The Constitution and the New Republic · Constitution except Rhode Island, but many only do so on...
Transcript of The Constitution and the New Republic · Constitution except Rhode Island, but many only do so on...
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The Constitution and the New Republic
Unit 2: Week 6
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Framing a New Government
The Articles of Confederation were TERRIBLE, just TERRIBLE.
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The A.O.C., the “Final Straws”
• 1783: Army veterans demanding back pay cause Congress to leave Philadelphia
• Can’t reach a quorum to ratify the treaty ending the Revolutionary war.
• By 1786: most agreed that the government needed strengthening • Lack of power to tax.
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We need a stronger government
• Alexander Hamilton• Overhaul the AoC
• James Madison• Persuades Virginia Legislature to convene an
interstate conference on commercial questions
•
• 1786: Annapolis: only 5 states send delegates
•
• 1787: Shays Rebellion
•
• 1787: Philadelphia meeting
• Washington makes plans to go• Gives meeting credibility
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The Constitutional Convention
• 55 delegates
• Every state but Rhode Island
• Average Age:44
• Well educated, most wealthy property owners
• “Turbulence and Follies” of democracy
• Suspicion of concentrated powers.
• Washington Chosen unanimously to preside
• Each state given a single vote
• Major decisions would require a simple majority
• Need for a stronger central government
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The Virginia Plan
• James Madison
• Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary
• Legislature: 2 houses• Lower house: proportional
representation
• Upper house: selected from lower house
• No rigid system of representation
• Small states could be excluded
• Strong Executive
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The New Jersey Plan
• William Patterson
• Stay similar to the AOC
• One house Legislature
• All states have equal representation
• Congress given expanded powers to tax and regulate commerce.
• Larger states realized that they would have to make concessions to smaller states. Agreed to let members of the upper house be elected by state legislatures
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The Great Compromise
• 6 weeks of arguments
• July 2nd Grand Committee created, one delegate from each state
• Two house legislature• Lower house on population basis• Upper house on equal representation basis
• 3/5ths Compromise• Slaves counted for population (representation) and
taxation• Every 5 slaves counted same as 3 free people.
• AkA: Connecticut plan or Connecticut compromise
• July 16,1787: Convention excepts the plan
• The issue of slavery: The government could not stop the slave trade for 20 years
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The Unaddressed Issues
• No definition of citizenship
• No resolution for native American issues
• No list of individual rights• Madison: listing rights would
limit rights
• Others: without listing them, the gov would abuse them
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The Constitution (1787)!!!
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The Issue: Sovereignty
• All power flowed from the people
• Neither state nor federal gov. Sovereign
• “Federalism”: A division of power between National, State, and Local governments.
• Constitution= “Supreme Law of the Land” but important powers left in hands of the states
• “Checks and Balances”
• Competition between branches would prevent corruption
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The Issue: Limited Power
• Limit power of Government Branches and Levels
• Limit power of the people: “Tyranny of the Majority”• Shays Rebellion
• Only H.O.R. directly elected by the people.
• September 17, 1787: 39 delegates sign the constitution.
• Adopted 1789
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Adoption and Adaption
Even after the framers of the Constitution agreed that their document was good, they fought a battle over ratification…
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The Ratification: The Rules
• 9 of 13 States had to ratify the Constitution• Recommended state
conventions rather than state legislatures
• Technically illegal, the AOC required all states to approve
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The Federalists
• Strong Central Government
• “Nationalist”
• George Washington, Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay
• The Federalist Papers
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Anti-Federalists
• Opposed to constitution in its current form
• Fear of strong central government
• Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams
• Constitution would increase taxes, weaken the states, wield dictatorial powers, favor the “well-born” over the common people, abolish individual liberties.
• Wanted a Bill of Rights
• Only way to ensure rights are protected
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A Triumph: Ratification!
• Ultimately all states will ratify the Constitution except Rhode Island, but many only do so on the assumption that a Bill of Rights will be added (esp. Virginia and New York)
• George Washington inaugurated President in New York on April 30, 1789
• September 25, 1789: Congress approves 12 Amendments to be a Bill of Rights
• States approve of 10 by 1791.
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The Bill of Rights
• Amendment 1-10
• 9 of 10 place limits on gov.• Forbid it to infringe
on rights
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Setting up the Federal Courts
• One Supreme Court
• Congress sets up lower courts
• Judiciary Act of 1789• Six member supreme court
• Lower district courts
• Appeals level courts
• Supreme Court gets power to make final decision in cases involving constitutionality of state laws
• Fed Laws: established in 1803 with Marbury v. Madison
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Setting up the Executive Branch
• Winner becomes president, second place becomes VP
• Congress creates 3 departments: State, Treasury, War.
• Congress creates Attorney General and Postmaster General positions
• Washington selects: Treasury/Hamilton, War/General Henry Knox, State/Thomas Jefferson
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Federalists Vs. Democratic-Republicans
• Is America?
• A nation-state with centralized authority and a complex commercial economy.• Hamilton
• A more modest nation that aspires to be rural and agrarian rather than urban and commercial.• Jefferson and Madison
• Hamilton’s Federalists will control the gov. for 12 years
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Washington’s Beliefs
• Washington wanted a strong national government• Believed President should
stand above political controversies
• Stayed out of personal involvement in Congressional deliberations
• Hamilton became dominate person in Administration
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Hamilton’s Beliefs
• A stable gov. required an elite ruling class
• Gov. should take over state’s debt from the revolutionary war
• Create a permanent national debt to force elites to have a stake in the gov.
• Elites can afford to buy bonds
• If the gov owes elites money, they will always have a reason to want it to survive.
• Create a national bank
• New taxes
• Excise tax on alcoholic beverages
• Most affect small backcountry farmers
• Tariff on imports
• Raise money
• Protect domestic manufacturers
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The Federalist Vision
• A nation with a wealthy, enlightened ruling class, a vigorous, independent commercial economy, and a thriving manufacturing sector.
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The Federalist Program: Part 1
• Assuming States Debt• Opponents argued, some states would be
forced to pay for more than their original debt others less than original debt.
• Oddly enough led to the location of the nation’s capital.
• Virginia supported the Assumption bill.
• The New Capital• Banks of the Potomac, between Maryland and
Virginia
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The Federalist Program: Part 2
• Bank Bill• Const. says nothing about National
Bank. Does congress have authority to create one?
• Law passes
• Bank of the United States (1791)
• Excise tax• Farmers protested
• Revisions to reduce burdens on smaller distillers
• Tariff Tax• Not everything he wanted but did pass
in 1792
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The Democratic-Republican Opposition
• Federalist policies served the interests of a small number of wealthy elites
• Fear of permanent and divisive factions
• Federalists were creating a tyrannical power structure• Using powers of office to reward supporters
• “Republicans”• Formed committees, societies, and caucuses in every
state.• Banded together to influence state and local elections• Did not claim to be a political party (neither did
federalists!)
• Thomas Jefferson, James Madison
• Agrarian Republic of citizen farmers
• The nation should be wary of too much urbanization and industrialization
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Sectionalism Develops in Political Affiliation
• Federalists: North East, Southern seaports
• Republicans: Rural South and West
•
• 1792: Washington reluctantly accepts another term. Urged by both factions to do so. Has respect for both factions, more sympathetic to the Federalist cause.
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Establishing National Sovereignty
What power did the new federal government really have?
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The Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
• Farmers in Western Pennsylvania
• Whiskey excise tax
• Terrorized tax collectors
• Washington calls out militias from 3 nearby states • Army of 15,000
• Personally leads them to crush the rebellion
• Upon hearing of Ws approach the rebellion collapses.
• Showed that the constitutional system worked (compare to shays)
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The United States in 1796
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Native American Nations and the Federal Gov.
• Inherited clashes from the AOC gov.
• Constitution did not place Native tribes anywhere within the new federal structure.
• Congress had power to “regulate commerce” with the tribes and that was it.
• New gov. had to respect treaties negotiated by the AOC
• Tribes got no direct representation in new gov.
• Constitution did not address issue of land• What were the boundaries of the US?• Native nations within the boundaries, what were
their rights? Sovereignty?• “nation within a nation”?
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Maintaining Neutrality
• 1793- French war with UK• Pres. And Congress want to maintain Neutrality
• 1794- British seize American ships engaged in trade with French• War with England?: Mess up Hamilton’s financial system
• End English imports• Did not trust state department to remain neutral
• Washington appoints John Jay as a special commissioner• Secure compensation for the assaults on American shipping• Demand withdrawal of British forces from their posts in the
frontier US
• Negotiate a commercial treaty with UK
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Jay’s Treaty (1794)
• Avoided war with UK
• American sovereignty over Northwest
• Satisfactory commercial relationship
• Did not accomplish the other items above.
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Pickney’s Treaty (1795)
• Thomas Pinckney
• Spain recognizes right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi to its mouth and deposit goods at New Orleans.
• Fixed the border of Florida at the 31st parallel
• Ordered Spain to prevent Native Americans in Florida from launching raids across the border.
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The Downfall of the Federalists
• The Election of 1769
• Washington refused to run for a third term
• Republicans: Jefferson
• Federalists: Hamilton had too many enemies to be a credible candidate• VP John Adams had stayed out of it.
• Adams wins by 3 electoral votes.
• Adams becomes President
• Jefferson becomes VP
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The Quasi War with France
• J and P treaties improved relations with UK and Spain
• Relations with Revolutionary France quickly deteriorated• French captured American ships
• French official refused to meet with new minister Charles CotesworthPinckney.
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The XYZ Affair (1797)
• Special commission appointed to negotiate with France
• Tallyrand’s ministers demand a loan for France and a bribe before they’ll meet with Americans
• Adams urges Congress to prepare for war.
• Popular outrage at France, popular support for the Federalists.
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The Undeclared Naval War (1789-1799)
• Trade cut off with France
• American vessels authorized to capture French armed ships
• Department of the Navy created
• Close cooperation with the British
• 1800- Napoleon Bonaparte’s gov. willing to negotiate with US• Canceled 1778 agreements, new treaty
• War ends
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Repression and Protest
• The Alien Act
• Made it more difficult to become a citizen
•
• The Sedition Act
• Allows government to prosecute those engaged in “sedition” against the government• In theory “libelous or treasonous
activities”• No clear definition, used to stifle all
opposition• Federalist campaign to destroy
republicans?
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President Adams’ Role
• Careful with implementation
• Prevented a crusade against Democratic-Republicans
• Did not deport any aliens, but law did discourage new immigration and some aliens left of own accord.
• Prosecuted 10 men, most Republican newspaper editors who had been critical of the Federalists
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The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)
• Thomas Jefferson (Anonymous)
• James Madison
• Nullification• John Locke (social contract)
• Tenth Amendment
• Federal government had exceeded its powers, therefore, the states could ignore those laws.
• Idea did not win wide support but it did make the conflict between the two groups a national crisis.• Fight between Matthew Lyon and Roger
Griswold on the House floor
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The “Revolution” of 1800
• Adams vs. Jefferson Again!
• Candidates behaved but supporters did not
• Jefferson: a dangerous radical whose followers were wild men who, if they should come to power, would bring on a reign of terror comparable to that of the French Revolution.
• Adams: A tyrant conspiring to become king. The federalists were plotting to impose slavery on the people
• When votes were counted, there was a tie, not between Adams and Jefferson but between Jefferson and Burr (Republicans VP choice)
• No candidate had a majority, H.o.R. choses between two top candidates, each state got one vote.
• 36 ballots. Hamilton convinces other Federalists that Burr is too unreliable to trust with the presidency (he was probably right!) Jefferson wins.
• Hamilton hates both men, but he really hates Burr.
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The Judiciary Act of 1801
• Adams’ last act in office
• Reduced number of Supreme Court Justices by one
• Greatly increased number of federal judges
• Appoints federalists to the positions
• Adams hoped to secure Federalist control over the judiciary
• The “midnight appointments”
•
• Adams Appoints John Marshal to Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (he’ll serve for 34 years!)
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By the middle of 1801, Democratic-Republicans control the Presidency and Congress.Belief that they saved the nation from tyranny
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Sources
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