The Copernican Revolution The Birth of Modern Science.
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Transcript of The Copernican Revolution The Birth of Modern Science.
Ancient Astronomers
• Found several large, important structures in the ancient world that appear astronomically aligned
• Used for rituals, timekeeping, agrarian cycles
E pluribus unum
• Western astronomy was influenced by:• Antediluvian Civilizations
• Agrarian Timekeeping• Ancient Greece
• Time divisions, ratios, zodiacal relations• Muslim Caliphates
• Too much to list here• Adapted into the Scientific Revolution
• Revolution against what?
Which of these is believed to be an ancient observatory?
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1. Stonehenge
2. El Caracol
3. The Quabba
4. All of these
What is one practical reason for studying the skies?
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1. Zodiacal influence
2. Fortune-telling
3. Agriculture
4. Myths
5. Religion
What label is given to the most ancient civilizations?
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1. Ancient
2. Old
3. Older
4. Antediluvian
5. Postdiluvian
For what were structures like this believed to be used?
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1. Astronomical reasons
2. Religious reasons
3. Cultural reasons
4. All of the above
Identify this structure
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1. Stonehenge
2. El Caracol
3. The Sun Dagger
4. Newgrange
Identify this structure
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1. Stonehenge
2. El Caracol
3. The Sun Dagger
4. Newgrange
Identify this structure
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1. Stonehenge
2. El Caracol
3. The Sun Dagger
4. Newgrange
Geocentrism
• Belief that the Earth is the center of the Universe
• Easy to prove the bodies rotate around Earth, just look up
• Early models just matryoshka-style nesting spheres
• Opposite to Heliocentrism, that the Sun is the center of the Solar System
Unheard Cries
• Many Classical Astronomers believed in, and had proof of, a heliocentric universe
• They did not get public acceptance, as Aristotle was held in high regard by many kings, publican members, etc.
• Aristarchus, Eratosthenes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
• There were a few problems with the “perfect spheres”
Retrograde
• Inner planets dive back towards the Sun• Outer planets make small loops in the sky
every so often…• Could this mean the Heavens weren’t
perfect?• Of course, not! All it takes is a little creative
imagining…
The Aristotelian Cycles• Aristotle thought
maybe each planet on its sphere moved in a small circle centered on the larger sphere
• Epicycle – the smaller circle
• Deferens – the larger circle (orbit)
• epi- surface• cycle- circle
Ptolemaic System
• Ptolemy was a Greek scholar living in Egypt
• Refined Aristotle’s epicycle theories
• Ptolemy’s epicycle-based system required no less than some 80 different cycles
• Imagine a clock with many gears
Close-minded?
• The Ptolemaic Model was popular for some 1300 years
• Many religions consider us, and the Earth, special and specially located
• A heliocentric model made them feel less significant
The Earth is at the center of a
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1. Geocentric model
2. Heliocentric model
3. Gaiacentric model
4. Galactican model
The primary refusal to keep the Earth at the center of the universe was
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1. Religion
2. Open-mindedness
3. Laziness
4. “mental inertia”
The Sun is at the center of a
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1. Geocentric model
2. Heliocentric model
3. Juliacentric model
4. Galactican model
Circles on spheres that allow for retrograde motion were called
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1. Cycles
2. Minicycles
3. Dermicycles
4. Epicycles
One Greek scientist who is credited with “codifying” planetary motion is
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1. Copernicus
2. Galileo
3. Epicurius
4. Aristotle
5. Newton
6. Ptolemy
Identify this view of the universe
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1.1. HeliocentricHeliocentric
2.2. EgocentricEgocentric
3.3. GeocentricGeocentric
4.4. GynocentricGynocentric
Identify this view of the universe
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1.1. HeliocentricHeliocentric
2.2. EgocentricEgocentric
3.3. GeocentricGeocentric
4.4. GynocentricGynocentric
What is a small circle centered on a planets’ nested sphere?
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1. Epidermals
2. Epiladis
3. Epicycles
4. Epidurals
Epicycles were devised to explain which motion of a planet in the sky?
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1. Prograde
2. Retrograde
3. Downgrade
4. Upgrade
The “Scientific Revolution” was a rebellion against what?
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1. Ignorance
2. Close-mindedness
3. Superstitions
4. All of the above
Nicholas Copernicus
• Rediscovered Aristarchus’s heliocentric model
• Used it to show harmony and simplicity
• Explained retrograde motion and brightness changes
Huh?
• Still stuck to epicycles• Believed in his theory
rather than proved it• Unimpressed public• Some 70 years (two
ancient generations) passed until his work was proven/improved upon
• Still declared a heretic
The Downfall of the Epicycle
• Occam’s Razor• Increasing accuracy of observations• Longevity of observations
Tycho Brahe
• True “Renaissance Man”
• Built Uraniborg, an observatory in Denmark
• Kept some of the most accurate naked-eye observations for almost 50 years
• Brahe’s naked-eye observations were extremely accurate due to the overly-large instruments he built
Johannes Kepler
• Met up with Tycho in Prague in 1600
• When Tycho died, Kepler inherited his copious tables of data
• Was more controlled scientifically than his peers
• Used math to promote several principles
But, then again…
• Kepler was wrong about a great many things…
• He believed in a perfect geometry of the Universe as evidence of God
• This caused him to reject the correct answer that orbits weren’t circular more than once
What was the flaw in the Copernican view of the solar system?
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2. Had the Moon in orbit around the Sun
3. Still used epicycles
4. He couldn’t read ancient Greek
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Which astronomer kept some of the best naked-eye observations?
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2. Tycho Brahe
3. Johannes Kepler
4. Nicolas Copernicus
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Beside their outstanding accuracy, what was special about Brahe’s
observations?
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2. Their unparalled accuracy
3. He wrote backwards and upside down
4. He kept these logs for many years
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Johannes Kepler rejected many sound scientific arguments while
pursuing…
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2. Geometric perfection
3. Mrs. Johannes Kepler
4. The Unification Theory
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Brahe’s accuracy in his observations was due to the
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2. Sizes of his astronomical tools
3. Excellent assistants he hired
4. Copious quantities he quaffed
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Participant Scores500 Thomas Armstrong 500 Steven Pecko
500 Darryl Blye 500 Adam Ruth
500 Carlos Bogantes 500 Ryan Seymour
500 Sid Cooper 500 Cavender Sutton
500 Michael Holliday 500 Jamie Thrift
500 Melissa James
500 Tamar Kiernan
500 Jeremy King
500 Kenneth Lewis
500 Brittany Madero
CIRCULAR ORBIT
e = 0
Small planets around single stars
Single stars around galaxies
NEAR-CIRCULAR ORBIT
0.005 e 0.250
Most single planets around single stars
Asteroids, “dwarf” planets around single stars
Single stars around galaxies
HIGHLY ELLIPTICAL ORBIT
0.250 e
Certain “dwarf” planets around single stars
Comets
“Perturbed” items
Aphelion and Perihelion
• Perihelion• Point of an orbit closest to the Sun
• = a (1 – e)• Aphelion• Point of an orbit farthest from the Sun
• = a (1 + e)
Kepler’s Second Law
• An imaginary line connecting the Sun to a planet sweeps equal areas of the ellipse in equal intervals of time
Kepler’s Third Law
• The square of the planet’s orbital period is proportional to the cube of its semi-major axis
• p2 = a3
• Obeyed by all planets, not just the six Kepler knew about
Kepler’s star
• Seen in 1604• The HST snapped
this picture a few years ago, showing the expanding gas cloud
Galileo Gallilei
• Used a telescope• Mountains on the
Moon• Sunspots• Jovian Moons• Phases of Venus• Rings of Saturn
• Found many “imperfections”
• Wasn’t trying to anger the Church
Sidereus Nuncius
• Published in 1610• In 1616 his works were declared heresy• Published a second treatise, Dialogue
Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, in 1632
• Published in Italian rather than Latin• Placed under house arrest until he died• “Forgiven” in 1992
Latter-Day Proofs
• Aberration of starlight, c. 1720
• Apparent shift of a star due to the revolution and rotation of the Earth
Latter-Day Proofs
• Parallax• If the Earth was the center, there wouldn’t be parallax
from June to January• Multiple launched vehicles that follow predicted
paths
Who first used a telescope to observe and quantify the heavens?
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1. Ptolemy
2. Copernicus
3. Galileo
4. Brahe
Who made multiple-year, high quality observations with large instruments in
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1. Ptolemy
2. Copernicus
3. Galileo
4. Brahe
Many of Galileo’s observations challenged the Church views because
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1. They were mathematical
2. They were unorganized
3. They showed “imperfections”
4. They were a challenge to modesty
Which type of orbit would you expect Ceres or Vesta to exhibit?
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1. A
2. B
3. C
A
B
C
Who used mathematics to provide explanations for astronomical
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1. Kepler
2. Copernicus
3. Galileo
4. Brahe
Which of these are not one of Galileo’s controversial observations?
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1. Mountains on the Moon
2. Saturn’s Rings
3. The Andromeda Galaxy
4. Venus’s phases
What would Eris’s period be in years if she lies some 67.7 AU from the Sun?
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1. 4583 yrs
2. 557 yrs
3. 16.7 yrs
4. 310288 yrs
Which type of orbit would you expect Halley’s comet to exhibit?
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1. A
2. B
3. C
A
B
C
For his work, Copernicus and Galileo were both
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1. Celebrated in their time
2. Considered heretics
3. Mostly ignored by others
4. Honored as living heroes
What is Ceres’s semimajor axis if she takes 4.6 yrs to orbit the Sun?
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1. 2.8 AU
2. 9.9 AU
3. 21.1 AU
4. 97 AU