The contribution of digital boundary information to good governance for improved decision-making
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Transcript of The contribution of digital boundary information to good governance for improved decision-making
Good Governance Monahan et al 1
The contribution of digital boundary information to good
governance for improved decision-making
Good Governance Monahan et al 2
PART ONE - THE NEED FOR BOUNDARIES
Good Governance Monahan et al 3
The earth, digital or otherwise, is two-thirds ocean
Good Governance Monahan et al 4
Humanity intersects with the ocean primarily through the Coastal Zone
• eg 60% of the earth’s population lives within 60 km of a coast• we dump waste there• we extract food, oil and other resources• sea level may be rising• we don’t know much about it
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Major forces intersecting at present and for the next decade
Coastal Zone
Management and Oceans Governance
UNCLOSIncreasing Use
Technology pushGlobal warming
Population increaseFish stock decline
More...
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Increasing and Competing Demands for Access to Oceans
Traditional/Fishing and (or vs) aquaculture and fish ranching
Hydrocarbon & Mineral Extraction
Defense
Preservation/Protection
Recreation and Ecotourism,
Routing for Cables and Pipelines
Transportation/Shipping
Aboriginal Rights
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The 1982 United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) divides the
oceans into Zones, each with its attendant
rights and responsibilities. • 1992 UNCED
• 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement
• 1995 FAO Code of Conduct
• 1995 Compliance Agreement
• 1995 Global Program of Action
• 1995 Jakarta Mandate
• 1997 IMO mandatory routing of vessels
• 1998-1999 FAO subsidies and overcapacity
• 1999 CSD Meeting on Oceans and Seas
• 2002 Rio + 10
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UNCLOS is inspiring Coastal Zone Management and
Oceans Governance legislation and programs
• Applied to general areas like Territorial Sea
• And to specific areas like MPA, Fishing Zones, Traffic Separation Schemes, Pollution control areas, National parks, co-management arrangements
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These three forces intersect multiple layers of overlapping,
confusing and at times contradictory jurisdiction and
administration, tinged with historical legal ambiguities, to create a three- dimensional mosaic of private and public
interests.
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Example -Proposed Marine Protected Area - Musquash Estuary
• limits of private and public ownership (e.g., ordinary high water mark);
• limits of private rights (e.g., waterlots, aquaculture sites, oil and gas);
• municipal, county, provincial, and national limits of jurisdiction and administration;
• national and international boundaries, including national coastal baselines;
• government departmental limits;• environmental protection areas (e.g.,
wetlands, sanctuaries)• military limits (e.g., disposal and
weapons firing ranges);
• pipeline and cable rights-of-way.
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Other boundaries and limits that may apply
• Territorial Sea baselines
• Customs limit
• Harbour limit
• Historic wreck area
• Various types of anchorage areas
• Fish trap area
• Limit of safety zone around offshore installation
• Limits of restricted area (to vessel traffic)
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The sources of boundaries
• same are already drawn on maps• some are lines that can be extracted from images or
determined through the application of some formula• some are contained in legal wording of legislation,
common law or international law• some are defined by regulations• some are embedded in historic or habitual usage• some lie within or surrounding un-resolved claims • some are based on concepts of which it is difficult to
find an unambiguous physical expression (shoreline)
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WHAT WE ARE DOING TO MEET THE NEED
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Understanding and resolving marine boundaries requires;
• an interdisciplinary approach
• inter-Governmental cooperation
• industrial partners
• a pan-Canadian view
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We have a team from• four universities
– Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering – Law– Economics– Governance– Sociology
• three Government agencies– Canadian Hydrographic Service– Service New Brunswick– Federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans
• and one industrial partner– CARIS Ltd
• spread over 70 degrees of longitude
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Good Governance of Canada's Oceans: Determining the Use, Value, and Potential of
Marine Boundary Information• Geodesy and Geomatics
Engineering., University of New Brunswick
• Service New Brunswick
• Sociology, Memorial University
• Governance, University of Ottawa
• Law, University of Victoria
• Economics, Memorial University
• Law, University of New Brunswick
• Canadian Hydrographic Service
• CARIS Universal Systems
• Department of Fisheries and Oceans
• William Byrne, R. Castonguay, Sara Cockburn, M. D'Arcy, Larry Felt, Roger Guadet , John Hughes Clarke, Maria Innes-Buzeta, Anne LaForest, Wade Locke, Ted McDorman, Dave Monahan, Susan Nichols, Sam Nganga, Gilles Paquet , Rob van der Poll, Michael Sutherland, Dave Wells and Kevin Wilkins
Good Governance Monahan et al 17
A research project identifying and evaluating boundary information
requirements and investigating spatial data uncertainty and its impact on data integration and boundary delimitation
through a series of Case Studies.
• Evaluate Marine Boundary Requirements
• Investigate Spatial Data Uncertainty
• Enhance Prototype Geomatics Technologies
• Communicate Results to Decision Makers
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WHAT WE HAVE FOUND SO FAR
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1km
• Case Study 1 - Musquash Estuary•Three obvious boundary questions:• Where is “a line between Gooseberry Island & Musquash Head?”•Which high water?•Where is “head of tide”
Special scallop zone
J.Hughes-Clarke, OMG
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Which Line is the shoreline?
• highest point that sea water ever reaches or the lowest, or somewhere in between?
• - horizontal distance between these varies from 0 to several km
• - land mapping use "mean sea level" -
• navigation charts show 2 lines, the conventional shoreline being the highest level that sea water normally reaches, and a low-water line showing the water level at "lowest normal" tides.
Chart datum
Bench mark
Charted depth
HHWLT
HHWMT
MWLMSL
LLWMTLLWLT
Elevation datum
Charted elevation
Geodetic datum
Measured depth
Measured elevation
Tide
Good Governance Monahan et al 21
The definition of shoreline depends on context
• All rules, regulations and legislation referring to shoreline, to low water line, to water level, etc, must be examined carefully and interpreted in context.
• Any lines drawn seaward from a land feature might be effected by “shoreline” definition.
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Mapping the lower boundary
Multibeam Hi-resolutionBathymetry
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• 10 days operational survey.
• SNB Orthophotos.
•Inter-agency cooperation
Multibeam Bathymetry
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Can provide visualization of ocean processes. i.e. Estuarine flushing.
Where should the outer boundary be placed? What about proximity of dump sites?
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The intent of a boundary and its physical location might not
be co-incident.• Eg the intent of the Musquash MPA is to
protect the area. Its physical boundary defines the area in which MPA regulations apply. Twice a day however, the are is flushed by ocean water from outside the MPA. That water could carry pollutants or other unwanted material. Is the boundary for the MPA appropriate?
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?
Case Study 2: NB Marine Administrative Boundary
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Case Study #3. Producing a partial claim to the juridical Continental Shelf
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Candidate Areas
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ARTICLE 76 : Law of the Sea
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WHERE WE ARE HEADING
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Identify and Evaluate Boundary Information Requirements for
Good Ocean Governance:
• comprehensive boundary information requirements study
• a general model of the boundary requirements for "good" ocean governance
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Investigate Spatial Data Uncertainty and Its Impact on Data
Integration and Boundary
Delimitation:
• a model set of the metrics
• an evaluation of the "goodness" (including appropriateness) of marine boundary information
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Develop and Enhance Prototype Visualization Tools for Marine
Boundary Delimitation:
• suite of technologies and procedures for demonstrating marine boundary problems and solutions
• prototype demonstration system
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Communicate the Results of the
Research to Decision-Makers:
• three workshops
• a set of guidelines for managing marine boundary information
• strategy for future research and collaboration in ocean governance
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Find out more
• http://www.unb.ca/GGE/Research/OceanGov/main.html