepainofbeingobliged',[Footnote:Spectator118.]whoaddressesthecourtandremarksontheweathertothejudgeinordertoimpresstheSpectatorandthecountry,[Footnote:Spectator122.]whowillnotowntoamerecitizenamonghisancestors,[Footnote:Spectator109.]and'veryfrequently'[Footnote:Spectator125.]repeatshisoldstories—SirAndrew,withhisjokeabouttheseaandtheBritishcommon,[Footnote:Spectator2.]andhistendernessforhisoldfriendandopponent[Footnote:Spectator517.]—thevolatileWillHoneycomb,whosegallantryandcareofhisperson[Footnote:Spectator2,359.]remindusofhissuccessor,MajorPendennis—theseareallintheirdegreeintimatefriendsoracquaintances,aslivinginourimaginationandintheactualworldnowastheyweretwohundredyearsago,andimmortalaseverythingmustbewhichhasoncebeeninspiredwiththeauthenticbreathoflife.

[Illustration:Reducedfacsimileoftheoriginalsingle-pageissue.]

ADDISON:COVERLEYPAPERS

No.1.THURSDAY,MARCH1,1710-11.

Nonfumumexfulgore,sedexfumodarelucemCogitat,utspeciosadehincmiraculapromat.HOR.ArsPoet.ver.143.

Onewithaflashbegins,andendsinsmoke;Theotheroutofsmokebringsgloriouslight,And(withoutraisingexpectationhigh)Surprisesuswithdazzlingmiracles.ROSCOMMON.

Ihaveobserved,thataReaderseldomperusesabookwithpleasure,untilheknowswhetherthewriterofitbeablackorafairman,ofamildorcholericdisposition,marriedorabachelor,withotherparticularsofthelikenature,thatconduceverymuchtotherightunderstandingofanauthor.Togratifythiscuriosity,whichissonaturaltoareader,Idesignthispaperandmynextasprefatorydiscoursestomyfollowingwritings,andshallgivesomeaccountinthemoftheseveralpersonsthatareengagedinthiswork.Asthechieftroubleofcompiling,digesting,andcorrectingwillfalltomyshare,Imustdomyselfthejusticetoopentheworkwithmyownhistory.

Iwasborntoasmallhereditaryestate,which,accordingtothetraditionofthevillagewhereitlies,wasboundedbythesamehedgesandditchesinWilliamtheConqueror'stimethatitisatpresent,andhasbeendelivereddownfromfathertosonwholeandentire,withoutthelossoracquisitionofasinglefieldormeadow,duringthespaceofsixhundredyears.Thererunsastoryinthefamily,thatwhen

mymotherwasgonewithchildofmeaboutthreemonths,shedreamtthatshewasbroughttobedofaJudge:Whetherthismightproceedfromalaw-suitwhichwasthendependinginthefamily,ormyfather'sbeingajusticeofthepeace,Icannotdetermine;forIamnotsovainastothinkitpresagedanydignitythatIshouldarriveatinmyfuturelife,thoughthatwastheinterpretationwhichtheneighbourhoodputuponit.Thegravityofmybehaviouratmyveryfirstappearanceintheworld,andallthetimethatIsucked,seemedtofavourmymother'sdream:For,asshehasoftentoldme,IthrewawaymyrattlebeforeIwastwomonthsold,andwouldnotmakeuseofmycoraluntiltheyhadtakenawaythebellsfromit.

Asfortherestofmyinfancy,therebeingnothinginitremarkable,Ishallpassitoverinsilence.Ifind,that,duringmynonage,Ihadthereputationofaverysullenyouth,butwasalwaysafavouriteofmyschoolmaster,whousedtosay,thatmypartsweresolid,andwouldwearwell.Ihadnotbeenlongattheuniversity,beforeIdistinguishedmyselfbyamostprofoundsilence;forduringthespaceofeightyears,exceptinginthepublicexercisesofthecollege,Iscarceutteredthequantityofanhundredwords;andindeeddonotrememberthatIeverspokethreesentencestogetherinmywholelife.WhilstIwasinthislearnedbody,Iappliedmyselfwithsomuchdiligencetomystudies,thatthereareveryfewcelebratedbooks,eitherinthelearnedorthemoderntongues,whichIamnotacquaintedwith.

Uponthedeathofmyfather,Iwasresolvedtotravelintoforeigncountries,andthereforelefttheuniversity,withthecharacterofanoddunaccountablefellow,thathadagreatdealoflearning,ifIwouldbutshewit.AninsatiablethirstafterknowledgecarriedmeintoallthecountriesofEurope,inwhichtherewasanythingneworstrangetobeseen;nay,tosuchadegreewasmycuriosityraised,thathavingreadthecontroversiesofsomegreatmenconcerningtheantiquitiesofEgypt,ImadeavoyagetoGrandCairo,onpurposetotakethemeasureofapyramid:And,assoonasIhadsetmyselfrightinthatparticular,returnedtomynativecountrywithgreatsatisfaction.

Ihavepassedmylatteryearsinthiscity,whereIamfrequentlyseeninmostpublicplaces,thoughtherearenotabovehalfadozenofmyselectfriendsthatknowme;ofwhommynextpapershallgiveamoreparticularaccount.Thereisnoplaceofgeneralresort,whereinIdonotoftenmakemyappearance;sometimesIamseenthrustingmyheadintoaroundofpoliticiansatWill's,andlisteningwithgreatattentiontothenarrativesthataremadeinthoselittle

circularaudiences.SometimesIsmokeapipeatChild's,and,whilstIseemattentivetonothingbutthePostman,overheartheconversationofeverytableintheroom.IappearonSundaynightsatSt.James'scoffee-house,andsometimesjointhelittlecommitteeofpoliticsintheinner-room,asonewhocomestheretohearandimprove.MyfaceislikewiseverywellknownattheGrecian,theCocoa-Tree,andinthetheatresbothofDrury-LaneandtheHay-Market.IhavebeentakenforamerchantupontheExchangeforabovethesetenyears,andsometimespassforaJewintheassemblyofstock-jobbersatJonathan's:Inshort,whereverIseeaclusterofpeople,Ialwaysmixwiththem,thoughIneveropenmylipsbutinmyownclub.

ThusIliveintheworldratherasaspectatorofmankind,thanasoneofthespecies,bywhichmeansIhavemademyselfaspeculativestatesman,soldier,merchant,andartisan,withoutevermeddlingwithanypracticalpartinlife.Iamverywellversedinthetheoryofahusbandorafather,andcandiscerntheerrorsintheoeconomy,business,anddiversionofothers,betterthanthosewhoareengagedinthem;asstanders-bydiscoverblots,whichareapttoescapethosewhoareinthegame.Ineverespousedanypartywithviolence,andamresolvedtoobserveanexactneutralitybetweentheWhigsandTories,unlessIshallbeforcedtodeclaremyselfbythehostilitiesofeitherside.Inshort,Ihaveactedinallthepartsofmylifeasalooker-on,whichisthecharacterIintendtopreserveinthispaper.

IhavegiventheReaderjustsomuchofmyhistoryandcharacter,astolethimseeIamnotaltogetherunqualifiedforthebusinessIhaveundertaken.Asforotherparticularsinmylifeandadventures,Ishallinserttheminfollowingpapers,asIshallseeoccasion.Inthemeantime,whenIconsiderhowmuchIhaveseen,read,andheard,Ibegintoblamemyowntaciturnity;and,sinceIhaveneithertimenorinclinationtocommunicatethefulnessofmyheartinspeech,Iamresolvedtodoitinwriting,andtoprintmyselfout,ifpossible,beforeIdie.Ihavebeenoftentoldbymyfriends,thatitispitysomanyusefuldiscoverieswhichIhavemadeshouldbeinthepossessionofasilentman.Forthisreason,therefore,Ishallpublishasheet-fullofthoughtseverymorning,forthebenefitofmycontemporaries;andifIcananywaycontributetothediversionorimprovementofthecountryinwhichIlive,Ishallleaveit,whenIamsummonedoutofit,withthesecretsatisfactionofthinkingthatIhavenotlivedinvain.

TherearethreeverymaterialpointswhichIhavenotspokentointhispaper;

andwhich,forseveralimportantreasons,Imustkeeptomyself,atleastforsometime:Imean,anaccountofmyname,myage,andmylodgings.Imustconfess,Iwouldgratifymyreaderinanythingthatisreasonable;butasforthesethreeparticulars,thoughIamsensibletheymighttendverymuchtotheembellishmentofmypaper,Icannotyetcometoaresolutionofcommunicatingthemtothepublic.TheywouldindeeddrawmeoutofthatobscuritywhichIhaveenjoyedformanyyears,andexposemeinpublicplacestoseveralsalutesandcivilities,whichhavebeenalwaysverydisagreeabletome;forthegreatestpainIcansuffer,isthebeingtalkedto,andbeingstaredat.Itisforthisreasonlikewise,thatIkeepmycomplexionanddressasverygreatsecrets;thoughitisnotimpossible,butImaymakediscoveriesofbothintheprogressoftheworkIhaveundertaken.

Afterhavingbeenthusparticularuponmyself,Ishall,into-morrow'spaper,giveanaccountofthosegentlemenwhoareconcernedwithmeinthiswork;for,asIhavebeforeintimated,aplanofitislaidandconcerted(asallothermattersofimportanceare)inaClub.However,asmyfriendshaveengagedmetostandinthefront,thosewhohaveamindtocorrespondwithme,maydirecttheirletterstotheSPECTATOR,atMr.Buckley'sinLittle-Britain.ForImustfurtheracquainttheReader,that,thoughourclubmeetsonlyonTuesdaysandThursdays,wehaveappointedacommitteetositeverynight,fortheinspectionofallsuchpapersasmaycontributetotheadvancementofthepublicweal.C.

No.2.FRIDAY,MARCH2.

AstaliisexEtpluresunoconclamantore.Juv.Sat.vii.ver.167.

Sixmoreatleastjointheirconsentingvoice.

ThefirstofoursocietyisagentlemanofWorcestershire,ofancientdescent,aBaronet,hisnameSirROGERDECOVERLEY.Hisgreat-grandfatherwasinventorofthatfamouscountry-dancewhichiscalledafterhim.AllwhoknowthatshireareverywellacquaintedwiththepartsandmeritsofSirROGER.Heisagentlemanthatisverysingularinhisbehaviour,buthissingularitiesproceed

fromhisgoodsense,andarecontradictionstothemannersoftheworld,onlyashethinkstheworldisinthewrong.Howeverthishumourcreateshimnoenemies,forhedoesnothingwithsournessorobstinacy;andhisbeingunconfinedtomodesandforms,makeshimbutthereadierandmorecapabletopleaseandobligeallwhoknowhim.Whenheisintown,helivesinSoho-Square.Itissaid,hekeepshimselfabachelorbyreasonhewascrossedinlovebyaperversebeautifulwidowofthenextcountytohim.Beforethisdisappointment,SirROGERwaswhatyoucallaFineGentleman,hadoftensuppedwithmyLordRochesterandSirGeorgeEtherege,foughtadueluponhisfirstcomingtotown,andkickedBullyDawsoninapubliccoffee-houseforcallinghimyoungster.Butbeingill-usedbytheabove-mentionedwidow,hewasveryseriousforayearandahalf;andthough,histemperbeingnaturallyjovial,heatlastgotoverit,hegrewcarelessofhimself,andneverdressedafterwards.Hecontinuestowearacoatanddoubletofthesamecutthatwereinfashionatthetimeofhisrepulse,which,inhismerryhumours,hetellsus,hasbeeninandouttwelvetimessincehefirstworeit.Heisnowinhisfifty-sixthyear,chearful,gay,andhearty;keepsagoodhousebothintownandcountry;agreatloverofmankind;butthereissuchamirthfulcastinhisbehaviour,thatheisratherbelovedthanesteemed.Histenantsgrowrich,hisservantslooksatisfied,alltheyoungwomenprofesslovetohim,andtheyoungmenaregladofhiscompany:Whenhecomesintoahousehecallstheservantsbytheirnames,andtalksallthewayupstairstoavisit.Imustnotomit,thatSirROGERisajusticeoftheQuorum;thathefillsthechairataquarter-sessionwithgreatabilities,andthreemonthsagogaineduniversalapplausebyexplainingapassageinthegame-act.

Thegentlemannextinesteemandauthorityamongus,isanotherbachelor,whoisamemberoftheInner-Temple;amanofgreatprobity,wit,andunderstanding;buthehaschosenhisplaceofresidencerathertoobeythedirectionofanoldhumoursomefather,thaninpursuitofhisowninclinations.Hewasplacedtheretostudythelawsoftheland,andisthemostlearnedofanyofthehouseinthoseofthestage.AristotleandLonginusaremuchbetterunderstoodbyhimthanLittletonorCoke.Thefathersendsupeverypostquestionsrelatingtomarriage-articles,leases,andtenures,intheneighbourhood;allwhichquestionsheagreeswithanattorneytoanswerandtakecareofinthelump.Heisstudyingthepassionsthemselves,whenheshouldbeinquiringintothedebatesamongmenwhicharisefromthem.HeknowstheargumentofeachoftheorationsofDemosthenesandTully,butnotonecaseinthereportsofourowncourts.Nooneevertookhimforafool,butnone,excepthisintimatefriends,knowhehasagreatdealofwit.Thisturnmakeshimatoncebothdisinterestedandagreeable:

Asfewofhisthoughtsaredrawnfrombusiness,theyaremostofthemfitforconversation.Histasteofbooksisalittletoojustfortheagehelivesin;hehasreadall,butapprovesofveryfew.Hisfamiliaritywiththecustoms,manners,actions,andwritingsoftheancients,makeshimaverydelicateobserverofwhatoccurstohiminthepresentworld.Heisanexcellentcritick,andthetimeoftheplayishishourofbusiness;exactlyatfivehepassesthroughNew-Inn,crossesthroughRussel-Court,andtakesaturnatWill'suntiltheplaybegins;hehashisshoesrubbedandhisperiwigpowderedatthebarber'sasyougointotheRose.Itisforthegoodoftheaudiencewhenheisataplay,fortheactorshaveanambitiontopleasehim.

ThepersonofnextconsiderationisSirANDREWFREEPORT,amerchantofgreateminenceinthecityofLondon.Apersonofindefatigableindustry,strongreason,andgreatexperience.Hisnotionsoftradearenobleandgenerous,and(aseveryrichmanhasusuallysomeslywayofjesting,whichwouldmakenogreatfigurewerehenotarichman)hecallstheseatheBritishCommon.Heisacquaintedwithcommerceinallitsparts,andwilltellyouthatitisastupidandbarbarouswaytoextenddominionbyarms;fortruepoweristobegotbyartsandindustry.Hewilloftenargue,thatifthispartofourtradewerewellcultivated,weshouldgainfromonenation;andifanother,fromanother.Ihaveheardhimprove,thatdiligencemakesmorelastingacquisitionsthanvalour,andthatslothhasruinedmorenationsthanthesword.Heaboundsinseveralfrugalmaxims,amongstwhichthegreatestfavouriteis,'Apennysavedisapennygot.'Ageneraltraderofgoodsenseispleasantercompanythanageneralscholar;andSirANDREWhavinganaturalunaffectedeloquence,theperspicuityofhisdiscoursegivesthesamepleasurethatwitwouldinanotherman.Hehasmadehisfortuneshimself;andsaysthatEnglandmaybericherthanotherkingdoms,byasplainmethodsashehimselfisricherthanothermen;though,atthesametime,Icansaythisofhim,thatthereisnotapointinthecompassbutblowshomeashipinwhichheisanowner.

NexttoSirANDREWintheclub-roomsitsCaptainSENTRY,agentlemanofgreatcourage,goodunderstanding,butinvinciblemodesty.Heisoneofthosethatdeserveverywell,butareveryaukwardatputtingtheirtalentswithintheobservationofsuchasshouldtakenoticeofthem.Hewassomeyearsacaptain,andbehavedhimselfwithgreatgallantryinseveralengagements,andatseveralsieges;buthavingasmallestateofhisown,andbeingnextheirtoSirROGER,hehasquittedawayoflifeinwhichnomancanrisesuitablytohismerit,whoisnotsomethingofacourtier,aswellasasoldier.Ihaveheardhimoftenlament,

thatinaprofessionwheremeritisplacedinsoconspicuousaview,impudenceshouldgetthebetterofmodesty.Whenhehastalkedtothispurpose,Ineverheardhimmakeasourexpression,butfranklyconfessthathelefttheworldbecausehewasnotfitforit.Astricthonestyandanevenregularbehaviour,areinthemselvesobstaclestohimthatmustpressthroughcrowds,whoendeavouratthesameendwithhimself,thefavourofacommander.Hewillhowever,inhiswayoftalk,excusegenerals,fornotdisposingaccordingtomen'sdesert,orinquiringintoit:For,sayshe,thatgreatmanwhohasamindtohelpme,hasasmanytobreakthroughtocomeatme,asIhavetocomeathim:Thereforehewillconclude,thatthemanwhowouldmakeafigure,especiallyinamilitaryway,mustgetoverallfalsemodesty,andassisthispatronagainsttheimportunityofotherpretenders,byaproperassuranceinhisownvindication.Hesaysitisacivilcowardicetobebackwardinassertingwhatyououghttoexpect,asitisamilitaryfeartobeslowinattackingwhenitisyourduty.Withthiscandourdoesthegentlemanspeakofhimselfandothers.Thesamefranknessrunsthroughallhisconversation.Themilitarypartofhislifehasfurnishedhimwithmanyadventures,intherelationofwhichheisveryagreeabletothecompany;forheisneveroverbearing,thoughaccustomedtocommandmenintheutmostdegreebelowhim;norevertooobsequious,fromanhabitofobeyingmenhighlyabovehim.

Butthatoursocietymaynotappearasetofhumourists,unacquaintedwiththegallantriesandpleasuresoftheage,wehaveamongusthegallantWILLHONEYCOMB,agentlemanwho,accordingtohisyears,shouldbeinthedeclineofhislife,buthavingeverbeenverycarefulofhisperson,andalwayshadaveryeasyfortune,timehasmadebutaverylittleimpression,eitherbywrinklesonhisforehead,ortracesinhisbrain.Hispersoniswellturned,ofagoodheight.Heisveryreadyatthatsortofdiscoursewithwhichmenusuallyentertainwomen.Hehasallhislifedressedverywell,andremembershabitsasothersdomen.Hecansmilewhenonespeakstohim,andlaughseasily.Heknowsthehistoryofeverymode,andcaninformyoufromwhichoftheFrenchcourtladiesourwivesanddaughtershadthismannerofcurlingtheirhair,thatwayofplacingtheirhoods,andwhosevanity,toshewherfoot,madethatpartofthedresssoshortinsuchayear.Inaword,allhisconversationandknowledgehavebeeninthefemaleworld:Asothermenofhisagewilltakenoticetoyouwhatsuchaministersaiduponsuchandsuchanoccasion,hewilltellyouwhentheDukeofMonmouthdancedatcourt,suchawomanwasthensmitten,anotherwastakenwithhimattheheadofhistroopinthePark.Inalltheseimportantrelations,hehaseveraboutthesametimereceivedakindglanceorablowofa

fanfromsomecelebratedbeauty,motherofthepresentLordsuch-a-one.

IfyouspeakofayoungcommonerthatsaidalivelythingintheHouse,hestartsup,'Hehasgoodbloodinhisveins,TomMirabellbegothim,thatroguecheatedmeinthataffair;thatyoungfellow'smotherusedmemorelikeadogthananywomanIevermadeadvancesto.'Thiswayoftalkingofhisverymuchenlivenstheconversationamongusofamoresedateturn;andIfindthereisnotoneofthecompany,butmyself,whorarelyspeakatall,butspeaksofhimasofthatsortofmanwhoisusuallycalledawell-bredFineGentleman.Toconcludehischaracter,wherewomenarenotconcerned,heisanhonestworthyman.

IcannottellwhetherIamtoaccounthimwhomIamnexttospeakof,asoneofourcompany;forhevisitsusbutseldom,but,whenhedoes,itaddstoeverymanelseanewenjoymentofhimself.Heisaclergyman,averyphilosophicman,ofgenerallearning,greatsanctityoflife,andthemostexactgoodbreeding.Hehasthemisfortunetobeofaveryweakconstitution,andconsequentlycannotacceptofsuchcaresandbusinessasprefermentsinhisfunctionwouldobligehimto:Heisthereforeamongdivineswhatachamber-counsellorisamonglawyers.Theprobityofhismind,andtheintegrityofhislife,createhimfollowers,asbeingeloquentorloudadvancesothers.Heseldomintroducesthesubjecthespeaksupon;butwearesofargoneinyears,thatheobserveswhenheisamongus,anearnestnesstohavehimfallonsomedivinetopic,whichhealwaystreatswithmuchauthority,asonewhohasnointerestsinthisworld,asonewhoishasteningtotheobjectofallhiswishes,andconceiveshopefromhisdecaysandinfirmities.Thesearemyordinarycompanions.R.

No.106.MONDAY,JULY2.

HinctibicopiaManabitadplenum,benignoRurishonorumopulentacornu.HOR.Od.xvii.1.i.v.14.

Heretotheeshallplentyflow,Andallherrichesshow,Toraisethehonourofthequietplain.CREECH.

HavingoftenreceivedaninvitationfrommyfriendSirROGERDECOVERLEYtopassawayamonthwithhiminthecountry,Ilastweekaccompaniedhimthither,andamsettledwithhimforsometimeathiscountry-house,whereIintendtoformseveralofmyensuingSpeculations.SirROGER,whoisverywellacquaintedwithmyhumour,letsmeriseandgotobedwhenIplease,dineathisowntableorinmychamberasIthinkfit,sitstillandsaynothingwithoutbiddingmebemerry.Whenthegentlemenofthecountrycometoseehim,heonlyshewsmeatadistance:AsIhavebeenwalkinginhisfields,Ihaveobservedthemstealingasightofmeoveranhedge,andhaveheardtheKnightdesiringthemnottoletmeseethem,forthatIhatedtobestaredat.

IamthemoreateaseinSirROGER'Sfamily,becauseitconsistsofsoberandstaidpersons;for,astheKnightisthebestmasterintheworld,heseldomchangeshisservants;andasheisbelovedbyallabouthim,hisservantsnevercareforleavinghim;bythismeanshisdomesticksareallinyears,andgrownoldwiththeirmaster.Youwouldtakehisvaletdechambreforhisbrother,hisbutlerisgray-headed,hisgroomisoneofthegravestmenthatIhaveeverseen,andhiscoachmanhasthelooksofaprivy-counsellor.Youseethegoodnessofthemasterevenintheoldhouse-dog,andinagraypadthatiskeptinthestablewithgreatcareandtenderness,outofregardtohispastservices,thoughhehasbeenuselessforseveralyears.

Icouldnotbutobserve,withagreatdealofpleasure,thejoythatappearedinthecountenanceoftheseancientdomesticksuponmyfriend'sarrivalathiscountry-seat.Someofthemcouldnotrefrainfromtearsatthesightoftheiroldmaster;everyoneofthempressedforwardtodosomethingforhim,andseemeddiscouragediftheywerenotemployed.AtthesametimethegoodoldKnight,withamixtureofthefatherandthemasterofthefamily,temperedtheinquiriesafterhisownaffairswithseveralkindquestionsrelatingtothemselves.Thishumanityandgood-natureengageseverybodytohim,sothatwhenheispleasantuponanyofthem,allhisfamilyareingoodhumour,andnonesomuchasthepersonwhomhedivertshimselfwith:Onthecontrary,ifhecoughs,orbetraysanyinfirmityofoldage,itiseasyforastander-bytoobserveasecretconcerninthelooksofallhisservants.

Myworthyfriendhasputmeundertheparticularcareofhisbutler,whoisaveryprudentman,and,aswellastherestofhisfellow-servants,wonderfullydesirousofpleasingme,becausetheyhaveoftenheardtheirmastertalkofmeasofhisparticularfriend.

Mychiefcompanion,whenSirROGERisdivertinghimselfinthewoodsorthefields,isaveryvenerablemanwhoiseverwithSirROGER,andhaslivedathishouseinthenatureofachaplainabovethirtyyears.Thisgentlemanisapersonofgoodsenseandsomelearning,ofaveryregularlife,andobligingconversation:HeheartilylovesSirROGER,andknowsthatheisverymuchintheoldKnight'sesteem,sothathelivesinthefamilyratherasarelationthanadependant.

Ihaveobservedinseveralofmypapers,thatmyfriendSirROGER,amidstallhisgoodqualities,issomethingofanhumorist;andthathisvirtues,aswellasimperfections,are,asitwere,tingedbyacertainextravagance,whichmakesthemparticularlyhis,anddistinguishesthemfromthoseofothermen.Thiscastofmind,asitisgenerallyveryinnocentinitself,soitrendershisconversationhighlyagreeable,andmoredelightfulthanthesamedegreeofsenseandvirtuewouldappearintheircommonandordinarycolours.AsIwaswalkingwithhimlastnight,heaskedmehowIlikedthegoodmanwhomIhavejustnowmentioned?andwithoutstayingformyanswer,toldme,ThathewasafraidofbeinginsultedwithLatinandGreekathisowntable;forwhichreasonhedesiredaparticularfriendofhisattheUniversitytofindhimoutaclergymanratherofplainsensethanmuchlearning,ofagoodaspect,aclearvoice,asociabletemper,and,ifpossible,amanthatunderstoodalittleofback-gammon.Myfriend,saysSirROGER,foundmeoutthisgentleman,who,besidestheendowmentsrequiredofhim,is,theytellme,agoodscholar,thoughhedoesnotshowit:Ihavegivenhimtheparsonageoftheparish;andbecauseIknowhisvalue,havesettleduponhimagoodannuityforlife.Ifheoutlivesme,heshallfindthathewashigherinmyesteemthanperhapshethinksheis.Hehasnowbeenwithmethirtyyears;andthoughhedoesnotknowIhavetakennoticeofit,hasneverinallthattimeaskedanythingofmeforhimselfthoughheiseverydaysolicitingmeforsomethinginbehalfofoneorotherofmytenants,hisparishioners.Therehasnotbeenalawsuitintheparishsincehehaslivedamongthem:Ifanydisputearisestheyapplythemselvestohimforthedecision;iftheydonotacquiesceinhisjudgment,whichIthinkneverhappenedaboveonceortwiceatmost,theyappealtome.Athisfirstsettlingwithme,ImadehimapresentofallthegoodsermonswhichhavebeenprintedinEnglish,andonlybeggedofhimthateverySundayhewouldpronounceoneoftheminthepulpit.Accordingly,hehasdigestedthemintosuchaseries,thattheyfollowoneanothernaturally,andmakeacontinuedsystemofpracticaldivinity.

AsSirROGERwasgoingoninhisstory,thegentlemanweweretalkingof

cameuptous;andupontheKnight'saskinghimwhopreachedto-morrow(foritwasSaturdaynight)toldus,theBishopofSt.Asaphinthemorning,andDr.Southintheafternoon.Hethenshewedushislistofpreachersforthewholeyear,whereIsawwithagreatdealofpleasureArchbishopTillotson,BishopSaunderson,Dr.Barrow,Dr.Calamy,withseverallivingauthorswhohavepublisheddiscoursesofpracticaldivinity.Inosoonersawthisvenerablemaninthepulpit,butIverymuchapprovedofmyfriend'sinsistinguponthequalificationsofagoodaspectandaclearvoice;forIwassocharmedwiththegracefulnessofhisfigureanddelivery,aswellaswiththediscourseshepronounced,thatIthinkIneverpassedanytimemoretomysatisfaction.Asermonrepeatedafterthismanner,islikethecompositionofapoetinthemouthofagracefulactor.

Icouldheartilywishthatmoreofourcountry-clergywouldfollowthisexample;and,insteadofwastingtheirspiritsinlaboriouscompositionsoftheirown,wouldendeavourafterahandsomeelocution,andallthoseothertalentsthatarepropertoenforcewhathasbeenpennedbygreatermasters.Thiswouldnotonlybemoreeasytothemselves,butmoreedifyingtothepeople.L.

No.107.TUESDAY,JULY3.

AEsopoingentemstatuamposuereAttici,Servumquecollocaruntoeternainbasi,Paterehonorisscirentutcunctisviam.PHAED.Epilog.1.2.

TheAthenianserectedalargestatuetoAEsop,andplacedhim,thoughaslave,onalastingpedestal;toshow,thatthewaytohonourliesopenindifferentlytoall.

Thereception,mannerofattendance,undisturbedfreedomandquiet,whichImeetwithhereinthecountry,hasconfirmedmeintheopinionIalwayshad,thatthegeneralcorruptionofmannersinservantsisowingtotheconductofmasters.Theaspectofeveryoneinthefamilycarriessomuchsatisfaction,thatitappearsheknowsthehappylotwhichhasbefallenhiminbeingamemberofit.ThereisoneparticularwhichIhaveseldomseenbutatSirROGER'S;itisusualinall

otherplaces,thatservantsfleefromthepartsofthehousethroughwhichtheirmasterispassing;onthecontrary,heretheyindustriouslyplacethemselvesinhisway;anditisonbothsides,asitwere,understoodasavisit,whentheservantsappearwithoutcalling.Thisproceedsfromthehumaneandequaltemperofthemanofthehouse,whoalsoperfectlywellknowshowtoenjoyagreatestate,withsuchoeconomyasevertobemuchbeforehand.Thismakeshisownminduntroubled,andconsequentlyunapttoventpeevishexpressions,orgivepassionateorinconsistentorderstothoseabouthim.Thus,respectandlovegotogether;andacertaincheerfulnessinperformanceoftheirdutyistheparticulardistinctionofthelowerpartofthisfamily.Whenaservantiscalledbeforehismaster,hedoesnotcomewithanexpectationtohearhimselfratedforsometrivialfault,threatenedtobestrippedorusedwithanyotherunbecominglanguage,whichmeanmastersoftengivetoworthyservants;butitisoftentoknowwhatroadhetook,thathecamesoreadilybackaccordingtoorder;whetherhepassedbysuchaground,iftheoldmanwhorentsitisingoodhealth;orwhetherhegaveSirROGER'Slovetohim,orthelike.

Amanwhopreservesarespect,foundedonhisbenevolencetohisdependents,livesratherlikeaprincethanamasterinhisfamily;hisordersarereceivedasfavours,ratherthanduties;andthedistinctionofapproachinghimispartoftherewardforexecutingwhatiscommandedbyhim.

Thereisanothercircumstanceinwhichmyfriendexcelsinhismanagement,whichisthemannerofrewardinghisservants:Hehaseverbeenofopinion,thatgivinghiscastclothestobewornbyvaletshasaveryilleffectuponlittleminds,andcreatesasillysenseofequalitybetweentheparties,inpersonsaffectedonlywithoutwardthings.Ihaveheardhimoftenpleasantonthisoccasion,anddescribeayounggentlemanabusinghismaninthatcoat,whichamonthortwobeforewasthemostpleasingdistinctionhewasconsciousofinhimself.Hewouldturnhisdiscoursestillmorepleasantlyupontheladies'bountiesofthiskind;andIhaveheardhimsayheknewafinewoman,whodistributedrewardsandpunishmentsingivingbecomingorunbecomingdressestohermaids.

Butmygoodfriendisabovetheselittleinstancesofgood-will,inbestowingonlytriflesonhisservants;agoodservanttohimissureofhavingitinhischoiceverysoonofbeingnoservantatall.AsIbeforeobserved,heissogoodanhusband,andknowssothoroughlythattheskillofthepurseisthecardinalvirtueofthislife:Isay,heknowssowellthatfrugalityisthesupportofgenerosity,thathecanoftensparealargefinewhenatenementfalls,andgive

thatsettlementtoagoodservant,whohasamindtogointotheworld,ormakeastrangerpaythefinetothatservant,forhismorecomfortablemaintenance,ifhestaysinhisservice.

Amanofhonourandgenerosityconsidersitwouldbemiserabletohimselftohavenowillbutthatofanother,thoughitwereofthebestpersonbreathing,andforthatreasongoesonasfastasheisabletoputhisservantsintoindependentlivelihoods.ThegreatestpartofSirROGER'Sestateistenantedbypersonswhohaveservedhimselforhisancestors.Itwastomeextremelypleasanttoobservethevisitantsfromseveralpartstowelcomehisarrivalinthecountry;andallthedifferencethatIcouldtakenoticeofbetweenthelateservantswhocametoseehim,andthosewhostaidinthefamily,was,thattheselatterwerelookeduponasfinergentlemenandbettercourtiers.

Thismanumission,andplacingtheminawayoflivelihood,Ilookuponasonlywhatisduetoagoodservant,whichencouragementwillmakehissuccessorbeasdiligent,ashumble,andasreadyashewas.Thereissomethingwonderfulinthenarrownessofthoseminds,whichcanbepleased,andbebarrenofbountytothosewhopleasethem.

Onemight,onthisoccasion,recountthesensethatgreatpersonsinallageshavehadofthemeritoftheirdependents,andtheheroickserviceswhichmenhavedonetheirmastersintheextremityoftheirfortunes;andshewntotheirundonepatrons,thatfortunewasallthedifferencebetweenthem;butasIdesignthismyspeculationonlyasagentleadmonitiontothanklessmasters,Ishallnotgooutoftheoccurrencesofcommonlife,butassertitasageneralobservation,thatIneversawbutinSirROGER'Sfamily,andoneortwomore,goodservantstreatedastheyoughttobe.SirROGER'Skindnessextendstotheirchildren'schildren,andthisverymorninghesenthiscoachman'sgrandsontoprentice.Ishallconcludethispaperwithanaccountofapictureinhisgallery,wheretherearemanywhichwilldeservemyfutureobservation.

AttheveryupperendofthishandsomestructureIsawtheportraitureoftwoyoungmenstandinginariver,theonenaked,theotherinalivery.Thepersonsupportedseemedhalfdead,butstillsomuchaliveastoshewinhisfaceexquisitejoyandlovetowardstheother.IthoughtthefaintingfigureresembledmyfriendSirROGER;andlookingatthebutler,whostoodbyme,foranaccountofit,heinformedmethatthepersonintheliverywasaservantofSirROGER'S,whostoodontheshorewhilehismasterwasswimming,and

observinghimtakenwithsomesuddenillness,andsinkunderwater,jumpedinandsavedhim.HetoldmeSirROGERtookoffthedresshewasinassoonashecamehome,andbyagreatbountyatthattime,followedbyhisfavoureversince,hadmadehimmasterofthatprettyseatwhichwesawatadistanceaswecametothishouse.IrememberedindeedSirROGERsaidtherelivedaveryworthygentleman,towhomhewashighlyobliged,withoutmentioninganythingfurther.Uponmylookingalittledissatisfiedatsomepartofthepicture,myattendantinformedmethatitwasagainstSirROGER'Swill,andattheearnestrequestofthegentlemanhimself,thathewasdrawninthehabitinwhichhehadsavedhismaster.R.

No.108.WEDNESDAY,JULY4.

Gratisanhelans,multaagendonihilagens.PHAEDR.Fab.v.1.2.

Outofbreathtonopurpose,andverybusyaboutnothing.

AsIwasyesterdaymorningwalkingwithSirROGERbeforehishouse,acountry-fellowbroughthimahugefish,which,hetoldhim,Mr.WilliamWimblehadcaughtthatverymorning;andthathepresentedit,withhisservicetohim,andintendedtocomeanddinewithhim.Atthesametimehedeliveredaletterwhichmyfriendreadtomeassoonasthemessengerlefthim.

'SirROGER,

'IDESIREyoutoacceptofajack,whichisthebestIhavecaughtthisseason.Iintendtocomeandstaywithyouaweek,andseehowtheperchbiteintheBlackRiver.Iobservedwithsomeconcern,thelasttimeIsawyouuponthebowling-green,thatyourwhipwantedalashtoit;IwillbringhalfadozenwithmethatItwistedlastweek,whichIhopewillserveyouallthetimeyouareinthecountry.Ihavenotbeenoutofthesaddleforsixdayslastpast,havingbeenatEatonwithSirJohn'seldestson.Hetakestohislearninghugely.Iam,SIR,

'Yourhumbleservant,

'WILLWIMBLE.'

Thisextraordinaryletter,andmessagethataccompaniedit,mademeverycurioustoknowthecharacterandqualityofthegentlemanwhosentthem;whichIfoundtobeasfollows.WillWimbleisyoungerbrothertoabaronet,anddescendedoftheancientfamilyoftheWimbles.Heisnowbetweenfortyandfifty;but,beingbredtonobusinessandborntonoestate,hegenerallyliveswithhiselderbrotherassuperintendentofhisgame.Hehuntsapackofdogsbetterthananymaninthecountry,andisveryfamousforfindingoutahare.Heisextremelywell-versedinallthelittlehandicraftsofanidleman:HemakesaMay-flytoamiracle;andfurnishesthewholecountrywithangle-rods.Asheisagood-naturedofficiousfellow,andverymuchesteemeduponaccountofhisfamily,heisawelcomeguestateveryhouse,andkeepsupagoodcorrespondenceamongallthegentlemenabouthim.Hecarriesatulip-rootinhispocketfromonetoanother,orexchangesapuppybetweenacoupleoffriendsthatliveperhapsintheoppositesidesofthecounty.Willisaparticularfavouriteofalltheyoungheirs,whomhefrequentlyobligeswithanetthathehasweaved,orasettingdogthathehasmadehimself.Henowandthenpresentsapairofgartersofhisownknittingtotheirmothersorsisters;andraisesagreatdealofmirthamongthem,byinquiringasoftenashemeetsthemhowtheywear?Thesegentleman-likemanufacturesandobliginglittlehumoursmakeWillthedarlingofthecountry.

SirROGERwasproceedinginthecharacterofhim,whenwesawhimmakeuptouswithtwoorthreehazle-twigsinhishand,thathehadcutinSirROGER'Swoods,ashecamethroughtheminhiswaytothehouse.IwasverymuchpleasedtoobserveononesidetheheartyandsincerewelcomewithwhichSirROGERreceivedhim,andontheother,thesecretjoywhichhisguestdiscoveredatsightofthegoodoldKnight.Afterthefirstsaluteswereover,WilldesiredSirROGERtolendhimoneofhisservantstocarryasetofshuttlecockshehadwithhiminalittleboxtoaladythatlivedaboutamileoff,towhomitseemshehadpromisedsuchapresentforabovethishalfyear.SirROGER'Sbackwasnosoonerturned,buthonestWillbegantotellmeofalargecock-pheasantthathehadsprunginoneoftheneighbouringwoods,withtwoorthreeotheradventuresofthesamenature.OddanduncommoncharactersarethegamethatIlookedfor,andmostdelightin;forwhichreasonIwasasmuchpleasedwiththenoveltyofthepersonthattalkedtome,ashecouldbeforhislifewiththespringingofapheasant,andthereforelistenedtohimwithmorethanordinaryattention.

Inthemidstofhisdiscoursethebellrungtodinner,wherethegentlemanIhave

beenspeakingofhadthepleasureofseeingthehugejack,hehadcaught,servedupforthefirstdishinamostsumptuousmanner.Uponoursittingdowntoithegaveusalongaccounthowhehadhookedit,playedwithit,foiledit,andatlengthdrewitoutuponthebank,withseveralotherparticularsthatlastedallthefirstcourse.Adishofwild-fowlthatcameafterwardsfurnishedconversationfortherestofthedinner,whichconcludedwithalateinventionofWill'sforimprovingthequail-pipe.

Uponwithdrawingintomyroomafterdinner,Iwassecretlytouchedwithcompassiontowardsthehonestgentlemanthathaddinedwithus;andcouldnotbutconsiderwithagreatdealofconcern,howsogoodanheartandsuchbusyhandswerewhollyemployedintrifles;thatsomuchhumanityshouldbesolittlebeneficialtoothers,andsomuchindustrysolittleadvantageoustohimself.Thesametemperofmindandapplicationtoaffairs,mighthaverecommendedhimtothepublickesteem,andhaveraisedhisfortuneinanotherstationoflife.Whatgoodtohiscountryorhimselfmightnotatraderormerchanthavedonewithsuchusefulthoughordinaryqualifications?

WillWimble'sisthecaseofmanyayoungerbrotherofagreatfamily,whohadratherseetheirchildrenstarvelikegentlemen,thanthriveinatradeorprofessionthatisbeneaththeirquality.ThishumourfillsseveralpartsofEuropewithprideandbeggary.Itisthehappinessofatradingnation,likeours,thattheyoungersons,thoughuncapableofanyliberalartorprofession,maybeplacedinsuchawayoflife,asmayperhapsenablethemtoviewiththebestoftheirfamily:Accordinglywefindseveralcitizensthatwerelaunchedintotheworldwithnarrowfortunes,risingbyanhonestindustrytogreaterestatesthanthoseoftheirelderbrothers.ItisnotimprobablebutWillwasformerlytriedatdivinity,law,orphysick;andthat,findinghisgeniusdidnotliethatway,hisparentsgavehimupatlengthtohisowninventions.Butcertainly,howeverimproperhemighthavebeenforstudiesofahighernature,hewasperfectlywellturnedfortheoccupationsoftradeandcommerce.AsIthinkthisisapointwhichcannotbetoomuchinculcated,IshalldesiremyreadertocomparewhatIhaveherewrittenwithwhatIhavesaidinmytwenty-firstspeculation.L.

No.109.THURSDAY,JULY5.

Abnormissapiens.HOR.Sat.ii.1.2.v.3.

Ofplaingoodsense,untutor'dintheschools.

IwasthismorningwalkinginthegallerywhenSirROGERenteredattheendoppositetome,andadvancingtowardsme,saidhewasgladtomeetmeamonghisrelationstheDECOVERLEYS,andhopedIlikedtheconversationofsomuchgoodcompany,whowereassilentasmyself.Iknewhealludedtothepictures,andasheisagentlemanwhodoesnotalittlevaluehimselfuponhisancientdescent,Iexpectedhewouldgivemesomeaccountofthem.Wewerenowarrivedattheupperendofthegallery,whentheKnightfacedtowardsoneofthepictures,and,aswestoodbeforeit,heenteredintothematter,afterhisbluntwayofsayingthings,astheyoccurtohisimagination,withoutregularintroduction,orcaretopreservetheappearanceofchainofthought.

'Itis,'saidhe,'worthwhiletoconsidertheforceofdress;andhowthepersonsofoneagedifferfromthoseofanother,merelybythatonly.Onemayobservealso,thatthegeneralfashionofoneagehasbeenfollowedbyoneparticularsetofpeopleinanother,andbythempreservedfromonegenerationtoanother.Thusthevastjettingcoatandsmallbonnet,whichwasthehabitinHarrytheSeventh'stime,iskeptonintheyeomenoftheguard;notwithoutagoodandpolitickview,becausetheylookafoottaller,andafootandanhalfbroader:Besidesthatthecapleavesthefaceexpanded,andconsequentlymoreterrible,andfittertostandattheentrancesofpalaces.

'Thispredecessorofours,yousee,isdressedafterthismanner,andhischeekswouldbenolargerthanmine,wereheinahatasIam.Hewasthelastmanthatwonaprizeinthetilt-yard(whichisnowacommonstreetbeforeWhitehall).Youseethebrokenlancethatliestherebyhisrightfoot;heshiveredthatlanceofhisadversaryalltopieces;andbearinghimself,lookyou,Sir,inthismanner,atthesametimehecamewithinthetargetofthegentlemanwhorodeagainsthim,andtakinghimwithincredibleforcebeforehimonthepommelofhissaddle,heinthatmannerridthetournamentover,withanairthatshewedhediditrathertoperformtheruleofthelists,thanexposehisenemy;however,itappearedheknewhowtomakeuseofavictory,andwithagentletrothemarcheduptoagallerywheretheirmistresssat(fortheywererivals)andlethimdownwithlaudablecourtesyandpardonableinsolence.Idon'tknowbutitmightbeexactlywherethecoffee-houseisnow.

'Youaretoknowthismyancestorwasnotonlyofaamilitarygenius,butfitalso

fortheartsofpeace,forheplayedonthebass-violaswellasanygentlemanatcourt;youseewherehisviolhangsbyhisbasket-hiltsword.Theactionatthetilt-yardyoumaybesurewonthefairlady,whowasamaidofhonour,andthegreatestbeautyofhertime;hereshestandsthenextpicture.Yousee,Sir,mygreat-great-great-grandmotherhasonthenew-fashionedpetticoat,exceptthatthemodernisgatheredatthewaist:mygrandmotherappearsasifshestoodinalargedrumwhereastheladiesnowwalkasiftheywereinago-cart.Forallthisladywasbredatcourt,shebecameanexcellentcountry-wife,shebroughttenchildren,andwhenIshewyouthelibrary,youshallseeinherownhand(allowingforthedifferenceofthelanguage)thebestreceiptnowinEnglandbothforanhasty-puddingandawhite-pot.

'Ifyoupleasetofallbackalittle,becauseitisnecessarytolookatthethreenextpicturesatoneview:Thesearethreesisters.Sheontherighthand,whoissobeautiful,diedamaid;thenexttoher,stillhandsomer,hadthesamefate,againstherwill;thishomelythinginthemiddlehadboththeirportionsaddedtoherown,andwasstolenbyaneighbouringgentleman,amanofstratagemandresolution,forhepoisonedthreemastiffstocomeather,andknockeddowntwodeer-stealersincarryingheroff.Misfortuneshappeninallfamilies:Thetheftofthisrompandsomuchmoney,wasnogreatmattertoourestate.Butthenextheirthatpossesseditwasthissoftgentleman,whomyouseethere:Observethesmallbuttons,thelittleboots,thelaces,theslashesabouthisclothes,andaboveallthepostureheisdrawnin,(whichtobesurewashisownchusing:)Youseehesitswithonehandonadeskwritingandlookingasitwereanotherway,likeaneasywriter,orasonneteer:Hewasoneofthosethathadtoomuchwittoknowhowtoliveintheworld;hewasamanofnojustice,butgreatgoodmanners;heruinedeverybodythathadanythingtodowithhim,butneversaidarudethinginhislife;themostindolentpersonintheworld,hewouldsignadeedthatpassedawayhalfhisestatewithhisgloveson,butwouldnotputonhishatbeforealadyifitweretosavehiscountry.Heissaidtobethefirstthatmadelovebysqueezingthehand.Helefttheestatewithtenthousandpoundsdebtuponit,buthoweverbyallhandsIhavebeeninformedthathewaseverywaythefinestgentlemanintheworld.Thatdebtlayheavyonourhouseforonegeneration,butitwasretrievedbyagiftfromthathonestmanyouseethere,acitizenofourname,butnothingatallakintous.IknowSirANDREWFREEPORThassaidbehindmyback,thatthismanwasdescendedfromoneofthetenchildrenofthemaidofhonourIshewedyouabove;butitwasnevermadeout.Wewinkedatthethingindeed,becausemoneywaswantingatthattime.'

HereIsawmyfriendalittleembarrassed,andturnedmyfacetothenextportraiture.

SirROGERwentonwithhisaccountofthegalleryinthefollowingmanner.'Thisman'(pointingtohimIlookedat)'Itaketobethehonourofourhouse,SirHUMPHREYDECOVERLEY;hewasinhisdealingsaspunctualasatradesman,andasgenerousasagentleman.Hewouldhavethoughthimselfasmuchundonebybreakinghisword,asifitweretobefollowedbybankruptcy.Heservedhiscountryasknightofthisshiretohisdyingday.Hefounditnoeasymattertomaintainanintegrityinhiswordsandactions,eveninthingsthat

regardedtheofficeswhichwereincumbentuponhim,inthecareofhisownaffairsandrelationsoflife,andthereforedreaded(thoughhehadgreattalents)togointoemploymentsofstate,wherehemustbeexposedtothesnaresofambition.Innocenceoflifeandgreatabilitywerethedistinguishingpartsofhischaracter;thelatter,hehadoftenobserved,hadledtothedestructionoftheformer,andusedfrequentlytolamentthatgreatandgoodhadnotthesamesignification.Hewasanexcellenthusbandman,buthadresolvednottoexceedsuchadegreeofwealth;allaboveithebestowedinsecretbountiesmanyyearsafterthesumheaimedatforhisownusewasattained.Yethedidnotslackenhisindustry,buttoadecentoldagespentthelifeandfortunewhichwassuperfluoustohimself,intheserviceofhisfriendsandneighbours.'

Herewewerecalledtodinner,andSirROGERendedthediscourseofthisgentleman,bytellingme,aswefollowedtheservant,thatthishisancestorwasabraveman,andnarrowlyescapedbeingkilledinthecivilwars:'For,saidhe,hewassentoutofthefielduponaprivatemessage,thedaybeforethebattleofWorcester.'Thewhimofnarrowlyescapingbyhavingbeenwithinadayofdanger,withothermattersabove-mentioned,mixedwithgoodsense,leftmeatalosswhetherIwasmoredelightedwithmyfriend'swisdomorsimplicity.R.

No.110.FRIDAY,JULY6.

Horrorubiqueanimos,simulipsasilentiaterrent.VIRG.AEn.ii.v.755.

Allthingsarefullofhorrorandaffright,Anddreadfulev'nthesilenceofthenight.DRYDEN.

AtalittledistancefromSirROGER'Shouse,amongtheruinsofanoldabbey,thereisalongwalkofagedelms;whichareshotupsoveryhigh,thatwhenonepassesunderthem,therooksandcrowsthatrestuponthetopsofthemseemtobecawinginanotherregion.Iamverymuchdelightedwiththissortofnoise,whichIconsiderasakindofnaturalprayertothatBeingwhosuppliesthewantsofhiswholecreation,andwho,inthebeautifullanguageofthePsalms>,feedeththeyoungravensthatcalluponhim.Ilikethisretirementthebetter,

becauseofanillreportitliesunderofbeinghaunted;forwhichreason(asIhavebeentoldinthefamily)nolivingcreatureeverwalksinitbesidesthechaplain.Mygoodfriendthebutlerdesiredmewithaverygravefacenottoventuremyselfinitaftersun-set,forthatoneofthefootmenhadbeenalmostfrightedoutofhiswitsbyaspiritthatappearedtohimintheshapeofablackhorsewithoutanhead;towhichheadded,thataboutamonthagooneofthemaidscominghomelatethatwaywithapailofmilkuponherhead,heardsucharustlingamongthebushesthatsheletitfall.

Iwastakingawalkinthisplacelastnightbetweenthehoursofnineandten,andcouldnotbutfancyitoneofthemostproperscenesintheworldforaghosttoappearin.Theruinsoftheabbeyarescatteredupanddownoneveryside,andhalf-coveredwithivyandelderbushes,theharboursofseveralsolitarybirds,whichseldommaketheirappearancetilltheduskoftheevening.Theplacewasformerlyachurch-yard,andhasstillseveralmarksinitofgravesandburying-places.Thereissuchanechoamongtheoldruinsandvaults,thatifyoustampbutalittlelouderthanordinary,youhearthesoundrepeated.Atthesametimethewalkofelms,withthecroakingoftheravenswhichfromtimetotimeareheardfromthetopsofthem,looksexceedingsolemnandvenerable.Theseobjectsnaturallyraiseseriousnessandattention;andwhennightheightenstheawfulnessoftheplace,andpoursouthersupernumeraryhorrorsuponeverythinginit,Idonotatallwonderthatweakmindsfillitwithspectresandapparitions.

Mr.Locke,inhischapteroftheAssociationofIdeas,hasverycuriousremarkstoshowhow,bytheprejudiceofeducation,oneideaoftenintroducesintothemindawholesetthatbearnoresemblancetooneanotherinthenatureofthings.Amongseveralexamplesofthiskind,heproducesthefollowinginstance.Theideasofgoblinsandsprightshavereallynomoretodowithdarknessthanlight:Yetletbutafoolishmaidinculcatetheseoftenonthemindofachild,andraisethemtheretogether,possiblyheshallneverbeabletoseparatethemagainsolongashelives;butdarknessshalleverafterwardsbringwithitthosefrightfulideas,andtheyshallbesojoined,thathecannomorebeartheonethantheother.

AsIwaswalkinginthissolitude,wheretheduskoftheeveningconspiredwithsomanyotheroccasionsofterror,Iobservedacowgrazingnotfarfromme,whichanimaginationthatwasapttostartlemighteasilyhaveconstruedintoablackhorsewithoutanhead:AndIdaresaythepoorfootmanlosthiswitsupon

somesuchtrivialoccasion.

MyfriendSirROGERhasoftentoldmewithagooddealofmirth,thatathisfirstcomingtohisestatehefoundthreepartsofhishousealtogetheruseless;thatthebestroominithadthereputationofbeinghaunted,andbythatmeanswaslockedup;thatnoiseshadbeenheardinhislonggallery,sothathecouldnotgetaservanttoenteritaftereighto'clockatnight;thatthedoorofoneofthechamberswasnailedup,becausetherewentastoryinthefamilythatabutlerhadformerlyhangedhimselfinit;andthathismother,wholivedtoagreatage,hadshutuphalftheroomsinthehouse,inwhicheitherherhusband,ason,ordaughterhaddied.TheKnightseeinghishabitationreducedtososmallacompass,andhimselfinamannershutoutofhisownhouse,uponthedeathofhismotherorderedalltheapartmentstobeflungopen,andexorcisedbyhischaplain,wholayineveryroomoneafteranother,andbythatmeansdissipatedthefearswhichhadsolongreignedinthefamily.

Ishouldnothavebeenthusparticularupontheseridiculoushorrors,didnotIfindthemsoverymuchprevailinallpartsofthecountry.AtthesametimeIthinkapersonwhoisthusterrifiedwiththeimaginationofghostsandspectres,muchmorereasonablethanonewho,contrarytothereportsofallhistorianssacredandprofane,ancientandmodern,andtothetraditionsofallnations,thinkstheappearanceofspiritsfabulousandgroundless:CouldnotIgivemyselfuptothisgeneraltestimonyofmankind,Ishouldtotherelationsofparticularpersonswhoarenowliving,andwhomIcannotdistrustinothermattersoffact.Imighthereadd,thatnotonlythehistorians,towhomwemayjointhepoets,butlikewisethephilosophersofantiquityhavefavouredthisopinion.Lucretiushimself,thoughbythecourseofhisphilosophyhewasobligedtomaintainthatthesouldidnotexistseparatefromthebody,makesnodoubtoftherealityofapparitions,andthatmenhaveoftenappearedaftertheirdeath.ThisIthinkveryremarkable.Hewassopressedwiththematteroffactwhichhecouldnothavetheconfidencetodeny,thathewasforcedtoaccountforitbyoneofthemostabsurdunphilosophicalnotionsthatwaseverstarted.Hetellsus,Thatthesurfacesofallbodiesareperpetuallyflyingofffromtheirrespectivebodies,oneafteranother;andthatthesesurfacesorthincases,thatincludedeachotherwhilsttheywerejoinedinthebodylikethecoatsofanonion,aresometimesseenentirewhentheyareseparatedfromit;bywhichmeansweoftenbeholdtheshapesandshadowsofpersonswhoareeitherdeadorabsent.

IshalldismissthispaperwithastoryoutofJosephus,notsomuchforthesake

ofthestoryitselfasforthemoralreflexionswithwhichtheauthorconcludesit,andwhichIshallheresetdowninhisownwords.'GlaphyrathedaughterofKingArchelaus,afterthedeathofhertwofirsthusbands(beingmarriedtoathird,whowasbrothertoherfirsthusband,andsopassionatelyinlovewithherthatheturnedoffhisformerwifetomakeroomforthismarriage)hadaveryoddkindofdream.Shefanciedthatshesawherfirsthusbandcomingtowardsher,andthatsheembracedhimwithgreattenderness;wheninthemidstofthepleasurewhichsheexpressedatthesightofhim,hereproachedherafterthefollowingmanner:Glaphyra,sayshe,thouhastmadegoodtheoldsaying,Thatwomenarenottobetrusted.WasnotIthehusbandofthyvirginity?HaveInotchildrenbythee?Howcouldstthouforgetourlovessofarastoenterintoasecondmarriage,andafterthatintoathird,naytotakeforthyhusbandamanwhohassoshamefullycreptintothebedofhisbrother?However,forthesakeofourpassedloves,Ishallfreetheefromthypresentreproach,andmaketheemineforever.Glaphyratoldthisdreamtoseveralwomenofheracquaintance,anddiedsoonafter.Ithoughtthisstorymightnotbeimpertinentinthisplace,whereinIspeakofthosekings:Besidesthattheexampledeservestobetakennoticeof,asitcontainsamostcertainproofoftheimmortalityofthesoul,andofDivineProvidence.Ifanymanthinksthesefactsincredible,lethimenjoyhisownopiniontohimself,butlethimnotendeavourtodisturbthebeliefofothers,whobyinstancesofthisnatureareexcitedtothestudyofvirtue.'

No.112.MONDAY,JULY9.

Athanatousmenprotatheous,nomohosdiakeitai,tima.PYTHAG.

First,inobediencetothycountry'srites,WorshiptheimmortalGods.

IamalwaysverywellpleasedwithacountrySunday,andthink,ifkeepingholytheseventhdaywereonlyahumaninstitution,itwouldbethebestmethodthatcouldhavebeenthoughtofforthepolishingandcivilizingofmankind.Itiscertainthecountrypeoplewouldsoondegenerateintoakindofsavagesandbarbarians,weretherenotsuchfrequentreturnsofastatedtime,inwhichthe

wholevillagemeettogetherwiththeirbestfaces,andintheircleanliesthabits,toconversewithoneanotheruponindifferentsubjects,heartheirdutiesexplainedtothem,andjointogetherinadorationoftheSupremeBeing.Sundayclearsawaytherustofthewholeweek,notonlyasitrefreshesintheirmindsthenotionsofreligion,butasitputsboththesexesuponappearingintheirmostagreeableforms,andexertingallsuchqualitiesasareapttogivethemafigureintheeyeofthevillage.AcountryfellowdistinguisheshimselfasmuchintheChurch-yard,asacitizendoesupontheChange,thewholeparish-politicksbeinggenerallydiscussedinthatplace,eitheraftersermonorbeforethebellrings.

MyfriendSirROGER,beingagoodchurchman,hasbeautifiedtheinsideofhischurchwithseveraltextsofhisownchusing:Hehaslikewisegivenahandsomepulpit-cloth,andrailedinthecommunion-tableathisownexpence.Hehasoftentoldme,thatathiscomingtohisestatehefoundhisparishionersveryirregular;andthat,inordertomakethemkneelandjoinintheresponses,hegaveeveryoneofthemahassockandacommon-prayer-book;andatthesametimeemployedanitinerantsinging-master,whogoesaboutthecountryforthatpurpose,toinstructthemrightlyinthetunesofthepsalms;uponwhichtheynowverymuchvaluethemselves,andindeedout-domostofthecountrychurchesthatIhaveeverheard.

AsSirROGERislandlordtothewholecongregation,hekeepstheminverygoodorder,andwillsuffernobodytosleepinitbesideshimself;for,ifbychancehehasbeensurprisedintoashortnapatsermon,uponrecoveringoutofithestandsupandlooksabouthim,andifheseesanybodyelsenodding,eitherwakesthemhimself,orsendshisservantstothem.SeveralotheroftheoldKnight'sparticularitiesbreakoutupontheseoccasions:

Sometimeshewillbelengtheningoutaverseinthesingingpsalms,halfaminuteaftertherestofthecongregationhavedonewithit;sometimes,whenheispleasedwiththematterofhisdevotion,hepronouncesAmenthreeorfourtimestothesameprayer;andsometimesstandsupwheneverybodyelseisupontheirknees,tocountthecongregation,orseeifanyofhistenantsaremissing.

Iwasyesterdayverymuchsurprisedtohearmyoldfriend,inthemidstoftheservice,callingouttooneJohnMatthewstomindwhathewasabout,andnotdisturbthecongregation.ThisJohnMatthewsitseemsisremarkableforbeinganidlefellow,andatthattimewaskickinghisheelsforhisdiversion.This

authorityoftheKnight,thoughexertedinthatoddmannerwhichaccompanieshiminallcircumstancesoflife,hasaverygoodeffectupontheparish,whoarenotpoliteenoughtoseeanythingridiculousinhisbehaviour;besidesthat,thegeneralgoodsenseandworthinessofhischaractermakeshisfriendsobservetheselittlesingularitiesasfoils,thatrathersetoffthanblemishhisgoodqualities.

Assoonasthesermonisfinished,nobodypresumestostirtillSirROGERisgoneoutofthechurch.TheKnightwalksdownfromhisseatinthechancelbetweenadoublerowofhistenants,thatstandbowingtohimoneachside;andeverynowandtheninquireshowsuchanone'swife,ormother,orson,orfatherdo,whomhedoesnotseeatchurch;whichisunderstoodasasecretreprimandtothepersonthatisabsent.

Thechaplainhasoftentoldme,thatuponacatechising-day,whenSirROGERhasbeenpleasedwithaboythatanswerswell,hehasorderedabibletobegivenhimnextdayforhisencouragement;andsometimesaccompaniesitwithaflitchofbacontohismother.SirROGERhaslikewiseaddedfivepoundsayeartotheclerk'splace;andthathemayencouragetheyoungfellowstomakethemselvesperfectinthechurch-service,haspromiseduponthedeathofthepresentincumbent,whoisveryold,tobestowitaccordingtomerit.

ThefairunderstandingbetweenSirROGERandhischaplain,andtheirmutualconcurrenceindoinggood,isthemoreremarkable,becausetheverynextvillageisfamousforthedifferencesandcontentionsthatarisebetweentheparsonandthe'squire,wholiveinaperpetualstateofwar.Theparsonisalwayspreachingatthe'squire,andthe'squiretoberevengedontheparsonnevercomestochurch.The'squirehasmadeallhistenantsatheistsandtithe-stealers;whiletheparsoninstructsthemeverySundayinthedignityofhisorder,andinsinuatestotheminalmosteverysermon,thatheisabettermanthanhispatron.Inshort,mattersarecometosuchanextremity,thatthesquirehasnotsaidhisprayerseitherinpublicorprivatethishalfyear;andthattheparsonthreatenshim,ifhedoesnotmendhismanners,toprayforhiminthefaceofthewholecongregation.

Feudsofthisnature,thoughtoofrequentinthecountry,areveryfataltotheordinarypeople;whoaresousedtobedazzledwithriches,thattheypayasmuchdeferencetotheunderstandingofamanofanestate,asofamanoflearning;andareveryhardlybroughttoregardanytruth,howimportantsoever

itmaybe,thatispreachedtothem,whentheyknowthereareseveralmenoffivehundredayear,whodonotbelieveit.L.

No.113.TUESDAY,JULY10.

Hoerentinfixipectorevultus.VIRG.AEn.iv.ver.4.

Herlooksweredeepimprintedinhisheart.

InmyfirstdescriptionofthecompanyinwhichIpassmostofmytime,itmayberememberedthatImentionedagreatafflictionwhichmyfriendSirROGERhadmetwithinhisyouth;whichwasnolessthanadisappointmentinlove.Ithappenedthiseveningthatwefellintoaverypleasingwalkatadistancefromhishouse:Assoonaswecameintoit,'Itis,'quoththegoodoldman,lookingroundhimwithasmile,'veryhard,thatanypartofmylandshouldbesettledupononewhohasusedmesoillastheperversewidowdid;andyetIamsureIcouldnotseeasprigofanyboughofthiswholewalkoftrees,butIshouldreflectuponherandherseverity.Shehascertainlythefinesthandofanywomanintheworld.YouaretoknowthiswastheplacewhereinIusedtomuseuponher;andbythatcustomIcannevercomeintoit,butthesametendersentimentsreviveinmymind,asifIhadactuallywalkedwiththatbeautifulcreatureundertheseshades.Ihavebeenfoolenoughtocarvehernameonthebarkofseveralofthesetrees;sounhappyistheconditionofmeninlove,toattempttheremovingoftheirpassionsbythemethodswhichserveonlytoimprintitdeeper.Shehascertainlythefinesthandofanywomanintheworld.'

Herefollowedaprofoundsilence;andIwasnotdispleasedtoobservemyfriendfallingsonaturallyintoadiscourse,whichIhadeverbeforetakennoticeheindustriouslyavoided.Afteraverylongpauseheentereduponanaccountofthisgreatcircumstanceinhislife,withanairwhichIthoughtraisedmyideaofhimabovewhatIhadeverhadbefore;andgavemethepictureofthatcheerfulmindofhis,beforeitreceivedthatstrokewhichhaseversinceaffectedhiswordsandactions.Buthewentonasfollows.

'Icametomyestateinmytwenty-secondyear,andresolvedtofollowthestepsofthemostworthyofmyancestorswhohaveinhabitedthisspotofearthbefore

me,inallthemethodsofhospitalityandgoodneighbourhood,forthesakeofmyfame;andincountry-sportsandrecreations,forthesakeofmyhealth.Inmytwenty-thirdyearIwasobligedtoserveassheriffofthecounty;and,inmyservants,officers,andwholeequipage,indulgedthepleasureofayoungman(whodidnotthinkillofhisownperson)intakingthatpublickoccasionofshewingmyfigureandbehaviourtoadvantage.YoumayeasilyimaginetoyourselfwhatappearanceImade,whoamprettytall,ridwell,andwasverywelldressed,attheheadofawholecounty,withmusickbeforeme,afeatherinmyhat,andmyhorsewellbitted.IcanassureyouIwasnotalittlepleasedwiththekindlooksandglancesIhadfromallthebalconiesandwindowsasIrodetothehallwheretheassizeswereheld.ButwhenIcamethere,abeautifulcreatureinawidow'shabitsatincourt,toheartheeventofacauseconcerningherdower.Thiscommandingcreature(whowasbornforthedestructionofallwhobeholdher)putonsucharesignationinhercountenance,andborethewhispersofallaroundthecourt,withsuchaprettyuneasiness,Iwarrantyou,andthenrecoveredherselffromoneeyetoanother,tillshewasperfectlyconfusedbymeetingsomethingsowistfulinallsheencountered,thatatlast,withamurraintoher,shecastherbewitchingeyeuponme.Inosoonermetit,butIbowedlikeagreatsurprizedbooby;andknowinghercausetobethefirstwhichcameon,Icried,likeacaptivatedcalfasIwas,Makewayforthedefendant'switnesses.

Thissuddenpartialitymadeallthecountyimmediatelyseethesheriffwasalsobecomeaslavetothefinewidow.Duringthetimehercausewasupontrial,shebehavedherself,Iwarrantyou,withsuchadeepattentiontoherbusiness,tookopportunitiestohavelittlebilletshandedtohercounsel,thenwouldbeinsuchaprettyconfusion,occasioned,youmustknow,byactingbeforesomuchcompany,thatnotonlyI,butthewholecourtwasprejudicedinherfavour;andallthatthenextheirtoherhusbandhadtourge,wasthoughtsogroundlessandfrivolous,thatwhenitcametohercounseltoreply,therewasnothalfsomuchsaidaseveryonebesidesinthecourtthoughthecouldhaveurgedtoheradvantage.Youmustunderstand,Sir,thisperversewomanisoneofthoseunaccountablecreatures,thatsecretlyrejoiceintheadmirationofmen,butindulgethemselvesinnofartherconsequences.Henceitisthatshehaseverhadatrainofadmirers,andsheremovesfromherslavesintowntothoseinthecountry,accordingtotheseasonsoftheyear.Sheisareadinglady,andfargoneinthepleasuresoffriendship:Sheisalwaysaccompaniedbyaconfident,whoiswitnesstoherdailyprotestationsagainstoursex,andconsequentlyabartoherfirststepstowardslove,uponthestrengthofherownmaximsanddeclarations.

'However,Imustneedssaythisaccomplishedmistressofminehasdistinguishedmeabovetherest,andhasbeenknowntodeclareSirROGERDECOVERLEYwasthetamestandmosthumaneofallthebrutesinthecountry.Iwastoldshesaidso,byonewhothoughtheralliedme;butuponthestrengthofthisslenderencouragementofbeingthoughtleastdetestable,Imadenewliveries,new-pairedmycoach-horses,sentthemalltotowntobebitted,andtaughttothrowtheirlegswell,andmovealltogether,beforeIpretendedtocrossthecountry,andwaituponher.AssoonasIthoughtmyretinuesuitabletothecharacterofmyfortuneandyouth,Isetoutfromhencetomakemyaddresses.Theparticularskillofthisladyhaseverbeentoinflameyourwishes,andyetcommandrespect.Tomakehermistressofthisart,shehasagreatershareofknowledge,wit,andgoodsense,thanisusualevenamongmenofmerit.Thensheisbeautifulbeyondtheraceofwomen.Ifyouwillnotlethergoonwithacertainartificewithhereyes,andtheskillofbeauty,shewillarmherselfwithherrealcharms,andstrikeyouwithadmirationinsteadofdesire.Itiscertainthatifyouweretobeholdthewholewoman,thereisthatdignityinheraspect,thatcomposureinhermotion,thatcomplacencyinhermanner,thatifherformmakesyouhope,hermeritmakesyoufear.Butthenagainsheissuchadesperatescholar,thatnocountry-gentlemancanapproachherwithoutbeingajest.AsIwasgoingtotellyou,whenIcametoherhouseIwasadmittedtoherpresencewithgreatcivility;atthesametimesheplacedherselftobefirstseenbymeinsuchanattitude,asIthinkyoucallthepostureofapicture,thatshediscoverednewcharms,andIatlastcametowardsherwithsuchanaweasmademespeechless.Thisshenosoonerobservedbutshemadeheradvantageofit,andbeganadiscoursetomeconcerningloveandhonour,astheybotharefollowedbypretenders,andtherealvotariestothem.Whenshediscussedthesepointsinadiscourse,whichIverilybelievewasaslearnedasthebestphilosopherinEuropecouldpossiblymake,sheaskedmewhethershewassohappyastofallinwithmysentimentsontheseimportantparticulars.Herconfidentsatbyher,anduponmybeinginthelastconfusionandsilence,thismaliciousaidofhersturningtohersays,'IamverygladtoobserveSirROGERpausesuponthissubject,andseemsresolvedtodeliverallhissentimentsuponthematterwhenhepleasestospeak.'Theybothkepttheircountenances,andafterIhadsathalfanhourmeditatinghowtobehavebeforesuchprofoundcasuists,Iroseupandtookmyleave.Chancehassincethattimethrownmeveryofteninherway,andsheasoftenhasdirectedadiscoursetomewhichIdonotunderstand.Thisbarbarityhaskeptmeeveratadistancefromthemostbeautifulobjectmyeyeseverbeheld.Itisthusalsoshedealswithallmankind,andyoumustmakelovetoher,asyouwouldconquerthesphinx,byposingher.Butwereshelikeotherwomen,andthattherewere

anytalkingtoher,howconstantmustthepleasureofthatmanbe,whowouldconversewiththecreature—But,afterall,youmaybesureherheartisfixedonsomeoneorother;andyetIhavebeencrediblyinformed;—butwhocanbelievehalfthatissaid?Aftershehaddonespeakingtome,sheputherhandtoherbosomandadjustedhertucker.Thenshecasthereyesalittledown,uponmybeholdinghertooearnestly.Theysayshesingsexcellently:Hervoiceinherordinaryspeechhassomethinginitinexpressiblysweet.YoumustknowIdinedwithheratapublicktablethedayafterIfirstsawher,andshehelpedmetosometansyintheeyeofallthegentlemeninthecountry.Shehascertainlythefinesthandofanywomanintheworld.Icanassureyou,Sir,wereyoutobeholdher,youwouldbeinthesamecondition;forasherspeechismusick,herformisangelick.ButIfindIgrowirregularwhileIamtalkingofher;butindeeditwouldbestupiditytobeunconcernedatsuchperfection.Ohtheexcellentcreature!sheisasinimitabletoallwomen,assheisinaccessibletoallmen.'

Ifoundmyfriendbegintorave,andinsensiblyledhimtowardsthehouse,thatwemightbejoinedbysomeothercompany;andamconvincedthatthewidowisthesecretcauseofallthatinconsistencywhichappearsinsomepartsofmyfriend'sdiscourse,thoughhehassomuchcommandofhimselfasnotdirectlytomentionher,yetaccordingtothatofMartial,whichoneknowsnothowtorenderintoEnglish,Dumtacethancloquitur.Ishallendthispaperwiththatwholeepigram,whichrepresentswithmuchhumourmyhonestfriend'scondition.

QuicquidagitRufus,nihilest,nisiNoeviaRufo,Sigaudet,siflet,sitacet,hancloquitur:Coenat,propinat,poscit,negat,annuit,unaestNoevia;sinonsitNoevia,mutuserit.Scriberethesternapatricumlucesalutem,Noevialux,inquit,Noevianumen,ave._Epig.lxix.1.I.

LetRufusweep,rejoice,stand,sit,orwalk,StillhecannothingbutofNoeviatalk;Lethimeat,drink,askquestions,ordispute,StillhemustspeakofNoevia,orbemute.Hewrittohisfather,endingwiththisline,Iam,mylovelyNoevia,everthine.

No.114.WEDNESDAY,JULY11.

Paupertalispudor&fuga.HOR.Ep.xviii.1.I.v.24.

ThedreadofnothingmoreThantobethoughtnecessitousandpoor.POOLY.

Oeconomyinouraffairshasthesameeffectuponourfortuneswhichgood-breedinghasuponourconversations.Thereisapretendingbehaviourinbothcases,which,insteadofmakingmenesteemedrendersthembothmiserableandcontemptible.WehadyesterdayatSirROGER'Sasetofcountrygentlemenwhodinedwithhim;andafterdinnertheglasswastaken,bythosewhopleased,prettyplentifully.AmongothersIobservedapersonofatolerablegoodaspect,whoseemedtobemoregreedyofliquorthananyofthecompany,andyet,methought,hedidnottasteitwithdelightAshegrewwarm,hewassuspiciousofeverythingthatwassaid;andasheadvancedtowardsbeingfuddled,hishumourgrewworse.Atthesametimehisbitternessseemedtoberatheraninwarddissatisfactioninhisownmind,thananydislikehehadtakentothecompany.Uponhearinghisname,Iknewhimtobeagentlemanofaconsiderablefortuneinthiscounty,butgreatlyindebt.Whatgivestheunhappymanthispeevishnessofspiritis,thathisestateisdipped,andiseatingoutwithusury;andyethehasnotthehearttosellanypartofit.Hisproudstomach,atthecostofrestlessnights,constantinquietudes,dangerofaffronts,andathousandnamelessinconveniences,preservesthiscankerinhisfortune,ratherthanitshallbesaidheisamanoffewerhundredsayearthanhehasbeencommonlyreputed.Thus,heenduresthetormentofpoverty,toavoidthenameofbeinglessrich.Ifyougotohishouseyouseegreatplenty;butservedinamannerthatshewsitisallunnatural,andthatthemaster'smindisnotathome.Thereisacertainwasteandcarelessnessintheairofeverything,andthewholeappearsbutacoveredindigence,amagnificentpoverty.Thatneatnessandchearfulness,whichattendsthetableofhimwholiveswithincompass,iswanting,andexchangedforalibertinewayofserviceinallabouthim.

Thisgentleman'sconduct,thoughaverycommonwayofmanagement,isasridiculousastheofficer'swouldbe,whohadbutfewmenunderhiscommand,andshouldtakethechargeofanextentofcountryratherthanofasmallpass.To

payfor,personate,andkeepinaman'shands,agreaterestatethanhereallyhas,isofallothersthemostunpardonablevanity,andmustintheendreducethemanwhoisguiltyofittodishonour.YetifwelookroundusinanycountyofGreatBritain,weshallseemanyinthisfatalerror;ifthatmaybecalledbysosoftaname,whichproceedsfromafalseshameofappearingwhattheyreallyare,whenthecontrarybehaviourwouldinashorttimeadvancethemtotheconditionwhichtheypretendto.

Laerteshasfifteenhundredpoundsayear;whichismortgagedforsixthousandpounds;butitisimpossibletoconvincehimthatifhesoldasmuchaswouldpayoffthatdebt,hewouldsavefourshillingsinthepound,whichhegivesforthevanityofbeingthereputedmasterofit.YetifLaertesdidthis,hewould,perhaps,beeasierinhisownfortune;butthenIrus,afellowofyesterday,whohasbuttwelvehundredayear,wouldbehisequal.Ratherthanthisshallbe,Laertesgoesontobringwellbornbeggarsintotheworld,andeverytwelvemonthchargeshisestatewithatleastoneyear'srentmorebythebirthofachild.

LaertesandIrusareneighbours,whosewayoflivingareanabominationtoeachother.Irusismovedbythefearofpoverty,andLaertesbytheshameofit.Thoughthemotiveofactionisofsonearaffinityinboth,andmayberesolvedintothis,'Thattoeachofthempovertyisthegreatestofallevils,'yetaretheirmannersverywidelydifferent.ShameofpovertymakesLaerteslaunchintounnecessaryequipage,vainexpence,andlavishentertainments;fearofpovertymakesIrusallowhimselfonlyplainnecessaries,appearwithoutaservant,sellhisowncorn,attendhislabourers,andbehimselfalabourer.ShameofpovertymakesLaertesgoeverydayastepnearertoit;andfearofpovertystirsupIrustomakeeverydaysomefurtherprogressfromit.

Thesedifferentmotivesproducetheexcesseswhichmenareguiltyofinthenegligenceofandprovisionforthemselves.Usury,stock-jobbing,extortion,andoppression,havetheirseedinthedreadofwant;andvanity,riotandprodigality,fromtheshameofit:Butboththeseexcessesareinfinitelybelowthepursuitofareasonablecreature.Afterwehavetakencaretocommandsomuchasisnecessaryformaintainingourselvesintheorderofmensuitabletoourcharacter,thecareofsuperfluitiesisavicenolessextravagant,thantheneglectofnecessarieswouldhavebeenbefore.

Certainitis,thattheyarebothoutofnature,whensheisfollowedwithreason

andgoodsense.ItisfromthisreflexionthatIalwaysreadMr.Cowleywiththegreatestpleasure:Hismagnanimityisasmuchabovethatofotherconsiderablemen,ashisunderstanding;anditisatruedistinguishingspiritintheelegantauthorwhopublishedhisworks,todwellsomuchuponthetemperofhismindandthemoderationofhisdesires:Bythismeanshehasrenderedhisfriendasamiableasfamous.ThatstateoflifewhichbearsthefaceofpovertywithMr.Cowley'sgreatVulgar,isadmirablydescribed;anditisnosmallsatisfactiontothoseofthesameturnofdesire,thatheproducestheauthorityofthewisestmenofthebestageoftheworld,tostrengthenhisopinionoftheordinarypursuitsofmankind.

Itwouldmethinksbenoillmaximoflife,ifaccordingtothatancestorofSirROGER,whomIlatelymentioned,everymanwouldpointtohimselfwhatsumhewouldresolvenottoexceed.Hemightbythismeanscheathimselfintoatranquillityonthissideofthatexpectation,orconvertwhatheshouldgetaboveittonoblerusesthanhisownpleasuresornecessities.Thistemperofmindwouldexemptamanfromanignorantenvyofrestlessmenabovehim,andamoreinexcusablecontemptofhappymenbelowhim.Thiswouldbesailingbysomecompass,livingwithsomedesign;buttobeeternallybewilderedinprospectsoffuturegain,andputtingonunnecessaryarmouragainstimprobableblowsoffortune,isamechanickbeingwhichhasnotgoodsenseforitsdirection,butiscarriedonbyasortofacquiredinstincttowardsthingsbelowourconsiderationandunworthyouresteem.ItispossiblethatthetranquillityInowenjoyatSirROGER'Smayhavecreatedinmethiswayofthinking,whichissoabstractedfromthecommonrelishoftheworld:ButasIamnowinapleasingarboursurroundedwithabeautifullandscape,Ifindnoinclinationsostrongastocontinueinthesemansions,soremotefromtheostentatiousscenesoflife;andamatthispresentwritingphilosopherenoughtoconcludewithMr.Cowley:

Ife'erambitiondidmyfancycheat,Withanywishsomeanastobegreat;Continueheav'n,stillfrommetoremoveThehumbleblessingsofthatlifeIlove.

No.115.THURSDAY,JULY12.

Utsitmenssanaincorporesano.Juv.Sat.x.v.356.

Ahealthybodyandamindatease.

Bodilylabourisoftwokinds,eitherthatwhichamansubmitstoforhislivelihood,orthatwhichheundergoesforhispleasure.Thelatterofthemgenerallychangesthenameoflabourforthatofexercise,butdiffersonlyfromordinarylabourasitrisesfromanothermotive.

Acountrylifeaboundsinboththesekindsoflabour,andforthatreasongivesamanagreaterstockofhealth,andconsequentlyamoreperfectenjoymentofhimself,thananyotherwayoflife.Iconsiderthebodyasasystemoftubesandglands,ortouseamorerusticphrase,abundleofpipesandstrainers,fittedtooneanotheraftersowonderfulamannerastomakeaproperengineforthesoultoworkwith.Thisdescriptiondoesnotonlycomprehendthebowels,bones,tendons,veins,nerves,andarteries,buteverymuscleandeveryligature,whichisacompositionoffibres,thataresomanyimperceptibletubesorpipesinterwovenonallsideswithinvisibleglandsorstrainers.

Thisgeneralideaofahumanbody,withoutconsideringitinitsnicetiesofanatomy,letsusseehowabsolutelynecessarylabourisfortherightpreservationofit.Theremustbefrequentmotionsandagitations,tomix,digest,andseparatethejuicescontainedinit,aswellastoclearandcleansethatinfinitudeofpipesandstrainersofwhichitiscomposed,andtogivetheirsolidpartsamorefirmandlastingtone.Labourorexercisefermentsthehumours,caststhemintotheirproperchannels,throwsoffredundancies,andhelpsnatureinthosesecretdistributions,withoutwhichthebodycannotsubsistinitsvigour,northesoulactwithcheerfulness.

Imightherementiontheeffectswhichthishasuponallthefacultiesofthemind,bykeepingtheunderstandingclear,theimaginationuntroubled,andrefiningthosespiritsthatarenecessaryfortheproperexertionofourintellectualfaculties,duringthepresentlawsofunionbetweensoulandbody.Itistoaneglectinthisparticular,thatwemustascribethespleen,whichissofrequentinmenofstudiousandsedentarytempers,aswellasthevapourstowhichthoseoftheothersexaresooftensubject.

Hadnotexercisebeenabsolutelynecessaryforourwell-being,naturewouldnothavemadethebodysoproperforit,bygivingsuchanactivitytothelimbs,and

suchapliancytoeverypartasnecessarilyproducethesecompressions,extensions,contortions,dilatations,andallotherkindsofmotionsthatarenecessaryforthepreservationofsuchasystemoftubesandglandsashasbeenbeforementioned.Andthatwemightnotwantinducementstoengageusinsuchanexerciseofthebodyasisproperforitswelfare,itissoorderedthatnothingvaluablecanbeprocuredwithoutit.Nottomentionrichesandhonour,evenfoodandraimentarenottobecomeatwithoutthetoilofthehandsandsweatofthebrows.Providencefurnishesmaterials,butexpectsthatweshouldworkthemupourselves.Theearthmustbelabouredbeforeitgivesitsincrease,andwhenitisforcedintoitsseveralproducts,howmanyhandsmusttheypassthroughbeforetheyarefitforuse?Manufactures,trade,andagriculture,naturallyemploymorethannineteenpartsofthespeciesintwenty;andasforthosewhoarenotobligedtolabour,bytheconditioninwhichtheyareborn,theyaremoremiserablethantherestofmankind,unlesstheyindulgethemselvesinthatvoluntarylabourwhichgoesbythenameofexercise.

MyfriendSirROGERhasbeenanindefatigablemaninbusinessofthiskind,andhashungseveralpartsofhishousewiththetrophiesofhisformerlabours.Thewallsofhisgreathallarecoveredwiththehornsofseveralkindsofdeerthathehaskilledinthechace,whichhethinksthemostvaluablefurnitureofhishouse,astheyaffordhimfrequenttopicsofdiscourse,andshewthathehasnotbeenidle.Atthelowerendofthehallisalargeotter'sskinstuffedwithhay,whichhismotherorderedtobehungupinthatmanner,andtheKnightlooksuponitwithgreatsatisfaction,becauseitseemshewasbutnineyearsoldwhenhisdogkilledhim.Alittleroomadjoiningtothehallisakindofarsenalfilledwithgunsofseveralsizesandinventions,withwhichtheKnighthasmadegreathavockinthewoods,anddestroyedmanythousandsofpheasants,partridgesandwoodcocks.Hisstable-doorsarepatchedwithnosesthatbelongedtofoxesoftheKnight'sownhuntingdown.SirROGERshewedmeoneofthem,thatfordistinctionsakehasabrassnailstruckthroughit,whichcosthimaboutfifteenhoursriding,carriedhimthroughhalfadozencounties,killedhimabraceofgeldings,andlostabovehalfhisdogs.Thistheknightlooksuponasoneofthegreatestexploitsofhislife.Theperversewidow,whomIhavegivensomeaccountof,wasthedeathofseveralfoxes;forSirROGERhastoldmethatinthecourseofhisamourshepatchedthewesterndoorofhisstable.Wheneverthewidowwascruel,thefoxesweresuretopayforit.Inproportionashispassionforthewidowabatedandoldagecameon,heleftofffox-hunting;butahareisnotyetsafethatsitswithintenmilesofhishouse.

ThereisnokindofexercisewhichIwouldsorecommendtomyreadersofbothsexesasthisofriding,asthereisnonewhichsomuchconducestohealth,andiseverywayaccommodatedtothebody,accordingtotheIdeawhichIhavegivenofit.DoctorSydenhamisverylavishinitspraises;andiftheEnglishreaderwillseethemechanicaleffectsofitdescribedatlength,hemayfindtheminabookpublishednotmanyyearssince,underthetitleofMedicinaGymnastica.Formyownpart,whenIamintown,forwantoftheseopportunities,Iexercisemyselfanhoureverymorninguponadumbbellthatisplacedinacornerofmyroom,andpleasesmethemorebecauseitdoeseverythingIrequireofitinthemostprofoundsilence.Mylandladyandherdaughtersaresowellacquaintedwithmyhoursofexercise,thattheynevercomeintomyroomtodisturbmewhilstIamringing.

WhenIwassomeyearsyoungerthanIamatpresent,Iusedtoemploymyselfinamorelaboriousdiversion,whichIlearnedfromaLatintreatiseofexercisesthatiswrittenwithgreaterudition:Itistherecalledtheskiomachia,orthefightingwithaman'sownshadow,andconsistsinthebrandishingoftwoshortsticksgraspedineachhand,andloadenwithplugsofleadateitherend.Thisopensthechest,exercisesthelimbs,andgivesamanallthepleasureofboxing,withouttheblows.Icouldwishthatseverallearnedmenwouldlayoutthattimewhichtheyemployincontroversiesanddisputesaboutnothing,inthismethodoffightingwiththeirownshadows.Itmightconduceverymuchtoevaporatethespleen,whichmakesthemuneasytothepublicaswellastothemselves.

Toconclude,asIamacompoundofsoulandbody,Iconsidermyselfasobligedtoadoubleschemeofduties;andthinkIhavenotfulfilledthebusinessofthedaywhenIdonotthusemploytheoneinlabourandexercise,aswellastheotherinstudyandcontemplation.L.

No.116.FRIDAY,JULY13.

VocatingenticlamoreCithaeron,Taygetiquecanes.Virg.Georg.iii.v.43.

Theechoinghillsandchidinghoundsinvite.

Thosewhohavesearchedintohumannatureobservethatnothingsomuchshewsthenoblenessofthesoulasthatitsfelicityconsistsinaction.Everymanhassuchanactiveprincipleinhim,thathewillfindoutsomethingtoemployhimselfupon,inwhateverplaceorstateoflifeheisposted.IhaveheardofagentlemanwhowasundercloseconfinementintheBastilesevenyears;duringwhichtimeheamusedhimselfinscatteringafewsmallpinsabouthischamber,gatheringthemupagain,andplacingthemindifferentfiguresonthearmofagreatchair.Heoftentoldhisfriendsafterwards,thatunlesshehadfoundoutthispieceofexercise,heverilybelievedheshouldhavelosthissenses.

Afterwhathasbeensaid,IneednotinformmyreadersthatSirROGER,withwhosecharacterIhopetheyareatpresentprettywellacquainted,hasinhisyouthgonethroughthewholecourseofthoseruraldiversionswhichthecountryaboundsin;andwhichseemtobeextremelywellsuitedtothatlaboriousindustryamanmayobservehereinafargreaterdegreethanintownsandcities.Ihavebeforehintedatsomeofmyfriend'sexploits:Hehasinhisyouthfuldaystakenfortycoveysofpartridgesinaseason;andtiredmanyasalmonwithalineconsistingbutofasinglehair.Theconstantthanksandgoodwishesoftheneighbourhoodalwaysattendedhim,onaccountofhisremarkableenmitytowardsfoxes;havingdestroyedmoreofthosevermininoneyear,thanitwasthoughtthewholecountrycouldhaveproduced.Indeedtheknightdoesnotscrupletoownamonghismostintimatefriends,thatinordertoestablishhisreputationthisway,hehassecretlysentforgreatnumbersofthemoutofothercounties,whichheusedtoturnlooseaboutthecountrybynight,thathemightthebettersignalizehimselfintheirdestructionthenextday.Hishunting-horseswerethefinestandbestmanagedinalltheseparts:Histenantsarestillfullofthepraisesofagreystone-horsethatunhappilystakedhimselfseveralyearssince,andwasburiedwithgreatsolemnityintheorchard.

SirROGER,beingatpresenttoooldforfox-hunting,tokeephimselfinaction,hasdisposedofhisbeaglesandgotapackofStop-hounds.Whatthesewantinspeed,heendeavourstomakeamendsforbythedeepnessoftheirmouthsandthevarietyoftheirnotes,whicharesuitedinsuchmannertoeachother,thatthewholecrymakesupacompleteconcert.Heissoniceinthisparticular,thatagentlemanhavingmadehimapresentofaveryfinehoundtheotherday,theknightreturneditbytheservantwithagreatmanyexpressionsofcivility;butdesiredhimtotellhismaster,thatthedoghehadsentwasindeedamostexcellentBass,butthatatpresentheonlywantedaCounter-Tenor.CouldIbelievemyfriendhadeverreadShakespeare,Ishouldcertainlyconcludehehad

takenthehintfromTheseusintheMidsummerNight'sDream.

MyhoundsarebredoutoftheSpartankind,Soflu'd,sosanded;andtheirheadsarehungWithearsthatsweepawaythemorningdew.Crook-knee'danddew-lap'dlikeThessalianbulls,Slowinpursuit,butmatchedinmouthslikebells,Eachundereach:AcrymoretuneableWasneverhalloo'dto,norcheer'dwithhorn.

SirROGERissokeenatthissport,thathehasbeenoutalmosteverydaysinceIcamedown;anduponthechaplain'sofferingtolendmehiseasypad,Iwasprevailedonyesterdaymorningtomakeoneofthecompany.Iwasextremelypleased,asweridalong,toobservethegeneralbenevolenceofalltheneighbourhoodtowardsmyfriend.Thefarmer'ssonsthoughtthemselveshappyiftheycouldopenagateforthegoodoldKnightashepassedby;whichhegenerallyrequitedwithanodorasmile,andakindinquiryaftertheirfathersanduncles.

Afterwehadridaboutamilefromhome,wecameuponalargeheath,andthesportsmenbegantobeat.Theyhaddonesoforsometime,when,asIwasatalittledistancefromtherestofthecompany,Isawaharepopoutfromasmallfurze-brakealmostundermyhorse'sfeet.Imarkedthewayshetook,whichIendeavouredtomakethecompanysensibleofbyextendingmyarm;buttonopurpose,untilSirROGER,whoknowsthatnoneofmyextraordinarymotionsareinsignificant,rodeuptome,andaskedmeifpusswasgonethatway?UponmyansweringYes,heimmediatelycalledinthedogs,andputthemuponthescent.Astheyweregoingoff,Iheardoneofthecountry-fellowsmutteringtohiscompanion,Thatitwasawondertheyhadnotlostalltheirsport,forwantofthesilentgentleman'scryingStoleaway.

This,withmyaversiontoleapinghedges,mademewithdrawtoarisingground,fromwhenceIcouldhavethepleasureofthewholechace,withoutthefatigueofkeepinginwiththehounds.Thehareimmediatelythrewthemaboveamilebehindher;butIwaspleasedtofind,thatinsteadofrunningstraightforwards,or,inhunter'slanguage,Flyingthecountry,asIwasafraidshemighthavedone,shewheeledabout,anddescribedasortofcircleroundthehillwhereIhadtakenmystation,insuchmannerasgavemeaverydistinctviewofthesport.Icouldseeherfirstpassby,andthedogssometimeafterwardsunravellingthewhole

trackshehadmade,andfollowingherthroughallherdoubles.Iwasatthesametimedelightedinobservingthatdeferencewhichtherestofthepackpaidtoeachparticularhound,accordingtothecharacterhehadacquiredamongstthem:Iftheywereatafault,andanoldhoundofreputationopenedbutonce,hewasimmediatelyfollowedbythewholecry;whilearawdog,oronewhowasanotedLiar,mighthaveyelpedhisheartoutwithoutbeingtakennoticeof.

Theharenow,afterhavingsquattedtwoorthreetimes,andbeenputupagainasoften,camestillnearertotheplacewhereshewasatfirststarted.Thedogspursuedher,andthesewerefollowedbythejollyKnight,whorodeuponawhitegelding,encompassedbyhistenantsandservants,andcheeringhishoundswithallthegaietyoffiveandtwenty.Oneofthesportsmenrodeuptome,andtoldmethathewassurethechacewasalmostatanend,becausetheolddogs,whichhadhithertolainbehind,nowheadedthepack.Thefellowwasintheright.Ourharetookalargefieldjustunderus,followedbythefullcryinview.Imustconfessthebrightnessoftheweather,thecheerfulnessofeverythingaroundme,thechidingofthehounds,whichwasreturneduponusinadoubleechofromtwoneighbouringhills,withthehallooingofthesportsmenandthesoundingofthehorn,liftedmyspiritsintoamostlivelypleasure,whichIfreelyindulgedbecauseIknewitwasinnocent.IfIwasunderanyconcern,itwasontheaccountofthepoorhare,thatwasnowquitespentandalmostwithinthereachofherenemies;whenthehuntsman,gettingforward,threwdownhispolebeforethedogs.Theywerenowwithineightyardsofthatgamewhichtheyhadbeenpursuingforalmostasmanyhours;yetonthesignalbefore-mentionedtheyallmadeasuddenstand,andthoughtheycontinuedopeningasmuchasbefore,durstnotonceattempttopassbeyondthepole.AtthesametimeSirROGERrodeforward,andalighting,tookupthehareinhisarms;whichhesoondeliveredtooneofhisservants,withanorder,ifshecouldbekeptalive,tolethergoinhisgreatorchard;whereitseemshehasseveraloftheseprisonersofwar,wholivetogetherinaverycomfortablecaptivity.Iwashighlypleasedtoseethedisciplineofthepack,andthegoodnatureoftheKnight,whocouldnotfindinhishearttomurderacreaturethathadgivenhimsomuchdiversion.

Aswewerereturninghome,IrememberedthatMonsieurPaschalinhismostexcellentdiscourseonthemiseryofman,tellsus,thatallourendeavoursaftergreatnessproceedfromnothingbutadesireofbeingsurroundedbyamultitudeofpersonsandaffairsthatmayhinderusfromlookingintoourselves,whichisaviewwecannotbear.Heafterwardsgoesontoshowthatourloveofsportscomesfromthesamereason,andisparticularlysevereuponhunting.What,says

he,unlessitbetodrownthought,canmakementhrowawaysomuchtimeandpainsuponasillyanimal,whichtheymightbuycheaperinthemarket?Theforegoingreflectioniscertainlyjust,whenamansuffershiswholemindtobedrawnintohissports,andaltogetherloseshimselfinthewoods;butdoesnotaffectthosewhoproposeafarmorelaudableendforthisexercise;Imean,Thepreservationofhealth,andkeepingalltheorgansofthesoulinaconditiontoexecuteherorders.Hadthatincomparableperson,whomIlastquoted,beenalittlemoreindulgenttohimselfinthispoint,theworldmightprobablyhaveenjoyedhimmuchlonger:Whereas,throughtoogreatanapplicationtohisstudiesinhisyouth,hecontractedthatillhabitofbody,which,afteratedioussickness,carriedhimoffinthefortiethyearofhisage;andthewholehistorywehaveofhislifetillthattime,isbutonecontinuedaccountofthebehaviourofanoblesoulstrugglingunderinnumerablepainsanddistempers.

Formyownpart,IintendtohunttwiceaweekduringmystaywithSirROGER;andshallprescribethemoderateuseofthisexercisetoallmycountryfriends,asthebestkindofphysickformendingabadconstitution,andpreservingagoodone.

Icannotdothisbetter,thaninthefollowinglinesoutofMr.Dryden.

Thefirstphysiciansbydebauchweremade;Excessbegan,andslothsustainsthetrade.Bychaceourlongliv'dfathersearn'dtheirfood;Toilstrungthenerves,andpurifi'dtheblood;Butwetheirsons,apamper'draceofmen,Aredwindleddowntothreescoreyearsandten.Bettertohuntinfieldsforhealthunbought,Thanfeethedoctorforanauseousdraught.Thewiseforcureonexercisedepend;Godnevermadehisworkformantomend.X.

No.117.SATURDAY,JULY14.

Ipsisibisomniafingunt.VIRG.Ecl.viii.ver.108.

Theirownimaginationstheydeceive.

Therearesomeopinionsinwhichamanshouldstandneuter,withoutengaginghisassenttoonesideortheother.Suchahoveringfaithasthis,whichrefusestosettleuponanydetermination,isabsolutelynecessaryinamindthatiscarefultoavoiderrorsandprepossessions.Whentheargumentspressequallyonbothsidesinmattersthatareindifferenttous,thesafestmethodistogiveupourselvestoneither.

ItiswiththistemperofmindthatIconsiderthesubjectofwitchcraft.WhenIheartherelationsthataremadefromallpartsoftheworld,notonlyfromNorwayandLapland,fromtheEastandWestIndies,butfromeveryparticularnationinEurope,Icannotforbearthinkingthatthereissuchanintercourseandcommercewithevilspirits,asthatwhichweexpressbythenameofwitchcraft.ButwhenIconsiderthattheignorantandcredulouspartsoftheworldaboundmostintheserelations,andthatthepersonsamongus,whoaresupposedtoengageinsuchaninfernalcommerce,arepeopleofaweakunderstandingandcrazedimagination,andatthesametimereflectuponthemanyimposturesanddelusionsofthisnaturethathavebeendetectedinallages,IendeavourtosuspendmybelieftillIhearmorecertainaccountsthananywhichhaveyetcometomyknowledge.Inshort,whenIconsiderthequestionwhethertherearesuchpersonsintheworldasthosewecallwitches,mymindisdividedbetweenthetwooppositeopinions;orrather,(tospeakmythoughtsfreely)Ibelieveingeneralthatthereis,andhasbeensuchathingaswitchcraft;but,atthesametime,cangivenocredittoanyparticularinstanceofit.

IamengagedinthisspeculationbysomeoccurrencesthatImetwithyesterday,whichIshallgivemyreaderanaccountofatlarge.AsIwaswalkingwithmyfriendSirROGERbythesideofoneofhiswoods,anoldwomanappliedherselftomeformycharity.HerdressandfigureputmeinmindofthefollowingdescriptioninOtway.

InacloselaneasIpursu'dmyjourney,Ispy'dawrinkledHag,withagegrowndouble,Pickingdrysticks,andmumblingtoherself.Hereyeswithscaldingrheumweregall'dandred;Coldpalsyshookherhead;herhandsseem'dwithered;AndonhercrookedshouldershadshewrappedThetatter'dremnantsofanoldstrip'dhanging,Whichserv'dtokeephercarcasefromthecold:Sotherewasnothingofapieceabouther.

Herlowerweedswereallo'ercoarslypatch'dWithdifferent-colouredrags,black,red,white,yellow,Andseem'dtospeakvarietyofwretchedness.

AsIwasmusingonthisdescription,andcomparingitwiththeobjectbeforeme,theKnighttoldme,thatthisveryoldwomanhadthereputationofawitchalloverthecountry,thatherlipswereobservedtobealwaysinmotion,andthattherewasnotaswitchaboutherhousewhichherneighboursdidnotbelievehadcarriedherseveralhundredsofmiles.Ifshechancedtostumble,theyalwaysfoundsticksorstrawsthatlayinthefigureofacrossbeforeher.Ifshemadeanymistakeatchurch,andcriedAmeninawrongplace,theyneverfailedtoconcludethatshewassayingherprayersbackwards.Therewasnotamaidintheparishthatwouldtakeapinofher,thoughsheshouldofferabagofmoneywithit.ShegoesbythenameofMollWhite,andhasmadethecountryringwithseveralimaginaryexploitswhicharepalmeduponher.Ifthedairy-maiddoesnotmakethebuttercomesosoonasshewouldhaveit,MollWhiteisatthebottomofthechurn.Ifahorsesweatsinthestable,MollWhitehasbeenuponhisback.Ifaharemakesanunexpectedescapefromthehounds,thehuntsmancursesMollWhite.'Nay'(saysSirROGER)'Ihaveknownthemasterofthepack,uponsuchanoccasion,sendoneofhisservantstoseeifMollWhitehadbeenoutthatmorning.'

Thisaccountraisedmycuriositysofar,thatIbeggedmyfriendSirROGERtogowithmeintoherhovel,whichstoodinasolitarycornerunderthesideofthewood.UponourfirstenteringSirROGERwinkedtome,andpointedatsomethingthatstoodbehindthedoor,which,uponlookingthatwayIfoundtobeanoldbroomstaff.Atthesametimehewhisperedmeintheeartotakenoticeofatabbycatthatsatinthechimney-corner,which,astheoldKnighttoldme,layunderasbadareportasMollWhiteherself;for,besidesthatMollissaidoftentoaccompanyherinthesameshape,thecatisreportedtohavespokentwiceorthriceinherlife,andtohaveplayedseveralpranksabovethecapacityofanordinarycat.

Iwassecretlyconcernedtoseehumannatureinsomuchwretchednessanddisgrace,butatthesametimecouldnotforbearsmilingtohearSirROGER,whoisalittlepuzzledabouttheoldwoman,advisingherasajusticeofpeacetoavoidallcommunicationwiththeDevil,andnevertohurtanyofherneighbour'scattle.Weconcludedourvisitwithabounty,whichwasveryacceptable.

InourreturnhomeSirROGERtoldme,thatoldMollhadbeenoftenbroughtbeforehimformakingchildrenspitpins,andgivingmaidsthenightmare;andthatthecountrypeoplewouldbetossingherintoapond,andtryingexperimentswithhereveryday,ifitwasnotforhimandhischaplain.

Ihavesincefound,uponinquiry,thatSirROGERwasseveraltimesstaggeredwiththereportsthathadbeenbroughthimconcerningthisoldwoman,andwouldfrequentlyhaveboundherovertothecounty-sessions,hadnothischaplainwithmuchadopersuadedhimtothecontrary.

Ihavebeenthemoreparticularinthisaccount,becauseIhearthereisscarceavillageinEnglandthathasnotaMollWhiteinit.Whenanoldwomanbeginstodote,andgrowchargeabletoaparish,sheisgenerallyturnedintoawitch,andfillsthewholecountrywithextravagantfancies,imaginarydistempers,andterrifyingdreams.Inthemeantime,thepoorwretchthatistheinnocentoccasionofsomanyevilsbeginstobefrightedatherself,andsometimesconfessessecretcommerceandfamiliaritiesthatherimaginationformsinadeliriousoldage.Thisfrequentlycutsoffcharityfromthegreatestobjectsofcompassion,andinspirespeoplewithamalevolencetowardsthosepoordecrepidpartsofourspecies,inwhomhumannatureisdefacedbyinfirmityanddotage.L.

No.118.MONDAY,JULY16.

Haeretlaterilethalisarundo.VIRG.AEn.iv.ver.73.

ThefataldartSticksinhisside,andranklesinhisheart.DRYDEN

Thisagreeableseatissurroundedwithsomanypleasingwalks,whicharestruckoutofawood,inthemidstofwhichthehousestands,thatonecanhardlyeverbewearyoframblingfromonelabyrinthofdelighttoanother.Tooneusedtoliveinacitythecharmsofthecountryaresoexquisite,thatthemindislostinacertaintransportwhichraisesusaboveordinarylife,andisyetnotstrong

enoughtobeinconsistentwithtranquillity.ThisstateofmindwasIin,ravishedwiththemurmurofwaters,thewhisperofbreezes,thesingingofbirds;andwhetherIlookeduptotheheavens,downtotheearth,orturnedontheprospectsaroundme,stillstruckwithnewsenseofpleasure;whenIfoundbythevoiceofmyfriend,whowalkedbyme,thatwehadinsensiblystrolledintothegrovesacredtothewidow.'Thiswoman',sayshe,'isofallothersthemostunintelligible;sheeitherdesignstomarry,orshedoesnot.Whatisthemostperplexingofall,is,thatshedothnoteithersaytoherloversshehasanyresolutionagainstthatconditionoflifeingeneral,orthatshebanishesthem;but,consciousofherownmerit,shepermitstheiraddresses,withoutfearofanyillconsequence,orwantofrespect,fromtheirrageordespair.Shehasthatinheraspect,againstwhichitisimpossibletooffend.Amanwhosethoughtsareconstantlybentuponsoagreeableanobject,mustbeexcusediftheordinaryoccurrencesinconversationarebelowhisattention.Icallherindeedperverse;but,alas!whydoIcallherso?Becausehersuperiormeritissuch,thatIcannotapproachherwithoutawe,thatmyheartischeckedbytoomuchesteem:Iamangrythathercharmsarenotmoreacceptable,thatIammoreinclinedtoworshipthansaluteher:HowoftenhaveIwishedherunhappy,thatImighthaveanopportunityofservingher?andhowoftentroubledinthatveryimagination,atgivingherthepainofbeingobliged?Well,Ihaveledamiserablelifeinsecretuponheraccount;butfancyshewouldhavecondescendedtohavesomeregardforme,ifithadnotbeenforthatwatchfulanimalherconfident.

'Ofallpersonsunderthesun'(continuedhe,callingmebymyname)'besuretosetamarkuponconfidents:Theyareofallpeoplethemostimpertinent.Whatismostpleasanttoobserveinthem,is,thattheyassumetothemselvesthemeritofthepersonswhomtheyhaveintheircustody.Orestillaisagreatfortune,andinwonderfuldangerofsurprises,thereforefullofsuspicionsoftheleastindifferentthing,particularlycarefulofnewacquaintance,andofgrowingtoofamiliarwiththeold.Themista,herfavouritewoman,iseverywhitascarefulofwhomshespeaksto,andwhatshesays.Letthewardbeabeauty,herconfidentshalltreatyouwithanairofdistance;letherbeafortune,andsheassumesthesuspiciousbehaviourofherfriendandpatroness.Thusitisthatverymanyofourunmarriedwomenofdistinction,aretoallintentsandpurposesmarried,excepttheconsiderationofdifferentsexes.Theyaredirectlyundertheconductoftheirwhisperer;andthinktheyareinastateoffreedom,whiletheycanpratewithoneoftheseattendantsofallmeningeneral,andstillavoidthemantheymostlike.Youdonotseeoneheiressinahundredwhosefatedoesnotturnuponthiscircumstanceofchusingaconfident.Thusitisthattheladyisaddressedto,

presentedandflattered,onlybyproxy,inherwoman.Inmycase,howisitpossiblethat—'SirROGERwasproceedinginhisharangue,whenweheardthevoiceofonespeakingveryimportunately,andrepeatingthesewords,'What,notonesmile?'Wefollowedthesoundtillwecametoaclosethicket,ontheothersideofwhichwesawayoungwomansittingasitwereinapersonatedsullenness,justoveratransparentfountain.OppositetoherstoodMr.William,SirROGER'smasterofthegame.TheKnightwhisperedme,'Hist!thesearelovers.'Thehuntsmanlookingearnestlyattheshadowoftheyoungmaideninthestream,'Ohthoudearpicture,ifthoucouldstremainthereintheabsenceofthatfaircreaturewhomyourepresentinthewater,howwillinglycouldIstandheresatisfiedforever,withouttroublingmydearBettyherselfwithanymentionofherunfortunateWilliam,whomsheisangrywith:Butalas!whenshepleasestobegone,thouwiltalsovanish—yetletmetalktotheewhilethoudoststay.TellmydearestBettythoudostnotmoredependuponher,thandoesherWilliam:Herabsencewillmakeawaywithmeaswellasthee.Ifsheofferstoremovethee,Iwilljumpintothesewavestolayholdonthee;herself,herowndearperson,Imustneverembraceagain.—Stilldoyouhearmewithoutonesmile—Itistoomuchtobear—'Hehadnosoonerspokethesewords,buthemadeanofferofthrowinghimselfintothewater:Atwhichhismistressstartedup,andatthenextinstanthejumpedacrossthefountainandmetherinanembrace.She,halfrecoveringfromherfright,said,inthemostcharmingvoiceimaginable,andwithatoneofcomplaint,'Ithoughthowwellyouwoulddrownyourself.No,no,youwon'tdrownyourselftillyouhavetakenyourleaveofSusanHoliday.'Thehuntsman,withatendernessthatspokethemostpassionatelove,andwithhischeekclosetohers,whisperedthesoftestvowsoffidelityinherear,andcried,'Don't,mydear,believeawordKateWillowsays;sheisspiteful,andmakesstoriesbecauseshelovestohearmetalktoherselfforyoursake.''Lookyouthere,'quothSirROGER,'doyouseethere,allmischiefcomesfromconfidents!Butletusnotinterruptthem;themaidishonest,andthemandaresnotbeotherwise,forheknowsIlovedherfather:Iwillinterposeinthismatter,andhastenthewedding.KateWillowisawittymischievouswenchintheneighbourhood,whowasabeauty,andmakesmehopeIshallseetheperversewidowinhercondition.Shewassoflippantwithheranswerstoallthehonestfellowsthatcamenearher,andsoveryvainofherbeauty,thatshehasvaluedherselfuponhercharmstilltheyareceased.Shethereforenowmakesitherbusinesstopreventotheryoungwomenfrombeingmorediscreetthanshewasherself:However,thesaucythingsaidtheotherdaywellenough,

"SirROGERandImustmakeamatch,forwearebothdespisedbythosewe

loved."Thehussyhasagreatdealofpowerwherevershecomes,andhashershareofcunning.

'However,whenIreflectuponthiswoman,IdonotknowwhetherinthemainIamtheworseforhavinglovedher:Wheneversheisrecalledtomyimaginationmyyouthreturns,andIfeelaforgottenwarmthinmyveins.Thisafflictioninmylifehasstreakedallmyconductwithasoftness,ofwhichIshouldotherwisehavebeenincapable.Itis,perhaps,tothisdearimageinmyheartowingthatIamapttorelent,thatIeasilyforgive,andthatmanydesirablethingsaregrownintomytemper,whichIshouldnothavearrivedatbybettermotivesthanthethoughtofbeingonedayhers.IamprettywellsatisfiedsuchapassionasIhavehadisneverwellcured;and,betweenyouandme,Iamoftenapttoimagineithashadsomewhimsicaleffectuponmybrain:ForIfrequentlyfind,thatinmymostseriousdiscourseIletfallsomecomicalfamiliarityofspeech,oroddphrase,thatmakesthecompanylaugh;however,Icannotbutallowsheisamostexcellentwoman.WhensheisinthecountryIwarrantshedoesnotrunintodairies,butreadsuponthenatureofplants;buthasaglass-hive,andcomesintothegardenoutofbookstoseethemwork,andobservethepoliciesoftheircommonwealth.Sheunderstandseverything.IwouldgivetenpoundstohearherarguewithmyfriendSirANDREWFREEPORTabouttrade.No,no,forallshelookssoinnocentasitwere,takemywordforitsheisnofool.'T.

No.119.TUESDAY,JULY17.

Urbem,quamdicuntRomam,Melibaee,putaviStultusegohuicnostraesimilem.VIRG.Ecl.i.v.20.

FoolthatIwas,IthoughtimperialRomeLikeMantua.DRYDEN.

Thefirstandmostobviousreflexionswhichariseinamanwhochangesthecityforthecountry,areuponthedifferentmannersofthepeoplewhomhemeetswithinthosetwodifferentscenesoflife.BymannersIdonotmeanmorals,butbehaviourandgood-breeding,astheyshewthemselvesinthetownandinthe

country.

Andhere,inthefirstplace,Imustobserveaverygreatrevolutionthathashappenedinthisarticleofgood-breeding.Severalobligingdeferences,condescensionsandsubmissions,withmanyoutwardformsandceremoniesthataccompanythem,werefirstofallbroughtupamongthepoliterpartofmankind,wholivedincourtsandcities,anddistinguishedthemselvesfromtherustickpartofthespecies(whoonalloccasionsactedbluntlyandnaturally)bysuchamutualcomplaisanceandintercourseofcivilities.Theseformsofconversationbydegreesmultipliedandgrewtroublesome;themodishworldfoundtoogreataconstraintinthem,andhavethereforethrownmostofthemaside.Conversation,liketheRomishreligion,wassoincumberedwithshowandceremony,thatitstoodinneedofareformationtoretrenchitssuperfluities,andrestoreittoitsnaturalgoodsenseandbeauty.Atpresentthereforeanunconstrainedcarriage,andacertainopennessofbehaviour,aretheheightofgood-breeding.Thefashionableworldisgrownfreeandeasy;ourmannerssitmorelooseuponus:Nothingissomodishasanagreeablenegligence.Inaword,good-breedingshewsitselfmostwheretoanordinaryeyeitappearstheleast.

Ifafterthiswelookonthepeopleofmodeinthecountry,wefindinthemthemannersofthelastage.Theyhavenosoonerfetchedthemselvesuptothefashionofthepoliteworld,butthetownhasdroppedthem,andarenearertothefirststateofnaturethantothoserefinementswhichformerlyreignedinthecourt,andstillprevailinthecountry.Onemaynowknowamanthatneverconversedintheworld,byhisexcessofgood-breeding.

Apolitecountry'Squireshallmakeyouasmanybowsinhalfanhour,aswouldserveacourtierforaweek.Thereisinfinitelymoretodoaboutplaceandprecedencyinameetingofjustices'wives,thaninanassemblyofduchesses.

Thisruralpolitenessisverytroublesometoamanofmytemper,whogenerallytakethechairthatisnextme,andwalkfirstorlast,inthefrontorintherear,aschancedirects.IhaveknownmyfriendSirROGER'Sdinneralmostcoldbeforethecompanycouldadjusttheceremonial,andbeprevailedupontositdown;andhaveheartilypitiedmyoldfriend,whenIhaveseenhimforcedtopickandcullhisguests,astheysatattheseveralpartsofhistable,thathemightdrinktheirhealthsaccordingtotheirrespectiveranksandqualities.HonestWillWimble,whoIshouldhavethoughthadbeenaltogetheruninfectedwithceremony,givesmeabundanceoftroubleinthisparticular.Thoughhehasbeenfishingallthe

morning,hewillnothelphimselfatdinnertillIamserved.Whenwearegoingoutofthehall,herunsbehindme;andlastnight,aswewerewalkinginthefields,stoppedshortatastiletillIcameuptoit,anduponmymakingsignstohimtogetover,toldme,withaserioussmile,thatsureIbelievedtheyhadnomannersinthecountry.

Therehashappenedanotherrevolutioninthepointofgood-breeding,whichrelatestotheconversationamongmenofmode,andwhichIcannotbutlookuponasveryextraordinary.Itwascertainlyoneofthefirstdistinctionsofawell-bredman,toexpresseverythingthathadthemostremoteappearanceofbeingobscene,inmodesttermsanddistantphrases;whilsttheclown,whohadnosuchdelicacyofconceptionandexpression,clothedhisideasinthoseplainhomelytermsthatarethemostobviousandnatural.Thiskindofgood-mannerswasperhapscarriedtoanexcess,soastomakeconversationtoostiff,formal,andprecise:Forwhichreason(ashypocrisyinoneageisgenerallysucceededbyatheisminanother)conversationisinagreatmeasurerelapsedintothefirstextreme;sothatatpresentseveralofourmenofthetown,andparticularlythosewhohavebeenpolishedinFrance,makeuseofthemostcoarseuncivilizedwordsinourlanguage,andutterthemselvesofteninsuchamannerasaclownwouldblushtohear.

Thisinfamouspieceofgood-breeding,whichreignsamongthecoxcombsofthetown,hasnotyetmadeitswayintothecountry;andasitisimpossibleforsuchanirrationalwayofconversationtolastlong,amongapeoplethatmakeanyprofessionofreligionorshowofmodesty,ifthecountrygentlemengetintoittheywillcertainlybeleftinthelurch.Theirgood-breedingwillcometoolatetothem,andtheywillbethoughtaparceloflewdclowns,whiletheyfancythemselvestalkingtogetherlikemenofwitandpleasure.

Asthetwopointsofgood-breedingwhichIhavehithertoinsistedupon,regardbehaviourandconversation,thereisathirdwhichturnsupondress.Inthistoothecountryareverymuchbehind-hand.TheruralbeauxarenotyetgotoutofthefashionthattookplaceatthetimeoftheRevolution,butrideaboutthecountryinredcoatsandlacedhats,whilethewomeninmanypartsarestilltryingtooutvieoneanotherintheheightoftheirheaddresses.

Butafriendofmine,whoisnowuponthewesterncircuit,havingpromisedtogivemeanaccountoftheseveralmodesandfashionsthatprevailinthedifferentpartsofthenationthroughwhichhepasses,Ishalldefertheenlarginguponthis

lasttopicktillIhavereceivedaletterfromhim,whichIexpecteverypost.L.

NO.120.WEDNESDAY,JULY18.

Equidemcredo,quiasitdivinitusillisIngenium.VIRG.Georg.i.ver.415.

Ithinktheirbreastswithheav'nlysoulsinspir'd.DRYDEN.

MyfriendSirROGERisveryoftenmerrywithmeuponmypassingsomuchofmytimeamonghispoultry.Hehascaughtmetwiceorthricelookingafterabird'snest,andseveraltimessittinganhourortwotogethernearanhenandchickens.HetellsmehebelievesIampersonallyacquaintedwitheveryfowlabouthishouse;callssuchaparticularcockmyfavourite,andfrequentlycomplainsthathisducksandgeesehavemoreofmycompanythanhimself.

ImustconfessIaminfinitelydelightedwiththosespeculationsofnaturewhicharetobemadeinacountry-life;andasmyreadinghasverymuchlainamongbooksofnaturalhistory,IcannotforbearrecollectinguponthisoccasiontheseveralremarkswhichIhavemetwithinauthors,andcomparingthemwithwhatfallsundermyownobservation:Theargumentforprovidencedrawnfromthenaturalhistoryofanimalsbeinginmyopiniondemonstrative.

Themakeofeverykindofanimalisdifferentfromthatofeveryotherkind;andyetthereisnottheleastturninthemusclesortwistinthefibresofanyone,whichdoesnotrenderthemmoreproperforthatparticularanimal'swayoflifethananyothercastortextureofthemwouldhavebeen.

ThemostviolentappetitesinallcreaturesareLustandHunger:Thefirstisaperpetualcalluponthemtopropagatetheirkind;thelattertopreservethemselves.

Itisastonishingtoconsiderthedifferentdegreesofcarethatdescendfromtheparenttotheyoung,sofarasisabsolutelynecessaryfortheleavingaposterity.Somecreaturescasttheireggsaschancedirectsthem,andthinkofthemnofarther,asinsectsandseveralkindsoffish;others,ofanicerframe,findoutproperbedstodepositethemin,andthereleavethem;astheserpent,thecrocodile,andostrich:Othershatchtheireggs,andtendthebirth,tillitisabletoshiftforitself.

Whatcanwecalltheprinciplewhichdirectseverydifferentkindofbirdtoobserveaparticularplaninthestructureofitsnest,anddirectallthesamespeciestoworkafterthesamemodel?ItcannotbeImitation;for,thoughyouhatchacrowunderahen,andneverletitseeanyoftheworksofitsownkind,thenestitmakesshallbethesame,tothelayingofastick,withalltheothernestsofthesamespecies.Itcannotbereason;for,wereanimalsinduedwithittoasgreatadegreeasman,theirbuildingswouldbeasdifferentasours,accordingtothedifferentconvenienciesthattheywouldproposetothemselves.

Isitnotremarkable,thatthesametemperofweather,whichraisesthisgenialwarmthinanimals,shouldcoverthetreeswithleaves,andthefieldswithgrass,fortheirsecurityandconcealment,andproducesuchinfiniteswarmsofinsectsforthesupportandsustenanceoftheirrespectivebroods?

Isitnotwonderful,thattheloveoftheparentshouldbesoviolentwhileitlasts,andthatitshouldlastnolongerthanisnecessaryforthepreservationoftheyoung?

Theviolenceofthisnaturalloveisexemplifiedbyaverybarbarousexperiment;whichIshallquoteatlength,asIfinditinanexcellentauthor,andhopemyreaderswillpardonthementioningsuchaninstanceofcruelty,becausethereisnothingcansoeffectuallyshowthestrengthofthatprincipleinanimalsofwhichIamherespeaking.'Apersonwhowaswellskilledindissectionsopenedabitch,andasshelayinthemostexquisitetortures,offeredheroneofheryoungpuppies,whichsheimmediatelyfellalicking;andforthetimeseemedinsensibleofherownpain:Ontheremoval,shekepthereyefixtonit,andbeganawailingsortofcry,whichseemedrathertoproceedfromthelossofheryoungone,thanthesenseofherowntorments.'

But,notwithstandingthisnaturalloveinbrutesismuchmoreviolentandintensethaninrationalcreatures,providencehastakencarethatitshouldbenolonger

troublesometotheparentthanitisusefultotheyoung;forsosoonasthewantsofthelattercease,themotherwithdrawsherfondness,andleavesthemtoprovideforthemselves:And,whatisaveryremarkablecircumstanceinthispartofinstinct,wefindthattheloveoftheparentmaybelengthenedoutbeyonditsusualtime,ifthepreservationofthespeciesrequiresit;aswemayseeinbirdsthatdriveawaytheiryoungassoonastheyareabletogettheirlivelihood,butcontinuetofeedthemiftheyaretiedtothenest,orconfinedwithinacage,orbyanyothermeansappeartobeoutofaconditionofsupplyingtheirownnecessities.

Thisnaturalloveisnotobservedinanimalstoascendfromtheyoungtotheparent,whichisnotatallnecessaryforthecontinuanceofthespecies;norindeedinreasonablecreaturesdoesitriseinanyproportion,asitspreadsitselfdownwards:Forinallfamilyaffection,wefindprotectiongrantedandfavoursbestowed,aregreatermotivestoloveandtenderness,thansafety,benefits,orlifereceived.Onewouldwondertohearscepticalmendisputingforthereasonofanimals,andtellingusitisonlyourprideandprejudicesthatwillnotallowthemtheuseofthatfaculty.

Reasonshewsitselfinalloccurrencesoflife;whereasthebrutemakesnodiscoveryofsuchatalent,butinwhatimmediatelyregardshisownpreservation,orthecontinuanceofhisspecies.Animalsintheirgenerationarewiserthanthesonsofmen;buttheirwisdomisconfinedtoafewparticulars,andliesinaverynarrowcompass.Takeabruteoutofhisinstinct,andyoufindhimwhollydeprivedofunderstanding.Touseaninstancethatcomesoftenunderobservation.

Withwhatcautiondoesthehenprovideherselfanestinplacesunfrequented,andfreefromnoiseanddisturbance!Whenshehaslaidhereggsinsuchamannerthatshecancoverthem,whatcaredoesshetakeinturningthemfrequently,thatallpartsmaypartakeofthevitalwarmth?Whensheleavesthem,toprovideforhernecessarysustenance,howpunctuallydoesshereturnbeforetheyhavetimetocool,andbecomeincapableofproducingananimal?Inthesummeryouseehergivingherselfgreaterfreedoms,andquittinghercareforabovetwohourstogether;butinwinter,whentherigouroftheseasonwouldchilltheprinciplesoflife,anddestroytheyoungone,shegrowsmoreassiduousinherattendance,andstaysawaybuthalfthetime.Whenthebirthapproaches,withhowmuchnicetyandattentiondoesshehelpthechicktobreakitsprison?Nottotakenoticeofhercoveringitfromtheinjuriesoftheweather,providingit

propernourishment,andteachingittohelpitself;nortomentionherforsakingthenest,ifaftertheusualtimeofreckoningtheyoungonedoesnotmakeitsappearance.Achymicaloperationcouldnotbefollowedwithgreaterartordiligence,thanisseeninthehatchingofachick;thoughtherearemanyotherbirdsthatshewaninfinitelygreatersagacityinalltheforementionedparticulars.

Butatthesametimethehen,thathasallthisseemingingenuity(whichisindeedabsolutelynecessaryforthepropagationofthespecies),consideredinotherrespects,iswithouttheleastglimmeringsofthoughtorcommonsense.Shemistakesapieceofchalkforanegg,andsitsuponitinthesamemanner:Sheisinsensibleofanyincreaseordiminutioninthenumberofthoseshelays:Shedoesnotdistinguishbetweenherownandthoseofanotherspecies;andwhenthebirthappearsofneversodifferentabird,willcherishitforherown.Inallthesecircumstances,whichdonotcarryanimmediateregardtothesubsistenceofherselforherspecies,sheisaveryidiot.

Thereisnot,inmyopinion,anythingmoremysteriousinnaturethanthisinstinctinanimals,whichthusrisesabovereason,andfallsinfinitelyshortofit.Itcannotbeaccountedforbyanypropertiesinmatter,andatthesametimeworksaftersooddamanner,thatonecannotthinkitthefacultyofanintellectualbeing.Formyownpart,Ilookuponitasupontheprincipleofgravitationinbodies,whichisnottobeexplainedbyanyknownqualitiesinherentinthebodiesthemselves,norfromanylawsofmechanism;but,accordingtothebestnotionsofthegreatestphilosophers,isanimmediateimpressionfromthefirstmover,andthedivineenergyactinginthecreatures.L.

NO.121.THURSDAY,JULY19.

Jovisomniaplena.VIRG.Ecl.iii.v.60.

AllisfullofJove.

AsIwaswalkingthismorninginthegreatyardthatbelongstomyfriend'scountryhouse,Iwaswonderfullypleasedtoseethedifferentworkingsofinstinctinahenfollowedbyabroodofducks.Theyoung,uponthesightofapond,immediatelyranintoit,whilethestep-mother,withallimaginableanxiety,hoveredaboutthebordersofit,tocallthemoutofanelementthatappearedtohersodangerousanddestructive.Asthedifferentprinciplewhichactedinthesedifferentanimalscannotbetermedreason,sowhenwecallitinstinct,wemeansomethingwehavenoknowledgeof.Tome,asIhintedinmylastpaper,itseemstheimmediatedirectionofprovidence,andsuchanoperationoftheSupremeBeing,asthatwhichdeterminesalltheportionsofmattertotheirpropercentres.Amodernphilosopher,quotedbyMonsieurBayleinhislearneddissertationonthesoulsofbrutes,deliversthesameopinion,thoughinabolderformofwords,wherehesays,Deusestanimabrutorum,Godhimselfisthesoulofbrutes.Whocantellwhattocallthatseemingsagacityinanimals,whichdirectsthemtosuchfoodasisproperforthem,andmakesthemnaturallyavoidwhateverisnoxiousorunwholesome?Tullyhasobserved,thatalambnosoonerfallsfromitsmother,butimmediatelyandofhisownaccordappliesitselftotheteat.Dampier,inhistravels,tellsus,thatwhenseamenarethrownuponanyunknowncoastsofAmerica,theyneverventureuponthefruitofanytree,howtemptingsoeveritmayappear,unlesstheyobservethatitismarkedwiththepeckingofbirds;butfallonwithoutanyfearorapprehensionwherethebirdshavebeenbeforethem.

Butnotwithstandinganimalshavenothingliketheuseofreason,wefindinthemallthelowerpartsofournature,thepassionsandsensesintheirgreateststrengthandperfection.Andhereitisworthourobservation,thatallbeastsandbirdsof

preyarewonderfullysubjecttoanger,malice,revenge,andalltheotherviolentpassionsthatmayanimatetheminsearchoftheirproperfood;asthosethatareincapableofdefendingthemselves,orannoyingothers,orwhosesafetylieschieflyintheirflight,aresuspicious,fearful,andapprehensiveofeverythingtheyseeorhear;whilstothersthatareofassistanceandusetoman,havetheirnaturessoftenedwithsomethingmildandtractable,andbythatmeansarequalifiedforadomesticlife.Inthiscasethepassionsgenerallycorrespondwiththemakeofthebody.Wedonotfindthefuryofthelioninsoweakanddefencelessananimalasalamb,northemeeknessofalambinacreaturesoarmedforbattleandassaultasthelion.Inthesamemanner,wefindthatparticularanimalshaveamoreorlessexquisitesharpnessandsagacityinthoseparticularsenseswhichmostturntotheiradvantage,andinwhichtheirsafetyandwelfareisthemostconcerned.

Normustwehereomitthatgreatvarietyofarmswithwhichnaturehasdifferentlyfortifiedthebodiesofseveralkindofanimals,suchasclaws,hoofs,andhorns,teeth,andtusks,atail,asting,atrunk,oraproboscis.Itislikewiseobservedbynaturalists,thatitmustbesomehiddenprincipledistinctfromwhatwecallreason,whichinstructsanimalsintheuseofthesetheirarms,andteachesthemtomanagethemtothebestadvantage;becausetheynaturallydefendthemselveswiththatpartinwhichtheirstrengthlies,beforetheweaponbeformedinit;asisremarkableinlambs,whichthoughtheyarebredwithindoors,andneversawtheactionoftheirownspecies,pushatthosewhoapproachthemwiththeirforeheads,beforethefirstbuddingofahornappears.

Ishalladdtothesegeneralobservationsaninstance,whichMr.Lockehasgivenusofprovidence,evenintheimperfectionsofacreaturewhichseemsthemeanestandmostdespicableinthewholeanimalworld.Wemay,sayshe,fromthemakeofanoyster,orcockle,conclude,thatithasnotsomanynorsoquicksensesasaman,orseveralotheranimals:Norifithad,wouldit,inthatstateandincapacityoftransferringitselffromoneplacetoanother,bebetteredbythem.Whatgoodwouldsightandhearingdotoacreaturethatcannotmoveitselftoorfromtheobject,whereinatadistanceitperceivesgoodorevil?Andwouldnotquicknessofsensationbeaninconveniencetoananimalthatmustbestillwherechancehasonceplacedit,andtherereceivetheaffluxofcolderorwarmer,cleanorfoulwater,asithappenstocometoit.

IshalladdtothisinstanceoutofMr.LockeanotheroutofthelearnedDr.More,whocitesitfromCardan,inrelationtoanotheranimalwhichprovidencehasleft

defective,butatthesametimehasshewnitswisdomintheformationofthatorganinwhichitseemschieflytohavefailed.Whatismoreobviousandordinarythanamole?andyetwhatmorepalpableargumentofprovidencethanshe?Themembersofherbodyaresoexactlyfittedtohernatureandmanneroflife:Forherdwellingbeingundergroundwherenothingistobeseen,naturehassoobscurelyfittedherwitheyes,thatnaturalistscanhardlyagreewhethershehaveanysightatallorno.Butforamends,whatsheiscapableofforherdefenceandwarningofdanger,shehasveryeminentlyconferreduponher;forsheisexceedinglyquickofhearing.Andthenhershorttailandshortlegs,butbroadforefeetarmedwithsharpclaws,weseebytheeventtowhatpurposetheyare,shesoswiftlyworkingherselfunderground,andmakingherwaysofastintheearthastheythatbeholditcannotbutadmireit.Herlegsthereforeareshort,thatsheneeddignomorethanwillservethemerethicknessofherbody;andherforefeetarebroadthatshemayscoopawaymuchearthatatime;andlittleornotailshehas,becauseshecoursesitnotontheground,liketheratandmouse,ofwhosekindredsheis,butlivesundertheearth,andisfaintodigherselfadwellingthere.Andshemakingherwaythroughsothickanelement,whichwillnotyieldeasily,astheairorthewater,ithadbeendangeroustohavedrawnsolongatrainbehindher;forherenemymightfalluponherrear,andfetchherout,beforeshehadcompletedorgotfullpossessionofherworks.

IcannotforbearmentioningMr.Boyle'sremarkuponthislastcreature,whoIremembersomewhereinhisworksobserves,thatthoughthemolebenottotallyblind(asitiscommonlythought)shehasnotsightenoughtodistinguishparticularobjects.Hereyeissaidtohavebutonehumourinit,whichissupposedtogivehertheideaoflight,butofnothingelse,andissoformedthatthisideaisprobablypainfultotheanimal.Whenevershecomesupintobroaddayshemightbeindangerofbeingtaken,unlessshewerethusaffectedbyalightstrikinguponhereye,andimmediatelywarninghertoburyherselfinherproperelement.Moresightwouldbeuselesstoher,asnoneatallmightbefatal.

Ihaveonlyinstancedsuchanimalsasseemthemostimperfectworksofnature;andifprovidenceshewsitselfevenintheblemishesofthesecreatures,howmuchmoredoesitdiscoveritselfintheseveralendowmentswhichithasvariouslybestoweduponsuchcreaturesasaremoreorlessfinishedandcompleatedintheirseveralfaculties,accordingtotheconditionoflifeinwhichtheyareposted.

IcouldwishourRoyalSocietywouldcompileabodyofNaturalHistory,the

bestthatcouldbegatheredtogetherfrombooksandobservations.Iftheseveralwritersamongthemtookeachhisparticularspecies,andgaveusadistinctaccountofitsoriginal,birthandeducation,itspolicies;hostilitiesandalliances,withtheframe,andtextureofitsinwardandoutwardparts,andparticularlythosethatdistinguishitfromallotheranimals,withtheirpeculiaraptitudesforthestateofbeinginwhichprovidencehasplacedthem,itwouldbeoneofthebestservicestheirstudiescoulddomankind,andnotalittleredoundtothegloryoftheAll-wiseContriver.

Itistrue,suchaNaturalHistory,afterallthedisquisitionsofthelearned,wouldbeinfinitelyshortanddefective.Seasanddesertshidemillionsofanimalsfromourobservation.InnumerableartificesandstratagemsareactedintheHowlingWildernessandintheGreatDeep,thatcannevercometoourknowledge.Besidesthatthereareinfinitelymorespeciesofcreatureswhicharenottobeseenwithout,norindeedwiththehelpofthefinestglasses,thanofsuchasarebulkyenoughforthenakedeyetotakeholdof.However,fromtheconsiderationofsuchanimalsasliewithinthecompassofourknowledge,wemighteasilyformaconclusionoftherest,thatthesamevarietyofwisdomandgoodnessrunsthroughthewholecreation,andputseverycreatureinaconditiontoprovideforitssafetyandsubsistenceinitsproperstation.

Tullyhasgivenusanadmirablesketchofnaturalhistory,inhissecondbookconcerningthenatureoftheGods;andthatinastylesoraisedbymetaphorsanddescriptions,thatitliftsthesubjectaboveralleryandridicule,whichfrequentlyfallonsuchniceobservationswhentheypassthroughthehandsofanordinarywriter.L.

No.122.FRIDAY,JULY20.

Comesjucundusinviaprovehiculoest.PUBL.SYR.Frag.

Anagreeablecompanionupontheroadisasgoodasacoach.

Aman'sfirstcareshouldbetoavoidthereproachesofhisownheart;hisnext,to

escapethecensuresoftheworld:Ifthelastinterfereswiththeformer,itoughttobeentirelyneglected;butotherwisetherecannotbeagreatersatisfactiontoanhonestmind,thantoseethoseapprobationswhichitgivesitselfsecondedbytheapplausesofthepublick:Amanismoresureofhisconduct,whentheverdicthepassesuponhisownbehaviouristhuswarrantedandconfirmedbytheopinionofallthatknowhim.

MyworthyfriendSirROGERisoneofthosewhoisnotonlyatpeacewithinhimself,butbelovedandesteemedbyallabouthim.Hereceivesasuitabletributeforhisuniversalbenevolencetomankind,inthereturnsofaffectionandgood-will,whicharepaidhimbyeveryonethatliveswithinhisneighbourhood.IlatelymetwithtwoorthreeoddinstancesofthatgeneralrespectwhichisshewntothegoodoldKnight.HewouldneedscarryWillWimbleandmyselfwithhimtothecountyassizes:AswewereupontheroadWillWimblejoinedacoupleofplainmenwhoridbeforeus,andconversedwiththemforsometime;duringwhichmyfriendSirROGERacquaintedmewiththeircharacters.

Thefirstofthem,sayshe,thathasaspanielbyhisside,isayeomanofaboutanhundredpoundsayear,anhonestman:Heisjustwithinthegame-act,andqualifiedtokillanhareorapheasant:Heknocksdownadinnerwithhisguntwiceorthricea-week;andbythatmeanslivesmuchcheaperthanthosewhohavenotsogoodanestateashimself.Hewouldbeagoodneighbourifhedidnotdestroysomanypartridges:Inshort,heisaverysensibleman;shootsflying;andhasbeenseveraltimesforemanofthepetty-jury.

TheotherthatridesalongwithhimisTomTouchy,afellowfamousfortakingthelawofeverybody.Thereisnotoneinthetownwherehelivesthathehasnotsuedatthequarter-sessions.Theroguehadoncetheimpudencetogotolawwiththewidow.Hisheadisfullofcosts,damages,andejectments:Heplaguedacoupleofhonestgentlemensolongforatrespassinbreakingoneofhishedges,tillhewasforcedtosellthegrounditinclosedtodefraythechargesoftheprosecution:Hisfatherlefthimfourscorepoundsa-year;buthehascastandbeencastsooften,thatheisnotnowworththirty.Isupposeheisgoingupontheoldbusinessofthewillow-tree.

AsSirROGERwasgivingmethisaccountofTomTouchy,WillWimbleandhistwocompanionsstoppedshorttillwecameuptothem.AfterhavingpaidtheirrespectstoSirROGER,WilltoldhimthatMr.Touchyandhemustappealtohimuponadisputethatarosebetweenthem.Willitseemshadbeengivinghis

fellow-travelleranaccountofhisanglingonedayinsuchahole;whenTomTouchy,insteadofhearingouthisstory,toldhimthatMr.Such-a-one,ifhepleased,mighttakethelawofhimforfishinginthatpartoftheriver.MyfriendSirROGERheardthemboth,uponaroundtrot;andafterhavingpausedsometimetoldthem,withtheairofamanwhowouldnotgivehisjudgmentrashly,thatmuchmightbesaidonbothsides.TheywereneitherofthemdissatisfiedwiththeKnight'sdetermination,becauseneitherofthemfoundhimselfinthewrongbyit:Uponwhichwemadethebestofourwaytotheassizes.

ThecourtwassatbeforeSirROGERcame;butnotwithstandingallthejusticeshadtakentheirplacesuponthebench,theymaderoomfortheoldKnightattheheadofthem;whoforhisreputationinthecountytookoccasiontowhisperinthejudge'sear,ThathewasgladhisLordshiphadmetwithsomuchgoodweatherinhiscircuit.Iwaslisteningtotheproceedingofthecourtwithmuchattention,andinfinitelypleasedwiththatgreatappearanceandsolemnitywhichsoproperlyaccompaniessuchapublickadministrationofourlaws;when,afteraboutanhour'ssitting,Iobservedtomygreatsurprise,inthemidstofatrial,thatmyfriendSirROGERwasgettinguptospeak.Iwasinsomepainforhim,tillIfoundhehadacquittedhimselfoftwoorthreesentences,withalookofmuchbusinessandgreatintrepidity.

Uponhisfirstrisingthecourtwashushed,andageneralwhisperranamongthecountrypeople,thatSirROGERwasup.Thespeechhemadewassolittletothepurpose,thatIshallnottroublemyreaderswithanaccountofit;andIbelievewasnotsomuchdesignedbytheKnighthimselftoinformthecourt,astogivehimafigureinmyeye,andkeepuphiscreditinthecountry.

Iwashighlydelighted,whenthecourtrose,toseethegentlemenofthecountrygatheringaboutmyoldfriend,andstrivingwhoshouldcomplimenthimmost;atthesametimethattheordinarypeoplegazeduponhimatadistance,notalittleadmiringhiscourage,thatwasnotafraidtospeaktothejudge.

Inourreturnhomewemetwithaveryoddaccident;whichIcannotforbearrelating,becauseitshewshowdesirousallwhoknowSirROGERareofgivinghimmarksoftheiresteem.Whenwewerearriveduponthevergeofhisestate,westoppedatalittleinntorestourselvesandourhorses.ThemanofthehousehaditseemsbeenformerlyaservantintheKnight'sfamily;andtodohonourtohisoldmaster,hadsometimesince,unknowntoSirROGER,puthimupinasign-postbeforethedoor;sothattheKnight'sheadhadhungoutupontheroad

aboutaweekbeforehehimselfknewanythingofthematter.AssoonasSirROGERwasacquaintedwithit,findingthathisservant'sindiscretionproceededwhollyfromaffectionandgood-will,heonlytoldhimthathehadmadehimtoohighacompliment;andwhenthefellowseemedtothinkthatcouldhardlybe,addedwithamoredecisivelook,Thatitwastoogreatanhonourforanymanunderaduke;buttoldhimatthesametime,thatitmightbealteredwithaveryfewtouches,andthathehimselfwouldbeatthechargeofit.AccordinglytheygotapainterbytheKnight'sdirectionstoaddapairofwhiskerstotheface,andbyalittleaggravationofthefeaturestochangeitintotheSaracen'sHead.Ishouldnothaveknownthisstoryhadnottheinnkeeper,uponSirROGER'Salighting,toldhiminmyhearing,Thathishonour'sheadwasbroughtbacklastnightwiththealterationsthathehadorderedtobemadeinit.Uponthismyfriend,withhisusualcheerfulness,relatedtheparticularsabove-mentioned,andorderedtheheadtobebroughtintotheroom.Icouldnotforbeardiscoveringgreaterexpressionsofmirththanordinaryupontheappearanceofthismonstrousface,underwhich,notwithstandingitwasmadetofrownandstareinamostextraordinarymanner,Icouldstilldiscoveradistantresemblanceofmyoldfriend.SirROGERuponseeingmelaugh,desiredmetotellhimtrulyifIthoughtitpossibleforpeopletoknowhiminthatdisguise.Iatfirstkeptmyusualsilence;butupontheKnight'sconjuringmetotellhimwhetheritwasnotstillmorelikehimselfthanaSaracen,IcomposedmycountenanceinthebestmannerIcould,andreplied,thatmuchmightbesaidonbothsides.

Theseseveraladventures,withtheKnight'sbehaviourinthem,gavemeaspleasantadayaseverImetwithinanyofmytravels.

No.123,SATURDAY,JULY21.

Doctrinasedvimpromovetinsitam,Rectiquecultuspectoraroborant:Utcunquedefeceremores,Dedecorantbenenataculpae.HOR.Od.iv.1.4.ver.33.

Yetthebestbloodbylearningisrefin'd,Andvirtuearmsthesolidmind;Whilstvicewillstainthenoblestrace,

Andthepaternalstampefface.ANON.

AsIwasyesterdaytakingtheairwithmyfriendSirROGER,weweremetbyafresh-colouredruddyyoungman,whoridbyusfullspeed,withacoupleofservantsbehindhim.Uponmyinquirywhohewas,SirROGERtoldmethathewasayounggentlemanofaconsiderableestate,whohadbeeneducatedbyatendermotherthatlivednotmanymilesfromtheplacewherewewere.Sheisaverygoodlady,saysmyfriend,buttooksomuchcareofherson'shealth,thatshehasmadehimgoodfornothing.Shequicklyfoundthatreadingwasbadforhiseyes,andthatwritingmadehisheadache.Hewasletlooseamongthewoodsassoonashewasabletorideonhorseback,orcarryagunuponhisshoulder.Tobebrief,Ifound,bymyfriend'saccountofhim,thathehadgotagreatstockofhealth,butnothingelse;andthatifitwereaman'sbusinessonlytolive,therewouldnotbeamoreaccomplishedyoungfellowinthewholecountry.

Thetruthofitis,sincemyresidingintheseparts,Ihaveseenandheardinnumerableinstancesofyoungheirsandelderbrotherswho,eitherfromtheirownreflectingupontheestatestheyarebornto,andthereforethinkingallotheraccomplishmentsunnecessary,orfromhearingthesenotionsfrequentlyinculcatedtothembytheflatteryoftheirservantsanddomesticks,orfromthesamefoolishthoughtprevailinginthosewhohavethecareoftheireducation,areofnomannerofusebuttokeepuptheirfamilies,andtransmittheirlandsandhousesinalinetoposterity.

ThismakesmeoftenthinkonastoryIhaveheardoftwofriends,whichIshallgivemyreaderatlarge,underfeignednames.Themoralofitmay,Ihope,beuseful,thoughtherearesomecircumstanceswhichmakeitratherappearlikeanovelthanatruestory.

EudoxusandLeontinebegantheworldwithsmallestates.Theywerebothofthemmenofgoodsenseandgreatvirtue.Theyprosecutedtheirstudiestogetherintheirearliestyears,andenteredintosuchafriendshipaslastedtotheendoftheirlives.Eudoxus,athisfirstsettingoutintheworld,threwhimselfintoacourt,where,byhisnaturalendowmentsandhisacquiredabilities,hemadehiswayfromoneposttoanother,tillatlengthhehadraisedaveryconsiderablefortune.Leontineonthecontrarysoughtallopportunitiesofimprovinghismindbystudy,conversation,andtravel.Hewasnotonlyacquaintedwithallthe

sciences,butwiththemosteminentprofessorsofthemthroughoutEurope.Heknewperfectlywelltheinterestsofitsprinces,withthecustomsandfashionsoftheircourts,andcouldscarcemeetwiththenameofanextraordinarypersonintheGazettewhomhehadnoteithertalkedtoorseen.Inshort,hehadsowellmixedanddigestedhisknowledgeofmenandbooks,thathemadeoneofthemostaccomplishedpersonsofhisage.Duringthewholecourseofhisstudiesandtravels,hekeptupapunctualcorrespondencewithEudoxus,whooftenmadehimselfacceptabletotheprincipalmenaboutcourt,bytheintelligencewhichhereceivedfromLeontine.Whentheywerebothturnedofforty(anageinwhich,accordingtoMr.Cowley,thereisnodallyingwithlife)theydetermined,pursuanttotheresolutiontheyhadtakeninthebeginningoftheirlives,toretire,andpasstheremainderoftheirdaysinthecountry.Inordertothis,theybothofthemmarriedmuchaboutthesametime.Leontine,withhisownandhiswife'sfortune,boughtafarmofthreehundreda-year,whichlaywithintheneighbourhoodofhisfriendEudoxus,whohadpurchasedanestateofasmanythousands;theywerebothofthemfathersaboutthesametime,Eudoxushavingasonborntohim,andLeontineadaughter;buttotheunspeakablegriefofthelatter,hisyoungwife(inwhomallhishappinesswaswraptup)diedinafewdaysafterthebirthofherdaughter.Hisafflictionwouldhavebeeninsupportable,hadhenotbeencomfortedbythedailyvisitsandconversationsofhisfriend.Astheywereonedaytalkingtogetherwiththeirusualintimacy,Leontine,consideringhowincapablehewasofgivinghisdaughterapropereducationinhisownhouse,andEudoxusreflectingontheordinarybehaviourofasonwhoknowshimselftobetheheirofagreatestate,theybothagreeduponanexchangeofchildren,namely,thattheboyshouldbebredupwithLeontineashisson,andthatthegirlshouldlivewithEudoxusashisdaughter,tilltheywereeachofthemarrivedatyearsofdiscretion.ThewifeofEudoxus,knowingthathersoncouldnotbesoadvantageouslybroughtupasunderthecareofLeontine,andconsideringatthesametimethathewouldbeperpetuallyunderherowneye,wasbydegreesprevailedupontofallinwiththeproject.ShethereforetookLeonilla,forthatwasthenameofthegirl,andeducatedherasherowndaughter.Thetwofriendsoneachsidehadwroughtthemselvestosuchanhabitualtendernessforthechildrenwhowereundertheirdirection,thateachofthemhadtherealpassionofafather,wherethetitlewasbutimaginary.Florio,thenameoftheyoungheirthatlivedwithLeontine,thoughhehadallthedutyandaffectionimaginableforhissupposedparent,wastaughttorejoiceatthesightofEudoxus,whovisitedhisfriendveryfrequently,andwasdictatedbyhisnaturalaffection,aswellasbytherulesofprudence,tomakehimselfesteemedandbelovedbyFlorio.Theboywasnowoldenoughto

knowhissupposedfather'scircumstances,andthatthereforehewastomakehiswayintheworldbyhisownindustry.Thisconsiderationgrewstrongerinhimeveryday,andproducedsogoodaneffect,thatheappliedhimselfwithmorethanordinaryattentiontothepursuitofeverythingwhichLeontinerecommendedtohim.Hisnaturalabilities,whichwereverygood,assistedbythedirectionsofsoexcellentacounsellor,enabledhimtomakeaquickerprogressthanordinarythroughallthepartsofhiseducation.Beforehewastwentyyearsofage,havingfinishedhisstudiesandexerciseswithgreatapplause,hewasremovedfromtheUniversitytotheInnsofCourt,wherethereareveryfewthatmakethemselvesconsiderableproficientsinthestudiesoftheplace,whoknowtheyshallarriveatgreatestateswithoutthem.ThiswasnotFlorio'scase;hefoundthatthreehundreda-yearwasbutapoorestateforLeontineandhimselftoliveupon,sothathestudiedwithoutintermissiontillhegainedaverygoodinsightintotheconstitutionandlawsofhiscountry.

Ishouldhavetoldmyreader,thatwhilstFloriolivedatthehouseofhisfoster-father,hewasalwaysanacceptableguestinthefamilyofEudoxus,wherehebecameacquaintedwithLeonillafromherinfancy.Hisacquaintancewithherbydegreesgrewintolove,which,inamindtrainedupinallthesentimentsofhonourandvirtue,becameaveryuneasypassion.Hedespairedofgaininganheiressofsogreatafortune,andwouldratherhavediedthanattempteditbyanyindirectmethods.Leonilla,whowasawomanofthegreatestbeautyjoinedwiththegreatestmodesty,entertainedatthesametimeasecretpassionforFlorio,butconductedherselfwithsomuchprudencethatshenevergavehimtheleastintimationofit.Floriowasnowengagedinallthoseartsandimprovementsthatarepropertoraiseaman'sprivatefortune,andgivehimafigureinhiscountry,butsecretlytormentedwiththatpassionwhichburnswiththegreatestfuryinavirtuousandnobleheart,whenhereceivedasuddensummonsfromLeontinetorepairtohiminthecountrythenextday.ForitseemsEudoxuswassofilledwiththereportofhisson'sreputation,thathecouldnolongerwith-holdmakinghimselfknowntohim.Themorningafterhisarrivalatthehouseofhissupposedfather,LeontinetoldhimthatEudoxushadsomethingofgreatimportancetocommunicatetohim;uponwhichthegoodmanembracedhim,andwept.Floriowasnosoonerarrivedatthegreathousethatstoodinhisneighbourhood,butEudoxustookhimbythehand,afterthefirstsaluteswereover,andconductedhimintohiscloset.Hethereopenedtohimthewholesecretofhisparentageandeducation,concludingafterthismanner:IhavenootherwayleftofacknowledgingmygratitudetoLeontine,thanbymarryingyoutohisdaughter.HeshallnotlosethepleasureofbeingyourfatherbythediscoveryIhavemade

toyou.Leonillatooshallstillbemydaughter;herfilialpiety,thoughmisplaced,hasbeensoexemplary,thatitdeservesthegreatestrewardIcanconferuponit.Youshallhavethepleasureofseeingagreatestatefalltoyou,whichyouwouldhavelosttherelishofhadyouknownyourselfborntoit.Continueonlytodeserveitinthesamemanneryoudidbeforeyouwerepossessedofit.Ihaveleftyourmotherinthenextroom.Herheartyearnstowardsyou.SheismakingthesamediscoveriestoLeonillawhichIhavemadetoyourself.Floriowassooverwhelmedwiththisprofusionofhappiness,thathewasnotabletomakeareply,butthrewhimselfdownathisfather'sfeet,and,amidstafloodoftears,kissedandembracedhisknees,askinghisblessing,andexpressingindumbshowthosesentimentsoflove,duty,andgratitudethatweretoobigforutterance.Toconclude,thehappypairweremarried,andhalfEudoxus'sestatesettleduponthem.LeontineandEudoxuspassedtheremainderoftheirlivestogether;andreceivedinthedutifulandaffectionatebehaviourofFlorioandLeonillathejustrecompenseaswellasthenaturaleffectsofthatcarewhichtheyhadbestoweduponthemintheireducation.L.

No.125.TUESDAY,JULY24.

Ne,pueri,netantaanimisassuescitebella,Neupatricevalidasinvisceravertitevires.VIRG.AEn.vi.v.832.

Embraceagain,mysons,befoesnomore,Norstainyourcountrywithherchildren'sgore.DRYDEN.

MyworthyfriendSirRoger,whenwearetalkingofthemaliceofparties,veryfrequentlytellsusanaccidentthathappenedtohimwhenhewasaschoolboy,whichwasatatimewhenthefeudsranhighbetweentheRound-headsandCavaliers.ThisworthyKnight,beingthenbutastripling,hadoccasiontoinquirewhichwasthewaytoSt.Anne'sLane,uponwhichthepersonwhomhespoketo,insteadofansweringhisquestion,calledhimayoungPopishCur,andaskedhimwhohadmadeAnneasaint!Theboy,beinginsomeconfusion,inquiredofthenexthemet,whichwasthewaytoAnne'sLane;butwascalledaprickearedcurforhispains,andinsteadofbeingshowntheway,wastoldthatshehadbeena

saintbeforehewasborn,andwouldbeoneafterhewashanged.Uponthis,saysSirRoger,Ididnotthinkfittorepeattheformerquestion,butgoingintoeverylaneoftheneighbourhood,askedwhattheycalledthenameofthatlane.Bywhichingeniousartificehefoundouttheplaceheinquiredafter,withoutgivingoffencetoanyparty.SirROGERgenerallyclosesthisnarrativewithreflectionsonthemischiefthatpartiesdointhecountry;howtheyspoilgoodneighbourhood,andmakehonestgentlemenhateoneanother;besidesthattheymanifestlytendtotheprejudiceoftheland-tax,andthedestructionofthegame.

Therecannotagreaterjudgmentbefalacountrythansuchadreadfulspiritofdivisionasrendsagovernmentintotwodistinctpeople,andmakesthemgreaterstrangersandmoreaversetooneanother,thaniftheywereactuallytwodifferentnations.Theeffectsofsuchadivisionarepernicioustothelastdegree,notonlywithregardtothoseadvantageswhichtheygivethecommonenemy,buttothoseprivateevilswhichtheyproduceintheheartofalmosteveryparticularperson.Thisinfluenceisveryfatalbothtomen'smoralsandtheirunderstandings;itsinksthevirtueofanation,andnotonlyso,butdestroysevencommonsense.

Afuriousparty-spirit,whenitragesinitsfullviolence,exertsitselfincivilwarandbloodshed;andwhenitisunderitsgreatestrestraintsnaturallybreaksoutinfalsehood,detraction,calumny,andapartialadministrationofjustice.Inaword,itfillsanationwithspleenandrancour,andextinguishesalltheseedsofgood-nature,compassion,andhumanity.

Plutarchsaysveryfinely,thatamanshouldnotallowhimselftohateevenhisenemies,because,sayshe,ifyouindulgethispassioninsomeoccasions,itwillriseofitselfinothers;ifyouhateyourenemies,youwillcontractsuchavicioushabitofmind,asbydegreeswillbreakoutuponthosewhoareyourfriends,orthosewhoareindifferenttoyou.Imighthereobservehowadmirablythispreceptofmorality(whichderivesthemalignityofhatredfromthepassionitself,andnotfromitsobject)answerstothatgreatrulewhichwasdictatedtotheworldaboutanhundredyearsbeforethisphilosopherwrote;but,insteadofthat,Ishallonlytakenotice,witharealgriefofheart,thatthemindsofmanygoodmenamongusappearsouredwithparty-principles,andalienatedfromoneanotherinsuchamanner,asseemstomealtogetherinconsistentwiththedictateseitherofreasonorreligion.Zealforapublickcauseisapttobreedpassionsintheheartsofvirtuouspersons,towhichtheregardoftheirownprivateinterestwouldneverhavebetrayedthem.

Ifthisparty-spirithassoillaneffectonourmorals,ithaslikewiseaverygreatoneuponourjudgments.Weoftenhearapoorinsipidpaperorpamphletcriedup,andsometimesanoblepiecedepreciated,bythosewhoareofadifferentprinciplefromtheauthor.Onewhoisactuatedbythisspiritisalmostunderanincapacityofdiscerningeitherrealblemishesorbeauties.Amanofmeritinadifferentprincipleislikeanobjectseenintwodifferentmediums,thatappearscrookedorbroken,howeverstraightandentireitmaybeinitself.ForthisreasonthereisscarceapersonofanyfigureinEngland,whodoesnotgobytwocontrarycharacters,asoppositetooneanotheraslightanddarkness.Knowledgeandlearningsufferinaparticularmannerfromthisstrangeprejudice,whichatpresentprevailsamongstallranksanddegreesintheBritishnation.Asmenformerlybecameeminentinlearnedsocietiesbytheirpartsandacquisitions,theynowdistinguishthemselvesbythewarmthandviolencewithwhichtheyespousetheirrespectiveparties.Booksarevalueduponthelikeconsiderations:anabusivescurrilousstylepassesforsatire,andadullschemeofparty-notionsiscalledfinewriting.

Thereisonepieceofsophistrypractisedbybothsides,andthatisthetakinganyscandalousstorythathasbeeneverwhisperedorinventedofaprivateman,foraknownundoubtedtruth,andraisingsuitablespeculationsuponit.Calumniesthathavebeenneverproved,orhavebeenoftenrefuted,aretheordinarypostulatumsoftheseinfamousscribblers,uponwhichtheyproceedasuponfirstprinciplesgrantedbyallmen,thoughintheirheartstheyknowtheyarefalse,oratbestverydoubtful.Whentheyhavelaidthesefoundationsofscurrility,itisnowonderthattheirsuperstructureiseverywayanswerabletothem.Ifthisshamelesspracticeofthepresentageenduresmuchlonger,praiseandreproachwillceasetobemotivesofactioningoodmen.

Therearecertainperiodsoftimeinallgovernmentswhenthisinhumanspiritprevails.ItalywaslongtorninpiecesbytheGuelfesandGibellines,andFrancebythosewhowereforandagainsttheLeague:butitisveryunhappyforamantobeborninsuchastormyandtempestuousseason.Itistherestlessambitionofartfulmenthatthusbreaksapeopleintofactions,anddrawsseveralwell-meaningpersonstotheirinterest,byaspeciousconcernfortheircountry.Howmanyhonestmindsarefilledwithuncharitableandbarbarousnotions,outoftheirzealforthepublickgood?Whatcrueltiesandoutrageswouldtheynotcommitagainstmenofanadverseparty,whomtheywouldhonourandesteem,if,insteadofconsideringthemastheyarerepresented,theyknewthemastheyare?Thusarepersonsofthegreatestprobityseducedintoshamefulerrorsand

prejudices,andmadebadmenevenbythatnoblestofprinciples,theloveoftheircountry.IcannothereforbearmentioningthefamousSpanishproverb,Iftherewereneitherfoolsnorknavesintheworld,allpeoplewouldbeofonemind.

Formyownpart,Icouldheartilywishthatallhonestmenwouldenterintoanassociation,forthesupportofoneanotheragainsttheendeavoursofthosewhomtheyoughttolookuponastheircommonenemies,whatsoeversidetheymaybelongto.Weretheresuchanhonestbodyofneutralforces,weshouldneverseetheworstofmeningreatfiguresoflife,becausetheyareusefultoaparty;northebestunregarded,becausetheyareabovepractisingthosemethodswhichwouldbegratefultotheirfaction.Weshouldthensingleeverycriminaloutoftheherd,andhunthimdown,howeverformidableandovergrownhemightappear:Onthecontrary,weshouldshelterdistressedinnocence,anddefendvirtue,howeverbesetwithcontemptorridicule,envyordefamation.Inshort,weshouldnotanylongerregardourfellow-subjectsasWhigsorTories,butshouldmakethemanofmeritourfriend,andthevillainourenemy.C.

No.126.WEDNESDAY,JULY25.

TrosRutulusvefuat,nullodiscrimimhabebo.VIRG.AEn.x.ver.108.

Rutulians,Trojans,arethesametome.DRYDEN.

Inmyyesterday'spaperIproposed,thatthehonestmenofallpartiesshouldenterintoakindofassociationforthedefenceofoneanother,andtheconfusionoftheircommonenemies.Asitisdesignedthisneutralbodyshouldactwitharegardtonothingbuttruthandequity,anddivestthemselvesofthelittleheatsandprepossessionsthatcleavetopartiesofallkinds,Ihavepreparedforthemthefollowingformofanassociation,whichmayexpresstheirintentionsinthemostplainandsimplemanner.

Wewhosenamesarehereuntosubscribeddosolemnlydeclare,Thatwedoinourconsciencesbelievetwoandtwomakefour;andthatweshalladjudgeany

manwhatsoevertobeourenemywhoendeavourstopersuadeustothecontrary.Wearelikewisereadytomaintainwiththehazardofallthatisnearanddeartous,Thatsixislessthanseveninalltimesandallplaces;andthattenwillnotbemorethreeyearshencethanitisatpresent.Wedoalsofirmlydeclare,Thatitisourresolution,aslongaswelive,tocallblack,black;andwhite,white.Andweshalluponalloccasionsopposesuchpersons,that,uponanydayoftheyear,shallcallblackwhite,orwhiteblack,withtheutmostperilofourlivesandfortunes.

Weretheresuchacombinationofhonestmen,who,withoutanyregardtoplaces,wouldendeavourtoextirpateallsuchfuriouszealotsaswouldsacrificeonehalfoftheircountrytothepassionandinterestoftheother;asalsosuchinfamoushypocrites,thatareforpromotingtheirownadvantage,undercolourofthepublickgood;withalltheprofligateimmoralretainerstoeachside,thathavenothingtorecommendthembutanimplicitsubmissiontotheirleaders;weshouldsoonseethatfuriousparty-spiritextinguished,whichmayintimeexposeustothederisionandcontemptofallthenationsaboutus.

Amemberofthissociety,thatwouldthuscarefullyemployhimselfinmakingroomformerit,bythrowingdowntheworthlessanddepravedpartofmankindfromthoseconspicuousstationsoflifetowhichtheyhavebeensometimesadvanced,andallthiswithoutanyregardtohisprivateinterest,wouldbenosmallbenefactortohiscountry.

IremembertohavereadinDiodorusSiculusanaccountofaveryactivelittleanimal,whichIthinkhecallstheIchneumon,thatmakesitthewholebusinessofhislifetobreaktheeggsofthecrocodile,whichheisalwaysinsearchafter.Thisinstinctisthemoreremarkable,becausetheIchneumonneverfeedsupontheeggshehasbroken,noranyotherwayfindshisaccountinthem.

Wereitnotfortheincessantlaboursofthisindustriousanimal,AEgypt,saysthehistorian,wouldbeover-runwithcrocodiles;fortheAEgyptiansaresofarfromdestroyingthoseperniciouscreatures,thattheyworshipthemasgods.

IfwelookintothebehaviourofordinaryPartizans,weshallfindthemfarfromresemblingthisdisinterestedanimal;andratheractingaftertheexampleofthewildTartars,whoareambitiousofdestroyingamanofthemostextraordinarypartsandaccomplishments,asthinkinguponhisdeceasethesametalents,whateverposttheyqualifiedhimfor,enterofcourseintohisdestroyer.

AsinthewholetrainofmySpeculations,IhaveendeavouredasmuchasIamabletoextinguishthatperniciousspiritofpassionandprejudice,whichrageswiththesameviolenceinallparties,Iamstillthemoredesirousofdoingsomegoodinthisparticular,becauseIobservethatthespiritofpartyreignsmoreinthecountrythaninthetown.Itherecontractsakindofbrutalityandrustickfierceness,towhichmenofpoliterconversationarewhollystrangers.Itextendsitselfeventothereturnofthebowandthehat;andatthesametimethattheheadsofpartiespreservetowardsoneanotheranoutwardshowofgood-breeding,andkeepupaperpetualintercourseofcivilities,theirtoolsthataredispersedintheseoutlyingpartswillnotsomuchasmingletogetheratacock-match.ThishumourfillsthecountrywithseveralperiodicalmeetingsofWhigJockeysandToryFox-hunters;nottomentiontheinnumerablecurses,frowns,andwhispersitproducesataquarter-sessions.

IdonotknowwhetherIhaveobservedinanyofmyformerpapers,thatmyfriendsSirROGERDECOVERLEYandSirANDREWFREEPORTareofdifferentprinciples,thefirstoftheminclinedtothelandedandtheothertothemoniedinterest.Thishumourissomoderateineachofthem,thatitproceedsnofartherthantoanagreeablerallery,whichveryoftendivertstherestoftheclub.IfindhoweverthattheKnightisamuchstrongerToryinthecountrythanintown,which,ashehastoldmeinmyear,isabsolutelynecessaryforthekeepinguphisinterest.InallourjourneyfromLondontohishousewedidnotsomuchasbaitataWhiginn;or,ifbychancethecoachmanstoppedatawrongplace,oneofSirROGER'Sservantswouldrideuptohismasterfullspeed,andwhispertohimthatthemasterofthehousewasagainstsuchanoneinthelastelection.Thisoftenbetrayedusintohardbedsandbadcheer;forwewerenotsoinquisitiveabouttheinnastheinn-keeper;and,providedourlandlord'sprinciplesweresound,didnottakeanynoticeofthestalenessofhisprovisions.ThisIfoundstillthemoreinconvenient,becausethebetterthehostwas,theworsegenerallywerehisaccommodations;thefellowknowingverywellthatthosewhowerehisfriendswouldtakeupwithcoarsedietandanhardlodging.Forthesereasons,allthewhileIwasupontheroad,IdreadedenteringintoanhouseofanyonethatSirROGERhadapplaudedforanhonestman.

SincemystayatSirROGER'Sinthecountry,Idailyfindmoreinstancesofthisnarrowparty-humour.Beinguponabowling-greenataneighbouringmarket-towntheotherday,(forthatistheplacewherethegentlemenofonesidemeetonceaweek)Iobservedastrangeramongthemofabetterpresenceandgenteelerbehaviourthanordinary;butwasmuchsurprised,thatnotwithstanding

hewasaveryfairbettor,nobodywouldtakehimup.ButuponinquiryIfound,thathewasonewhohadgivenadisagreeablevoteinaformerparliament,forwhichreasontherewasnotamanuponthatbowling-greenwhowouldhavesomuchcorrespondencewithhimastowinhismoneyofhim.

Amongotherinstancesofthisnature,Imustnotomitonewhichconcernsmyself.WillWimblewastheotherdayrelatingseveralstrangestoriesthathehadpickedupnobodyknowswhere,ofacertaingreatman;anduponmystaringathim,asonethatwassurprisedtohearsuchthingsinthecountry,whichhadneverbeensomuchaswhisperedinthetown,Willstoppedshortinthethreadofhisdiscourse,andafterdinneraskedmyfriendSirROGERinhisearifhewassurethatIwasnotafanatick.

Itgivesmeaseriousconcerntoseesuchaspiritofdissensioninthecountry;notonlyasitdestroysvirtueandcommonsense,andrendersusinamannerbarbarianstowardsoneanother,butasitperpetuatesouranimosities,widensourbreaches,andtransmitsourpresentpassionsandprejudicestoourposterity.Formyownpart,IamsometimesafraidthatIdiscovertheseedsofacivilwarintheseourdivisions;andthereforecannotbutbewail,asintheirfirstprinciples,themiseriesandcalamitiesofourchildren.C.

No.127.THURSDAY,JULY26.

Quantumestinrebusinane?PERS.Sat.i.ver.1.

Howmuchofemptinesswefindinthings!

ItisourcustomatSirROGER'S,uponthecominginofthepost,tositaboutapotofcoffee,andheartheoldKnightreadDyer'sletter;whichhedoeswithhisspectaclesuponhisnose,andinanaudiblevoice,smilingveryoftenatthoselittlestrokesofsatire,whicharesofrequentinthewritingsofthatauthor;IafterwardscommunicatetotheKnightsuchpacketsasIreceiveunderthequalityofSPECTATOR.Thefollowingletterchancingtopleasehimmorethanordinary,Ishallpublishitathisrequest.

'Mr.SPECTATOR,

'Youhavedivertedthetownalmostawholemonthattheexpenceofthecountry,itisnowhightimethatyoushouldgivethecountrytheirrevenge.Sinceyourwithdrawingfromthisplace,thefairsexarerunintogreatextravagancies.Theirpetticoats,whichbegantoheaveandswellbeforeyouleftus,arenowblownupintoamostenormousconcave,andriseeverydaymoreandmore:Inshort,Sir,sinceourwomenknowthemselvestobeoutoftheeyeoftheSPECTATOR,theywillbekeptwithinnocompass.Youpraisedthemalittletoosoonforthemodestyoftheirhead-dresses;for,asthehumourofasickpersonisoftendrivenoutofonelimbintoanother,theirsuperfluityofornaments,insteadofbeingentirelybanished,seemsonlyfallenfromtheirheadsupontheirlowerparts.Whattheyhavelostinheighttheymakeupinbreadth,and,contrarytoallrulesofarchitecture,widenthefoundationsatthesametimethattheyshortenthesuperstructure.

'Ifindseveralspeculativepersonsareofopinionthatoursexhasoflateyearsbeenverysaucy,andthatthehoop-petticoatismadeuseoftokeepusatadistance.Itismostcertainthatawoman'shonourcannotbebetterentrenchedthanafterthismanner,incirclewithincircle,amidstsuchavarietyofout-worksandlinesofcircumvallation,Afemalewhoisthusinvestedinwhaleboneissufficientlysecuredagainsttheapproachesofanill-bredfellow,whomightaswellthinkofSirGeorgeEtherege'swayofmakingloveinatub,asinthemidstofsomanyhoops.

'Amongthesevariousconjectures,therearemenofsuperstitioustempers,wholookuponthehoop-petticoatasakindofprodigy.SomewillhaveitthatitportendsthedownfaloftheFrenchKing,andobservethatthefarthingaleappearedinEnglandalittlebeforetheruinoftheSpanishmonarchy.Othersareofopinionthatitfortelsbattleandbloodshed,andbelieveitofthesameprognosticationasthetailofablazingstar.

'Shouldthisfashiongetamongtheordinarypeople,ourpublickwayswouldbesocrowdedthatweshouldwantstreet-room.Severalcongregationsofthebestfashionfindthemselvesalreadyverymuchstraitened,andifthemodeincreaseIwishitmaynotdrivemanyordinarywomenintomeetingsandconventicles.Shouldoursexatthesametimetakeitintotheirheadstoweartrunk-breeches(aswhoknowswhattheirindignationatthisfemaletreatmentmaydrivethemto)amanandhiswifewouldfillawholepew.

'Youknow,Sir,itisrecordedofAlexandertheGreat,thatinhisIndian

expeditionheburiedseveralsuitsofarmour,which,byhisdirection,weremademuchtoobigforanyofhissoldiers,inordertogiveposterityanextraordinaryideaofhim,andmakethembelievehehadcommandedanarmyofgiants.Iampersuadedthatifoneofthepresentpetticoatshappenstobehungupinanyrepositoryofcuriosities,itwillleadintothesameerrorthegenerationsthatliesomeremovesfromus,unlesswecanbelieveourposteritywillthinksodisrespectfullyoftheirgreat-grandmothers,thattheymadethemselvesmonstroustoappearamiable.

'WhenIsurveythisnew-fashionedRotundainallitsparts,Icannotbutthinkoftheoldphilosopher,who,afterhavingenteredintoanAEgyptiantemple,andlookedaboutfortheidoloftheplace,atlengthdiscoveredalittleblackmonkeyenshrinedinthemidstofit,uponwhichhecouldnotforbearcryingout,(tothegreatscandaloftheworshippers)Whatamagnificentpalaceishereforsucharidiculousinhabitant!

'Thoughyouhavetakenaresolution,inoneofyourpapers,toavoiddescendingtoparticularitiesofdress,Ibelieveyouwillnotthinkitbelowyouonsoextraordinaryanoccasion,tounhoopthefairsex,andcurethisfashionabletympanythatisgotamongthem.Iamapttothinkthepetticoatwillshrinkofitsownaccordatyourfirstcomingtotown;atleastatouchofyourpenwillmakeitcontractitself,likethesensitiveplant,andbythatmeansobligeseveralwhoareeitherterrifiedorastonishedatthisportentousnovelty,andamongtherest,

'Yourhumbleservant,&c.'

C.

No.128.FRIDAY,JULY27.

Concordiadiscors.LUCAN.1.I.v.98.

Harmoniousdiscord.

Womenintheirnaturearemuchmoregayandjoyousthanmen;whetheritbethattheirbloodismorerefined,theirfibresmoredelicate,andtheiranimal

spiritsmorelightandvolatile;orwhether,assomehaveimagined,theremaynotbeakindofsexintheverysoul,Ishallnotpretendtodetermine.Asvivacityisthegiftofwomen,gravityisthatofmen.Theyshouldeachofthemthereforekeepawatchupontheparticularbiaswhichnaturehasfixedintheirmind,thatitmaynotdrawtoomuch,andleadthemoutofthepathsofreason.Thiswillcertainlyhappen,iftheoneineverywordandactionaffectsthecharacterofbeingrigidandsevere,andtheotherofbeingbriskandairy.Menshouldbewareofbeingcaptivatedbyakindofsavagephilosophy,womenbyathoughtlessgallantry.Wheretheseprecautionsarenotobserved,themanoftendegeneratesintoaCynick,thewomanintoacoquette;themangrowssullenandmorose,thewomanimpertinentandfantastical.

BywhatIhavesaid,wemayconclude,menandwomenweremadeascounterpartstooneanother,thatthepainsandanxietiesofthehusbandmightberelievedbythesprightlinessandgood-humourofthewife.Whenthesearerightlytempered,careandchearfulnessgohandinhand;andthefamily,likeashipthatisdulytrimmed,wantsneithersailnorballast.

Naturalhistoriansobserve,(forwhilstIaminthecountryImustfetchmyallusionsfromthence)Thatonlythemalebirdshavevoices;thattheirsongsbeginalittlebeforebreeding-time,andendalittleafter;thatwhilsttheheniscoveringhereggsthemalegenerallytakeshisstanduponaneighbouringboughwithinherhearing;andbythatmeansamusesanddivertsherwithhissongsduringthewholetimeofhersitting.

Thiscontractamongbirdslastsnolongerthantillabroodofyoungonesarisesfromit;sothatinthefeatheredkind,thecaresandfatiguesofthemarriedstate,ifImaysocallit,lieprincipallyuponthefemale.Onthecontrary,asinourspeciesthemanandwomanarejoinedtogetherforlife,andthemainburdenrestsupontheformer,naturehasgivenallthelittleartsofsoothingandblandishmenttothefemale,thatshemaychearandanimatehercompanioninaconstantandassiduousapplicationtothemakingaprovisionforhisfamily,andtheeducatingoftheircommonchildren.Thishoweverisnottobetakensostrictly,asifthesamedutieswerenotoftenreciprocal,andincumbentonbothparties;butonlytosetforthwhatseemstohavebeenthegeneralintentionofnature,inthedifferentinclinationsandendowmentswhicharebestowedonthedifferentsexes.

Butwhateverwasthereasonthatmanandwomanweremadewiththisvariety

oftemper,ifweobservetheconductofthefairsex,wefindthattheychooserathertoassociatethemselveswithapersonwhoresemblestheminthatlightandvolatilehumourwhichisnaturaltothem,thantosuchasarequalifiedtomoderateandcounterbalanceit.Ithasbeenanoldcomplaint,thatthecoxcombcarriesitwiththembeforethemanofsense.Whenweseeafellowloudandtalkative,fullofinsipidlifeandlaughter,wemayventuretopronouncehimafemalefavourite:Noiseandflutteraresuchaccomplishmentsastheycannotwithstand.Tobeshort,thepassionofanordinarywomanforamanisnothingelsebutself-lovediverteduponanotherobject:Shewouldhavetheloverawomanineverythingbutthesex.Idonotknowafinerpieceofsatireonthispartofwomankind,thanthoselinesofMr.Dryden.

Ourthoughtlesssexiscaughtbyoutwardform,Andemptynoise,andlovesitselfinman.

Thisisasourceofinfinitecalamitiestothesex,asitfrequentlyjoinsthemtomen,whointheirownthoughtsareasfinecreaturesasthemselves;or,iftheychancetobegood-humoured,serveonlytodissipatetheirfortunes,inflametheirfollies,andaggravatetheirindiscretions.

Thesamefemalelevityisnolessfataltothemaftermarriagethanbefore:Itrepresentstotheirimaginationsthefaithfulprudenthusbandasanhonest,tractable,anddomestickanimal;andturnstheirthoughtsuponthefinegaygentlemanthatlaughs,sings,anddressessomuchmoreagreeably.

Asthisirregularvivacityoftemperleadsastraytheheartsofordinarywomeninthechoiceoftheirloversandthetreatmentoftheirhusbands,itoperateswiththesameperniciousinfluencetowardstheirchildren,whoaretaughttoaccomplishthemselvesinallthosesublimeperfectionsthatappearcaptivatingintheeyeoftheirmother.Sheadmiresinhersonwhatshelovedinhergallant;andbythatmeanscontributesallshecantoperpetuateherselfinaworthlessprogeny.

TheyoungerFaustinawasalivelyinstanceofthissortofwomen.NotwithstandingshewasmarriedtoMarcusAurelius,oneofthegreatest,wisest,andbestoftheRomanemperors,shethoughtacommongladiatormuchtheprettiergentleman;andhadtakensuchcaretoaccomplishhersonCommodusaccordingtoherownnotionsofafineman,thatwhenheascendedthethroneofhisfather,hebecamethemostfoolishandabandonedtyrantthatwasJoeverplacedattheheadoftheRomanempire,signalizinghimselfinnothingbutthe

fightingofprizes,andknockingoutmen'sbrains.Ashehadnotasteoftrueglory,weseehiminseveralmedalsandstatueswhicharestillextantofhim,equippedlikeanHerculeswithaclubandalion'sskin.

IhavebeenledintothisspeculationbythecharactersIhaveheardofacountrygentlemanandhislady,whodonotlivemanymilesfromSirROGER.Thewifeisanoldcoquette,thatisalwayshankeringafterthediversionsofthetown;thehusbandamoroserustick,thatfrownsandfretsatthenameofit.Thewifeisover-runwithaffectation,thehusbandsunkintobrutality.Theladycannotbearthenoiseofthelarksandnightingales,hatesyourtedioussummerdays,andissickatthesightofshadywoodsandpurlingstreams;thehusbandwondershowanyonecanbepleasedwiththefooleriesofplaysandoperas,andrailsfrommorningtonightatessencedfopsandtawdrycourtiers.Thechildrenareeducatedinthesedifferentnotionsoftheirparents.Thesonsfollowthefatherabouthisgrounds,whilethedaughtersreadvolumesoflove-lettersandromancestotheirmother.Bythismeansitcomestopass,thatthegirlslookupontheirfatherasaclown,andtheboysthinktheirmothernobetterthansheshouldbe.

HowdifferentarethelivesofAristusandAspasia?theinnocentvivacityoftheoneistemperedandcomposedbythechearfulgravityoftheother.Thewifegrowswisebythediscoursesofthehusband,andthehusbandgood-humouredbytheconversationsofthewife.AristuswouldnotbesoamiablewereitnotforhisAspasia,norAspasiasomuchesteemedwereitnotforherAristus.Theirvirtuesareblendedintheirchildren,anddiffusethroughthewholefamilyaperpetualspiritofbenevolence,complacency,andsatisfaction.C.

No.129.SATURDAY,JULY28.

Vertentemsesefrustrasectaberecanthum,Cumrotaposteriorcurras&inaxesecundo.PERS.Sat.v.ver.71.

Thou,likethehindmostchariot-wheels,artcurstStilltobenear,butne'ertobethefirst.DRYDEN.

Greatmastersinpaintingnevercarefordrawingpeopleinthefashion;asverywellknowingthatthehead-dress,orperiwig,thatnowprevails,andgivesagracetotheirportraituresatpresent,willmakeaveryoddfigure,andperhapslookmonstrousintheeyesofposterity.ForthisreasontheyoftenrepresentanillustriouspersoninaRomanhabit,orinsomeotherdressthatnevervaries.Icouldwish,forthesakeofmycountryfriends,thattherewassuchakindofeverlastingdraperytobemadeuseofbyallwholiveatacertaindistancefromthetown,andthattheywouldagreeuponsuchfashionsasshouldneverbeliabletochangesandinnovations.Forwantofthisstandingdress,amanwhotakesajourneyintothecountryisasmuchsurprised,asonewhowalksinagalleryofoldfamilypictures;andfindsasgreatavarietyofgarbsandhabitsinthepersonsheconverseswith.Didtheykeeptooneconstantdresstheywouldsometimesbeinthefashion,whichtheyneverareasmattersaremanagedatpresent.Ifinsteadofrunningafterthemode,theywouldcontinuefixedinonecertainhabit,themodewouldsometimeorotherovertakethem,asaclockthatstandsstillissuretopointrightonceintwelvehours:InthiscasethereforeIwouldadvisethem,asagentlemandidhisfriendwhowashuntingaboutthewholetownafteraramblingfellow,ifyoufollowhimyouwillneverfindhim,butifyouplantyourselfatthecornerofanyonestreet,I'llengageitwillnotbelongbeforeyouseehim.

Ihavealreadytoucheduponthissubjectinaspeculationwhichshowshowcruellythecountryareledastrayinfollowingthetown;andequippedinaridiculoushabit,whentheyfancythemselvesintheheightofthemode.SincethatspeculationIhavereceivedaletter(whichItherehintedat)fromagentlemanwhoisnowinthewesterncircuit.

'Mr.SPECTATOR,

'BeingalawyeroftheMiddle-Temple,aCornishmanbybirth,Igenerallyridethewesterncircuitformyhealth,andasIamnotinterruptedwithclients,haveleisuretomakemanyobservationsthatescapethenoticeofmyfellow-travellers.

'OneofthemostfashionablewomenImetwithinallthecircuitwasmylandladyatStains,whereIchancedtobeonaholiday.Hercommodewasnothalfafoothigh,andherpetticoatwithinsomeyardsofamodishcircumference.InthesameplaceIobservedayoungfellowwithatolerableperiwig,haditnotbeencoveredwithahatthatwasshapedintheRamiliecock.AsIproceededinmyjourneyIobservedthepetticoatgrewscantierandscantier,andabout

threescoremilesfromLondonwassoveryunfashionable,thatawomanmightwalkinitwithoutanymannerofinconvenience.

'NotfarfromSalisburyItooknoticeofajusticeofpeace'slady,whowasatleasttenyearsbehindhandinherdress,butatthesametimeasfineashandscouldmakeher.Shewasflouncedandfurbelowedfromheadtofoot;everyribbonwaswrinkled,andeverypartofhergarmentsincurl,sothatshelookedlikeoneofthoseanimalswhichinthecountrywecallaFriezlandhen.

'NotmanymilesbeyondthisplaceIwasinformed,thatoneofthelastyear'slittlemuffshadbysomemeansorotherstraggledintothoseparts,andthatallthewomenoffashionwerecuttingtheiroldmuffsintwo,orretrenchingthemaccordingtothelittlemodelwhichwasgotamongthem.Icannotbelievethereporttheyhavethere,thatitwassentdownfrankedbyaparliament-maninalittlepacket;butprobablybynextwinterthisfashionwillbeattheheightinthecountry,whenitisquiteoutatLondon.Thegreatestbeauatournextcounty-sessionswasdressedinamostmonstrousflaxenperiwig,thatwasmadeinKingWilliam'sreign.Thewearerofitgoes,itseems,inhisownhair,whenheisathome,andletshiswiglieinbuckleforawholehalfyear,thathemayputitonuponoccasiontomeetthejudgesinit.

'ImustnothereomitanadventurewhichhappenedtousinacountrychurchuponthefrontiersofCornwall.Aswewereinthemidstoftheservice,aladywhoisthechiefwomanoftheplace,andhadpassedthewinteratLondonwithherhusband,enteredthecongregationinalittlehead-dress,andahoopedpetticoat.Thepeople,whowerewonderfullystartledatsuchasight,allofthemroseup.Somestaredattheprodigiousbottomandsomeatthelittletopofthisstrangedress.Inthemeantimetheladyofthemanorfilledtheareaofthechurch,andwalkeduptoherpewwithanunspeakablesatisfaction,amidstthewhispers,conjectures,andastonishmentsofthewholecongregation.

'Uponourwayfromhencewesawayoungfellowridingtowardsusfullgallop,withabob-wigandablacksilkenbagtiedtoit.Hestoptshortatthecoach,toaskushowfarthejudgeswerebehindus.Hisstaywassoveryshort,thatwehadonlytimetoobservehisnewsilkwaistcoat,whichwasunbuttonedinseveralplacestoletusseethathehadacleanshirton,whichwasruffleddowntohismiddle.

'Fromthisplace,duringourprogressthroughthemostwesternpartsofthe

kingdom,wefanciedourselvesininKingCharlesII.'sreign,thepeoplehavingmadeverylittlevariationsintheirdresssincethattime.ThesmartestofthecountrysquiresappearstillintheMonmouthcock,andwhentheygoawooing(whethertheyhaveanypostinthemilitiaornot)theygenerallyputonaredcoat.Wewereindeed,verymuchsurprisedattheplacewelayatlastnight,tomeetwithagentlemanthathadaccoutredhimselfinanight-capwig,acoatwithlongpocketsandslitsleeves,andapairofshoeswithhighscolloptops;butwesoonfoundbyhisconversationthathewasapersonwholaughedattheignoranceandrusticityofthecountrypeople,andwasresolvedtoliveanddieinthemode.

'Sir,Ifyouthinkthisaccountofmytravelsmaybeofanyadvantagetothepublic,IwillnextyeartroubleyouwithsuchoccurrencesasIshallmeetwithinotherpartsofEngland.ForIaminformedtherearegreatercuriositiesinthenortherncircuitthaninthewestern;andthatafashionmakesitsprogressmuchslowerintoCumberlandthanintoCornwall.Ihaveheardinparticular,thattheSteenkirkarrivedbuttwomonthsagoatNewcastle,andthatthereareseveralcommodesinthosepartswhichareworthtakingajourneythithertosee.'C.

No.130.MONDAY,JULY30.

SemperquerecentesConvectarejuvatpraedas,etvivererapto.VIRG.AEn.vii.ver.748.

Huntingtheirsport,andplund'ringwastheirtrade.DRYDEN.

AsIwasyesterdayridingoutinthefieldswithmyfriendSirROGER,wesawatalittledistancefromusatroopofgipsies.Uponthefirstdiscoveryofthem,myfriendwasinsomedoubtwhetherheshouldnotexerttheJusticeofthePeaceuponsuchabandoflawlessvagrants;butnothavinghisclerkwithhim,whoisanecessarycounsellorontheseoccasions,andfearingthathispoultrymightfaretheworseforit,heletthethoughtdrop:Butatthesametimegavemeaparticularaccountofthemischiefstheydointhecountry,instealingpeople'sgoodsandspoilingtheirservants.Ifastraypieceoflinenhangsuponanhedge,saysSirROGER,theyaresuretohaveit;ifthehogloseshiswayinthefields,it

istentoonebuthebecomestheirprey;ourgeesecannotliveinpeaceforthem;ifamanprosecutesthemwithseverity,hishenroostissuretopayforit:Theygenerallystraggleintothesepartsaboutthistimeoftheyear;andsettheheadsofourservant-maidssoagogforhusbands,thatwedonotexpecttohaveanybusinessdoneasitshouldbewhilsttheyareinthecountry.Ihaveanhonestdairymaidwhocrossestheirhandswithapieceofsilvereverysummer,andneverfailsbeingpromisedthehandsomestyoungfellowintheparishforherpains.Yourfriendthebutlerhasbeenfoolenoughtobeseducedbythem;andthoughheissuretoloseaknife,afork,oraspooneverytimehisfortuneistoldhim,generallyshutshimselfupinthepantrywithanoldgipsyforabovehalfanhouronceinatwelvemonth.Sweetheartsarethethingstheyliveupon,whichtheybestowveryplentifullyuponallthosethatapplythemselvestothem.Youseenowandthensomehandsomeyoungjadesamongthem:Theslutshaveveryoftenwhiteteethandblackeyes.

SirROGERobservingthatIlistenedwithgreatattentiontohisaccountofapeoplewhoweresoentirelynewtome,toldme,thatifIwouldtheyshouldtellusourfortunes.AsIwasverywellpleasedwiththeKnight'sproposal,weridupandcommunicatedourhandstothem.ACassandraofthecrew,afterhavingexaminedmylinesverydiligently,toldme,thatIlovedaprettymaidinacorner,thatIwasagoodwoman'sman,withsomeotherparticularswhichIdonotthinkpropertorelate.MyfriendSirROGERalightedfromhishorse,andexposinghispalmtotwoorthreethatstoodbyhim,theycrumpleditintoallshapes,anddiligentlyscannedeverywrinklethatcouldbemadeinit;whenoneofthem,whowasolderandmoresunburntthantherest,toldhim,thathehadawidowinhislineoflife:UponwhichtheKnightcried,Go,go,youareanidlebaggage;andatthesametimesmileduponme.Thegipsyfindinghewasnotdispleasedinhisheart,toldhim,afterafartherinquiryintohishand,thathistrue-lovewasconstant,andthatsheshoulddreamofhimto-night:Myoldfriendcriedpish,andbidhergoon.Thegipsytoldhimthathewasabachelor,butwouldnotbesolong;andthathewasdearertosomebodythanhethought:TheKnightstillrepeatedshewasanidlebaggage,andbidhergoon.Ah,master,saysthegipsy,thatroguishleerofyoursmakesaprettywoman'sheartache;youhavenotthatsimperaboutthemouthfornothing—Theuncouthgibberishwithwhichallthiswasuttered,likethedarknessofanoracle,madeusthemoreattentivetoit.Tobeshort,theKnightleftthemoneywithherthathehadcrossedherhandwith,andgotupagainonhishorse.

Aswewereridingaway,SirROGERtoldme,thatheknewseveralsensiblepeoplewhobelievedthesegipsiesnowandthenforetoldverystrangethings;andforhalfanhourtogetherappearedmorejocundthanordinary.Intheheightofhisgood-humour,meetingacommonbeggarupontheroadwhowasnoconjurer,ashewenttorelievehimhefoundhispocketwaspicked;thatbeingakindofpalmistryatwhichthisraceofverminareverydexterous.

Imighthereentertainmyreaderwithhistoricalremarksonthisidleprofligatepeople,whoinfestallthecountriesofEurope,andliveinthemidstofgovernmentsinakindofcommonwealthbythemselves.Butinsteadofenteringintoobservationsofthisnature,IshallfilltheremainingpartofmypaperwithastorywhichisstillfreshinHolland,andwasprintedinoneofourmonthlyaccountsabouttwentyyearsago.'AstheTrekschuytorhackney-boat,whichcarriespassengersfromLeydentoAmsterdam,wasputtingoff,aboyrunningalongthesideofthecanaldesiredtobetakenin;whichthemasteroftheboatrefused,becausetheladhadnotquitemoneyenoughtopaytheusualfare.Aneminentmerchantbeingpleasedwiththelooksoftheboy,andsecretlytouchedwithcompassiontowardshim,paidthemoneyforhim,andorderedhimtobetakenonboard.Upontalkingwithhimafterwards,hefoundthathecouldspeakreadilyinthreeorfourlanguages,andlearneduponfurtherexaminationthathehadbeenstolenawaywhenhewasachildbyagipsy,andhadrambledeversincewithagangofthosestrollersupanddownseveralpartsofEurope.Ithappenedthatthemerchant,whoseheartseemstohaveinclinedtowardstheboybyasecretkindofinstinct,hadhimselflostachildsomeyearsbefore.Theparents,afteralongsearchforhim,gavehimfordrownedinoneofthecanalswithwhichthatcountryabounds;andthemotherwassoafflictedatthelossofafineboy,whowasheronlyson,thatshediedforgriefofit.Uponlayingtogetherallparticulars,andexaminingtheseveralmolesandmarksbywhichthemotherusedtodescribethechildwhenhewasfirstmissing,theboyprovedtobethesonofthemerchantwhosehearthadsounaccountablymeltedatthesightofhim.Theladwasverywellpleasedtofindafatherwhowassorich,andlikelytoleavehimagoodestate;thefatherontheotherhandwasnotalittledelightedtoseeasonreturntohim,whomhehadgivenforlost,withsuchastrengthofconstitution,sharpnessofunderstanding,andskillinlanguages.'Heretheprintedstoryleavesoff;butifImaygivecredittoreports,ourlinguisthavingreceivedsuchextraordinaryrudimentstowardsagoodeducation,wasafterwardstrainedupineverythingthatbecomesagentleman;wearingoffbylittleandlittleallthevicioushabitsandpracticesthathehadbeenusedtointhecourseofhis

peregrinations:Nay,itissaid,thathehassincebeenemployedinforeigncourtsuponnationalbusiness,withgreatreputationtohimselfandhonourtothosewhosenthim,andthathehasvisitedseveralcountriesasapublicminister,inwhichheformerlywanderedasagipsy.C.

No.131.TUESDAY,JULY31.

Ipsaerursumconceditesylvae.VIRG.Ecl.x.ver.63.

Oncemore,yewoods,adieu.

Itisusualforamanwholovescountry-sportstopreservethegameonhisowngrounds,anddiverthimselfuponthosethatbelongtohisneighbour.MyfriendSirROGERgenerallygoestwoorthreemilesfromhishouse,andgetsintothefrontiersofhisestate,beforehebeatsaboutinsearchofahareorpartridge,onpurposetosparehisownfields,whereheisalwayssureoffindingtodiversion,whentheworstcomestotheworst.Bythismeansthebreedabouthishousehastimetoincreaseandmultiply,besidethatthesportisthemoreagreeablewherethegameisthehardertocomeat,andwhereitdoesnotliesothickastoproduceanyperplexityorconfusioninthepursuit.Forthesereasonsthecountrygentleman,likethefox,seldompreysnearhisownhome.

InthesamemannerIhavemadeamonth'sexcursionoutofthetown,whichisthegreatfieldofgameforsportsmenofmyspecies,totrymyfortuneinthecountry,whereIhavestartedseveralsubjects,andhuntedthemdown,withsomepleasuretomyself,andIhopetoothers.IamhereforcedtouseagreatdealofdiligencebeforeIcanspringanythingtomymind,whereasintown,whilstIamfollowingonecharacter,itistentoonebutIamcrossedinmywaybyanother,andputupsuchavarietyofoddcreaturesinbothsexes,thattheyfoilthescentofoneanother,andpuzzlethechace.Mygreatestdifficultyinthecountryistofindsport,andintowntochuseit.Inthemeantime,asIhavegivenawholemonth'sresttothecitiesofLondonandWestminster,Ipromisemyselfabundanceofnewgameuponmyreturnthither.

Itisindeedhightimeformetoleavethecountry,sinceIfindthewholeneighbourhoodbegintogrowveryinquisitiveaftermynameandcharacter:My

loveofsolitude,taciturnity,andparticularwayoflife,havingraisedagreatcuriosityinalltheseparts.

Thenotionswhichhavebeenframedofmearevarious:Somelookuponmeasveryproud,someasverymodest,andsomeasverymelancholy.WillWimble,asmyfriendthebutlertellsme,observingmeverymuchalone,andextremelysilentwhenIamincompany,isafraidIhavekilledaman.Thecountrypeopleseemtosuspectmeforaconjurer;andsomeofthem,hearingofthevisitwhichImadetoMollWhite,willneedshaveitthatSirROGERhasbroughtdownacunningmanwithhim,tocuretheoldwoman,andfreethecountryfromhercharms.SothatthecharacterwhichIgounderinpartoftheneighbourhood,iswhattheyherecallaWhiteWitch.

Ajusticeofpeace,wholivesaboutfivemilesoff,andisnotofSirROGER'Sparty,hasitseemssaidtwiceorthriceathistable,thathewishesSirROGERdoesnotharbouraJesuitinhishouse,andthathethinksthegentlemenofthecountrywoulddoverywelltomakemegivesomeaccountofmyself.

Ontheotherside,someofSirROGER'SfriendsareafraidtheoldKnightisimposeduponbyadesigningfellow,andastheyhaveheardthatheconversesverypromiscuouslywhenheisintown,donotknowbuthehasbroughtdownwithhimsomediscardedWhig,thatissullen,andsaysnothingbecauseheisoutofplace.

Suchisthevarietyofopinionswhicharehereentertainedofme,sothatIpassamongsomeforadisaffectedperson,andamongothersforaPopishpriest;amongsomeforawizard,andamongothersforamurderer;andallthisfornootherreason,thatIcanimagine,butbecauseIdonothootandhollow,andmakeanoise.ItistruemyfriendSirROGERtellsthem,Thatitismyway,andthatIamonlyaphilosopher;butthiswillnotsatisfythem.Theythinkthereismoreinmethanhediscovers,andthatIdonotholdmytonguefornothing.

FortheseandotherreasonsIshallsetoutforLondonto-morrow,havingfoundbyexperiencethatthecountryisnotaplaceforapersonofmytemper,whodoesnotlovejollity,andwhattheycallgoodneighbourhood.Amanthatisoutofhumourwhenanunexpectedguestbreaksinuponhim,anddoesnotcareforsacrificinganafternoontoeverychance-comer;thatwillbethemasterofhisowntime,andthepursuerofhisowninclinations,makesbutaveryunsociablefigureinthiskindoflife.Ishallthereforeretireintothetown,ifImaymakeuse

ofthatphrase,andgetintothecrowdagainasfastasIcan,inordertobealone.IcanthereraisewhatspeculationsIpleaseuponothers,withoutbeingobservedmyself,andatthesametimeenjoyalltheadvantagesofcompanywithalltheprivilegesofsolitude.Inthemeanwhile,tofinishthemonth,andconcludethesemyruralspeculations,IshallhereinsertaletterfrommyfriendWILLHONEYCOMB,whohasnotlivedamonthforthesefortyyearsoutofthesmokeofLondon,andralliesmeafterhiswayuponmycountrylife.

'DearSPEC,

'ISUPPOSEthisletterwillfindtheepickingofdaisies,orsmellingtoalockofhay,orpassingawaythytimeinsomeinnocentcountrydiversionofthelikenature.Ihavehoweverordersfromtheclubtosummontheeuptotown,beingallofuscursedlyafraidthouwiltnotbeabletorelishourcompany,afterthyconversationswithMollWhiteandWillWimble.Pr'ytheedonotsendusupanymorestoriesofacockandabull,norfrightenthetownwithspiritsandwitches.Thyspeculationsbegintosmellconfoundedlyofwoodsandmeadows.Ifthoudostnotcomeupquickly,weshallconcludethatthouartinlovewithoneofSirROGER'Sdairymaids.ServicetotheKnight.SirANDREWisgrownthecockoftheclubsinceheleftus,andifhedoesnotreturnquicklywillmakeeverymother'ssonofuscommonwealth'smen.DearSPEC,

'Thineeternally

'WILLHONEYCOMB.'

C.

No.132.WEDNESDAY,AUGUST1.

Qui,auttempusquidpostuletnonvidet,autpluraloquitur,autseostentat,auteorumquibuscumestrationemnonhabet,isineptusessedicitur.TULL.

Thatmanisguiltyofimpertinence,whoconsidersnotThecircumstancesoftime,orengrossestheconversation,

ormakeshimselfthesubjectofhisdiscourse,orpaysnoregardtothecompanyheisin.

HavingnotifiedtomygoodfriendSirROGERthatIshouldsetoutforLondonthenextday,hishorseswerereadyattheappointedhourintheevening;and,attendedbyoneofhisgrooms,Iarrivedatthecountrytownattwilight,inordertobereadyforthestage-coachthedayfollowing.Assoonaswearrivedattheinn,theservant,whowaiteduponme,inquiredofthechamberlaininmyhearing,whatcompanyhehadforthecoach?Thefellowanswered,Mrs.BettyArable,thegreatfortune,andthewidowhermother;arecruitingofficer(whotookaplacebecausetheyweretogo;)youngsquireQuicksethercousin(thathermotherwishedhertobemarriedto);Ephraimthequaker,herguardian;andagentlemanthathadstudiedhimselfdumb,fromSirROGERDECOVERLEY'S.Iobservedbywhathesaidofmyself,thataccordingtohisofficehedealtmuchinintelligence;anddoubtednotbuttherewassomefoundationforhisreportsfortherestofthecompany,aswellasforthewhimsicalaccounthegaveofme.Thenextmorningatday-breakwewereallcalled;andI,whoknowmyownnaturalshyness,andendeavourtobeaslittleliabletobedisputedwithaspossible,dressedimmediately,thatImightmakenoonewait.Thefirstpreparationforoursettingoutwas,thatthecaptain'shalf-pikewasplacednearthecoachman,andadrumbehindthecoach.Inthemeantimethedrummer,thecaptain'sequipage,wasveryloud,thatnoneofthecaptain'sthingsshouldbeplacedsoastobespoiled;uponwhichhiscloak-bagwasfixedintheseatofthecoach;andthecaptainhimself,accordingtoafrequent,thoughinvidiousbehaviourofmilitarymen,orderedhismantolooksharp,thatnonebutoneoftheladiesshouldhavetheplacehehadtakenfrontingtothecoach-box.

Wewereinsomelittletimefixedinourseats,andsatwiththatdislikewhichpeoplenottoogood-naturedusuallyconceiveofeachotheratfirstsight.Thecoachjumbledusinsensiblyintosomesortoffamiliarity;andwehadnotmovedabovetwomileswhenthewidowaskedthecaptainwhatsuccesshehadinhisrecruiting?Theofficer,withafranknesshebelievedverygraceful,toldher,'Thatindeedhehadbutverylittleluck,andhadsufferedmuchbydesertion,thereforeshouldbegladtoendhiswarfareintheserviceofherorherfairdaughter.Inaword,continuedhe,Iamasoldier,andtobeplainismycharacter:Youseeme,Madam,young,sound,andimpudent;takemeyourself,widow,orgivemetoher,Iwillbewhollyatyourdisposal.Iamasoldieroffortune,ha!'Thiswasfollowedbyavainlaughofhisown,andadeepsilenceofalltherestofthe

company.Ihadnothingleftforitbuttofallfastasleep,whichIdidwithallspeed.'Come,'saidhe,'resolveuponit,wewillmakeaweddingatthenexttown;wewillwakethispleasantcompanionwhoisfallenasleep,tobethebrideman,and'(givingthequakeraclapontheknee)heconcluded,'Thisslysaint,who,I'llwarrant,understandswhat'swhataswellasyouorI,widow,shallgivethebrideasfather.'Thequaker,whohappenedtobeamanofsmartness,answered,'Friend,Itakeitingoodpartthatthouhastgivenmetheauthorityofafatheroverthiscomelyandvirtuouschild;andImustassurethee,thatifIhavethegivingher,Ishallnotbestowheronthee.Thymirth,friend,savourethoffolly:Thouartapersonofalightmind;thydrumisatypeofthee,itsoundethbecauseitisempty.Verily,itisnotfromthyfullness,butthyemptinessthatthouhastspokenthisday.Friend,friend,wehavehiredthiscoachinpartnershipwiththee,tocarryustothegreatcity;wecannotgoanyotherway.Thisworthymothermusthearthee,ifthouwiltneedsutterthyfollies;wecannothelpit,friend,Isay:Ifthouwiltwemusthearthee;but,ifthouwertamanofunderstanding,thouwouldstnottakeadvantageofthycourageouscountenancetoabashuschildrenofpeace.Thouart,thousayest,asoldier;givequartertous,whocannotresistthee.Whydidstthoufleeratourfriend,whofeignedhimselfasleep?Hesaidnothing;buthowdostthouknowwhathecontaineth?Ifthouspeakestimproperthingsinthehearingofthisvirtuousyoungvirgin,consideritasanoutrageagainstadistressedpersonthatcannotgetfromthee:Tospeakindiscreetlywhatweareobligedtohear,bybeinghaspedupwiththeeinthispublicvehicle,isinsomedegreeassaultingonthehighroad.'

HereEphraimpaused,andthecaptainwithahappyanduncommonimpudence(whichcanbeconvictedandsupportitselfatthesametime)cries,'Faith,friend,Ithankthee;Ishouldhavebeenalittleimpertinentifthouhadstnotreprimandedme.Come,thouart,Isee,asmokyoldfellow,andI'llbeveryorderlytheensuingpartofmyjourney.Iwasgoingtogivemyselfairs,but,ladies,Ibegpardon.'

Thecaptainwassolittleoutofhumour,andourcompanywassofarfrombeingsouredbythislittleruffle,thatEphraimandhetookaparticulardelightinbeingagreeabletoeachotherforthefuture;andassumedtheirdifferentprovincesintheconductofthecompany.Ourreckonings,apartments,andaccommodation,fellunderEphraim:andthecaptainlookedtoalldisputesupontheroad,asthegoodbehaviourofourcoachman,andtherightwehadoftakingplaceasgoingtoLondonofallvehiclescomingfromthence.Theoccurrenceswemetwithwereordinary,andverylittlehappenedwhichcouldentertainbytherelationof

them:ButwhenIconsideredthecompanywewerein,Itookitfornosmallgood-fortunethatthewholejourneywasnotspentinimpertinencies,whichtotheonepartofusmightbeanentertainment,totheotherasuffering.WhatthereforeEphraimsaidwhenwewerealmostarrivedatLondon,hadtomeanairnotonlyofgoodunderstandingbutgoodbreeding.Upontheyounglady'sexpressinghersatisfactioninthejourney,anddeclaringhowdelightfulithadbeentoher,Ephraimdeliveredhimselfasfollows:'Thereisnoordinarypartofhumanlifewhichexpressethsomuchagoodmind,andarightinwardman,ashisbehaviouruponmeetingwithstrangers,especiallysuchasmayseemthemostunsuitablecompanionstohim:Suchaman,whenhefallethinthewaywithpersonsofsimplicityandinnocence,howeverknowinghemaybeinthewaysofmen,willnotvaunthimselfthereof;butwilltheratherhidehissuperioritytothem,thathemaynotbepainfuluntothem.Mygoodfriend,(continuedhe,turningtotheofficer)theeandIaretopartbyandby,andperadventurewemaynevermeetagain:Butbeadvisedbyaplainman;modesandapparelarebuttriflestotherealman,thereforedonotthinksuchamanasthyselfterribleforthygarb,norsuchaoneasmecontemptibleformine.WhentwosuchastheeandImeet,withaffectionssuchasweoughttohavetowardseachother,thoushouldstrejoicetoseemypeaceabledemeanour,andIshouldbegladtoseethystrengthandabilitytoprotectmeinit.'T.

No.269.TUESDAY,JANUARY8.

AevorarissimanostroSimplicitas.OVID,ArsAm.lib.i.ver.241.

Andbringsouroldsimplicityagain.DRYDEN.

Iwasthismorningsurprisedwithagreatknockingatthedoor,whenmylandlady'sdaughtercameuptome,andtoldmethattherewasamanbelowdesiredtospeakwithme.Uponmyaskingherwhoitwas,shetoldmeitwasaverygraveelderlyperson,butthatshedidnotknowhisname.Iimmediatelywentdowntohim,andfoundhimtobethecoachmanofmyworthyfriendSirROGERDECOVERLEY.Hetoldme,thathismastercametotownlastnight,

andwouldbegladtotakeaturnwithmeinGray's-Innwalks.AsIwaswonderinginmyselfwhathadbroughtSirROGERtotown,nothavinglatelyreceivedanyletterfromhim,hetoldmethathismasterwascomeuptogetasightofPrinceEugene,andthathedesiredIwouldimmediatelymeethim.

IwasnotalittlepleasedwiththecuriosityoftheoldKnight,thoughIdidnotmuchwonderatit,havingheardhimsaymorethanonceinprivatediscourse,thathelookeduponPrinceEugenio(forsotheKnightalwayscallshim)tobeagreatermanthanScanderbeg.

IwasnosoonercomeintoGray's-Innwalks,butIheardmyfriendupontheterracehemmingtwiceorthricetohimselfwithgreatvigour,forhelovestoclearhispipesingoodair(tomakeuseofhisownphrase),andisnotalittlepleasedwithanyonewhotakesnoticeofthestrengthwhichhestillexertsinhismorninghems.

Iwastouchedwithasecretjoyatthesightofthegoodoldman,whobeforehesawmewasengagedinconversationwithabeggarmanthathadaskedanalmsofhim.Icouldhearmyfriendchidehimfornotfindingoutsomework;butatthesametimesawhimputhishandinhispocketandgivehimsixpence.

Oursalutationswereveryheartyonbothsides,consistingofmanykindshakesofthehand,andseveralaffectionatelookswhichwecastupononeanother.AfterwhichtheKnighttoldmemygoodfriendhischaplainwasverywell,andmuchatmyservice,andthattheSundaybeforehehadmadeamostincomparablesermonoutofDr.Barrow.'Ihaveleft,'sayshe,'allmyaffairsinhishands,andbeingwillingtolayanobligationuponhim,havedepositedwithhimthirtymerks,tobedistributedamonghispoorparishioners.'

HethenproceededtoacquaintmewiththewelfareofWillWimble.Uponwhichheputhishandintohisfob,andpresentedmeinhisnamewithatobacco-stopper,tellingmethatWillhadbeenbusyallthebeginningofthewinterinturninggreatquantitiesofthem;andthathemadeapresentofonetoeverygentlemaninthecountrywhohasgoodprinciples,andsmokes.Headded,thatpoorWillwasatpresentundergreattribulation,forthatTomTouchyhadtakenthelawofhimforcuttingsomehazel-sticksoutofoneofhishedges.

AmongotherpiecesofnewswhichtheKnightbroughtfromhiscountry-seat,heinformedmethatMollWhitewasdead;andthataboutamonthafterherdeath

thewindwassoveryhigh,thatitblewdowntheendofoneofhisbarns.'Butformyownpart,'saysSirROGER,'Idonotthinkthattheoldwomanhadanyhandinit.'

Heafterwardsfellintoanaccountofthediversionswhichhadpassedinhishouseduringtheholidays;forSirROGER,afterthelaudablecustomofhisancestors,alwayskeepsopenhouseatChristmas.Ilearnedfromhimthathehadkilledeightfathogsforthisseason,thathehaddealtabouthischinesveryliberallyamongsthisneighbours,andthatinparticularhehadsentastringofhogs-puddingswithapackofcardstoeverypoorfamilyintheparish.'Ihaveoftenthought,'saysSirROGER,'ithappensverywellthatChristmasshouldfalloutinthemiddleofwinter.Itisthemostdeaduncomfortabletimeoftheyear,whenthepoorpeoplewouldsufferverymuchfromtheirpovertyandcold,iftheyhadnotgoodcheer,warmfires,andChristmasGambolstosupportthem.Ilovetorejoicetheirpoorheartsatthisseason,andtoseethewholevillagemerryinmygreathall.Iallowadoublequantityofmalttomysmallbeer,andsetitarunningfortwelvedaystoeveryonethatcallsforit.Ihavealwaysapieceofcoldbeefandamince-pyeuponthetable,andamwonderfullypleasedtoseemytenantspassawayawholeeveninginplayingtheirinnocenttricks,andsmuttingoneanother.OurfriendWillWimbleisasmerryasanyofthem,andshewsathousandroguishtricksupontheseoccasions.'

Iwasverymuchdelightedwiththereflexionofmyoldfriend,whichcarriedsomuchgoodnessinit.HethenlaunchedoutintothepraiseofthelateactofParliamentforsecuringtheChurchofEngland,andtoldme,withgreatsatisfaction,thathebelieveditalreadybegantotakeeffect,forthatarigiddissenterwhochancedtodineathishouseonChristmasday,hadbeenobservedtoeatveryplentifullyofhisplumb-porridge.

Afterhavingdispatchedallourcountrymatters,SirROGERmadeseveralinquiriesconcerningtheclub,andparticularlyofhisoldantagonistSirANDREWFREEPORT.Heaskedmewithakindofasmile,whetherSirANDREWhadnottakentheadvantageofhisabsence,toventamongthemsomeofhisrepublicandoctrines;butsoonaftergatheringuphiscountenanceintoamorethanordinaryseriousness,'Tellmetruly,'sayshe,'donotyouthinkSirANDREWhadahandinthePope'sprocession?'—butwithoutgivingmetimetoanswerhim,'Well,well,'sayshe,'Iknowyouareawaryman,anddonotcaretotalkofpublicmatters.'

TheKnightthenaskedmeifIhadseenPrinceEugenio,andmademepromisetogethimastandinsomeconvenientplace,wherehemighthaveafullsightofthatextraordinaryman,whosepresencedoessomuchhonourtotheBritishnation.HedweltverylongonthepraisesofthisgreatGeneral,andIfoundthat,sinceIwaswithhiminthecountry,hehaddrawnmanyjustobservationstogetheroutofhisreadinginBaker'sChronicle,andotherauthors,whoalwayslieinhishallwindow,whichverymuchredoundtothehonourofthisPrince.

HavingpassedawaythegreatestpartofthemorninginhearingtheKnight'sreflexions,whichwerepartlyprivate,andpartlypolitical,heaskedmeifIwouldsmokeapipewithhimoveradishofCoffeeatSquire's.AsIlovetheoldman,Itakedelightincomplyingwitheverythingthatisagreeabletohim,andaccordinglywaitedonhimtothecoffee-house,wherehisvenerablefiguredrewuponustheeyesofthewholeroom.Hehadnosoonerseatedhimselfattheupperendofthehightable,buthecalledforacleanpipe,apaperoftobacco,adishofcoffee,awax-candle,andtheSupplement,withsuchanairofcheerfulnessandgoodhumour,thatalltheboysinthecoffee-room(whoseemedtotakepleasureinservinghim)wereatonceemployedonhisseveralerrands,insomuchthatnobodyelsecouldcomeatadishoftea,untiltheKnighthadgotallhisconveniencesabouthim.L.

No.329.TUESDAY,MARCH18.

Iretamenrestat,Numaquodevenit,etAncus.HOR.Ep.vi.1.i.ver.27.

WithAncus,andwithNuma,kingsofRome,Wemustdescendintothesilenttomb.

MyfriendSirROGERDECOVERLEYtoldmetheothernight,thathehadbeenreadingmypaperuponWestminsterAbbey,'inwhich,'sayshe,'thereareagreatmanyingeniousfancies.'Hetoldmeatthesametime,thatheobservedIhadpromisedanotherpaperupontheTombs,andthatheshouldbegladtogoandseethemwithme,nothavingvisitedthemsincehehadreadhistory.IcouldnotatfirstimaginehowthiscameintotheKnight'shead,tillIrecollectedthathe

hadbeenverybusyalllastsummeruponBaker'sChronicle,whichhehasquotedseveraltimesinhisdisputeswithSirANDREWFREEPORTsincehislastcomingtotown.AccordinglyIpromisedtocalluponhimthenextmorning,thatwemightgotogethertotheAbbey.

IfoundtheKnightunderhisbutler'shands,whoalwaysshaveshim.HewasnosoonerdressedthanhecalledforaglassofthewidowTrueby'swater,whichtheytoldmehealwaysdrankbeforehewentabroad.Herecommendedtomeadramofitatthesametime,withsomuchheartiness,thatIcouldnotforbeardrinkingit.AssoonasIhadgotitdown,Ifounditveryunpalatable,uponwhichtheKnightobservingthatIhadmadeseveralwryfaces,toldmethatheknewIshouldnotlikeitatfirst,butthatitwasthebestthingintheworldagainstthestoneorgravel.

Icouldhavewishedindeedthathehadacquaintedmewiththevirtuesofitsooner;butitwastoolatetocomplain,andIknewwhathehaddonewasoutofgood-will.SirROGERtoldmefurther,thathelookeduponittobeverygoodforamanwhilsthestaidintown,tokeepoffinfection,andthathegottogetheraquantityofituponthefirstnewsofthesicknessbeingatDantzick:Whenofasudden,turningshorttooneofhisservantswhostoodbehindhim,hebidhimcallahackney-coach,andtakecareitwasanelderlymanthatdroveit.

HethenresumedhisdiscourseuponMrs.Trueby'swater,tellingmethatthewidowTruebywasonewhodidmoregoodthanallthedoctorsorapothecariesinthecountry:Thatshedistilledeverypoppythatgrewwithinfivemilesofher;thatshedistributedherwatergratisamongallsortsofpeople;towhichtheknightadded,thatshehadaverygreatjointure,andthatthewholecountrywouldfainhaveitamatchbetweenhimandher;'andtruly,'saysSirROGER,'ifIhadnotbeenengaged,perhapsIcouldnothavedonebetter.'

Hisdiscoursewasbrokenoffbyhisman'stellinghimhehadcalledacoach.Uponourgoingtoit,afterhavingcasthiseyeuponthewheels,heaskedthecoachmanifhisaxle-treewasgood;uponthefellow'stellinghimhewouldwarrantit,theKnightturnedtome,toldmehelookedlikeanhonestman,andwentinwithoutfurtherceremony.

Wehadnotgonefar,whenSirROGER,poppingouthishead,calledthecoachmandownfromhisbox,and,uponpresentinghimselfatthewindow,askedhimifhesmoked;asIwasconsideringwhatthiswouldendin,hebidhim

stopbythewayatanygoodtobacconist'sandtakeinarolloftheirbestVirginia.Nothingmaterialhappenedintheremainingpartofourjourney,tillweweresetdownatthewestendoftheAbbey.

Aswewentupthebodyofthechurch,theKnightpointedatthetrophiesupononeofthenewmonuments,andcriedout,'Abraveman,Iwarranthim!'PassingafterwardsbySirCloudeslyShovel,heflunghishandthatway,andcried,'SirCloudeslyShovel!averygallantman!'AshestoodbeforeBusby'stomb,theKnightutteredhimselfagainafterthesamemanner,'Dr.Busby,agreatman!hewhippedmygrandfather;averygreatman!Ishouldhavegonetohimmyself,ifIhadnotbeenablockhead;averygreatman!'

Wewereimmediatelyconductedtothelittlechapelontherighthand.SirROGER,plantinghimselfatourhistorian'selbow,wasveryattentivetoeverythinghesaid,particularlytotheaccounthegaveusofthelordwhohadcutoffthekingofMorocco'shead.Amongseveralotherfigures,hewasverywellpleasedtoseethestatesmanCeciluponhisknees;andconcludingthemalltobegreatmen,wasconductedtothefigurewhichrepresentsthatmartyrtogoodhousewifery,whodiedbytheprickofaneedle.Uponourinterpreter'stellingusthatshewasamaidofhonourtoqueenElizabeth,theKnightwasveryinquisitiveintohernameandfamily;andafterhavingregardedherfingerforsometime,'Iwonder,'sayshe,'thatSirRichardBakerhassaidnothingofherinhisChronicle.'

Wewerethenconveyedtothetwocoronationchairs,wheremyoldfriendafterhavingheardthatthestoneunderneaththemostancientofthem,whichwasbroughtfromScotland,wascalledJacob'spillar,sathimselfdowninthechair;andlookinglikethefigureofanoldGothickking,askedourinterpreter,whatauthoritytheyhadtosaythatJacobhadeverbeeninScotland?Thefellow,insteadofreturninghimananswer,toldhim,thathehopedhishonourwouldpayhisforfeit.IcouldobserveSirROGERalittleruffleduponbeingthustrepanned;butourguidenotinsistinguponhisdemand,theknightsoonrecoveredhisgood-humour,andwhisperedinmyear,thatifWILLWIMBLEwerewithus,andsawthosetwochairs,itwouldgohardbuthewouldgetatobacco-stopperoutofoneortheotherofthem.

SirROGER,inthenextplace,laidhishanduponEdwardtheThird'ssword,andleaninguponthepommelofit,gaveusthewholehistoryoftheBlackPrince;concludingthat,inSirRichardBaker'sopinion,EdwardtheThirdwasoneofthe

greatestprincesthateversatupontheEnglishthrone.

WewerethenshewnEdwardtheConfessor'stomb;uponwhichSirROGERacquaintedus,thathewasthefirstwhotouchedfortheevil;andafterwardsHenrytheFourth's,uponwhichheshookhishead,andtoldustherewasfinereadinginthecasualtiesofthatreign.

OurconductorthenpointedtothatmonumentwherethereisthefigureofoneofourEnglishkingswithoutanhead;andupongivingustoknow,thatthehead,whichwasofbeatensilver,hadbeenstolenawayseveralyearssince:'SomeWhig,I'llwarrantyou,'saysSirROGER;'yououghttolockupyourkingsbetter;theywillcarryoffthebodytoo,ifyoudon'ttakecare.'

ThegloriousnamesofHenrytheFifthandQueenElizabethgavetheknightgreatopportunitiesofshining,andofdoingjusticetoSirRichardBaker;who,asourKnightobservedwithsomesurprise,hadagreatmanykingsinhim,whosemonumentshehadnotseenintheAbbey.

Formyownpart,IcouldnotbutbepleasedtoseetheKnightshewsuchanhonestpassionforthegloryofhiscountry,andsucharespectfulgratitudetothememoryofitsprinces.

Imustnotomit,thatthebenevolenceofmygoodoldfriend,whichflowsouttowardseveryoneheconverseswith,madehimverykindtoourinterpreter,whomhelookeduponasanextraordinaryman;forwhichreasonheshookhimbythehandatparting,tellinghim,thatheshouldbeverygladtoseehimathislodgingsinNorfolk-Buildings,andtalkoverthesematterswithhimmoreatleisure.

NO.335.TUESDAY,MARCH25.

RespicereexemplarvitaemorumquejubeboDoctumunitatorem,etverashincducerevoces.HOR.ArsPoet.ver.317.

Thosearethelikestcopies,whicharedrawnFromtheoriginalofhumanlife.ROSCOMMON.

MyfriendSirROGERDECOVERLEY,whenwelastmettogetherattheclub,toldmethathehadagreatmindtoseethenewtragedywithme,assuringmeatthesametime,thathehadnotbeenataplaythesetwentyyears.'ThelastIsaw,'saidSirROGER,'wastheCommittee,whichIshouldnothavegonetoneither,hadnotIbeentoldbeforehandthatitwasagoodchurch-of-Englandcomedy.'HethenproceededtoinquireofmewhothisDistressedMotherwas;anduponhearingthatshewasHector'swidow,hetoldmethatherhusbandwasabraveman,andthatwhenhewasaschool-boyhehadreadhislifeattheendofthedictionary.Myfriendaskedme,inthenextplace,iftherewouldnotbesomedangerincominghomelate,incasetheMohocksshouldbeabroad.'Iassureyou,'sayshe,'IthoughtIhadfallenintotheirhandslastnight;forIobservedtwoorthreelustyblackmenthatfollowedmehalfwayupFleet-Street,andmendedtheirpacebehindme,inproportionasIputontogetawayfromthem.Youmustknow,'continuedtheKnightwithasmile,'Ifanciedtheyhadamindtohuntme;forIrememberanhonestgentlemaninmyneighbourhood,whowasservedsuchatrickinKingCharlestheSecond'stime,forwhichreasonhehasnotventuredhimselfintowneversince.Imighthaveshewnthemverygoodsport,hadthisbeentheirdesign;forasIamanoldfox-hunter,Ishouldhaveturnedanddogged,andhaveplayedthemathousandtrickstheyhadneverseenintheirlivesbefore.'

SirROGERadded,thatifthesegentlemenhadanysuchintention,theydidnot

succeedverywellinit;'forIthrewthemout,'sayshe,'attheendofNorfolk-Street,whereIdoubledthecorner,andgotshelterinmylodgingsbeforetheycouldimaginewhatwasbecomeofme.However,'saystheKnight,'ifCaptainSENTRYwillmakeonewithusto-morrownight,andifyouwillbothofyoucalluponmeaboutfouro'clock,thatwemaybeatthehousebeforeitisfull,Iwillhavemycoachinreadinesstoattendyou,forJohntellsmehehasgotthefore-wheelsmended.'

TheCaptain,whodidnotfailtomeetmethereattheappointedhour,bidSirROGERfearnothing,forthathehadputonthesameswordwhichhemadeuseofatthebattleofSteenkirk.SirROGER'Sservants,andamongtherestmyoldfriendthebutler,had,Ifound,providedthemselveswithgoodoakenplants,toattendtheirmasteruponthisoccasion.Whenwehadplacedhiminhiscoach,withmyselfathisleft-hand,theCaptainbeforehim,andhisbutlerattheheadofhisfootmenintherear,weconveyedhiminsafetytotheplay-house,whereafterhavingmarcheduptheentryingoodorder,theCaptainandIwentinwithhim,andseatedhimbetwixtusinthepit.Assoonasthehousewasfull,andthecandleslighted,myoldfriendstoodupandlookedabouthimwiththatpleasure,whichamindseasonedwithhumanitynaturallyfeelsinitself,atthesightofamultitudeofpeoplewhoseemedpleasedwithoneanother,andpartakeofthesamecommonentertainment.Icouldnotbutfancytomyself,astheoldmanstoodupinthemiddleofthepit,thathemadeaverypropercentertoatragickaudience.UpontheenteringofPyrrhus,theKnighttoldmethathedidnotbelievetheKingofFrancehimselfhadabetterstrut.Iwasindeedveryattentivetomyoldfriend'sremarks,becauseIlookeduponthemasapieceofnaturalcriticism,andwaswellpleasedtohearhim,attheconclusionofalmosteveryscene,tellingmethathecouldnotimaginehowtheplaywouldend.OnewhileheappearedmuchconcernedforAndromache;andalittlewhileafterasmuchforHermione;andwasextremelypuzzledtothinkwhatwouldbecomeofPyrrhus.

WhenSirROGERsawAndromache'sobstinaterefusaltoherlover'simportunities,hewhisperedmeintheear,thathewassureshewouldneverhavehim;towhichheadded,withamorethanordinaryvehemence,'Youcannotimagine,Sir,whatitistohavetodowithawidow.'UponPyrrhushisthreateningafterwardstoleaveher,theKnightshookhisheadandmutteredtohimself,'Ay,doifyoucan.'Thispartdweltsomuchuponmyfriend'simagination,thatatthecloseofthethirdact,asIwasthinkingofsomethingelse,hewhisperedmeintheear,'Thesewidows,Sir,arethemostperversecreatures

intheworld.Butpray,'sayshe,'youthatareacritick,istheplayaccordingtoyourdramaticrules,asyoucallthem?Shouldyourpeopleintragedyalwaystalktobeunderstood?Why,thereisnotasinglesentenceinthisplaythatIdonotknowthemeaningof.'

ThefourthactveryluckilybegunbeforeIhadtimetogivetheoldgentlemanananswer:'Well,'saystheKnight,sittingdownwithgreatsatisfaction,'IsupposewearenowtoseeHector'sghost.'Hethenrenewedhisattention,and,fromtimetotime,fellapraisingthewidow.Hemade,indeed,alittlemistakeastooneofherpages,whomathisfirstenteringhetookforAstyanax;butquicklysethimselfrightinthatparticular,though,atthesametime,heownedheshouldhavebeenverygladtohaveseenthelittleboy,'who,'sayshe,'mustneedsbeaveryfinechildbytheaccountthatisgivenofhim.'UponHermione'sgoingoffwithamenacetoPyrrhus,theaudiencegavealoudclap,towhichSirROGERadded,'Onmyword,anotableyoungbaggage!'

Astherewasaveryremarkablesilenceandstillnessintheaudienceduringthewholeaction,itwasnaturalforthemtotaketheopportunityoftheintervalsbetweentheacts,toexpresstheiropinionoftheplayers,andoftheirrespectiveparts.SirROGERhearingaclusterofthempraiseOrestes,struckinwiththem,andtoldthem,thathethoughthisfriendPyladeswasaverysensibleman;astheywereafterwardsapplaudingPyrrhus,SirROGERputinasecondtime:'Andletmetellyou,'sayshe,'thoughhespeaksbutlittle,Iliketheoldfellowinwhiskersaswellasanyofthem.'CaptainSENTRYseeingtwoorthreewags,whosatnearus,leanwithanattentiveeartowardsSirROGER,andfearinglesttheyshouldsmoketheKnight,pluckedhimbytheelbow,andwhisperedsomethinginhisear,thatlastedtilltheopeningofthefifthact.TheKnightwaswonderfullyattentivetotheaccountwhichOrestesgivesofPyrrhushisdeath,andattheconclusionofit,toldmeitwassuchabloodypieceofwork,thathewasgladitwasnotdoneuponthestage.SeeingafterwardsOrestesinhisravingfit,hegrewmorethanordinaryserious,andtookoccasiontomoralize(inhisway)uponanevilconscience,adding,thatOrestes,inhismadness,lookedasifhesawsomething.

Aswewerethefirstthatcameintothehouse,sowewerethelastthatwentoutofit;beingresolvedtohaveaclearpassageforouroldfriend,whomwedidnotcaretoventureamongthejustlingofthecrowd.SirROGERwentoutfullysatisfiedwithhisentertainment,andweguardedhimtohislodginginthesamemannerthatwebroughthimtotheplay-house;beinghighlypleased,formyown

part,notonlywiththeperformanceoftheexcellentpiecewhichhadbeenpresented,butwiththesatisfactionwhichithadgiventotheoldman.L.

No.359.TUESDAY,APRIL22.

Torvaleaenalupumsequitur,lupusipsecapellam;Florentemcytisumsequiturlascivacapella.VIRG.Eccl.ii.v.63.

Thegreedylionessthewolfpursues,Thewolfthekid,thewantonkidthebrowse.DRYDEN.

Aswewereattheclublastnight,IobservedmyoldfriendSirROGER,contrarytohisusualcustom,satverysilent,andinsteadofmindingwhatwassaidbythecompany,waswhistlingtohimselfinaverythoughtfulmood,andplayingwithacork.IjoggedSirANDREWFREEPORTwhosatbetweenus;andaswewerebothobservinghim,wesawtheKnightshakehishead,andheardhimsaytohimself,'Afoolishwoman!Ican'tbelieveit.'SirANDREWgavehimagentlepatupontheshoulder,andofferedtolayhimabottleofwinethathewasthinkingofthewidow.Myoldfriendstarted,andrecoveringoutofhisbrownstudy,toldSirANDREW,thatonceinhislifehehadbeenintheright.Inshort,aftersomelittlehesitation,SirROGERtoldusinthefulnessofhisheartthathehadjustreceivedaletterfromhissteward,whichacquaintedhimthathisoldrivalandantagonistinthecountry,SirDavidDundrum,hadbeenmakingavisittothewidow.However,saysSirROGER,IcanneverthinkthatshewillhaveamanthatishalfayearolderthanIam,andanotedrepublicanintothebargain.

WILLHONEYCOMB,wholooksuponloveashisparticularprovince,interruptingourfriendwithajauntylaugh;'Ithought,Knight,'sayshe,'thouhad'stlivedlongenoughintheworld,nottopinthyhappinessupononethatisawomanandawidow.Ithinkthatwithoutvanity,ImaypretendtoknowasmuchofthefemaleworldasanymaninGreatBritain,thoughthechiefofmyknowledgeconsistsinthis,thattheyarenottobeknown.'WILLimmediately,withhisusualfluency,rambledintoanaccountofhisownamours.'Iamnow,'sayshe,'uponthevergeoffifty'(thoughbythewayweallknewhewasturned

ofthreescore).'Youmayeasilyguess,'continuedWILL,'thatIhavenotlivedsolongintheworldwithouthavinghadsomethoughtsofsettlinginit,asthephraseis.Totellyoutruly,Ihaveseveraltimestriedmyfortunethatway,thoughIcannotmuchboastofmysuccess.

'Imademyfirstaddressestoayoungladyinthecountry:butwhenIthoughtthingswereprettywelldrawingtoaconclusion,herfatherhappeningtohearthatIhadformerlyboardedwithasurgeon,theoldPutforbidmehishouse,andwithinafortnightaftermarriedhisdaughtertoafox-hunterintheneighbourhood.

'Imademynextapplicationtoawidow,andattackedhersobriskly,thatIthoughtmyselfwithinafortnightofher.AsIwaiteduponheronemorning,shetoldme,thatsheintendedtokeepherreadymoneyandjointureinherownhand,anddesiredmetocalluponherattorneyinLion's-Inn,whowouldadjustwithmewhatitwasproperformetoaddtoit.Iwassorebuffedbythisoverture,thatIneverinquiredeitherforherorherattorneyafterwards.

'AfewmonthsafterIaddressedmyselftoayounglady,whowasanonlydaughter,andofagoodfamily:Idancedwithheratseveralballs,squeezedherbythehand,saidsoftthingstoher,andinshortmadenodoubtofherheart;andtho'myfortunewasnotequaltohers,Iwasinhopesthatherfondfatherwouldnotdenyherthemanshehadfixedheraffectionsupon.ButasIwentonedaytothehouseinordertobreakthemattertohim,Ifoundthewholefamilyinconfusion,andheardtomyunspeakablesurprise,thatMissJennywasthatmorningrunawaywiththebutler.

'Ithencourtedasecondwidow,andamatalosstothisdayhowIcametomissher,forshehadoftencommendedmypersonandbehaviour.Hermaidindeedtoldmeoneday,thathermistresshadsaidsheneversawagentlemanwithsuchaspindlepairoflegsasMr.Honeycomb.

'AfterthisIlaidsiegetofourheiressessuccessively,andbeingahandsomeyoungdoginthosedays,quicklymadeabreachintheirhearts;butIdonotknowhowitcametopass,thoughIseldomfailedofgettingthedaughter'sconsent,Icouldneverinmylifegettheoldpeopleonmyside.

'Icouldgiveyouanaccountofathousandotherunsuccessfulattempts,particularlyofonewhichImadesomeyearssinceuponanoldwoman,whomI

hadcertainlyborneawaywithflyingcolours,ifherrelationshadnotcomepouringintoherassistancefromallpartsofEngland;nay,IbelieveIshouldhavegotheratlast,hadnotshebeencarriedoffbyahardfrost.'

AsWill'stransitionsareextremelyquick,heturnedfromSirROGER,andapplyinghimselftome,toldmetherewasapassageinthebookIhadconsideredlastSaturday,whichdeservedtobewritinlettersofgold;andtakingoutaPocket-Milton,readthefollowinglines,whicharepartofoneofAdam'sspeechestoEveafterthefall.

Oh!whydidGod,Creatorwise!thatpeopledhighestheav'nWithspiritsmasculine,createatlastThisnoveltyonearth,thisfairdefectOfnature?andnotfilltheworldatonceWithmen,asangels,withoutfeminine?OrfindsomeotherwaytogenerateMankind?Thismischiefhadnotthenbefallen,Andmorethatshallbefall,innumerableDisturbancesonearththroughfemalesnares,Andstraitconjunctionwiththissex:ForeitherHenevershallfindoutfitmate,butsuchAssomemisfortunebringshim,ormistake;Or,whomhewishesmost,shallseldomgainThroughherperverseness;butshallseehergain'dByafarworse;orifshelove,withheldByparents;orhishappiestchoicetoolateShallmeetalreadylink'd,andwedlock-boundToafelladversary,hishateorshame;WhichinfinitecalamityshallcauseTohumanlife,andhouseholdpeaceconfound.

SirROGERlistenedtothispassagewithgreatattention,anddesiringMr.Honeycombtofolddownaleafattheplace,andlendhimhisbook,theKnightputitupinhispocket,andtoldusthathewouldreadoverthoseversesagainbeforehewenttobed.X.

No.383.TUESDAY,MAY20.

Criminibusdebenthortos.Juv.Sat.i.ver.75.

Abeauteousgarden,butbyvicemaintain'd.

AsIwassittinginmychamberandthinkingonasubjectformynextSpectator,Iheardtwoorthreeirregularbouncesatmylandlady'sdoor,andupontheopeningofit,aloudcheerfulvoiceenquiringwhetherthePhilosopherwasathome.Thechildwhowenttothedooransweredveryinnocently,thathedidnotlodgethere.IimmediatelyrecollectedthatitwasmygoodfriendSirROGER'svoice;andthatIhadpromisedtogowithhimonthewatertoSpring-Garden,incaseitprovedagoodevening.TheKnightputmeinmindofmypromisefromthebottomofthestaircase,buttoldmethatifIwasspeculatinghewouldstaybelowtillIhaddone.

UponmycomingdownIfoundallthechildrenofthefamilygotaboutmyoldfriend,andmylandladyherself,whoisanotablepratinggossip,engagedinaconferencewithhim;beingmightilypleasedwithhisstrokingherlittleboyuponthehead,andbiddinghimbeagoodchild,andmindhisbook.

WewerenosoonercometotheTempleStairs,butweweresurroundedwithacrowdofwatermenofferingustheirrespectiveservices.SirROGER,afterhavinglookedabouthimveryattentively,spiedonewithawoodenlegandimmediatelygavehimorderstogethisboatready.Aswewerewalkingtowardsit,Youmustknow,saysSirROGER,Inevermakeuseofanybodytorowme,thathasnoteitherlostalegoranarm.IwouldratherbatehimafewstrokesofhisoarthannotemployanhonestmanthathasbeenwoundedintheQueen'sservice.IfIwasalordorabishop,andkeptabarge,Iwouldnotputafellowinmyliverythathadnotawoodenleg.

Myoldfriend,afterhavingseatedhimself,andtrimmedtheboatwithhiscoachman,who,beingaverysoberman,alwaysservesforballastontheseoccasions,wemadethebestofourwayforFaux-Hall.SirROGERobligedthewatermantogiveusthehistoryofhisrightleg,andhearingthathehadleftitatLaHogue,withmanyparticularswhichpassedinthatgloriousaction,theKnightinthetriumphofhisheartmadeseveralreflectionsonthegreatnessoftheBritishnation;as,thatoneEnglishmancouldbeatthreeFrenchmen;thatwecouldneverbeindangerofPoperysolongaswetookcareofourfleet;thatthe

ThameswasthenoblestriverinEurope,thatLondonBridgewasagreaterpieceofwork,thananyofthesevenwondersoftheworld;withmanyotherhonestprejudiceswhichnaturallycleavetotheheartofatrueEnglishman.

Aftersomeshortpause,theoldknightturningabouthisheadtwiceorthrice,totakeasurveyofthisgreatmetropolis,bidmeobservehowthickthecitywassetwithchurches,andthattherewasscarceasinglesteepleonthissideTemple-Bar.Amostheathenishsight!saysSirRoger:Thereisnoreligionatthisendofthetown.Thefiftynewchurcheswillverymuchmendtheprospect;butchurch-workisslow,church-workisslow!

IdonotrememberIhaveanywherementionedinSirRoger'scharacter,hiscustomofsalutingeverybodythatpassesbyhimwithagood-morroworagood-night.Thistheoldmandoesoutoftheoverflowingsofhishumanity,thoughatthesametimeitrendershimsopopularamongallhiscountryneighbours,thatitisthoughttohavegoneagoodwayinmakinghimonceortwiceKnightoftheshire.Hecannotforbearthisexerciseofbenevolenceevenintown,whenhemeetswithanyoneinhismorningoreveningwalk.Itbrokefromhimtoseveralboatsthatpassedbyusuponthewater;buttotheKnight'sgreatsurprise,ashegavethegood-nighttotwoorthreeyoungfellowsalittlebeforeourlanding,oneofthem,insteadofreturningthecivility,askedus,whatqueeroldputwehadintheboat?withagreatdealofthelikeThamesribaldry.SirRogerseemedalittleshockedatfirst,butatlengthassumingafaceofmagistracy,toldus,ThatifhewereaMiddlesexjustice,hewouldmakesuchvagrantsknowthatherMajesty'ssubjectswerenomoretobeabusedbywaterthanbyland.

WewerenowarrivedatSpring-Garden,whichisexquisitelypleasantatthistimeoftheyear.WhenIconsideredthefragrancyofthewalksandbowers,withthechoirsofbirdsthatsunguponthetrees,andtheloosetribeofpeoplethatwalkedundertheirshades,IcouldnotbutlookupontheplaceasakindofMahometanparadise.SirRogertoldmeitputhiminmindofalittlecoppicebyhishouseinthecountry,whichhischaplainusedtocallanaviaryofnightingales.Youmustunderstand,saystheKnight,thereisnothingintheworldthatpleasesamaninlovesomuchasyournightingale.Ah,Mr.SPECTATOR!themanymoonlightnightsthatIhavewalkedbymyself,andthoughtonthewidowbythemusickofthenightingale!Heherefetchedadeepsigh,andwasfallingintoafitofmusing,whenamask,whocamebehindhim,gavehimagentletapupontheshoulder,andaskedhimifhewoulddrinkabottleofmead

withher?ButtheKnight,beingstartledatsounexpectedafamiliarity,anddispleasedtobeinterruptedinhisthoughtsofthewidow,toldher,Shewasawantonbaggage,andbidhergoaboutherbusiness.

WeconcludedourwalkwithaglassofBurtonale,andasliceofhungbeef.Whenwehaddoneeatingourselves,theKnightcalledawaitertohim,andbidhimcarrytheremaindertothewatermanthathadbutoneleg.Iperceivedthefellowstareduponhimattheoddnessofthemessage,andwasgoingtobesaucy;uponwhichIratifiedtheKnight'scommandswithaperemptorylook.

Asweweregoingoutofthegarden,myoldfriendthinkinghimselfobliged,asamemberoftheQuorum,toanimadvertuponthemoralsoftheplace,toldthemistressofthehouse,whosatatthebar,thatheshouldbeabettercustomertohergarden,ifthereweremorenightingales,andfewerstrumpets.

No.517.THURSDAY,OCTOBER23.

Heupietas!heupriscafides!VIRG.AEn.vi.ver.878.

Mirrourofancientfaith!Undauntedworth!Inviolabletruth!DRYDEN.

Welastnightreceivedapieceofillnewsatourclub,whichverysensiblyafflictedeveryoneofus.Iquestionnotbutmyreadersthemselveswillbetroubledatthehearingofit.Tokeepthemnolongerinsuspense,SirROGERDECOVERLEYisdead.Hedepartedthislifeathishouseinthecountry,afterafewweekssickness.SirANDREWFREEPORThasaletterfromoneofhiscorrespondentsinthoseparts,thatinformshimtheoldmancaughtacoldatthecountry-sessions,ashewasverywarmlypromotinganaddressofhisownpenning,inwhichhesucceededaccordingtohiswishes.Butthisparticularcomesfromawhigjusticeofpeace,whowasalwaysSirROGER'Senemyandantagonist.IhavelettersbothfromtheChaplainandCaptainSENTRY,whichmentionnothingofit,butarefilledwithmanyparticularstothehonourofthegoodoldman.Ihavelikewisealetterfromthebutler,whotooksomuchcareof

melastsummerwhenIwasattheKnight'shouse.Asmyfriendthebutlermentions,inthesimplicityofhisheart,severalcircumstancestheothershavepassedoverinsilence,Ishallgivemyreaderacopyofhisletter,withoutanyalterationordiminution.

'HONOUREDSIR,

'KNOWINGthatyouwasmyoldmaster'sgoodfriend,Icouldnotforbearsendingyouthemelancholynewsofhisdeath,whichhasafflictedthewholecountry,aswellashispoorservants,wholovedhim,Imaysay,betterthanwedidourlives.Iamafraidhecaughthisdeaththelastcountry-sessions,wherehewouldgotoseejusticedonetoapoorwidowwomanandherfatherlesschildren,thathadbeenwrongedbyaneighbouringgentleman;foryouknow,Sir,mygoodmasterwasalwaysthepoorman'sfriend.Uponhiscominghome,thefirstcomplainthemadewas,thathehadlosthisroast-beefstomach,notbeingabletotouchasirloin,whichwasservedupaccordingtocustom;andyouknowheusedtotakegreatdelightinit.Fromthattimeforwardhegrewworseandworse,butstillkeptagoodhearttothelast.Indeedwewereonceingreathopeofhisrecovery,uponakindmessagethatwassenthimfromtheWidowLadywhomhehadmadelovetothefortylastyearsofhislife;butthisonlyprovedalightningbeforedeath.HehasbequeathedtothisLady,asatokenofhislove,agreatpearlnecklace,andacoupleofsilverbraceletssetwithjewels,whichbelongedtomygoodoldLadyhismother:Hehasbequeathedthefinewhitegelding,thatheusedtoridea-huntingupon,tohisChaplain,becausehethoughthewouldbekindtohim;andhasleftyouallhisbooks.Hehas,moreover,bequeathedtotheChaplainaveryprettytenementwithgoodlandsaboutit.Itbeingaverycolddaywhenhemadehiswill,heleftformourning,toeverymanintheparish,agreatfriezecoat,andtoeverywomanablackriding-hood.Itwasamostmovingsighttoseehimtakeleaveofhispoorservants,commendingusallforourfidelity,whilstwewerenotabletospeakawordforweeping.Aswemostofusaregrowngray-headedinourdearmaster'sservice,hehasleftuspensionsandlegacies,whichwemayliveverycomfortablyupontheremainingpartofourdays.Hehasbequeathedagreatdealmoreincharity,whichisnotyetcometomyknowledge,anditisperemptorilysaidintheparish,thathehasleftmoneytobuildasteepletothechurch;forhewasheardtosaysometimeago,thatifhelivedtwoyearslonger,Coverleychurchshouldhaveasteepletoit.TheChaplaintellseverybodythathemadeaverygoodend,andneverspeaksofhimwithouttears.Hewasburiedaccordingtohisowndirections,amongthefamilyoftheCOVERLEYS,onthelefthandofhisfatherSirArthur.Thecoffinwas

carriedbysixofhistenants,andthepallheldbysixoftheQuorum:Thewholeparishfollowedthecorpsewithheavyhearts,andintheirmourningsuits,themeninfrieze,andthewomeninriding-hoods.CaptainSENTRY,mymaster'snephew,hastakenpossessionofthehall-house,andthewholeestate.Whenmyoldmastersawhim,alittlebeforehisdeath,heshookhimbythehand,andwishedhimjoyoftheestatewhichwasfallingtohim,desiringhimonlytomakeagooduseofit,andtopaytheseverallegacies,andthegiftsofcharitywhichhetoldhimhehadleftasquit-rentsupontheestate.Thecaptaintrulyseemsacourteousman,thoughhesaysbutlittle.Hemakesmuchofthosewhommymasterloved,andshewsgreatkindnessestotheoldhouse-dog,thatyouknowmypoormasterwassofondof.Itwouldhavegonetoyourhearttohaveheardthemoansthedumbcreaturemadeonthedayofmymaster'sdeath.Hehasneverjoyedhimselfsince;nomorehasanyofus.ItwasthemelancholiestdayforthepoorpeoplethateverhappenedinWorcestershire.Thisisallfrom,

'HONOUREDSIR,

'Yourmostsorrowfulservant,

'EDWARDBISCUIT.'

'P.S.Mymasterdesired,someweeksbeforehedied,thatabookwhichcomesuptoyoubythecarrier,shouldbegiventoSirANDREWFREEPORT,inhisname.'

Thisletter,notwithstandingthepoorbutler'smannerofwritingit,gaveussuchanideaofourgoodoldfriend,thatuponthereadingofittherewasnotadryeyeintheclub.SirANDREWopeningthebook,foundittobeacollectionofactsofparliament.TherewasinparticulartheActofUniformity,withsomepassagesinitmarkedbySirROGER'Sownhand.SirANDREWfoundthattheyrelatedtotwoorthreepoints,whichhehaddisputedwithSirROGERthelasttimeheappearedattheclub.SirANDREW,whowouldhavebeenmerryatsuchanincidentonanotheroccasion,atthesightoftheoldman'shand-writingburstintotears,andputthebookintohispocket.CaptainSENTRYinformsme,thattheKnighthasleftringsandmourningforeveryoneintheclub.

NOTES

SPECTATOR1.

Page1.

9.black.Dark.Cf.Shakespeare,Sonnetcxxvii:

Intheolddaysblackwasnotcountedfair,

orLove'sLabour'sLost,iv,iii.265:

Paintsitselfblacktoimitateherbrow.

Page2.

6.depending.Undetermined.Inlaw,pending.Cf.Shakespeare,Cymbeline,iv.iii.23:

We'llslipyouforaseason;butourjealousyDoesyetdepend.

24.publicexercises.Academicdiscussionsmaintainedbycandidatesfordegreesattheolderuniversities.Tracesappearintheterm'Wrangler'(Cambridge)andinthesupplementaryvivavoceexamination.

Page3.

5-10.Imade…satisfaction.AddisonisalludingtoJohnGreaves,whojourneyedtoEgyptin1638andpublishedalearnedworkentitledPyramidographia.

17etseq.Will's,v.AppendixI,OnCoffee-houses.AlsoforChild's(3.19),St.James's(22),theGrecian(25),theCocoa-Tree(25),andJonathan's(29).

20.thePostman,editedbyaFrenchman,M.Fonvive,ismentionedinacontemporaryaccountbyJohnDuntonasthebestofthenewspapers.Itwaspublishedweekly.

23.politicswasfrequentlyusedforpoliticians.Perhapssousedhere.

26.Drury-Lanetheatrewasbuiltin1674andburntdownin1809.

theHay-Markettheatretookitsnamefromthestreetinwhichitwassituated,whichwasthesiteofamarketforhayandstrawfromthereignofElizabethtillthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury.Itwasbuiltin1705.

27.theExchangeisattheeastendofthePoultry.ItwasbuiltbySirThomasGreshamandopenedbyQueenElizabethin1571.ItwasdestroyedbytheGreatFireof1666,andhassincebeentwicerebuilt.

Page4.

5.blots.Inbackgammontoexposeamantocaptureiscalledleavingablot.

23.somany…which.Mixedconstruction:themany…whichorsomany…as.

32.spokento.Obsoleteinordinaryspeakingandwriting;survivesinoratory.

34.mylodgings.TheSpectatordiscoursesonthissubjectinNo.12.

Page5.

10.complexion.Aspect,appearance.Cf.Shakespeare,RichardII.,III.ii.194:

MenjudgebythecomplexionoftheskyThestateandinclinationoftheday.

12.discoveries.Revelations,disclosures.Cf.Shakespeare,RapeofLucrece,1314:

Shedaresnotthereofmakediscovery.

14.havingbeenthusparticularupon.Havingrelatedsomanydetailsconcerning.

18.Fortheprevalenceofclubsv.Spectator9.

19.engagedme.Mademeundertake.

21.Mr.Buckley's.TheprinteroftheSpectator.

LittleBritain,formerlythemansionoftheDukeofBretagne,nearAldersgateStreet,wastheregularbooksellers'quarter.

SPECTATOR2.

Page6.

5.SirRogerdeCoverley.ForadiscussionoftheidentityofSirRogerandtheothercharactersv.AppendixII,OntheSpectator'sAcquaintance.ThenamewassuggestedbySwift(Elwin).

7.thatfamouscountry-dance.OriginatedbytheminstrelsofSirRogerofCalverleyinthereignofRichardI.(Wills).

8.parts.Qualifications,capacities.Cf.Shakespeare,KingLear,i.iv.285:

Mytrainaremenofchoiceandrarestparts.

17.Soho-Square,southofOxfordStreet,wasafashionableplaceofresidence.Thenameisderivedfromthecry'SoHoe'inusewhentheMayorandCorporationhuntedthehareoverthefieldsofthatdistrict.

InSpectator329SirRogersaysthatheisstayinginNorfolk-Buildings.

19.aperversebeautifulwidow.v.AppendixII.

22.LordRochester,thepoet-wit,whodiedin1680,wasnotoriousasaleaderoffashionabledissipation.InthisconnexionheismentionedbyEvelynandPepys.

SirGeorgeEtherege,authorofTheManofModeandtwoothercomedies,wasthecompanionofRochesterindissipationandnotoriety.Hediedin1691.

23.BullyDawson.Anotoriousruffianandsharper.

29.doublet.Acoatreachingjustbelowthewaist,introducedfromFranceinthefourteenthcentury.

Page7.

9.justiceoftheQuorum.Countyjustice,magistrate.Quorumwasaprominentwordintheircommissionofappointment.

10.quarter-session.Thequarterlymeetingofmagistrates,atwhichcasessentupfrompettysessionsaretried.Thewordisnowalwaysusedinthepluralform,sessions,asinSpectator126.

12.thegame-actoriginatedintheGameLawsofWilliamtheConqueror.ThefirstGameActwaspassedin1496,andtheoneinforceatthetimeofAddison'swritinginthereignofAnne.Bytheseenactmentsamanwasqualifiedtotakeoutalicencetokillgamebyhisbirthorestate.Theusualqualificationwasthepossessionoflandtothevalueof100poundsperannum.

14.theInner-TemplewasoriginallythepropertyoftheKnightsTemplars.ItwasconvertedintoInnsofCourtin1311,afterthesuppressionofthemilitaryknighthoods.

17.humoursome.Whimsical,capricious.Cf.Shakespeare,2HenryIV.,IV.iv.34,'Ashumorousaswinter.'

20.thehouse.Thefraternityoflawyers.

AristotleandLonginus.Aristotle'sPoeticsandtheessay'OntheSublime'ofLonginusarethebasisofallclassicalcriticism.Longinuswasacriticofthethirdcentury.AddisonprobablyknewhiminBoileau'sfamoustranslationof1674.

21.Littleton.AuthorofafamousbookonTenures.Hediedin1481.

Coke.ThefamousseventeenthcenturyjuristandChiefJustice.HeisbestknownbyhiscommentaryonLittleton'sTenures.

28.Demosthenes.ThefamousAthenianoratorofthefourthcenturyB.C.

29.Tully.MarcusTulliusCicero,thegreatRomanoratorofthelastcenturyB.C.

31.wit.Understanding,perception.'Truewitconsistsintheresemblanceofideas'whenthatresemblanceis'suchanonethatgivesdelightandsurprisetothereader.'(Dryden.)Cf.Shakespeare,JuliusCaesar,III.ii.225:

Ihaveneitherwit,norwords,norworth.

32.turn.Bent,proclivity.

34.tasteof.Obsolete.ModernEnglish,tastein.

Page8.

5.thetimeoftheplayvariedfromaboutfiveo'clocktohalf-pastsix.Cf.Spectator335,whereSirRogerleavesNorfolkStreetatfouro'clockfortheplay.

6.New-Inn.AsquareinLincoln'sInn.Russel-Court.AturningoutofDruryLane.

7.turn.Shorttime.

8.periwig.ThelongcurleddresswigintroducedattheRestoration.

9.theRosewastheactors'taverninCoventGarden.

18.theBritishcommon.TheseastandstoBritainintherelationthatthevillagecommondoestothevillagecommunity.

Page9.

5.CaptainSentry.v.AppendixII.

19.lefttheworld.Retiredfrompubliclife.

32.hisownvindication.Theclaimhemakesforhimself.

Page10.

9.humourists.Eccentrics.Cf.BenJonson,ProloguetoTheAlchemist:

ManypersonsmoreWhosemanners,nowcall'dhumours,feedthestage.

11.WillHoneycomb.v.AppendixII.

20.habits.Clothes.Cf.Shakespeare,Hamlet,I.iii.70:

Costlythyhabitasthypursecanbuy.

30.theDukeofMonmouthwasthenaturalsonofCharlesII.,andwasfamousforhispersonalbeautyandfinemanners.Hewasexecutedin1685forpretendingtothecrown.MentionismadeofhiminthediariesofEvelynandPepys.

Page11.

22.chamber-counsellor.Aconsultinglawyer,whodoesnotconductcasesinthecourts.

26.gone.Advanced.

SPECTATOR106.

Page12.

13.humour.Disposition.Cf.Shakespeare,2HenryIV.,II.iv.256,'Whathumour'stheprinceof?—Agoodshallowyoungfellow.'

31.pad.Ahorseofeasypaces.Obsolete.

Page13.

13.engages.Bindsinaffection.

14.ispleasantupon.Jestsconcerning.Cf.Shakespeare,TamingoftheShrew,III.i.58:

Takeitnotunkindly,pray,ThatIhavebeenthuspleasantwithyouboth.

30.conversation.v.noteonp.23,1.16.

34.inseveralofmypapers.Onceonly,p.6,1.10.

Page14.

22.ThemeaningofthishintisexplainedinSpectator517.

Page15.

8etseq.Allcontemporaryorrecentlydeaddivines.

SPECTATOR107.

Page16.

12.family.Household.Obsolete.Cf.Shakespeare,Othello,I.1.84:

Signior,isallyourfamilywithin?

Page17.

1.stripped,ofhislivery,i.e.discharged.Cf.Shakespeare,Othello,II.i.173,'Suchtricksasthesestripyououtofyourlieutenantry.'

17.cast.Discarded.Cf.oldsaw:

Ne'ercastaclouttillMaybeout.

29.inbestowing.Elliptical.Sc.whichconsistbeforeinbestowing.

32.husband.Manager.Cf.Shakespeare,HenryVIII.,III.ii.142:

Yourearthlyaudit;sure,inthatIdeemyouanillhusband.

35.finewhenatenementfalls.Whenatenementbecamevacant,theincomingtenantpaidduestothelandlord.

Page18.

18.manumission.Release.ThewordisderivedfromtheprocessoffreeingaRomanslave—manumissio.

28.thatfortunewasallthedifferencebetweenthem.Thattheirinferiorpositiondidnotimplyaninferiorityofnature.

Page19.

1.prentice.Shortenedformofapprentice.Cf.Shakespeare,2HenryIV.,II.ii.194,'Fromaprincetoaprentice.'

SPECTATOR108.

Page20.

2.Mr.WilliamWimble,v.AppendixII.

8.jack.Pike.

32.angle-rods.Fishing-rods.Cf.Shakespeare,AntonyandCleopatra,II.v.10:

Givememineangle,—we'lltotheriver.

officious.Serviceable,readytodothingsforotherpeople.Thewordisnowrestrictedtoitsbadsenseofmeddlesome.Cf.Shakespeare,TitusAndronicus,v.ii.202:

Come,come,beeveryoneofficiousTomakethisbanquet.

35.correspondence.Communication.

36.atulip-root.WilliamIII.broughttoEnglandthepassionfortulip-growingwhichoriginatedinHolland.AtthistimeitwasalreadyonthewaneinEngland.

Page21.

5.settingdog.Setter.

made.Trained.

10.humours.Pleasantries.

Page22.

4.playedwithit.Nowplayedit.

9.quail-pipe.Apipewithwhichquailsareluredtothenets.

26.humour.Whim,notion.Cf.Shakespeare,IHenryIV,III.i.237,'Youarealtogethergovernedbyhumours.'

Page23.

4.turned.Adapted.

8.mytwenty-firstspeculationarguesthatitisbetterforamantogointotradethantoenteranover-crowdedprofession,andreproves'parentswhowillnotratherchoosetoplacetheirsonsinawayoflifewhereanhonestindustrycannotbutthrive,thaninstationswherethegreatestprobity,learning,andgoodsensemaymiscarry.'

SPECTATOR109.

Page23.

16.conversation.Intercourse,behaviour.Cf.Shakespeare,AntonyandCleopatra,II.vi.131,'Octaviaisofaholy,cold,andstillconversation.'

Page24.

1.jetting.Projecting.Cf.Shakespeare,TitusAndronicus,II.i.64:

HowdangerousItistojetuponaprince'sright.

habit.v.noteonp.10,1.20.

2.ThebonnetoftheYeomenoftheGuardisaroundcapofblackvelvetwithagoldband.

10.thetilt-yard.FormerlytheyardofSt.James'sPalace.

11.Whitehallwasformerlyaroyalpalace.Itwasalmostentirelydestroyedinthetwofiresof1691and1697.

14.target.Smallshield.Cf.Shakespeare,3HenryVI.,IIi.40:

BearUponmytargetthreefair-shiningsuns.

16.pommel.Riminfrontofsaddle.

17.rid.Obsolete.Nowrode.

tournament.Hereusedforlists.

24.thecoffee-house,v.AppendixI.

27.bass-viol.Alargefiddle-shapedinstrumentheldbetweenthelegs.Itwasveryfashionableintheeighteenthcentury,andwasgenerallytobefoundinthesitting-roomsoftheupperclassesfortheuseofanyguestswhocouldperformonit.Itistheviol-de-gamboysofSirAndrewAguecheek(TwelfthNight,i.iii.27).

28.basket-hilt.Steelhiltshapedlikeabasket.

Page25.

1.go-cart.Asortofcageonsmallwheelsforteachingchildrentowalk.

5.hasty-pudding.Akindofbattermadeofflourormealandwater.

6.white-pot.AveryrichDevonshiredish.

20.slashes.Slitstoshowtheliningofagarment.

Page26.

18.knightofthisshire.MemberofParliamentforthiscounty.

30.such.Suchandsuch,acertain.Cf.Shakespeare,MerchantofVenice,I.iii.128,'Youspurnedmesuchaday.'

Page27.

2.discourseof.Discourseconcerning.Cf.Shakespeare,TwoGentlemenofVerona,II.iv.140:

Nownodiscourse,exceptitbeoflove.

6.thebattleofWorcester,1651,wasthefinaldefeatofCharlesII.byCromwell.

7.whim.Whimsicalidea.

SPECTATOR110.

Page27.

22.Psalmcxlvii.9,'Hegivethtothebeasthisfood,andtotheyoungravenswhichcry.'

Page28.

25.Locke.TheauthoroftheEssayontheHumanUnderstandingdiedin1704.ThereferenceistoII.xxxiii.10.

26.curious.Elaborate,minutelydetailed.Cf.Shakespeare,Cymbeline,V.v.361:

Amostcuriousmantle,wroughtbythehandOfhisqueenmother.

Page29.

14.bythatmeans.Onthataccount.Cf.Shakespeare,2HenryVI.,II.i.178:

BythismeansYourladyisforthcomingyetatLondon.

Page30.

8.Lucretius.PoetandphilosopherofthelastcenturyB.C.HisopiniononthispointisexpressedinDeRerumNatura,IV.29,33,etseq.

13.pressed.Impressed,constrained.

27.AntiquitiesoftheJews,XVII.xv.415.

SPECTATOR112.

Page33.

27.do.Strictlydoes.

Page34.

3.incumbent.Occupant(oftheclerk'splace).

13.tithe-stealers.Thetithesbeingpaidinkind,itwaseasytocheattheparsonoutofsomeportionofthem.

16.hispatron.Thesquire,whogavehimhisliving.

SPECTATOR113.

Page35.

11.settled.Salmonthinksthatthewalkwasnotactuallysettleduponthewidowasherproperty,butthatitwasindissolublyconnectedwithherinSirRoger'smind.

20.Cf.OrlandoinAsYouLikeIt,III.ii.10:

CarveoneverytreeThefair,thechaste,andunexpressiveshe.

Page36.

17.rid.v.noteonp.24,1.17.

19.bitted.Trainedtocarrytheirheadswellwithabearingrein.

22.assizes.Sessionsofthecourt.

Page37.

20.fargone.Deeplyexperienced.Forthisuseofgone,cf.Keats,OnaLockofMilton'sHair,25,'Greygoneinpassion.'

21.confident.Nowconfidant.

28.humane.Human,civilized.

34.pretended.Presumed,attempted.Cf.Shakespeare,IHenryVI.,IV.i.6:

AndnoneyourfoesbutsuchasshallpretendMaliciouspracticesagainsthisstate.

Page38.

7.goonwith.Continuetocharmyouwith,proceedwith.

20.discovered,v.noteonp.5,1,12.

31.last.Mostextreme.

Page39.

9.thesphinx.ThemonsterwhichcontinuedtooppressThebesuntilsuchtimeasoneofhervictimsshouldbeabletoanswertheriddlesheputtohim.Oedipusansweredher,andshedestroyedherself.

21.apublicktable.Whenawayfromhome,itwasusualforatravellertodine,notathislodgings,butatapublictableorordinary.

22.tansy.Averypopulardishoftheseventeenthcentury,akindofrich,spicedcustard.

Page40.

3.Martial.ALatinpoetofthefirstcenturyofourera.i.69.

SPECTATOR114.

Page40.

24.pretending.Pretentious.

inbothcases.Inbothparticulars,i.e.fortuneandconversation.

Page41.

12.dipped.Mortgaged.

32.personate.Appearthepossessorof.

Page42.

7,13.LaertesandIrus.LaerteswaskingofIthacaandfatherofUlysses;Irus,orproperlyArnaeus,abeggarwhokeptwatchoverPenelope'ssuitors.Theirnamesarehereintroducedastypicaloftherichandthepoorman.

10.fourshillingsinthepound.Theamountofthelandtax.

19.way.Iftheverbiscorrectlyare,wayshouldbewrittenintheplural.

Page43.

11.Cowley,thepoetandessayist,whodiedin1667.

14.authorwhopublishedhisworks.Dr.Sprat,BishopofRochester,publishedCowley'sworksin1688.

18.face.Appearance.Cf.Shakespeare,Tempest,1.ii.104,'Theoutwardfaceofroyalty.'

greatVulgar.CowleyconcludeshisSixthEssay,OfGreatness,withatranslationofHorace,BookIII,Odei,commencing:

Hence,yeprofane,Ihateyeall,Boththegreatvulgar,andthesmall.

25.latelymentioned.InSteele'slastpaper,Spectator109,p.26,1.29.

26.point.Appoint.Cf.Shakespeare,Sonnetxiv.6:

Pointingtoeachhisthunder,rainandwind.

Page44.

2.being.Existence,stateofbeing.Cf.Shakespeare,Sonnetlxxxi.II:

Tonguestobeyourbeingshallrehearse.

7.relish.Taste,enjoyment.Cf.Shakespeare,TroilusandCressida,III.ii.20:

Theimaginaryrelishissosweet

10.mansions.Abiding-places.Cf.St.John,xiv.2,'InmyFather'shousearemanymansions.'

13.Quotedfromanearlierpassageinthesameessay(v.noteonp.43,1.18).

SPECTATOR115.

Page45.

26.thespleen.Melancholydisposition,nottheorganofthatname.Cf.Shakespeare,AsYouLikeIt,iv.i.217,'Begotofthought,conceivedofspleen.'

27.thevapours.Moodsofdepression.Cf.Fielding,Amelia,iii.7,'Somecallitthefeveronthespirits,someanervousfever,somethevapours,somethehysterics.'

29etseq.Theargumentruns:naturehasadaptedthebodytoexercise,thereforeexerciseisnecessarytoourwell-being.Thisissoundonlyontheassumptionsthateverythingwhichnatureperformsisbasedonnecessity,andthatthebodyhasbeenmadeinsuchawayastosecureourwell-being.

30.proper.Fit.Cf.Shakespeare,Hamlet,II.i.114:

ItisaspropertoourageTocastbeyondourselvesinouropinions.

Page46.

8.laboured.Worked,tilled.Theverbisnolongerusedtransitively.

14.condition.Stateofprosperity,materialcircumstances.Cf.Shakespeare,2HenryVI,v.i.64,'Onesorudeandofsomeancondition.'

22.chace.Thesubstantivewasdistinguishedfromtheverbbyitsspelling.Cf.modernpractice,practise.

34.patched.Perhapswithreferencetotheblackpatcheswornonthefacetoenhanceitsbeauty;perhapsmerelycoveredhereandthere,studded.

Page47.

1.distinctionsake.The'softhepossessiveisomittedbeforetheinitialsofsake.

6.Theperversewidow,v.Spectator113.

8.amours.Usedofasinglelove-affair.

12.sits.Couchesinherformorseat.

18.DoctorSydenham,thecelebratedphysician,whodiedin1689.

22.MedicinaGymnastica,byFrancisFuller,wasprintedin1705.

24.dumbbell.Anapparatusresemblingthatusedforringingachurchbell,butwantingthebellitself.Theuseofthemodernformofdumb-bellwasintroducedintoEnglandinElizabeth'sreign.Itisdescribedinthenextparagraphunderthenameofskiomachia.

33.aLatintreatise.ArtisGymnasticaapudAntiquos,byHieronymusMercurialis,1569.

Page48.

2.loaden.Theverbhasnowbecomeweak;loaded.

9.uneasy.Troublesome.

SPECTATOR116.

Page48.

25.theBastile.TheStateprisoninParis,whichwasdestroyedbythemobin1789(v.Coleridge'spoemonthissubject,andthestirringdescriptioninDickens'TaleofTwoCities,II.xxi.).

Page49.

20.BudgellhassomewhatdefacedthecharacterofSirRogerbythistouch,andbytheinhumanhumanityofp.52,1.18.

24.managed.Brokenin.Cf.Shakespeare,RichardII.,III.iii.179:

Wantingthemanageofunrulyjades.

25.stone-horse.Stallion.

26.stakedhimself.Impaledhimselfonastakeinjumping.

29.beagles.Smallhoundsformerlyemployedinhuntingthehare.Cf.White'sSelborne,LetterVI,'Onesolitarygreyhenwassprungbysomebeaglesinbeatingforahare.'Theyarenowsupersededbyharriers,whicharestillsometimescalledbytheirname.

30.Stop-hounds.Socalledbecausewhenoneofthemfoundthescenthestoppedandsquatted'toimpartmoreeffecttohisdeeptones,andtogetwindforafreshstart'(Wills).

32.mouths.Voices.Cf.Shakespeare,HenryV.,II.iv.70:

ForcowarddogsMostspendtheirmouthswhenwhattheyseemtothreatenRunsfarbeforethem.

33.cry.Pack.Cf.Shakespeare,Coriolanus,III.iii.120,

'Youcommoncryofcurs.'

34.nice.Fastidious.Cf.Shakespeare,Love'sLabour'sLost,v.ii.219,'We'llnotbenice;takehands.'

Page50.

5.counter-tenor.Alto.

8.iv.i.124.ShakespearewasnotinBudgell'sdaysocommonareservoirofquotationsashehassincebecome.Drydenhadappreciatedhim,buthewasingeneralverylittleknown,evenamongmenofletters.

15.HuntinginJulymusthaveentailedgreatlossonthefarmersbeforeitwasforbiddenbytheGameLawsof1831.

17.pad.v.noteonp.12,1.31.

19.rid.v.noteonp.24,1.17.

20.benevolence.Initsliteralmeaningofgoodwill.

25.rid.Nowobsolete:ridden.

Page51.

7.chace.v.noteonp.46,1.22.

35.took.Betookherselfto.Cf.Shakespeare,ComedyofErrors,v.i.36:

Run,master,run;forGod'ssake,takeahouse!

Page52.

2.chiding.Barking.Cf.Shakespeare,MidsummerNight'sDream,iv.i.120:

NeverdidIhearSuchgallantchiding.

10.hispole.Thehuntsmanfollowedonfoot,carryingalongleaping-pole,whichpermittedhimtokeepastraightercoursethanhecouldhavedoneonhorseback,owingtothestateofthecountry.

26.MonsieurPaschal,thegreatFrenchphilosopheroftheseventeenthcentury,whodiedin1662.

Page53.

12.habit.State,condition.

17.ButtheSpectator'shuntinghasonlyconsistedofwatchingthechasefromarisingground!

24.EpistletoJohnDryden,73-4,88-95.

SPECTATOR117.

Page54.

4.neuter.Neutral,Cf.Shakespeare,RichardII.,II.iii.159,'BeitknowntoyouIdoremainasneuter.'

engaging.Pledging.Cf.Shakespeare,MerchantofVenice,III.ii.264:

Ihaveengagedmyselftoadearfriend.

6.determination.Decision.Cf.Shakespeare,MeasureforMeasure,III.ii.258,'Hehumbleshimselftothedeterminationofjustice.'

15.particular.Individual.Cf.Shakespeare,All'sWellthatEndsWell,I.i.97:

ThatIshouldloveabrightparticularstar.

Page65.

7.appliedherself.Cf.Shakespeare,AntonyandCleopatra,v.2.126:

Ifyouapplyyourselftoourintents,

wherethewordisusedinasomewhatdifferentsense.Itisnowusedreflexivelyonlyinthesenseofapplyingoneselftotheperformanceofanaction.

8.Otway,thepoetandplaywright,diedin1685.ThequotationisfromhisplayofTheOrphan,II.i.Thefirstlineshouldrun:

Throughacloselane….

36.palmed.Foisted,falselyattributed.

Page60.

16.tabby.Brindledorsometimesfemale,asopposedtotom-cat.Themeaningisderivedfromthewordtabby,anameforwateredsilk.

28.abounty.Theconcretesenseofthiswordhasbeenlost.

33.tryingexperimentswithher.Testingherbyordeal.

Page57.

1.SirRoger'sdoubtfulnessonthesubjectofwitchcraftwasnotexceptional.In1664SirThomasBrownehadassistedinthecondemnationofawitch.In1711thereweretwoexecutionsforwitchcraft,andin1712JaneWenhamwassentenced,butafterwardspardoned.In1716therewereagaintwoexecutions,andalthoughtheActwasrepealedin1736,anoldwomanwasdonetodeathbythemobaslateas1751.

3.boundheroverto.sc.appearat.

14.commerceandfamiliaritieswiththedevilorevilspirits.

SPECTATOR118.

Page68.

9.ofallothers.Aclassicconstruction.Forasimilarinaccuratephrasecf.Milton,ParadiseLost,iv.324,'ThefairestofherdaughtersEve.'Thephraseoccursalsoonp.41,1.33.

24.salute.Kiss.Cf.Shakespeare,AsYouLikeIt,III.ii.50,

Yousalutenotatthecourt,butyoukissyourhands.

33.setamarkupon,inordertoknowandtoshunthem.

35.pleasant.Amusing,ridiculous.Cf.Shakespeare,TamingoftheShrew,Induction,ii.132,'Playapleasantcomedy.'

Page59.

13.conduct.Guidance.Cf.Shakespeare,2HenryIV.,V.ii.36:Ledbytheimpartialconductofmysoul.

19.isaddressedto.Hasaddressespaidtoher.

presented.Givenpresents.Theverbisnotnowusedwithouttheindirectcompletion,'tobepresentedwithathing.'

26.personated.Affected,feigned.Cf.Spectator555,'Apersonatedcharacter.'

Page60.

24.honest.Honourable.Cf.Shakespeare,Othello,III.iii.225:IdonotthinkbutDesdemona'shonest.

Page61.

23.readsupon.Readsonthesubjectof.

26.policies.Arrangements,economy,administration.

SPECTATOR119

Page62.

7.manners.Customs,habits.Cf.Shakespeare,ComedyofErrors,I.ii.12,'I'llviewthemannersofthetown.'

12.article.Particular.Cf.Shakespeare,Othello,III.iii.22:

I'llperformitTothelastarticle.

Nowconcreteinsense:amaterialobject.

23.Conversation.v.noteonp.23,1.16.

30.modish.Fashionable.Scp.64,1.2,'Menofmode,'andp.63,1,3,'Peopleofmode.'

Page64.

31.thecountryare.Properlyis.

Page65.

3.uponthewesterncircuit.Asjudge.

SPECTATOR120.

Page65.

29.demonstrative.Conclusive.Cf.Shakespeare,HenryV.,II.iv.89:Ineverybranchtrulydemonstrative.

Page66.

11.theleavingaposterity.Mixedconstruction.Leavingshouldbeusedeitherasagerund,leavingaposterity,orasaverbalnoun,theleavingofaposterity.

14.nicer.Moredelicate.

17.birth.Thatwhichtheybear,theiroffspring.Cf.Shakespeare,Othello,I.iii.410:

HellandnightMustbringthismonstrousbirthtotheworld'slight.

30.temper.Temperature.

Page67.

34.which.sc.acircumstancewhich.

Page68.

1.asitspreads.Tothedegreeinwhichitspreads.

16.Takeabruteoutofhisinstinct.Considerananimalinmattersoutsidetherangeofhisinstinct.

Page69.

18.donotcarryanimmediateregardto.Havenoimmediatebearingon.

SPECTATOR121.

Page70.

7.stepmother.Properlyfoster-mother.

17.Amodernphilosopher.M.Bernard,whoquotestheLatinsaw,ishimselfquotedbyBayleinalongdiscussionappendedtothearticlesonPereiraandRosariusinhisHistoricalDictionary,atranslationofwhichwasprintedin1710.JacobTonson,thepublisher,declaresthattheDictionarywasAddison'sconstantcompanion.

26.Dampier,thegreatnavigator,printedin1691abookentitledANewVoyageroundtheWorld.

Page72.

4.Mr.Locke.v.noteonp.28,1.25.Thereferenceistoii.9,13.

19.Dr.MorewasoneoftheoriginalmembersoftheRoyalSociety.Hediedin

1687.

CardanorCardano,wasanItalianphilosopherofthesixteenthcentury.ThecitationisfromDeRerumSubtilitate,x.

Page73.

13.Mr.Boyle.Afamousnaturalphilosopher,andmemberoftheRoyalSociety,whodiedin1691.ThecitationisfromADisquisitionabouttheFinalCausesofNaturalThings.

18.onehumour.Thetypicaleyeofthehigheranimalsconsistsofalensandtwohumoursorfluids,knownastheaqueousandthevitreous.

33.ourRoyalSociety.Foundedin1662.

Page74.

2.original.Origin.Cf.Shakespeare,2HenryIV,I.ii.131,'Ithathitsoriginalfrommuchgrief.'

3.policies.v.noteonp.61,1.26.

14.HowlingWildernessandGreatDeep.Deuteronomy,xxxii.10,'Hefoundhiminadesertland,andinthewastehowlingwilderness.'Psalmli.10,'Thewatersofthegreatdeep.'

25.Tully.v.noteonp.7,1.29.

29.nice.Accurate,precise.Cf.Shakespeare,MuchAdoaboutNothing,v.i.75:

Despitehisnicefenceandhisactivepractice.

SPECTATOR122.

Page75.

8.approbations.Notnowusedintheplural.

21.assizes,v.noteonp.36,1.22.

23.rid.v.noteonp.24,1.17.

28.thegame-act,v.noteonp.7,1.12.

Page76.

3.shootsflying.Thisaccomplishmentwasjustcomingintofashion,andwasnotyetcommon.

4.thepetty-jury,whichactuallygivesaverdictoncasestried.Thegrandjurydecideswhethercasesshallbesentupfortrial.

8.quarter-sessions,v.noteonp.7,1.10.

14.castandbeencast.Todefeatorbedefeatedorcondemnedinatrialorlaw-suit.Cf.Milton,Eikonoklastes,'TheCommonsbyfarthegreatestnumbercasthim.'

34.wassat.Wasseated.

Page77.

2.for.Forthesakeof,inordertoenhance.

Page78.

11.beatthecharge.Beartheexpense.

29.conjuring.Urging.Cf.Shakespeare,ComedyofErrors,iv.iii.68:

Iconjureyoutoleavemeandbegone.

SPECTATOR123.

Page80.

8.anovelatthistimemeantashortfictitioustale,generallyoflove.

9.EudoxusandLeontine.ThischarmingstoryisreminiscentofShakespeare'sWinter'sTale.Leontine,thefriendwhohasadaughter,maywelltracehis

descentfromLeontes,KingofSicilia.EudoxusmuststandforPolixenes,KingofBohemia,sincehissonFlorioiscertainlytheshadowofPrinceFlorizel.Theplothingesonthefactthatbothofthechildren,likethedaughterofLeontine'sprototype,growupinignoranceoftheirparentage,andinbothcasesthereisanapparentinequalityoffortunebetweenthelovers.

InaletterofthesamedateaddressedtoMr.Wortley,Addisonwrites:'WhenyouhaveasonIshallbegladtobehisLeontine,asmycircumstanceswillprobablybelikehis.'Hehadjustsustainedheavylosses.

32.turnedof.Weshouldnowsayturned.

33.Cowley,EssayX,'Butthereisnofoolingwithlifewhenitisonceturnedbeyondforty.'

Page81.

1.Inordertothis.Inordertoaccomplishthis.

Page82.

1.dictated.Dictatedto,counselled.Notnowusedtransitivelyofpersons.

Page83.

26.relish,v.noteonp.44,1.7.

30.discoveries,v.noteonp.5,1.12.

SPECTATOR125.

Page84.

19.St.Anne'sLane.TurningoutofAldersgateStreet.

24.prickeared.AcontemptuoustermappliedtoRoundheads,inallusiontotheeffectproducedbytheshortnessoftheirhair,andborrowedfromitsordinaryuseasappliedtomongreldogs.

Page85.

7.prejudiceoftheland-tax.Theland-taxwasfirstleviedin1699topayfortheFrenchWar.ItwascarriedbyWhigfeelinginoppositiontotheTorylandholders.

thedestructionofthegame,whichwouldproceedwhilethecountrygentlemenwereoccupiedwiththeirpartydifferences.

19.sinks.Usedtransitively,lowers,diminishes.Cf.Shakespeare,HenryVIII.,iii.ii.383,'Aloadwouldsinkanavy.'

28.Plutarch,thegreatGreekmoralistandbiographerofthefirstcenturyofourera.ThequotationisfromDeInimicorumUtilitate.

Page86.

2.thatgreatrule.St.Luke,vi.27,'Loveyourenemies,dogoodtothemwhichhateyou.'

10.theregardof.Aregardfor.

19.anobjectseenintwodifferentmediums.Forinstance,astraightstickpartlyimmersedinwaterappearsasifbentatthepointatwhichitentersthewater.Theraysoflightreflectedfromthepositionunderwater,bywhichweseethatportion,arebentwhentheyleavethewaterandentertheairinsuchawayastomakethatpartofthestickappearnearertooureyethanitwouldappearinair.

Page87.

4.postulatums.ThewordhasnowbecomeAnglicizedinadifferentform,postulate,pluralpostulates.

15.GuelfesandGibellines.TheopposingpoliticalpartiesinGermanyandItalyfromthetwelfthtothefifteenthcentury.InItalytheyweretheadherentsofthePopeandtheEmperorrespectively.

16.theLeague.TheHolyLeague,formedin1576,intheRomanCatholicinterest.

17.unhappy.Unfortunate.Cf.Shakespeare,ComedyofErrors,IV.iv.126,'Omostunhappyday!'

SPECTATOR126.

Page89.

7.suchpersons,that.Mixedconstruction:allpersonsthatorsuchpersonsas.FrequentinShakespeare;cf.MeasureforMeasure,II.ii.147:

SuchthingsThatwantnoearbutyours.

16.retainers.Followers,adherents.

28.DiodorusSiculus,aGreekhistorianofthelastcenturyB.C.Thecitationisfromhisuniversalhistory,aworkinfortybooks,i.35.7.

30.Ichneumon.Ananimalbelongingtothesamefamilyasthecivets.TheEgyptianichneumon,knownalsoasPharaoh'scat,washeldsacredamongtheancientEgyptiansbecauseofitspropensityfordestroyingcrocodiles'eggs,butunfortunatelyforAddison'sillustration,itisnowprovedthatthedegenerateichneumondoesactually'findhisaccount'infeedingupontheeggswhichhebreaks,whethertheybethoseofcrocodilesormerelyofthebarn-doorfowl.

34.findshisaccount.Receivesanyrecompenseoradvantage.

Page90.

8.thewildTartars.TheTartarsarearaceofRussians,ofTurkishandMongolianorigin.SomeofthemadheretothereligionoftheGreekchurch,someareMoslems,andsomeShamanites.ThereferenceisprobablytosomeShamanbelief,formagicandthespiritsofthedeadplayaverylargepartinthisreligion.

12.ofcourse.Induecourse,inconsequence.Cf.Shakespeare,MeasureforMeasure,III.i.259,'Thisbeinggrantedincourse,nowfollowsall.'

27.cock-match.Matchbetweenfighting-cocks.

humour,v.noteonp.22,1.26.

30.quarter-sessions,v.noteonp.7,1.10.

34.thelandedand…themoniedinterest.Theland-ownerwouldnaturallybeaTory,andthemerchantaWhig.

Page91.

6.interest.Politicalposition,byvirtueofwhichhewasreturnedforhiscounty.

11.suchanone.v.noteonp.26,1.30.Here,theTorycandidateforthedistrict.

19.takeupwith.Putupwith.

30.averyfairbettor.Quiteagoodbettororbetter.

32.disagreeable.Unpleasing,unpopular.

34.correspondence.v.noteonp.20,1.35.

Page92.

10.fanatick.Amadman.WillWimblesuspectstheSpectatorofunsoundnessinpolitics,thatis,ofnotbeingoftheTorypersuasion.

SPECTATOR127.

Page92.

24.thepostwouldhavereachedSirRogerinWorcestertwiceaweek,onThursdaysandSaturdays(Reportfor1809.)

25.Dyer'sletter.Dyer'sNewsLetterwaspublishedthreetimesaweek.Itdealtmoreindomesticnewsthandidtheregularnewspapers,suchasThePostman,andwassometimesdriventofillupspacebyrelatingfictitiousevents.Cf.Tatler18,inwhichSteeleandAddisondeclarethatDyerisfamousforwhalesintheThames!

29.underthequalityof.Intheofficeof.Cf.Shakespeare,HenryV.,III.vi.146,

'Whatisthyname?Iknowthyquality.'

Page93.

2.ordinary.Usedasanadverb.

5.expence.Nowexpense,v.noteonchace,p.46,1.22.

13.Youpraisedthem.v.Spectator98,OnLadies'Headdresses.

14.thehumour.Thefluidwhichcausesthedisease.

30.SirGeorgeEtherege.v.noteonp.6,1.22.Hisfirstcomedy,1664,wasentitledTheComicalRevenge,orLoveinaTub.ThereferenceistoIV.vi.

Page94.

2.thefarthingalewasaframeworkforextendingtheskirtofawoman'sdress.Itwasintroducedin1545,andfinallyassumedaperfectlycylindricalshape.

theruinoftheSpanishmonarchy.ThedefeatanddispersaloftheArmadain1558.

5.thetailofablazingstar.Cometshavealwaysbeenheldtoforetelldisaster.

11.intomeetingsandconventicles.Thatis,toDissent.

12.trunk-breeches.Veryfull,shortbreeches,reachingtothekneeorhalf-waydownthethigh.

16.itisrecordedofAlexandertheGreatinPlutarch'sLivesoftheNobleGreciansandRomans.'Hefirstcontrivedmanyvainandsophisticalthingstoservethepurposesoffame;amongwhichwerearmsmuchbiggerthanhismencoulduse…leftscatteredupanddown.'Thisreportisprobablybaseless,asitisopposedtothemagnanimityofAlexander'scharacter.

28.Rotunda.Abuildingofcircularshapebothoutsideandinside,suchasthePantheoninRome.

31.alittleblackmonkeyenshrined.EachEgyptianvillagehaditssacredanimalorfetish.

Page95.

8.thesensitiveplant.Mimosapudica,whoseleafletsfoldtogetheratatouch.

SPECTATOR128.

Page96.

9.fromthence.Aredundantexpression.Thenceisinitselfequivalenttofromthere.Cf.Shakespeare,ComedyofErrors,IV.iv.79,'DidnotIinragedepartfromthence?'

Page97.

4.carriesit.Succeeds.Cf.Shakespeare,TroilusandCressida,II.iii.228,'Shallpridecarryit?'

Page98.

3.theyoungerFaustina,theprofligatewifeofMarcusAureliusAntoninus.

25.yourwasfrequentlyusedinsteadoftheinnaminganobjectastypicalofitsclass,especiallywhenthespeechcarriesanyflavourofpleasantry.Cf.Shakespeare,MeasureforMeasure,IV.ii.46,'Everytrueman'sapparelfitsyourthief.'

Page99.

1.Aristus.aristos,best.

Aspasia.ThemistressofPericles,andtheinspirationofhisgreatness.

SPECTATOR129.

Page99.

17.periwig.v.noteonp.8,1.8.

Page100.

1.habits,v.noteonp.10,1.20.

5.themode.v.noteonp.62,1.30.

12.engage.Undertake.

23.circuit.v.noteonp.65,1.3.

28.Stains,nowspeltStaines,inMiddlesex,tenmilesfromLondon.

29.commode.Awireerectiontoraisethefrontofthehairandthecap.FirstwornbyMlle.Fontange,atthecourtofLouisXIV.InSpectator98,Addisonnotesthathead-dresseshavediminishedinheight.

33.theRamiliecock.AparticularwayoffoldingbacktheflapsofacockedhatinventedafterMarlborough'svictoryatRamillies,1706.

Page101.

10.aFriezlandhen.Probablyfrizzledhen(Galluscrispus)whosefeathersstandoutwardfromthebody,givingitamuchberuffledaspect.

15.retrenching.Cuttingback,diminishing.Cf.Milton,ParadiseRegained,i.454:

Butthisthygloryshallbesoonretrenched.

18.frankedbyaparliament-man.MembersofParliamentwereprivilegedtosendandreceivepostalmatterfreeofcharge.Thecustombeganin1660,andwasregulatedbylawin1764.Until1837thememberhadsimplytowritehisnameonthecorneroftheenvelope,andoftenpresentedhisfriendswithparcelsoffrankedenvelopes.Theprivilegewasabolishedin1840.

22.next.Mostrecent,last.Obsoleteinthissense.Cf.Shakespeare,HenryVIII.,I.i.17,'Eachfollowingdaybecamethenextday'smaster.'

26.inbuckle.Incurl.

Page102.

4.astonishments.Thepluralformisnotnowinuse.

7.bob-wig.Awigwithshortcurlsorbobs,toimitatenaturalcurlyhair.

18.Monmouthcock.Anotherfashionofcockingthehat,namedaftertheDukeofMonmouth.v.noteonp.10,1.30.

23.night-capwig.Aperiwigwithashorttieandasmallroundhead.

Page103.

1.theSteenkirkwasablacksilkcravat,tiedsoastoproduceaneffectofnegligence,inimitationofthevictoriousFrenchgenerals,whenasuddenattacksummonedthemhastilytothefieldatthebattleofSteinkirk.v.noteonSpectator335.

SPECTATOR130.

Page103.

10.exerttheJusticeofthePeace.Exercisetheauthorityofajusticeofthepeace.

Page104.

15.ACassandra.Aprophetess.Cassandra,daughterofPriam,KingofTroy,wasinspiredbyApollowiththedivinefrenzy.

17.inacorner.Secretly.Cf.ActsoftheApostles,xxvi.26,'Thisthingwasnotdoneinacorner.'

Page105.

21.ourmonthlyaccountsabouttwentyyearsago.From1681monthlypublicationsbegantoappear,themostnotablebeingTheGentleman'sJournal,issuedbyPeterMottuex,1691-4,whichprovedtobethegermofourentiremagazineliterature.

22.Trekschuyt.Literallydraw-boat.

hackney-boat.Boatplyingforhire.

Page106.

4.gavehimfor.Gavehimupfor.Cf.Shakespeare,TheWinter'sTale,III.ii.96:

YourfavourIdogivelost.

SPECTATOR131.

Page107.

17.amonth'sexcursion.IntheSpectatorforJuly2Addisonwritesthathewent'lastweek'toSirRoger'scountry-house.

Page108.

10.killedaman.Inaduel.Duellingwasstilltheonewayofrepudiatinganinsult.Thecrusadeagainstitwasonfoot,butitdiedhard.

11.visit…toMollWhite,v.Spectator117.

13.cunning.Learnedinmagic.Cf.Spectator505,'Wizards,gypsies,andcunningmen.'

16.aWhiteWitchisawitchwhocandonoharm,andwhosometimesperformsbeneficentactions.Cf.theuseofwhiteinsuchphrasesaswhitelie.

21.harbouraJesuit.ThelastorderfortheexpulsionoftheJesuitswasissuedin1602.Thosewhoharbouredthemindefianceofthisorderwereliabletoveryheavypenalties.

28.discardedWhig,asSalmonpointsout,isanexactdescriptionofAddisonatthistime.

29.outofplace.Deprivedofhispostoroffice.

31.disaffected,tothesovereign.

Page109.

3.discovers,v.noteonp.5,1.12.

7.temper.Temperament,disposition.Cf.Shakespeare,HenryV.,V.ii.153,'Afellowofthistemper.'

26.pickingof.Asifthegerund,a-pickingof.

27.smellingto.Nowsmellingat.

33.storiesofacockandabull.Nowcondensedtocock-and-bullstories.Cf.Burton,AnatomyofMelancholy,II.11.iv.274.

Page110.

6.commonwealth'smen.Republicans.

SPECTATOR132.

Page110.

23.chamberlain.Servantwhoattendsthebedchambers.Cf.Milton,OntheUniversityCarrier,1.14,'Inthekindofficeofachamberlin.'

25.Mrs.wastheearlyabbreviationofmistress,whichwehavenowunhappilyabbreviatedtomiss.

Page111.

8.half-pike.Akindofshortlance,theweaponofaninfantryofficer.

10.equipage.Train,following.

12.cloak-bag.Portmanteau.Cf.Shakespeare,Cymbeline,III.iv.172:

'Tisinmycloak-bag-doublet,hat,hose,all.

intheseat.Undertheactualseat,inthewellofthecoach.

Page112.

1.thebrideman.Nowcalledthebestman.

8.thegivingher.Thegivingofher.

11.Cf.Shakespeare,HenryV.,IV.iv.73,'Thesayingistrue,—theemptyvesselmakesthegreatestsound.'

19.countenance.Initsoriginalmeaningofbearing,behaviour.Cf.Shakespeare,TamingoftheShrew,i.i.234:

Putsmyapparelandmycountenanceon.

22.fleer.Gibe.Cf.Shakespeare,MuchAdoaboutNothing,V.i.58,'Neverfleerandjestatme.'

28.haspedup.Shutup.

30.EphraimwasagenericnameforQuakers,giventhembecausetheyrefusedtofight,v.Psalmlxxviii.9,'ThechildrenofEphraimbeingarmedandcarryingbowsturnedbackinthedayofbattle.'

35.smoky.Thecurrentslangforshrewd.Tosmokeaplotoratrickwastodetectit;inmodernslangtosmellarat.

Page113.

4.ruffle.Disturbance,commotion.

7.conduct.Cf.noteonp.59,1.13.

11.takingplaceofothervehicleswasanimportantprivilege,fortheroadwasgenerallypracticableonlyforonevehicleatatime,sothatthedisplacedonewouldhavetostoptilltheroadshouldbeclearagain.

25.inward.Pious,earnest.Cf.ThomasaKempis,DeImitationeChristi,II.i.41,'averyinwardman:'alsoPenn,RiseandProgressoftheQuakers,1690,'morereligious,inward,still.'

32.theeandI.TheFriendsgenerallyemploytheeforthou.Sotooinp.114,1.2.

Page114.

3.affections.Dispositions,feelings.Cf.Shakespeare,MeasureforMeasure,II.iv.168:

Bytheaffectionthatnowguidesmemost.

SPECTATOR269.

Page114.

19.Gray'sInnWalksaresaidtohavebeenplantedbyBacon.TheyaresituatedonthenorthsideofHolborn,andweretheregularpromenadeofpeopleoffashionintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies,fortheairblewstraightoverfromHampstead,unimpededbythehouseswhichhavesincesprungup.

22.Eugene,PrinceofSavoy,hadarrivedinLondonthreedaysbeforethedateofthispaper.HehadbeenMarlborough'scolleagueintheWaroftheSpanishSuccession,andhehadcomeoverinordertoattempttorepairtheoverthrowofMarlboroughandtopreventtheTorygovernmentfromconcludingpeacewithFranceonruinousanddisgracefulterms.

27.EugeniowasregularlyemployedbyPrinceEugeneashissignature,inrecognitionofhisItalianfamily.

28.ScanderbegwasthegreatAlbanianprinceandcommanderofthefifteenthcentury,whofreedhiscountryfromthedominionofTurkey.

Page115.

15.made.Preached,delivered.

16.Dr.Barrow,v.p.15,1.12.

18.thirtymerks.Twentypounds.Amerkormarkwasworth13s4d.Itwasnotacoin,butonlyaconvenientname,asguineaisnow.

21.fob.Asmallpocket,usuallyintendedtoholdawatch.

22.tobacco-stopper.Asmallplugforpressingdownthetobaccointhebowlofthepipe.

28.TomTouchy.v.Spectator122.

31.MollWhite.v.Spectator117.

Page116.

8.hogs-puddings.Largesausage-shapedbagsstuffedwithmincedpork.

18.fortwelvedays,thatis,tillTwelfthNight,January6,whichputsanendtotheChristmasfestivities.

22.smutting.Atrick,thevictimofwhichismadeunconsciouslytoblackenhisownface.Cf.Goldsmith:

TheswainmistrustlessofhissmuttedfaceWhilesecretlaughtertitteredroundtheplace.

27.thelateactofParliamentforsecuringtheChurchofEngland.TheActofOccasionalUniformity,1710,attemptedtoexcludeDissentersfrompoliticalpowerandofficebystrengtheningtheTestActof1673.Dissenterswhohadoncetakenthesacramentinordertoqualifyforcivil,military,ormagisterialoffice,wereprohibitedunderveryseverepenaltiesfromappearingafterwardsinsectarianplacesofworship.

28.securing.Makingsafe.Cf.Shakespeare,Tempest,II.i.310,'Westoodheresecuringyourrepose.'

Page117.

6.thePope'sprocessionwasaWhigdemonstrationperformedannuallyonNovember17,theanniversaryoftheaccessionofQueenElizabeth,torelievethefeelingsoftheAnti-Papalparty.Thisyearaparticularlyriotousprocessionhadbeenprepared,butitwaspreventedbytheseizureofalltheimagesandaccessoriesbythepoliceinthemiddleoftheprecedingnight.

17.Baker'sChronicle.SirRichardBaker,whodiedin1645,wastheauthorofAChronicleoftheKingsofEngland.TheobservationswhichSirRogerappliedto

PrinceEugenehadnot,ofcourse,beenwrittenwithregardtohim.

23.Squire's.v.AppendixI.

25.waitedon.Attended.Cf.Shakespeare,TwoGentlemenofVerona,III.ii.96:

We'llwaituponyourgracetillaftersupper.

30.theSupplementwas'analternativeeditionofThePostboy,byJacobAbellius,apostscriptorian,otherwiseBoyer.'(FoxBourne.)

SPECTATOR329.

Page118.

5.mypaperuponWestminsterAbbey.Spectator26.

8.promisedanotherpaperupontheTombs.'IhavelefttherepositoryofourEnglishkingsforthecontemplationofanotherday.'

Page119.

3.thesickness.Theplague,whichwasatDantzickin1709.

5.ahackney-coach.Acoachletoutonhire,theprecursorofthemoderncab.Thehackney-coachwasintroducedintoLondonin1625,andin1715theirnumberhadtoberestrictedtosevenhundred.Cf.p.105,1.22,hackney-boat.

15.engagedinmyaffections,notbetrothed.Cf.p.13,1.13.

34.SirCloudeslyShovel,theadmiral,whowaswreckedofftheScillyIslesin1707.

Page120.

2.Dr.Busby,thefamousfloggingheadmaster,whoruledWestminsterSchoolforfifty-fiveyears,1640-95.

6.thelittlechapelontherighthand.St.Edmund'sChapel.

9.thelordwhohadcutoffthekingofMorocco'shead,orwhowassupposedtohavedonesoontheevidenceofhiscrest.

'aMoor'sheadorientallycrowned,'wasSirBernardBrocas,aknightofthefourteenthcentury.

12.thestatesmanCecil,intheChapelofSt.Nicholas.LordBurleighwasSecretaryofStatetoEdwardVI.,andLordHighTreasurertoQueenElizabeth.

14.thatmartyrtogoodhousewifery,whodiedbytheprickofaneedle.ElizabethRussell,whoseeffigyissculpturedwithonefingerextended,inrealitytodirectattentiontothedeath's-headatherfeet.Cf.Goldsmith,TheCitizenoftheWorld,Letterxiii.,inwhichtheguidetotheAbbey'talkedofaladywhodiedbyprickingherfinger;ofakingwithagoldenhead,andtwentysuchpiecesofabsurdity'.

21.thetwocoronationchairs.TheancientchairwasmadeforEdwardI.toenclosethestoneofScone,whichhehadbroughtfromScotland.ItwasthesacredcoronationstoneoftheScottishkings,andwassupposedtohavecomeoriginallyfromPalestine.UnfortunatelyforthistheoryitconsistsofScotchsandstone,and,asWillsremarks,'SirRoger'squestionwasextremelypertinent.'Allsucceedingsovereignshavebeencrownedonthischairandstone.Itisnowrailedin,butinAddison'stimeitwasasourceofrevenuetotheguides,whodemandedafineofanypersonwhoshouldsitinit.ThesecondchairwasmadeforthecoronationofWilliamIII.andMary.

24.Jacob'spillar,orpillow,v.Genesis,xxviii.11,18,and22.

30.trepanned.Inthetwoearliesteditionsspelttrapanned,thatis,entrapped.Inlatereditionsitsspellingwasinfluencedbythewordtrepan,asurgicaloperation.

Page121.

1.EdwardtheThird'ssword.Amightyweapon,sevenfeetlongandweighingeighteenpounds,intheChapelofEdwardtheConfessor.

8.touchedfortheevil.Theevilisscrofula.Cf.theuseofthesickness,p.119,1.3,fortheplague.Itwaslongheldtobecuredbytheroyaltouch.Dr.JohnsonrememberedbeingtakentoLondontobetouchedbyQueenAnnewhenhewas

asmallchild.Shewasthelastsovereignwhopractisedtouchingfortheevil.Cf.Macbeth,IV.iii.140-56.

HenrytheFourth'stombisatCanterburyCathedral,HenryIII.isprobablyintended.

10.finereadinginthecasualtiesofthatreign.InBaker'sChroniclethechapteronTheReignofKingHenryIVcontainsaparagraphentitledCasualtieshappeninginhistime,relatingtheappearanceofa'blazingstar',avisitoftheDevil'inthelikenessofaGrayFriar',aflood,afire,andfinallyawintersosevere'thatalmostallsmallbirdsdiedthroughhunger'.

12.thefigureofoneofourEnglishkingswithoutanhead.TheeffigyofHenryV.wasmadeofoakcoveredwithsilver,buttheheadwasofsolidsilver,andwasstolenatthetimeofthedissolutionofthemonasteries,1536-9.

33.Norfolk-Buildings,inNorfolkStreet,Strand,wereoriginallythepropertyoftheHowards.ForSirRoger'sresidence,v.alsoSpectator2,p.6,1.17.

SPECTATOR335.

Page122.

9.theCommitteewasaplaybySirRobertHoward,1662,themotiveofwhichisridiculeofthePuritans.

12.DistressedMother,anadaptationbyAmbrosePhilipsofRacine'sAndromaque,hadbeenproducedonMarch17.

15.attheendofthedictionary,wherebiographicalnoticesoffamouspersonsusedtobeinserted.

18.theMohocks.EversincetheRestorationthestreetsofLondonhadbeeninfestedatnightwithbandsofdissoluteyoungmenwhoassaultedandinjuredmenandwomenbywoundingandbeatingthem.Nosortofmischiefcameamisstothem;theyeffectedendlessdamagebythebreakingofwindows,andsoforth,andafavouritediversionconsistedinbindingawomaninabarrel,androllingitdownSnowHillorLudgateHill.TheirnamewasderivedfromtheMohawks,atribeofNorthAmericanIndians,andwasusedtodenotesavagesingeneral.An

especiallyflagrantoutbreakofthisHooliganismwasinprogressatthistime(v,Spectator324,332),andonMarch17aroyalproclamationagainsttheMohockshadbeenissued.

20.black,v.noteonp.1,1.9.

21.FleetStreetranbesidetheriverFleet,whichisnowcoveredover.

22.puton.Hastened.

24.tohuntme.TheViewHallowasafavouriteanddoubtlessaveryamusingpastimeoftheMohocks.Thepersonelectedtoshareinthegamewasrundownandsurroundedbyacircleofsportsmen,whokepthimrotatinglikeatopbyprickinghimwiththeirswords.Cf.Spectator332.

26.inKingCharlestheSecond'stimethemarauderswereknownasMunsandTityre-Tus.

Page123.

8.aboutfouro'clock.Forthetimeoftheplay,v.noteonp.8,1.5.

14.thebattleofSteenkirk,1692,inwhichtheFrenchdefeatedthealliesunderWilliamIII.

16.oakenplants.Cudgels.

22.thepitwastheresortofthecriticsandpeopleoffashion.

30.Pyrrhus,sonofAchilles,wasoneofthewarriorswhoenteredTroyinthewoodenhorse.HekilledPriam,andwasgivenAndromache,thewidowofHector,ashisshareofthespoil.TheplaygoesontodepicthowHermione,daughterofMenelausandHelen,wasforcedbyherparentstomarryhim,andhowinconsequenceherloverOrestesraisedtheDelphiansandkilledhim.

31.theKingofFrance,whomSirRogerregardsastheleaderoffashion.

32.abetterstrut.ByreferencetoanadvertisementoftheplayintheSpectatorforMarch17,welearnthatthehappypossessorofthisstrutwasacertainMr.Booth.

Page124.

9.Pyrrhushis.Thisformofthepossessivewasinfrequentuse,especiallyafterpropernamesendingins.

21.begun.Obsoleteinprose;nowbegan.

25.thewidow.Andromache.

27.Astyanax,thesonofHectorandAndromache.

35.averyremarkablesilence.Foranaccountofthetalkinganddisturbancethatusuallywenton,v.Spectator45and240.

Page125.

6.Pylades,theclosefriendofOrestes.

9.theoldfellowinwhiskers.Phoenix,counsellortoPyrrhus,aminorcharacter.

12.smoke,makeabuttof,amusethemselveswith.Cf.modernschoolboyslang,roast.

26.justling.Hustling,jostling.Cf.Shakespeare,Tempest,III.ii.29,'Iamincasetojustleaconstable.'

SPECTATOR359.

Page126.

16.thatonce.Weshouldsaythatforonce.

Page127.

13.Ihadformerlyboardedwithasurgeon,andsowaspresumablynotastrongman.

14.Put.ADevonshireword,theoldwretch.

19.waitedupon.Visited.

22.Lion's-Inn.AnoldInnofCourt,destroyedin1863.

Page128.

5.spindle.Thinlikethestickwithwhichthethreadistwistedinspinning.

21.thebookIhadconsideredlastSaturday.TheTenthBookofParadiseLost.Addison'sfamouscriticismofthispoem,whichappearedintheSaturdayissueoftheSpectatorfromJanuary5toMay3,1712,waswrittenbeforeMiltonhadcomeintohiskingdom.

23.thefollowinglines.ParadiseLost,x.888-908.

SPECTATOR383.

Page129.

20.bounces.Rough,disorderlyknocks.

26.Spring-Garden,ThenewgardensatVauxhall,nottheoldSpringGardensinWhitehall.TheyarementionedbyPepysasaplaceofbadrepute.

Page130.

7.TheTempleStairswerethelandingstairsinthegroundsoftheTemple.AlthoughtherewasmuchwheeledtrafficinLondontheriverremainedaveryfavouritehighway.

14.batehim.Lethimoff,remithim.Cf.Shakespeare,Tempest,I.ii.250:

ThoudidstpromiseTobatemeafullyear.

22.Faux-Hall.ThenewSpring-GardentookthisnamefromFoukesdeBreant,whomarriedtheCountessofAlbemarle.ItisthesceneofthematchlessLetterXLVIinFannyBurney'sEvelina,andthesubjectofmanyallusionsinliterature.

24.atLaHogue.TheoriginalissuereadsinBantryBay,wheretheFrenchfleetdefeatedtheEnglishin1689.ThememoryofLaHogue,wheretheFrenchwere

defeatedin1692bytheEnglishandDutch,wouldbemorepleasingtothepublic.

31.LondonBridge.Notthebridgenowstanding,whichdatesfrom1825,buttheoldbridgebuiltinthethirteenthcentury.

32.thesevenwonders.ThePyramids,thewallsandhanginggardensofBabylon,thetombofMausolusatHalicarnassus,thetempleofDianaatEphesus,theColossusofRhodes,thestatueofJupiterbyPhidiasatOlympia,andthePharosofAlexandria.

33.trueEnglishman.AphrasemadepopularbyDefoe'sTrue-bornEnglishman,1701.

Page131.

4.Temple-Bar.TheoldgatewaybetweentheStrandandFleetStreet,wheretraitors'headsusedtobeexhibited.Onthissidewouldbethewesternside,outsidethecity.

6.thefiftynewchurches.BytheActof1710adutywasimposedoncoalforthisandotherpurposes.

15.knightoftheshire,v.noteonp.26,1.18.

22.put.v.noteonp.127,1.14.

23.Thamesribaldry.Thewaterwaywasfamousforitsverbalinterchange,someofwhichhasbeenrecordedbyTaylortheWater-Poet,TomBrown,SwiftandDr.Johnson,andofwhichtheamenitiesofouromnibus-driversarebutaBowdlerizedversion.

34.Mahometanparadise.Aparadiseofthesenses.

Page132.

4.yournightingale,v.noteonp.98,1.25.

8.amask.Awomaninamask.

16.hungbeef.Beefpreservedinsaltorspices

SPECTATOR517.

Page133.

5.sensibly.Keenly.Cf.Shakespeare,HamletIV.v.150:

Andammostsensiblyingriefforit.

13-14.promotinganaddress…inwhichhesucceeded.Urgingtheadoptionofanaddresswhichactuallywasadopted.

27.youwas.Averyfrequentuse.

29.country.Country-side,neighbourhood.Cf.Shakespeare,MerryWivesofWindsor:

He'sajusticeofpeaceinhiscountry.

Page134.

14.alightningbeforedeath.ThesewordsoccurinShakespeare,RomeoandJuliet,V.iii.90.

33.peremptorily.Authoritatively,positively.Cf.Shakespeare,IHenryIV,II.iv.472:

PeremptorilyIspeakit,thereisvirtueinthatFalstaff.

Page135.

7.Quorum,v.noteonp.7,1.9.

16.quit-rents.Chargesontheestate.

23.joyedhimself.Enjoyedhimself,beencheerful.

Page136.

3.ActofUniformity.ActsofUniformitywerepassedin1549,1558,1662,and1706.

APPENDIXI

ONCOFFEE-HOUSES

ThefirstEnglishcoffee-housewasopenedinOxfordin1650,andbythebeginningoftheeighteenthcenturythecoffee-househadbecometheregularresortofeveryLondonerwhocouldaffordtopaythetwopenceforthedishofthebeveragewhichadmittedhimtoitssociety.Menofsimilartastesassembledatthesamehouse,sothatgraduallyeachoftheprincipalcoffee-housesbecameacentreforaparticularkindofsociety.ThusWill's(p.3,1.17),atthecornerofRussellStreetandBowStreet,CoventGarden,whichhadbeenDryden'sfavouritecoffee-house,becamethehauntofthewitsandmenofletters;itwasfromherethatSteeledatedhisarticlesonpoetryfortheTatler.St.James's(p.3,1.22)inSt.James'sStreet,wasfrequentedbypoliticiansandmenoffashion;itwasaWhighouse,andtheheadquartersoftheTatler'sforeignanddomesticnews(cf.Spectator403).TheGrecian(p.3,1.25),DevereuxCourt,Temple,wastheoldestofalltheLondoncoffee-houses;heregatheredthebarristersoftheTemple,andheretheTatlerfindsthematerialofhispapersonlearning,whilemenfromtheExchangeassembledatJonathan's(p.3,1.29)inExchangeAlley,anddoctors,clerics,andmenofsciencefromtheRoyalSocietyatChild's(p.3,1.19),inSt.Paul'sChurchyard.Coffee-houseswereverynumerous;wefindmentionwithinthelimitsofthesepapersoftwoothers,JennyMann's(p.24,1.24),intheTilt-Yard,Charing-Cross,andSquire's(p.117,1.23),inFulwood'sRents,Holborn,andAshtongivesthenamesofbetweenfourandfivehundred,whilethreethousandareknowntohaveexistedin1708.

Therewerealsoafewchocolate-houses,notablyWhite'sandtheCocoa-Tree(p.3,1.25),theTorycentre,bothinSt.James'sStreet.White'swasagreatgambling-house;SteeledatedfromithisarticlesonGallantry,Pleasure,andEntertainment,anditsdestructionbyfire,whichtookplacein1723,isdepictedasthesceneofPlateVIofHogarth'sTheRake'sProgress,inwhichtheRakeruinshimselfbygaming.

APPENDIXII

ONTHESPECTATOR'SACQUAINTANCE

Varioussuggestionshavebeenmadeconcerningtheidentityofthecharactersdrawninthesepapers.TraditionreportedthatSirRogerwasdrawnfromSirJohnPakingtonorPackington,KnightofWorcester.ThistheorywasmaintainedbyTyersin1783,buthasbeenconclusivelydisprovedbyWills.Mr.R.E.H.DukehasmadeanexhaustivestudytoshowthathisoriginalwasRichardDuke,ofBulford,nearMilston,whereAddison'searlyyearswerespent.

FortheprototypeofSirAndrewFreeportMr.HenryMartinhasbeensuggested.HewasoneoftheauthorsofTheBritishMerchant;hecontributedNo.180,andprobablyotherpapers,totheSpectator.

RumourhasalsoidentifiedWillHoneycombwithPope'sfriend,ColonelCleland;CaptainSentrywithColonelKempenfeldt,fatherofAdmiralKempenfeldtoftheRoyalGeorge;andWillWimblewithThomasMorecraft,aYorkshiregentlemanintroducedtoAddisonbySteele.WillWimbleseems,however,tobemorenearlyakintotheHon.ThomasGulesoftheTatler(256),who'producedseveralwitnessesthathehadneveremployedhimselfbeyondthetwistingofawhip,orthemakingofapairofnut-crackers,inwhichheonlyworkedforhisdiversion,inordertomakeapresentnowandthentohisfriends';[Footnote:Cf.p.20,I,13andp.21,II,2-11.]andtheimaginarynatureofWillHoneycomb'sexistenceissufficientlyindicatedbythestyleinwhichAddison'seighthandsupplementaryvolumeoftheSpectatorisdedicatedtohim.

ThesamequestionableauthorityhasgiventotheperversewidowthenameofMrs.CatharineBovey,orBoevey,ofFlaxleyAbbey,Gloucestershire,towhomSteelededicatedthesecondvolumeoftheLadies'Library.

Itis,however,verydoubtfulthatthecharactersoftheSpectatorweredrawn

fromindividualpersons.BudgellcertainlysaysofTheophrastusthathe'wastheSpectatoroftheagehelivedin;hedrewthepicturesofparticularmen',butTickell,whowasAddison'sfriendandliteraryexecutor,speaksexpresslyof'thefeignedpersonoftheAuthor,andoftheseveralcharactersthatcomposehisclub',andtheSpectatorhimselfintwopapersexhortseveryreader'nevertothinkofhimselforanyoneofhisfriendsorenemiesaimedatinwhatissaid',[Footnote:Spectator34]for'whenIdrawafaultycharacterI…takecaretodashitwithsuchparticularcircumstancesasmaypreventallsuchill-naturedapplications.'[Footnote:Spectator262]ThecharactersarealmostcertainlycreatedbytheSpectator'sgeniusoutofthematerialgatheredfromhisobservationofmanymen.

APPENDIXIII

ONTHEDEATHOFSIRROGER

AfterSirRoger'svisittotownwehearnomoreofhimuntiltheclubisstartledbythereceiptofhisbutler'sletterannouncinghisdeath.Someofhisadmirershavedevisedasentimentalreasonforhisdecease.InBudgell'sBeewereadthat"Mr.AddisonwassofondofthischaracterthatalittlebeforehelaiddowntheSpectator(foreseeingthatsomenimblegentlemanwouldcatchuphispenthemomenthequittedit)hesaidtoourintimatefriendwithacertainwarmthinhisexpression,whichhewasnotoftenguiltyof,'I'llkillSirRogerthatnobodyelsemaymurderhim'"Dr.JohnsonfollowsBudgell,andassignstoAddisonCervantes'reason,whofindshimselfobligedtokillDonQuixote,'beingofopinionthattheywerebornforoneanother,andthatanyotherhandwoulddohimwrong.'

Buttherewasamoreinevitablereasonforthedeathoftheknight.SixmoreweekssawtheendoftheoriginalSpectator,thejointproductionofAddisonandSteele,andtheircreatorswerenowengagedindisposingoftheircharactersinvariousways.Chalmersremarksthat'ThekillingofSirRogerwassufficientlyaccountedforwithoutsupposingthatAddisondespatchedhiminafitofanger;fortheworkwasabouttoclose,anditappearednecessarytoclosetheclub.'

APPENDIXIV

ONTHESPECTATOR'SPOPULARITY

ThegreatvogueoftheSpectatorgivessomemeasureofitsextraordinaryinfluence.Alreadyinthetenthnumberwereadthatthedailycirculationisthreethousand,andlater,inSpectator124,Addisonwrites:'Mybooksellertellsmethedemandforthesemypapersincreasesdaily.'Ofparticularpapersweknowthattwentyorthirtythousandweresold,andMr.Forsterestimatesthatthesenumbersmustbemultipliedbysixtorepresentacorrespondingpopularityinourday.

OnJuly31,1712,Addisonwrote:'Thisisthedayonwhichmanyeminentauthorswillprobablypublishtheirlastwords.'OnAugust1theStampTaxcameintooperation,andeveryhalf-sheetperiodicalpaidadutyofahalf-penny.ThepriceoftheSpectatorrosetotwopence,andonlyhalftheformernumberofcopiesweresold,yettowardsthecloseoftheseventhvolumeabouttenthousandcopieswerebeingissueddaily.

Afterpublicationthepaperswerecollectedandissuedineightvolumes,andnineortenthousandcopiesofthisfirsteditionweresoldatthepriceofaguineaavolume.

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