The conservation of peatlands · 2014. 5. 21. · The conservation of peatlands a win-win...
Transcript of The conservation of peatlands · 2014. 5. 21. · The conservation of peatlands a win-win...
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The conservation of peatlandsa win-win opportunity for fighting climatechange, protecting water and maintaining
biodiversity
Dr. Matthias Drösler
Technische Universität MünchenFreising – Germany
[email protected]+49 8161 713715
Brussels23.09.2010
Drösler - TUM
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structure
Drösler - TUM
1. Introduction: peatlands and climate2. Assessment of GHG-exchange of European peatlands3. In-depth study: GHG-exchange of German peatlands4. Synergies with other conservation goals: water and
biodiversity5. Conclusions and outlook
outline
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wetland
fen(minero-trophic)
bog(ombro-trophic)
usednaturalused
mire
marshnon-peatformingmostly salt-water
influencedswamp
non-peatformingfresh-water
…..
peatland
Peatland definition
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up to 550 PgC in peatlands (Parish et al. 2008)
ca. 30 % soil organic carbonca. 3 % land surface
(Lappalainen 1996)
Drösler - TUM
Peatland distribution worldwide
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• Carbon in ecosystems
• Peatlandimportance
(Parish et al. 2008)
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Peatlanddistribution in Europe
Montanarella et al. (2006)
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Small scale variability of peat-depth
Drösler - TUM
for the to day climate-effect of peatlands the C-pool is less importantthan the exchange of climatic relevant trace gases
pool dimension vs. pool change rate makes stock change monitoring uncertain
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CO2-uptakeGPP
CH4- N2O-emission
CO2-balanceNEE
CO2-emissionRespiration
Drösler - TUM
GHG-exchange in peatlands
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Aerobic
Anaerobic
Production
Water table
Capillaryfringe
ConsumptionSoil surface
CO2N2OCH4
Relative gas fluxes – different scales per gas!
Soil profile
Processes of GHG-exchange in peatlands
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Greenhouse gases in peatlandsCO2N2OCH4
Relative gas fluxes – different scales per gas!
Water table
Drainedpeatland
SourceSink
Water table
Naturalpeatland
Processes of GHG-exchange in peatlands
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measurement techniques for GHGmeasurement techniques for GHG--exchange exchange of of COCO22, CH, CH44 and Nand N22OO
Eddy-Covariance automatic chambers manual chambers1 ha continuously 1 m2 continuously 1 m2 episodic
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Net Ecosystem Exchange CO2-C (NEE)
CH4-C balanceC- exportC- import
Carbon-balance
CH4-C balance x GWPN2O-N balance x GWP
Climaticrelevance
GWP: CO2=1, CH4=21, N2O=310
plus plus
Nature conservation
Climate protectio
n
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outline
Drösler - TUM
1. Introduction: peatlands and climate2. Assessment of GHG-exchange of European peatlands3. In-depth study: GHG-exchange of German peatlands4. Synergies with other conservation goals: water and
biodiversity5. Conclusions and outlook
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Peatland use
EU-27 Peatland Area
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Bogs Fens
Area
[M h
a]
DegradedCropGrassForestMire
Adapted from Joosten & Clarke 2002
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Median EFs for temperate peatlands
-10-505
1015202530354045
MireDrai
ned f
orest
Grassla
ndCrop
land
Degrad
edRes
tored
bog
Restor
ed fe
nt C
O2-
equi
v. h
a-1 a
-1
CO2 CH4 N2O
Freibauer, Drösler et al. in prep.
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European peatlands: GHG budget
GHG Budget
-10000
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Mire Forest Grass Crop Degraded
Gg
C-e
quiv
alen
ts a
-1
Fen BogSource
Sink
Net source: 31,800 Gg C-equ. a-1
Freibauer, Drösler et al. in prep.
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N2O
MireForestGrassCropDegraded
CH4
MireForestGrassCropDegraded
C uptake
NEP
MireForestGrassCropDegraded
C uptake
GHG emissions from peatlands in EU-27
C-equivalents
MireForestGrassCropDegraded
C uptake
Area
MireForestGrassCropDegraded
84 TgCO2-eq a-1
11.3 TgCO2-eq a-1
21.5 TgCO2-eq a-1
117 TgCO2-eq a-1
Freibauer, Drösler et al. in prep.
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-1000
100200300400500600700800900
Finlan
dSwed
enNorw
ayBela
rus
United
King
dom
German
yPola
ndIre
land
Estonia
1000
km
2
UnknownPeat cut CroplandGrasslandForestryMires
GHG emissionsfrom peatlands
by country
(emission factors:Drösler et al. 2008)
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Finlan
dSwed
enNorw
ayBela
rus
United
King
dom
German
yPola
ndIre
land
Estonia
GH
G b
alan
ce [G
g C
O 2-e
qu]
UnknownPeat cut CroplandGrasslandForestryMires
Freibauer, Drösler et al. in prep.
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outline
Drösler - TUM
1. Introduction: peatlands and climate2. Assessment of GHG-exchange of European peatlands3. In-depth study: GHG-exchange of German peatlands4. Synergies with other conservation goals: water and
biodiversity5. Conclusions and outlook
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peatland synthesis: detailed objectives
1
3
24
5
9
7
6
8
10
11
German input: Nationally funded sites
Blue sites BMBF-project2006-2010
Blue and purple sites vTI-project2009-2012
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Research partners – BMBF project
Vegetationsökologie
TUM-VÖK Matthias Drösler, Wolfram Adelmann, Lindsey Bergmann, Christoph Förster,Julia Hermann
IÖW Ulrich Petschow, Alexandra Dehnhardt, Stefan Görlitz, Philipp Schägner
LBEG Heinrich Höper, Colja Beyer, Horst Liebersbach
MPI-BGC Annette Freibauer, Catharina DonMaria-Hahn Schöfl, Angelika Thuille
TUM-WDL Jochen Kantelhardt, Lena Schaller, Rico Hübner
ZALF-BLF Michael Sommer, Marc Wehrhahn, Franz Zinnecker
ZALF-LSD Jürgen Augustin, Madlen Pohl, Elisabeth Boraz, Michael Giebels, Merten Minke, Maarten Schmid,
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peatland study: representative selection of sites
Climatic water balance
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GHG-balance - German bogs
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Acker
Grünlan
d inte
nsiv
/ mitte
l
Grünlan
d exte
nsiv
trock
en
Grünlan
d exte
nsiv
nass
Hochm
oor tr
ocke
n
Naturna
h/Ren
aturie
rtÜbe
rstau
t CO
2-Ä
qu. h
a-1 a
-1Alle TGs Hochmoor
Fehlerbalken: Minimum - Maximum der Messungen
All sites Peat bogs
Farm
land
Gra
ssla
nd in
tens
ive
Gra
ssla
nd
exte
nsiv
e dr
y
Gra
ssla
nd
exte
nsiv
e w
et
Hea
th
Nat
ural
/ res
tore
d
Floo
ded
Drösler et al. in prep.
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-75 -50 -25 0 25 50WT-mean total [cm]
-250
0
250
500
750
1000G
WP
-bal
ance
GH
Gs
[g C
O2-
C-e
qu. m
-2
-
2
GH
G-b
alan
ce[g
CO
2-C
Äqu
iv. m
-2a-
1] r2=0.6
p=<0.01
Mean WT: dominating but not single explainingfactor
GHG-balance vs. WT - German bogs
FarmlandGL int. /meanGL ext. dryGL ext. wetheath/unused dryrestored / naturalflooded
Drösler et al. in prep.
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-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Acker
Grünlan
d inte
nsiv
/ mitte
l
Grünlan
d exte
nsiv
trock
en
Grünlan
d exte
nsiv
nass
Hochm
oor tr
ocke
n
Naturna
h/Ren
aturie
rtÜbe
rstau
t CO
2-Ä
qu. h
a-1 a
-1
Alle TGs NiedermoorFehlerbalken: Minimum - Maximum der Messungen
GHG-balance - German fens
Farm
land
Gra
ssla
nd in
tens
ive
Gra
ssla
nd
exte
nsiv
e dr
y
Gra
ssla
nd
exte
nsiv
e w
et
Hea
th
Nat
ural
/ res
tore
d
Floo
ded
All sites
fens
Drösler et al. in prep.
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-100
1020304050607080
Acker
Grünland intensiv
/ mitte
l
Grünland exte
nsiv tro
cken
Grünland exte
nsiv nass
Hochmoor
trock
enNatu
rnah/Renaturie
rt
Überst
au
t CO
2-Ä
qu. h
a-1 a
-1
THGs CH4 N2OFehlerbalken: Minimum - Maximum der Messungen
GHG-balances - German fens
Farm
land
Gra
ssla
nd in
tens
ive
Gra
ssla
nd
exte
nsiv
e dr
y
Gra
ssla
nd
exte
nsiv
e w
et
Hea
th
Nat
ural
/ res
tore
d
Floo
ded
Drösler et al. in prep.
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-150 -100 -50 0 50WT-mean total [cm]
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000G
WP
-bal
ance
GH
Gs
[g C
O2-
C-e
qu. m
-2
Wasserstand –Jahresmittel [cm]
r2=0.52p=<0.01
GH
G-b
alan
ce[g
CO
2-C
Äqu
iv. m
-2a-
1]
Mean WT: dominating but not single explainingfactor
GHG-balance vs. WT - German fens
FarmlandGL int. /meanGL ext. dryGL ext. wetheath/unused dryrestored / naturalflooded
Drösler et al. in prep.
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02.5
57.5
10
C-export:t_C ha-1a-1
-150-100-500
WT-mean total [cm]
-10
-100
010
1020
2030
3040
4050
5060
60E
F-G
WP
:t_C
O2-
aequ
iv h
a-1a
-1
EF-
GW
P:t_
CO
2-ae
quiv
ha-
1a-1
GHG vs. WT vs. land use intensitybogs and fens
C-Exp
ort [t
C ha-1 a-
1 ]
r2=0.72p=<0.01
Clim
ate
prot
ectio
n
Rising water tablerestorationLand use change
Extensificatio
n
Drösler et al. in prep.
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extensivication land usechange
farmlandintensive grasslandextensive
Management level
restoration
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GWP-balance [g CO2-C-equ. m-2 a-1]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
11 9 2 8 1 (07) 7 4 5 3 6 1 (08) 13_1 13_2
Freisinger Moos 2007*
Extensification ca. 15 t CO2 equiv./ha*a
Restorationca. 30 t CO2equiv./ha*a
Farmland to Grassland10 t CO2 equiv./ha*a
1. extensive grasing*2. inten. meadow3. ext. meadow4. ext. meaow with sedges5. tall sedges6. former extensive meadow
7 former extensive meadow8 inten. meadow9 inten. meadow11 farmland13.1 small sedges (restored) MW 22 cm13.2 small sedges (restored) MW 14 cm
GHG-reduction potential –fen area example FS-Moos
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C-pool in German peatlands 1200 – 2400 Mio t
Emissions from German peatlands up to 45 Mio t CO2 equiv/a (NIR2010)
peatlands are among the biggest single sources4.5 % of the overall climate impact of Germany
30 % ot the emissions of the whole farming sectorfrom peatland agriculture unless just 8 % of farmland on organic soils
big emission-reduction potentials at small land proportion
GHG-Balances German peatlands
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Drösler - TUM
1. Introduction: peatlands and climate2. Assessment of GHG-exchange of European peatlands3. In-depth study: GHG-exchange of German peatlands4. Synergies with other conservation goals: water and
biodiversity5. Conclusions and outlook
outline
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(Colias palaeno)
species conservation vs. climate protecion?
-75 -50 -25 0 25 50WT-mean total [cm]
-250
0
250
500
750
1000
GW
P-b
alan
ce G
HG
s [g
CO
2-C
-equ
. m-2
2
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habitat
methane-source
species conservation vs. climate protecion?
-75 -50 -25 0 25 50WT-mean total [cm]
-250
0
250
500
750
1000
GW
P-b
alan
ce G
HG
s [g
CO
2-C
-equ
. m-2
2
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monitoring: bog vegetation as indicator for restoration succes
restored
drained
1996 1999 2003
1996 1999 2003
Vegetation dynamic after restoration
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Mooswachstumsmessflächen und Messmethode
Peat moss development after restoration
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Peat moss growth rates
peat moss growth 2004-2008 : site1r^2=0.9426922; a=-2.91363051; b=0.009204884
250 750 1250 1750julian day continous
-5
0
5
10
15
heig
ht re
lativ
e to
sta
rt [c
m]
peat moss growth 2004-2008 : site 2y=a+bx^2; r^2=0.96003833, a=-0.23329591, b= 3.39448e-06
250 750 1250 1750julian day continuous
-5
0
5
10
15
heig
ht re
lativ
e to
sta
rt [c
m]
growth rate3.4 cm/year
growth rate2.7 cm/year
-75 -50 -25 0 25 50WT-mean total [cm]
-250
0
250
500
750
1000
GW
P-b
alan
ce G
HG
s [g
CO
2-C
-equ
. m-2
2
Peat moss development after restoration
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Drösler in prep.
Rank 3 Eqn 1 y=a+bxr^2=0.64809873 DF Adj r^2=0.57771848 FitStdErr=1.4280136 Fstat=20.258768
a=9.4472667 b=-0.013894889
0 100 200 300 400 500GWP-Balance [g C-eq. m-2 a-1]
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5S
peci
es n
umbe
r
plant biodiversity vs. GHG-balance
bog-vegetationr2=0.65p<0.05
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Drösler in prep.
Rank 3 Eqn 1 y=a+bxr^2=0.64809873 DF Adj r^2=0.57771848 FitStdErr=1.4280136 Fstat=20.258768
a=9.4472667 b=-0.013894889
0 100 200 300 400 500GWP-Balance [g C-eq. m-2 a-1]
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5S
peci
es n
umbe
r r2=0.65p<0.05
plant biodiversity vs. GHG-balance
bog-vegetationfen-vegetationr2=0.69p<0.05
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-50-40-30-20
-100
10
-50-40-30-20-10
010
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
-50-40-30-20-10
010
degraded: former peat cut area
restored Sphagnum-lawn
natural hummock-hollow complex
Water table dynamics at bog sites
Drösler 2005
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-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225
DOY
Tair
[°C
], R
ain
[mm
], W
T [c
m],
TA200_maxRAIN_mmWT_13.1WT_13.2
RECO_TG5 _ site 13.1_2007
05
101520253035
1 907 1813 2719 3625 4531 5437 6343 7249 8155 9061 9967
Year 2007 (0.5h steps)
CO
2-C
µm
ol m
-2 s
-1
Adaptation to climate variablity
Freisinger Moos
droughtApril 2007
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outline
Drösler - TUM
1. Introduction: peatlands and climate2. Assessment of GHG-exchange of European peatlands3. In-depth study: GHG-exchange of German peatlands4. Synergies with other conservation goals: water and
biodiversity5. Conclusions and outlook
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PeatlandPeatlandconservationconservation
restorationrestoration
Biodiversity
ClimateprotectionWater regulation
Synergies between BiodiversityBiodiversity--,WaterWater-- and ClimateClimate protectionprotection
Development of sitesite--specificspecificPeatlandPeatland managementmanagement strategiesstrategies(land-use, land-tenure, hydrological setting,costs and goals)
ChallengesChallenges and and potentialspotentials
ApplicationApplication of of newnew peatlandpeatland managementmanagement strategiesstrategies(stakeholder participation, permanence, commitment, costs)
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0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Fläche [ha]
Geb
iets
emis
sion
en [t
CO2 /
Jahr
]
Farmland to grassland
Extensification of grassland Water rising
Agricultural use of wetmeadows
optimalrestoration
Water risingNature conservation
Reduction of area emissions FS-Moos
reduction: 12.000 t CO2-equiv a-1
CO2-abatement costs: 9 – 64 Euro /t CO2
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Wiss. Beirat Agrarpolitik beim BMELV, 2007
Climate mitigation via peatland conservation
Mitigation potential via peatland restoration
Estimated emission reductionsCa. 30 t CO2 equiv. / ha a in fensCa. 15 t CO2 equiv. / ha a in bogs
Abatement costs
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PeatlandPeatlandconservationconservation
restorationrestoration
Biodiversity
ClimateprotectionWater regulation
Integration of Integration of ecologicalecological servicesservices ((climateclimate, , biodiversitybiodiversity, , waterwater) ) in in agriculturalagricultural fundingfunding schemesschemes withinwithin CAP CAP paypay land land usersusers on on organicorganic soilssoils forfor producingproducing ecologicalecological servicesservices
ButBut: : MonitoringMonitoring & & modellingmodelling of of thethe effectseffects neededneeded! !
conclusionsconclusions
Synergies between BiodiversityBiodiversity--,WaterWater-- and ClimateClimate protectionprotection
Development of sitesite--specificspecificPeatlandPeatland managementmanagement strategiesstrategies(land-use, land-tenure, hydrological setting,costs and goals)
ApplicationApplication of of newnew peatlandpeatland managementmanagement strategiesstrategies(stakeholder participation, permanence, commitment, costs)
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EU-FP7 Project (2010-2013)GHG-Europe (coord. vTI)
Greenhouse gas management in European land use systems
activity 2.1: peatland synthesis (TUM-VÖK)
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Annette Freibauer vTI-AK Seminar 27.04
Thanks for your attention
Thanks to all contributers in the running GHG-exchange projects
Thanks to the funding institutions: EU, BMBF, vTI, LfU, BStMWK, BFN