-,------:/- --., LIBERTYPUBLICATIONS MEVIA,PA. pub-U6heJL660Jtthe.C.itrtland (Ene.1)Info)(RM2- Richmond (Ene.2)(Info)(RtvI), 2- St.LoUis(Ene.;!)(lUu'144n) (Info)(RM),1 SanOIego (Ene.1)(105-4646)(Info)(RM) 1 SanFranCisco(Ene.1)(100-7514) (RM)2- Seattle (Ene.2)(100-26008)(Info)(R) 1 Springfield(Ene.1)(100-9996)(Info)RM) 1 WashingtonField(Ene.1)(100184)(Info)(RM)11- Philadelphia 11- 100-9882)(WI LPF) 1.100-457731(KAY CAMP)1- 100-dead)FLORENCE CONARD) 1- 1052796)!GERDAHARGRAVE)1- 105-1964)CARMELITA HINTON) 1- 100-40646) (DOROTHY HUTCHINSON) 1100- )(ETHEL JENSEN) 1- 100-46230)(MARTIN LUTHERKING, JR.) 1- 100-19665)(REBALINCOLN) 1- 100- )(I::LlZABETH POLSTER) 1 100-dead)(ELIZABETH TOLLES) Aswarthmoreprofessormightbevisited byfriendsofaBostonpoliticalbankrobber_Collegeswitchboard,campuspolice, andpostman are queried. TO: SAC(91-7264)P. FROM: SATHOMASF.LEWIS DATE: 11/13/70 SUBJECT:GILROB ReBStel11/11/70 Referencedcommunication set forthinformation fromaBostonintormant whofurnishedinformation tothe effectthat MR,andMRS.DANIELBENNETI, 16 SouthPrincetonAve.,Swarthmore,Pa.mighthave some contact withthe subjects. On11/12/70 MR.HENRYPElRSOL,Security Officer,Swarthmore College,Swarthmore,Pa.advised thatDANIELBENNETI isa Professor of Philosophy, at that schoolandincharge of thePhilosophy ment.Hehasbeenthere about three yearshavingpreviouslytaught atUniversityof Mass.MRS.BENNETT isnot employed andthere aretwo smallchildrenin the familyagesabout 8 to12years. TheBENNETIsresideina semi-detachedhouse locatednearPEl RSOL'sresidencealthoughhe does not have any socialcontact with them.PEIRSOLhas notedthat there, doesnotappear to beanyone other than theBENNETTsresiding at theirhomebut that numerouscollege studentsvisitthere frequently. BENNETT drives a twoblue;VWstation wagon, bearingPenna.license 5V0245.There areno other cars 'inthe familyandnoother carsnormallyparked intheir driveway.' PEIRSOLwasfurnishedwiththe wantedflyerson the subjects andhestatedhewouldremainalertinhis neighborhoodfortheirpossible appearance.Alsohe willalerthissources at thecollege foranyinformation about the subjectsparticularlyanyinformationthat subjectsmightbeincontact withtheBENN ETTS. On11/12/70 MRS.JUDYG.FE/Y,Chief Switchboardoperator, Swarthmore Glllege,Swarthmore,Pa. (concealidentity due topositionat school)advised shehas only limitedcontact withBENNETT who she isawareisinthePhilosophyDepartment there. She statedthatBENNETTbeenthe subject of criticismbythe schooladministration sincehehastaken onhimself without clearing with others theresponsibility of invitingcontroversial speakers tothe school. Inearly October 1970,BENNETTinvitedREGGI E , SCHELL of theBPPtotalkoncampus andhe didnot clear this invitationwiththe schoolad ministration beforehand.Asa result the administration felttheyreceivedundue adversepublicity over SCHELL's appear, ance. BENNET alsohasconductedPhilosophy discussion groups onthe topics of politicalandsocialPhilosophy whicharesupposedly opentothepl,lblicandthis actionhasnot beenapprovedbythe schoolad ministrationalthoughitisregardedasactiononhispart over andbeyondhisauthority inaltering the coursecurriculum. _ MRS.FEIY statedBENNETT isgenerally regarded asa "radical" forthisandsi miliartype action. MRS.FEIYwasshownthe wanted flyersonthe subjects and she stated sheiscertainshe hasnot seen them aroundthat school.She willremainalert forany informationconcerning them. MRS.FEI Y willalsoconfidentially furnishpertinent -informationregarding anylong distancetelephone calls made orreceivedbyBENNETT.She checkedher slips forlong dIstancecallsmadefromthe college forthe past monthandnotedthat none werelisted asbeing madebyBENNETT. CHIEFWILLIAMWEIDNER,Swarthmore P.D., , , wascontactedinthismatter andshownwantedflyers 'on the subjects.Hestatedthat these didnot lookfamiliarandhedoesnot recallhaving seenthem at or aroundtheBENNETTresidence.Henotedthat the BENNETT'slive2houses away fromhimandthat his house 'issituated suchthathecanobserve theBENNETT residence from the front of hishouse. ,Hesaid heiscertainthat no one other than theBENNETTs reside at thisresidence althougha number of SwarthmoreGlllege students visitthere frequently. Herecalled that during thepast summer theBENNETTshelda "rock festival"intheir backyardattendedbymore than 50 'college ageyoungsters.The Chief wasrequired to breakthisup when ' it got tooloudbut thisisthe only occasionhehashadto contact theBENNETTsin police. , ,The Chief notedthat the garageto the rear of the BENNETT residence hasbeen convertedinto aprint ingshop andit housesenough equipment topublish a newspaper.Hedoesnotknowthat anewspaper is' publishedthere but heiskeeping a closeeye onthe garage to ascertainwhat activitytakesplacethere.He, saida leaflet wasprintedthere severalmonths agoand that thisleafletcalledforsupport fortheBlackPanthers scheduled fortrialinPhila.in October1970. The Chief iscertainthatnoonelivesinthe garage buthehas seen"hippie types" freQuent the garage. He willre'mainespecially alert forthe appearance of the subjects andhewillcontacthissources andalert them concerning the subjects. 0111/12/70 MR.CHARLESGRIER,Fbstmaster, U.S.FbstOffice,Swarthmore,Pa.wascontactedinthis matter.Hewas furnishedcopies of wantedflyers on the subjects and requestedtoCQntacthiscarriers to alert them astothe appearance of the subjects in Swarthmore.MR.GRIER also statedthat contact with the cafrier whohandles theBENNETTresidence on SouthItincetonAve.revealsthat hehasno recollectionof mailcoming tothat residence addressed to other thantheBENNETTs.Alsothiscarrieriscertain that noone other thantheBENNETTsreside there. MR.GRIER statedhewouldremainalert asto any , mailto or fromtheBENNETTresidencewhichmight be significantinthiscase. TFL/ffl (2) Aninformer reports on ameeting of the PhiladelphiaLAborTO: SAC(10046556) FROM: SAJOHNT.BLAIR DATE: 9/24/70 SUBJECT:PHILADELPHIALABORCOMMITTEE .IS- SDS 01 9/1 /70,PH948-Sadvisedthat onFridayevening,8/28/70,hehadvisitedthe residenceof JOSEPH BERNHEIM,[addressdeleted].Headdedthat ANITAGRETZ,member of thePhiladelphiaLabor' Glmmittee,hadadvisedhimthat a meeting of thelabor Glmmittee wastobeheldthat evening at [addressdeletedJ.Uponarriving,informant discoveredthat themeeting wastobeheldon9/1; however, he wasinvitedto sit andtalkawhile withthosepresent.Itesent wasone(FNU)BENNETT andUVA HENKEandwifeandalsoDANWASSERMAN.BENNETT,likeHEN KE,isreportedlyaninstructor or professorat Swarthmore Glllege andWASSERMANissupposedto bea student at Swarthmore.Allindividuals were sitting arounddiscussing the comingBlackPanther Party Glnference andsmokingmarijuana. A meeting of the Women'sLiberationgroup wasbeing heldinanother room andthere appearedtobeapproximately eight femalesparticipating inthismeeting includingREBECCABERNHEIM,whokept going in andout of the meeting to attendher smallchildwho wasinthe kitchen.A number of other ratherhi ppietypeindividuals were observedcoming andgoing fromthe upper floorsandit wouldappear that the three-storyhouseisbeing operated asa commune. FromstatementsmadebyBERNHEIM,HENKE, BENNETT,etc.,it wouldappear that they consider, themselves "intellectualrevolutionaries,"but arenot organizationaltypes andnotpersonallyactivists. ACTION:OpenandAssignNew100 caseonthe BERNHEIMGlmmune, -g-Phlladelphla 1-100-46556 1-100-51492 UJOSEPHBERNHEIM)1-100-51883FNU BENNETT)1-100- (ERNHEIM COMMUNE,1008 S.49th St.). 1-100-51271lUVA HENKE)1-10051892DAN WASSERMAN)\ 1-100-51132WOMEN'SiLEB 1100Dead (B1-134-1707 SObA(PH948-S) JTB:btp (9) 110051132 (WOMEN'SLIBERATION)1-100-DeadBERNHEIM) 105 - ESPIONAGE THESEARETHET.HORNIESTDOCUMENTSTOGETTHROUGH,AND NONEOFTHECASESSEEMTOBE EARTHSHAKING.THEYDOSUGGESTTHEPARANOIDWORLDVIEW OFTHEBUREAU,ANDTHEFUTILE TASKSTOWHICHTHEIRVIEW LEADSTHEM_THESEAREALSO THEMOSTBIZARREOFTHECASES INTHEMEDIAFILE. TheHargravesinviteaCzechfolklore . - scholartotheUS.TheFBIbeginsa checkbycheckingitsmasterfile.It findstheyarestaunchmembersofthe Friends,attendedsomemeetingsduring theSpanishGvi\War,andoncewroteto theYugoslavTouristofficeinNYC, wheretheletter'washandled.byaman lateridentifiedbyadefectorasaninteloperative. MARCH10,1966 KARELVETTERL OnFebruary15,1966, theUnitedStatesDepart ment of State advisedthatKARELVETTERL,Cbilir man,Institute of Ethnography andFolklore,Czecho slovakianAcademy of Sciences,Brno,Czechoslovakia, hadbeeninvitedbyMr.andMrs.WILLIAMA. ,G RA VE,Landsdowne,Pennsylvania, tovisitthem andtolecture at variousinstitutionsin theUnitedStatesinaccordancewith aprogram arrangedbythe HARGRAVEs.VETIERL expectedto depart fromPrague,Czechoslovakia,onApril4,1966. OnSeptember 24 and25,1961,PHT-l, whohas furnishedreliable informationinthe past,ad- , visedthat theFairPlayFor CubaCommittee' Headquarters,Room329,799Broadway,New York" NewYork,maintainednumerousnames andaddresses on addressographplates.Amongthose names andaddresseswasthat of WILLiAMA.HAR RA VE,Landsdowne,Pennsylvania. .A characterizationof theFairPlayForCubaCom mitteeiscontainedintheAppendixof thismemorandum..CONFIDENTIAL GROUP1 Excludedfromautomatic downgrading and declassification PH105-12749 Report of SAJACKR.SMALLDONdated 9/10/57 atPhiladelphiacaptioned,"WilLIAMARTHURHAR- ' GRAVE- CSC,AEAA," andreport of SA THOMAS F.I;EWISdated1/1 0/57 atPhiladelphiacaptioned, "MRS.WilLIAMA.HARGRAVE,aka GerdaGisela Geiringer,IS"':'YS."TheHARGRAVEswhoaresubjects of above reports arehusbandanawifeandresidedat18 NyackAvenue,Lansdowne,Pa. Results of AEAAinvestigationindicatedWilLIAM A.HARGRAVEandwifewere staunchmembers of theReligious Society of Friends and,inkeeping with Ipolicies of the Society,areagainstwar. References andneighborscommentedfavorablyonHAF-GRAVE andconsideredhim andhiswifeloyalAmericans. HARGRAVE wasthenemployedasanEngineerby RCA at Camden,N.J.Ina statement attachedtohis PSQ,heindicatedhehadneverbeenamember of any organizationcitedunderExecutive Order10450,nor hadhe anyintentions of joining;however,during the SpanishGvilWar,heattendedmanypublicmeetings whichhebelievedwere sponsoredby groups whichare citedandconsequentlyhisnamehasapparently been listedonthemailinglistsof severalof these organizations. Thereport onMrs.HARGRAVEindicates SCEPAN MATI jASEVIC,Director YugoslavState Tourist Office, 509MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY.Receivedcorrespondence fromMrs.WilLIAMA.HARGRAVE,18 NyackAvenue,Philadelphia,Pa.,on10/11/56. {name illegible]a self-co(lfessedformerYugoslav Intelligence ServiceAgent,who defected on6/23/56, advisedSA {name illegible]RioDejaneiro,(protect identity)in3/57that STjEPANMATljASEVIC,Director of theYugoslav State Tourist OfficeinNewYork Gty,wasthen(3/57)aof the Yugoslav IntelligenceService. Philadelphia filesreflectthat the 5/47issue of the magazine"Survey Graphic"containedanarticle by DOROTHYCANFI ElDFISHERentitled,"The WideningCampfireGrcle." Thisarticle statedthat "The ShawneeleadershipInstitute onWorldProblems" was organizedin1935byReverendCARLVOSS,Pastor' of the TutlandandWoodstock,Vermont,Universalist Churches.Fromthento1945, theAmericanFriends Service Committee (AFSC)wasthe activesponsor of the originalinstitute,whichthenmetat (pagemissing! JonathanShorevisitsEastGermany.The Bureauinvestigates.Hismailisopenedby theU.S.ArmyOperationsandResearch DetachmentinBonn,andforwardedto. theFBI.WhentheFBIlearnsJonatha Iis only14,itreconsidersitsinvestigation. TO:DI RliCTOR,FBI(105-205033) FROM:SAC,PHilADELPHIA(105-17903) DATE:11/30/70 SUBJECT:NORMANJONSHORE,aka jacobusjohannesAvramNormanShore (TN)IS- EG (OO:PH) RelettersfromlegalAttache,BonnGermany,to Bureau,dated4/6/70,6/5/70,7/14/70,8/14/70 and10/12/70. EnclosedherewithTorBureauarefivecopiesof anlHMrelativetocaptionedPH-T-lisU.S.ArmyOperationsandResearch Detachment(O&RD),Frankfurt/Main,FederalRepub-J tj I::' lic.of Germany,asextractedfromcorifidentialcom. municatiqns'InterceptService(CIS)andreceivedby LegalAttache,9lnn.. PHT-2isNATHADYWONIK,PassengerService Representative,KLMRoyalDutchAirlines,J FKInternationalAirport,NewYork,N.Y. Twocopiesof. LHMarebeingsenttoDenverOf ficefor,investigativeassistance. EnclosedLHMiscaptionedSECRET-NOFOREIGNDISSEMINATIONinordertoprotectsensitivesourcewhoisfurnishinginformationofcurrent valueasindicatedinreferencedletters. Philadelphiaindicesindicateacaseentitled"HERBERTLANSINGSHORE;SM-C"00Denver,BU file100-391691,Denverfile100-9024,andPHfile 100-38072,whomightbeidenticalwithfatherof captioned subject.Deriverletter [pagemissing] 2 Bureau(105-205033)(Ene.5)(RM) 2- Denver(Ene:2)(100-9024)(RMI 3- Philadelphia2- 105-17903 1- 100-38072 JLD:mmm (7) -Philadelphia,Pennsylvania November,30,1970 NORMANJOHNSHORE PHT-1,anothergovernment con ductsintelligenceinvestigations,advisedduring Marchof1970thatcaptionedsubject,wholisted hisresidenceas97PalmerMillRoad,Media,Pa., wasduringthatsamemonthincontactwithan individualbythenameofrvt.JOACHIMKIESS LI NGattheInternationalDivisionofthe," Free GermanYouth"(youth organizationof theEast GermanCommunistPartyjinEastBerlin,Germany. SubjectrelatedtoKIESSLINGthathewas.pleased t6learnKI ESSLI NGhadhadanopportunityto meethisfatherwhensUbiect'sfathervisitedthe G.D.R.(GermanDemocraticRepublic).Subjectin formedhimhewaspleasedtobeinvitedagainto thecamp.Subjectsaidhehadlearnedagreatdeal aboutsocialismwhenhehadpreviouslyattended thecampandafterhisnextexperienceatthe camp,hewouldbeabletoreturntoUnited Stateswith ' ideasandtoinformthechildrenabout thecamp. SourcesaidduringMayof1970thatsubject, duringthatsamemonth,wasincontact withan individualbythenameofrvt.WERNERENGST atthe"FreeGermanYouth".Subjectinformed ENGSTthatheacceptedtheinvitationtoattend thecampandindicatedthatatthenextcamphe wouldgraspthepointshecouldnotholdonhis priorvisit.,. SourceadvisedduringMayof1970thatsubject, duringthatsamemonth,wasincontactWithone J.KIESSINGERatthe"FreeGermanYouth" whomhethankedforhisassistanceinhelpingthe subjecttogetintothecamp. SourceadvisedduringJuneof1970thatduring thesamemonthanindividualbythenameof MEGCHELINASHOREof97PalmerMillRoad, Media,Pa.,wasincontactwiththeabove-mentioned KIESSINGERatthe"FreeGermanYouth"totell himthatsubjectwouldbearrivingonflightL0256 .onjuly16,1970.leavingAmsterdam;Holland.and sUDsequentlyleavingBerlin,Germany,onAugust20, 19JO,onRight255.Shetoldhimthatsubject was .issuedpassportnumberZ586415datedJune 22,1966,whichwasrenewedatDar-es-Salaam, TanzaniaEastAfrica,andwouldbevalidforfive years, onJune22.1971.Sheadlisedhim thatsubjectwasbornApril1,1956,int'hiladelphia,Pa.,andhisfullnameasindicatedonthe passportisJACOBUSJOHANNESAVRAMNORMANSHORE.Shesaidheisfivefeetfourinches tall,hasbrownhairandblueeyes.[wordillegible] thankedhimforinvitingsubjecttothecampand toldhimsubjectwaspoliticallymuchmoreunderstandingoftheproblemsfacingallofthepeople throughouttheworld.. SourceadvisedduringJuly1970thatanindividual" bythenameofH.L.SHOREof9.1Palr:ner, MillRoad,Media,Pa.,whopresumablyISsubject s father,contactedsubjectduringJuly1970atthe InternationalPioneerRepub lic. "Wilhelm[illegible]", EberswaldenearAltenhof,EastGermany,totell subjectofthephysicalandemotionalwell-beingof "Mom"whopresumablyisthesubject'smother. H.L.SHOREmentionedtothesubjectthewarof liberationinMozambiqueandthateveryoneis proudofthematerialonMozambiquethatsubject tookalongandoftheusehewillmakeofit. SourceadvisedduringSeptember1970thatsubject,duringthatsamemonth,wasincontact 'with bothKIESSLINGandENGST,mentionedabove, attheFDJZeutralratinEastBerlin.Subjectthanked themforbeingabletoattendthecampinEast Germanyandsaidhehopedtoreturntostudyat thecamp.InhiscontactwithKI ESSLI NG,subj.ect saidthatthepioneerleaderswereagreathelpIn thelearningprocessinthecampandthathewill trytopromotethe[pagemissing] .SECRET-NOFOREIGNDISSEMINATION GROUPI Excludedfromautomaticdowngrading anddeclassification SAC,(100-38072)(P)1/29/71 SACHARLESSILVERTHORN HERBERTLANSINGSHORE SMC RePhiladelphialetter andLHMentitled,"NORMANJONSHORE,IS-EG.". Recommunications requestedPhiladelphiato contact establishedsources at theUniversityof Pennsylvanisto determineifHERBERTLANSINGSHORE isidenticalwiththe fatherof NORMANJONSHORE. TheBureausubsequently advisedunderthe caption"NORMANJONSHORE"that the case onNORMANJONSHORE(105-17903)shouldbeclosedinasmuchastheindividualisonly14 yearsold.Alsothe . investigationonHERBERTLANSINGSHORE should becarriedout underhiscaption. cords,Universityof Pennsylvania,advisedthat there isanextensive fileonHERBERTLANSINGSHORE inasmuchasheisnowDirector of Performing Arts,Annenberg Schoolof Communications,Universityof Pennsylvania.Recordsindicatehe doeshavea son, NORMANJONSHORE,born4/1/56. Inasmuchassubject isidenticalwiththe fatherof NORMANJONSHORE,hisentirerecordwillbereviewedat theUniversityof Penn.sylvaniaandreported. LEADS ATPHILADELPHIA,pA.: Willreviewthepersonnelfileof HERBERTLANSINGSHORE,report same,andrecommendappropriate action..

. - RE:CRUiTING 'A COUNTERSPY M-.FarragutoncelivedinCuba.TheBureauisintouchwithhiminthehopes thatnewillvolunteertoworkforthe CubanMission(UN)asaspy,butreally bespyingonthemfortheBureau.The BureauhastocheckwiththeCIAto gaugethepossibilitythathemightturn out tobe atriple AI.RTEL:2/16/70 TO:DI RECTOR,FBI(105-148456) FROM: SAC,WFO(105-91485)(p) CASTOMARIAFERRAGUTLLON,aka IS- CUBA (oo:WFO) ReBulet,12/5/69., EnclosedherewithfortheBureauare fivecopies, forAlexandria andNewO"leanstwocopies andfor, NewYorkoneinformation copy of anLHMdated and captionedasabove,setting torthresultsof interview of the subject on2/10/70 bySA's THOMASj . O'MALLEYandGERARD C.CARROLL. EnclosedLHMisclassi.fied"Secret"inasmuchas information containedtherein,whichwasfurnished byCIAbyreport dated 9/7/55, wassoclassified. Inthe event of downgrading,this document should retainthe classrficationof atleast "Confidential"in ordernot torevealtheBureau'sinvestigativeinterest in anemployee of aninternational 'organization. WFT-1isLt.JOSECASTANO,Servicio deInteligencia'Militar,contactedbySAARMANDA.CAMMAROTA at Havana,Cuba.Atthe timeof contact, CASTANO statedthat theinvestigationwithreference toFERRAGUThadbeenrequestedof himbya very highofficialof the CubanGovernment.Heurgedthat theinformationhefurnishedbeverydiscreetlyused andthat everyprecautionbetakenin ,hiding the identityof the source.The, information furnishedbyCASTANOwasoriginallyreportedinreport of SA CAMMAROTAatHavanadated10/12/55, entitled"FELIPEDEPAZOSY ROQUE,aka; CASTOFERRAGUTyLEON,aka,IS- CU,"Bufile105-39716 and WFOfile105-1283l. WFT-2isformerBureauinformantH.A.-4. Information from HA. ,-4 wasoriginallyreportedinBulettotheLegalAttache,Havanadated.8/17 /55entitled asabove. WFT-3 isCIA.Informationfurnishedby CIAwas containedinCIAReportNo.CS73227dated9/7/55, classified"Secret."' A reviewof WFOfilesreflectsa report of R.N. FRANKEat NewO"leansdated1/29/41entitled "NATIONALNEGROCONGRESS,INTERNAL SE. CURITY- R,"Bufile61-67-28,NOfile100-326 and WFOfile100-949whichindicatedthat on 4/23/40, followingthe A11-'SouthernYouth ConferenceinNew O"leans, ameeting 'washeldinc.P.headquarters.In attendance at thismeetingwasone MAURICEFERRAGUT.Referenceisalsomadeinthisreport tothe ,.. effect that a report reMauriceFerragulwassubmitted. WFOfilesalsocontained aphotostaticcopy of the officialballot of theNationalMaritimeUnionof America.OneMAURICEFERRAGUT(DeckNo. 10205) waslistedasa candidate forjoint Patrolman of the Portof NewO"leans.Hewasdescribedonthe ballot asbeing a communist sympathizer.This' ballot wascontainedif]WFOfile01-39entitled"MARITIMEINDUSTRY,IS- R."' Subject wasmost cordialintaking timefroma busy schedule at the[initialsillegible]fortheinterview describedinthe enclosedLHMwhichWFOconsiders' apreliminary andexploratory end.HeimpressedinterviewingAgentsasbeing a highlyprofessionalperson, aswellasanhonest andsincereindividual.Healso gaveconvincing evidenceof not onlybeing willing to notifytheFBIinthe event heiscontactedbyany officialsor representatives of the CubanGovernment, but,inaddition,of cooperating inanyU.S.effort in oppositiontothe CastroRegi me.Hespecifically stated that hewoulddo anything toassisttheFB I or any otherU.S.Government agencyinthisregard,although he franklyadmittedhecouldnot "off hand"think of any"built-in" situationwherebyhecouldeffect contact withCubanofficials at theU.N . or elsewhere inamanner that wouldnot arouse suspicion.Heaffirmedthat 'hewouldmaintaininstant contact with theFBIinthe utmost of confidenceandwouldgive the abovematter of themannerinwhichhecould bestservethe interests of theU.S.additionalconsiderationpriortorecontactwithinterviewing Agents. Itisnotedthat interview of the subject wassuch that thelengthof it wasa definite factor forconsi derationinview of hisscheduledcommitments aswell asthe nature of informationdevelopedintheinter view.Itisfeltthat subsequent totheadditionalinves-' tigationcontemplatedby WFO( andinthe of derogatoryinformationresultingtherefromwhich mightpreclude suchaction),anadditionalof twowiththe subject couldbedevotedto a detailed analysis of hisfamilyandprofessionalsituationwhich couldbeusedeffectivelyinthe establishment of contact betweenhimandpossiblyCubanU.N. officialsin ananticipatedattempt toutilizehimasa double agent against the CubanGovernment..'. A leadisbeing set out for Alexaridnato expeditiouslycheckwithCIAconcerning subject 's sister and brother-in-lawinCubainaneffort toconfirmor deny information fromthe subject concerningthem,Also inviewof derogatory informationconcerning subject's deceasedbrother,MAU Rl LTO,andthelatter's wife, leadsarebeing set out for appropriaterecordchecks atthe [word illegible]andNOconcerningthem.During subsequentinterviews withthe subject,ifthey are warranted,considerationwillbegivento developing additionalbackground data concerning subject'smarriedsisters,MARIAANGELICAandTERESA,who reportedlyresideinElizabethandjersey City,New. jersey,respectively.Accordingtothe subject,they are bothmarriedtonatural izedU.S.citizens. REQUESTOFTHEBUREAU TheBureauisrequestedto checkindicesconcerning ' FABIOGONZELEZ,MAGDALENAFERRAGUT GONZALEZ,MAURILlO;MAURICEandLOUISE FERRAGUTandfurnishallavailableinformationto WFO. LEADS. "ALEXANDRIA, ATLANGLEY,VIRGINIA.Willat CIA check records of the Officeof Securityforallin, formatlOnconcerning thesubject's sisterMAGDA: , LENAFERRAGUT GONZALEZ andhusband FABIO'GONZALEZ,who 'resideinCuba. NEWORIEANS ATNEWORLEANS,LOUISIANA.Will indicesresubject's brother,MAURILIOFERRAGUT 'andhiswifeLOUISEFERRAGUT.Willalso reviewindices reMAURICE andattempt to determineif identicalwitt)MAURILIOFERRAGUT.Willalsoconduct criminalchecksreMAURILIO MAURICEandLOUISEFERRAGUT.' WASHINGTONFIELD ATWASHINGTON,DCWill,asoutlined aboll,e,considerrecontacting the subject subsequent to theof investigationrequested. Itisrequestedthat leadsinthiscasebehandledexpeditiously.' 2 Bureau(Ene.5) 2-Alexandrla (Ene.2)(RM) 2New Orleans(Ene.2/(RM)INew York(Ene.I)(nfo) ltrtftlJls illegible/ TRACINGVISITORS TO THE SOVIET EMBASSY AcarwithPAlicense# 87F-229visited theSovietConsularofficeinWashington D.C.Thisisar:eportofasuccessfulattempttoidentifyphotographsofthe car's occupants. -lAI RTEL: 9/15/70 TO:DIRECTOR"FBI " FROM: SAC,PHILADELPHIA(105-18114)(P) SUBJECT:CHANGE,D" GEORGEDUVAK,JR.; HELENDUVAK; UNSUB(7):Visitorsto the Soviet Consu larOffice,WashingtonD.C.,7/22/70; Occupantsof a ChevroletBearing1970 PennsylvaniaLicense87F-229ISR (00Philadelphia) ,ReWFOairteltoBureau7/23/70; andPhiladelphia airteltoBureau7/28/70. Titlechangedtoreflectunsubs1 and2inreferenced WFOairtelarehusbandaodwife,GEORGEDUVAK, JR.,andHELENDUVAKrespectively,22Railroad Avenue,Genolden,Pa.,baseduponthe identification of photographsbyM".JOHNFAHEY,25Railroad Avenue,Glenolden,Pa.,a neighbor of theDUVA K family.Titlepreviouslycarriedas,"UNSUBS;Visitors tothe Soviet Consular Office,Washington,D.C.,7/22/70; Occupants of a ChevroletBearing1970 Pennsylvania Ucense 87F-229;IS-R-OOPhiladelphia." Mr.JOHNFAHEY,25RailroadAvenue,Glenolden, Pa.,on 9/14/70 uponbeing shownphotograp,hs of individuals furnishedbyWFOanddescribedinreferencedWFOairtel,statedthatunsubs1 and2 areidenticalto GEORGEDUVAK,JR.,and hiswifeHELEN DUVAKrespectively,22RailroadAvenue,Glenolden, {pagemiSSing/ Thisisaletteraboyscouttroop ' leader wrotetotheSovietembassyinWashington.NothingshowshowtheFBIgotif. Collegeof Letters and Science Department of Physics I'bvember 4,1970 Embassyof theU.S.S'. R. Washington,D.C. DearSirs : I amwritingthisletter astheadvisor of a group of Explorer Scouts hereinMoscow,Idaho. This is 'a group of boys(ages15-17)whoareinterestedincamping,conservation,andgenerallythe out-of-doors. NextSummer,wewouldlikeverymuchto goto the SovietUnion,totravelthrough your country and meetour counterparts intheU.S.S.R.,ifpossible. WhatI wouldliketoknowis"Howdowegoabout thiS?" Wl)atwewouldliketodoisto beputintouchwith aKomsomolgroup of si milarinterestto ours,andto meetSovietyouths onapeopletopeople basis,ifwe possiblycould.WespeakRussianfairlywell,andare! ratherknowledgable onyourcountry. I personallythinkthat suchcontacts' arebyfarthe best waytopromotepeaceandunderstanding between ourpeoples,forashasbeensaid" Itishardtoshoot a friend.". Wewouldreallylike,ifpossible,to arrange tovisit aPioneercamp,oroneof theKomsomolfacilities.AI- ' so,ifpossible,theboys andI are experiencedmotion picturephotographers,having shot filmbefore for theAmericanBroadcasting Company.Ifitwouldbe allowed,wewouldliketofilmsuchplacesto share our experienceswitha broader segmentof Americanyouth. That summarizesprettymuchwhat wewant to do. WhatI wouldliketoknowis- Howdowedoit?I assumeitispossible,foritmustbepossible totravel inthe SovietU/iliononother thana guidedtour for fattourists. Wewouldliketo driveinourselves,camping if possible,visitasmanyof ourcounterparts as entering at theRumanianborder,and exiting tofinland. Anyhelpyoucangiveintellingmehowwecanarrangeto dosomething likethiswouldbegreatlyap-' preciated.I canwriteinRussiantotheU.S.S. R.'easily enough.I only writethisletterinEnglishbecauseI don'thaveaRussiantypewriter. Thanksinadvance foryourhelp.I lookforward tohearing fromyou. Sincerely, {nameiIIegible/ J.f3 .. ThesedocumentsdescribetheFBI'sprogramofinterviewinganyonewhovisits theSovietUnionfora monthormore. Includedarealist of leads of people who willbegoingthere,andaguide forjudgingwheJheranimmigrantorrepatriate fromRussiaisworkingforSovietintelligence. j . . I, TO:DI RECTOR,FBI FROM: SAC,WFO(105-97600)(RUe) DATE: 11/17/69 SUBJECT:BARBARAANNEBITZER SOVIETINTELLIGENCESERVICES RECRUITMENT OF STUDENTS IS- R (OO:PH) ReBureauletter,6/13/69, andWFOletter,7/22/69, bothcaptioned "SovietIntelligence ServicesRecruitment of Students;IS- R_" EnclosedforthePhiladelphia Officearea negative andfourcopies of aphotograph of the subject obtainedfromthePassport Office.UnitedStatesDepartment of State(USDS),Washington,D_C The subject registeredwiththeAmericanEmbassy, MoSCOW,Ulion of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR), asanAmericancitizenvisiting theUSS R.TheregistratloncardwasreceivedfromtheUSDSalong with other registrationcards,classified"CDnfidential." .Forthe 'informationof the office of origin,theBureauinstructedthat students,teachers,andscientists whowereintheUSSRatleast onemonthwhohave notpreviously beeninvestigatedshouldbe selected forinvestigation.Specifically,theBureauinstructed thatUnitedStatespassportrecordsbecheckedregardingthe individualsmeetingthecriteria andtheinformationbe forwardedtothe officecovering the residenceforfurther investigationpursuant tocurrent Bureauinstructions asoutlinedinSection105-G,Manualof Instructions.The officecoveringthe subject's residenceisbeing designatedoffice of origin. Thepurpose of conducting investigationconcerningthe individuals whomeet thecriteria of student, professor or scientist who visitedtheUSS R forat least onemonthisto identifythem anddetermine whether anyof them havebeenapproached forrecruitment bythe SovietIntelligence Services.The of.fice of origin shouldconsider the Soviet objective of recruiting Americancitizens whoeither nowor at some .future date,willlikelybe employedby theUnited States Government or strategic industrialfacility.Interviews of theseindividuals shouldonlybedone afterBureau authority to conduct theinterviewhasbeen obtained. Uponreceipt of Burequauthority tointerviewa particular individualunder thisprogram,the interviewing Agentsshoulddelineate tothe individual the Bureau'sresponsibilities inthe fieldof internal security, espionage,andrelatedmatters.TheinterviewingAgents shoulddiscreetly.ascertainif any attemptshavebeen madebythe SovietIntelligence Services torecruit the individualforintelligencepurposes either intheUSSR or after hisreturnto theUnitedStates. The individual shouldbe alertedto theimportance ofnotifying theBureauof any Soviet attempt to contact him.. Utmostcaremustbe exercisedinconducting these investigationstoprevent any embarrassment to the Bureauandpossiblyjeopardize theBureau'sprogram incountering SovietIntelligence Servicesrecruitment of students.Themotivesof theBureauininvestigating Americanstudents,professors,andscientistsmust not lYeconstrued asinfringements of theAmerican-educationalsystem andthepursuit of intellectual freedom. Set forthonthe followingpagesisbackgroundinformationobtainedfromthe registrationcardandfrom the records of the Passport Office,USDS. LEADS BOSTON ATWALTHAM,MASSACHUSETTS: (born Quincy,Mass.),employedbyEG&G International,Inc.,Waltham,Massachusetts,willattendthe foreignspecializedexhibition"ModernGeologicalSurveyEquipment andInstruments" tobeheldinMoscow, USS R,10/24-11/14/70. BUFFALO ATROCHESTER,NEWYORK:(born Schemnitz, Czechoslovakia),employedbyBausch& LombInc.,Rochester,NewYork,willattendtheAnalyticallnstrument CDnferenceinTokyo,Japan,11/1 011/70. CINCINNATI .ALCQLUMBUS,OHIO:(born5/13/20, CapeMay,Newjersey), a Staff Member at theBattelle CDlumbusLaboratories.CDlumbus.Ohio.willattend the AGARDNATOLecture Series11/3-10/70inOslo, I'brway. DETROIT ATANNARBORMICHIGAN:(born inVladivostok,Russia),employedbyBendixkrospace SystemsDivision,AnnArbor,Michigan,plansto attendtheInternationalAstronauticalCDngressinCDnstance, Germany,10/4-10/70. HOUSTON ATHOUSTON,TEXAS:(born12/22/44, EICampo,Texas)employedbyGEO Space CDrp., !-buston, Texas,intends totraveltoMoscow,USSR, fi 10/21/70 toexhibitmodern geophysicalsurveyequipment andinstruments onbehalf of the GOESpace CDrp.2--Bureau (Ene.5)(RM) RMA:ean (5) TO:Di RECTOR,FBI(105-71688) FROM: SAC,WFO(66-2479SubE) DATE: NOV231970 SUBJECT:DEVELOPMENT OFSELECTEDCONTACTS(DESECO) IS- R ReWFOletdated10/4/65 andBuletdated10/11/65, captionedasabove. Forinformation of officesnot receivingcopies of relets, according to the Officeof IndustrialSecurity CDntractAdministration Services,DefenseSupplyAgen- cy(DSA),effective3/22/65, allindustrialsecurity officersarerequiredtofilea report of theintention of employeeto travelto or througha Sino-Soviet-bloc country or to attend aninternationalmeeting outside theUnitedStates where Sino-Soviet-bloc personnel mightbepresent.CDpiesof thesereports e then furnishedtotheDefenseIntelligenceAgency(DIA) element of theWashingtonFieldActivitiesSupport Center(WFASC),FortBelvoir,Virginia,where they arereviewedregularlybyWFO. .TheBureau'sProgramprovides forinterviewing selected contacts, and, inthis instance,alert- . ing themtothepossibility of foreignintelligencerecruitment.. Inaccordance withBureauinstruitions,receiving offices should .checkindicesconcerningindividuals residingintheirrespectiveterritories, andinthesence of derogatoryinformationor other information having a bearing onthe advisability of aninterview, theofficeconcerned shouldcontact the individuals inquestion andascertainif theyhadanycontact with Soviet-bloc nationals duringtheirrecenttrip abroad. During eachcontact the individualshouldalsobe , alertedtothe responsibilities andjurisdiction of the FBIinthe internal security field.PriorBureauauthor

newsmedia,entertainment, public (local andstate officials), or educationalfields.or isa labor leader orprominentperson,as set forthinSection 105-K, 34,of the Mlnualof Instructions andSAC Letters67-20 of 417167and67-29 of 5{24{67. If,during aninterview of anindividual, ailoffice feelssuchindividualhaspotential forpossible development asaninformantundertheDESECO Program, suchinterviewshouldbe consideredasa "sounding.out" interview.Thereafter, furtherhandlingbe each officeshouldconform withinstructions co_ntainedin Section105-K,Pages33-35,Mlnualof Insfructions. Particular attentionisinvitedto Section105-K-6-h(3) onpage34 concerning "Contact withdeseeoPSis". Informationcopiesto WFO arenot necessary. LEADS BOSTONAf WALTHAM,MASSACHUSEJIS:JOHN [-- (born12/23/28, Quincy,Mass.),employedbyEG& G International,Inc.,151BearHillRoad, Waltham,Massachusetts,willattendthe foreignspecialized exhibition"ModernGeol6gicalSurveyEquipment andInstuments"to beheld.inMoscow,USSR, 10/24-11/14/70.. BUFFALO ATROCHESTER,NEWYORK: ALEXANDER [--](born6/27/73, Schemnitz, Czechoslovakia),employedbyBausch& LombInc., 625St.PaulSt.,Rochester,NewYork,willattendthe AnalyticalInstrument ConferenceinTokyo,japan, 11/10-11/70. .CINCINNATI ATCOLUMBUS,OHIO:GUSTAVUS [---J,(born5/13/20, CapeMly,Newjersey), a StaHMember at the Battelle ColumbusLaboratories, Columbus,Ohio,willattendtheAGARDNATOl-ecture Series11/3-1'0/70 inOslo,t\brway. DETROIT ATANNARBOR,MICHIGAN:EUGENE [--J, (born12/5/29 inVladivostok,Russia), employedbyBehdixAerospace SystemsDivision,Ann Arbor,Mi.chigan,plansto attendtheInternationalAstronauticalCongressinConstance,Germany,10/4-10/ 70. HOUSTON AI HOUStbN, TEXAS : SHERREL [--), (born 12/22/44, EICamP;O, by GEOSpace Corp.,.Ii:>uston,Texas"intendstotravel. toNbsCow,USSR,10/21 /70 to exhibitmoderngeophysicalsurvey equipment andinstruments onbehalf of theG EOSpace Corp. \ LOSANGElES A:DR. FRANk[--](born 9/16/27, Dallas, Texas) employedbyAerospace Corp.,LosAngeles,California, plansto attendthe 12thInternationalConference on Low Temperature PhysicsinKyoto,japan, 9/4-10/70. The followingemployees of AerospaceCorp.,Los Angeles,California,planto attendtheInternational AstronautiQIFederationinConstance,WestGermany, .10/4-10/70: ANTHONYr---) (born8/22/32,51.Louis,M:l.) EUGENEr-I (born11/20/20,Milwaukee,Wisc.) EGAN[--] (born 7/14/23,Vienna,Austria) ATSANTA,MONICA,CALIFORNIA: PAUL[--) (born8/11/21, Ointon,Iowa), employedby theRANDCorp.,SantaM:lnica,California,willvisittheUSSR10/24-11/2/70 to conduct businessnegotiations asa Consultant forSatra Corp., inNewYork. RICHARD[--](born 7/22/21, Winona,Minnesota),employedbytheRAND Corp.,SantaMonica,California,planstovisittheUSSR 10/2-1 7/70 toattendmeetingsonthe use of computers inindustry. MARSHALL[---](born 11/19/29, Memphis,Tennessee),employedbythe RANDCorp.,SantaMonicaCalifornia,plansto attend the4thInternationalConference onThinFilms and MagnetisminFrance andCzechoslovakia, 9/11-24/70. NEWHAVEN. ATEAST. HARTFORD,CONNECTICUT: WALTER[--](born1/12/23 Boston, Mass.),employedby theUnitedAircraftResearchlaboratories,EastHartford,Connecticut, willattendthe Conference onLaserProducedPlasmainMoscow, USSR,11/17-21/70. ATNORWALK,CONNECTICUT : HERBERT[--] (born6/17/32, Offenburg,WestGermany- a-naturalizedu.s.citizen),employedby the Atomic AbsorptionLaboratory,InstrumentDivision, ThePerkin-ElmerCorporation,t\brwalk,Connecticut, willvisitMoscow,USSR,10/25-11/5/70, gogive alecture seriesinM:lscowto Soviet geologists at theMinistry of Metallurgy. PHILADELPHIA ATCHESTER,PENNSYLVANIA:The' followingemployees of the SunShipbuilding & Dry DockCo.,Chester,Pennsylvania,plantoattend"The 2ndInternationalConference andExhibitiononLequifiedNaturalGas"tobeheldinParis,France,10/1923/70:. HECTOR[--] (born 8/9/20, Santiago,Chile) EUGENE(born 9/4/28, S:lOtiago,Chile) PAUL[- - - ](born6/21/21,Mineola,NewYork) JOHN[- -] 4/2/16,Dallas;Texas) ANDREW[---](born8/16/31,Philadelphia,Pa.) CHARLES[-](born 8/5/27,Flushing,NewYork) ATKING OFPRUSSIA,PENNSYLVAr:f. CONSTANTI NE[--] (born4/17/22, Springfield,Ohio),employedby the GeneralElectric Co.,MissileandSpace[)iv.,GoddardBlvd ., King of Prussia,Pa.plansto attendtheInternationalAstronauticalFederationandEurospaceConference 'inConstance,WestGermany,10/3-10/70. ATPHILADELPHIA,PENNSYLVANIA: The following employees of the GeneralElectricCo., Re-Entry andEnvironmentalSys. [)iv.,3198 Chestnut St.,Philadelphia,Pa.,planto attendtheInternational J AstronauticsFederation at Constance,West Germany, 10/4-10/70:".' FREDERICK[--] (born2/16/24,FallRiver,Mass.) CURTIS[--t (born2/14/21,bla,Kansas) PITTSBURGH ,ATPITTSBURGH.PENNSYLVANIA : DR.J.[--] (born10/17/23,lewistown,Pennsylvania)employedby AlleghenyLudlumIndustries, Inc.,Pittsburgh,Pa.;plansto attend theInternational Iron & SteelConferenceinJapanduring Sept.,1970. ,..DR.PAUL[-- -J. employed bytheWestinghousetlectnc LOrp. AstronuclearlA boratory,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,plansto attenda meeting of the Symposium onSmallandMediumPo wer inOslo,f'.brway,10/1 0-19/70. SANDIEGO ,AI: SANDIEGOcM IFORNIA: .LAURIE[---] (born7/29/30, Temple,Texas), employedby SpectralDynamicsCorp., 8911Balboa , Ave., SanDiego,California, planstoattendthe Environmental andIndustrialTestEquipmentExhibition at theU.S.TradeCenterinStockholm, Sweden, 9/2810/3/70. SANFRANCISCO' ATPALOALTO.CALIFORNIA: The fol lowing employees of Varian,611HansenWay, Palo Alto,California,planto attendtheInternationalSym posium of GaAsandRelatedCompoundsinAachen, West Germany.10/5-7/70:, ,LAWRENCE[--](born3/17/42, Alamosa,Co.) .FERENC[ --] (born8/16/32, Szeged,Hungary) SEATTLE' AT SEATTLE,WASHINGTON' RA YMON D [--](born 8/11/30,Manhattan, Kansas) , employedby Shannon&Wilson,Inc.,1105. North38th St., Seattle,Washington,willvisit Yugo slavia,Austria,WestGermany,France andIreland9/1810/16/70 to attendthe SecondInternationalSympo sium onRockMechanicsin Yugoslavia.Hewillvaca tioninthe other countrieslisted. '"JAMES[--](born12/14/,. 29, Chicago,111.),employedby theIbeing Co.,Seattle, Washington,plans to attendthe 21 stInternationalAs tronauticalCongress,Constance,WestGermany,10/410/70., WASHINGTONFIELD,ATBETHESDA,MARYLAND: GEORGE[--] (born 9/15/35"Oeveland, Ohio) employedbyIboz AllenAppliedResearch,4733BethesdaAve.,Bethesda,Maryland,planstoattendthe 3rdInternational Symposium onFreshWaterfro m the Seaat Dubrovnik,Yugoslavia,9/13-18/70. ,ATMCLEAN,VIRGINIA:DARNELL [---] (born5/17/37, 8etheny,Missouri)em byResearchAnalysis Corp.,Mclean,Virginia, plansto attend the Institute forStrategic Studies to beheldinFrance, 9/10-13/70. .ATWASI;HNGTON,D.c.:ALBERT [--] (born7/10/23, Paterson,NewJersey)employedbytheBureauof SocialScienceI{esearch,Inc., 1200 17th St., N. W.,Washington,D.C.,plans to attendthe7th\\ToldCongress of Sociology 9/7 -10/70 placenot shown. FACTORS TOBECONSIDERED,INDECIDING WHETHERANIMMIGRANT ORREPATRIATE MIGHTHAVEBEENRECRUITED. {Considerfromviewpoint of Soviet-bloc intelligence '* 'agency evaluating immigrant's potential.). A. Qualifications before departure fromSoviet-bloc (S-B)country. 1.AGE a.Maturity?. b.Expectancy astoperiod of effectiveness? Inclinationor disinclinationtoundertake newventureinstrange country andto accept riskinvolved?. 2.HEALTH a.Doesit or canitbeexpectedtohamper his effectiveness? 3.EDUCATION a.Extent? b.Inwhat fields? 4.LANGUAGEABILITY a,Presentknowledge of English b.Abilitytolearnreadily c.Ifhecan speakEnglish,howandwhy didhe learn?. 5. SPOUSE a.Anyinconsistencyintheir backgrounds? viz. immigrant whoclaimstobeonly atailor but accOmpaniedby wifewhoisa doctor; husband fromGdanskmarriedtowoman fromWarsaw. b.I-bstage situation. c.Mightcooperationhavebeen demandedas price forpermissionfor spouse's departure from Soviet-bloc? 6.CHILDREN a. Wouldimmigrant be willingtoleavethem? Withwhom? b.Wouldthey increasehisreluctance toaccept risk? c.Hostageelement d.If they accompaniedhi m,wouldthey bog himdown; i.e.,hamperhisactivities? 7. OTHERRELATIVES INSOVIET-BLOC COUNTRIES a. Their employments. (note curious situationf of immigrantclaiming tohavebeenclerkbut brothers andsisters allprofessionalpeople or inadministrativejobs.) b.I-bstage element 8.RELATIVEINU.S. a.Isdesiretojointhemlogical?(note case of electronic engineer destinedtoAuntinU.S. who is charwo man) b.Theiremployment - couldth,eybe a source of sensitiveinformation orpossiblemeans of futureaccesstoit. c.I-bwclosetheir association- Dothey know immigrantpersonally?Didthey knowhisemployment, etc.,inSoB country? Aretheir other relativesin SoBcountry writing toU.S.relatives? 9.EMPLOYMENT a. Wasitinfieldsof possiblepertinence tointelligence? b.Ifhehada goodjob, whatmotivatedhimto come totheU.S.? c.Didhechangejobs often? d. Canheaccount clearly forperiod .just before departure forU.S.? e. Wheredidhegetliving expenses during periodsof unemployment? f. Significance of any employmentbySoBgovernment agency 10.RESIDENCES a. Getdetaileddescription- rental,location, w . occupants, size.I b.Were they consistent with employment and education? .I 11.MEMBERSHIPINORGANIZATIONS a.Ne reasons fornonmembership sound? b. If amember,isallegedlackof activity sound? 12.METHODOFLEAVING a.Overhowlong aperiodhashetriedto emi-. grate or repatriate?(priorefforts to depart wouldraisequestionrehisloyalty to Soviet-bloC) b.Didhe' defect?Wasdefectionbona fide? c.Whatspecific steps didhetake to obtainU.S. sponsor?WhatCorrespondence wasthere? d.Whatspecific steps didhetake.to obtain SoB passport or exit visa?Whereexactly didhe go? Howmanytimes?Identity of allpersons who talkedto him?Thisisa crucialpoint since this iswhimhemostlikelywouldhavebeenapproached.. e.Whatspecific steps didhetake to obtainU.S. visa orpassport?Whatvisitsto U.S.Embassy? Where didhe get fundsforvisits? 13.PERSONALITY a.Stability b.Character c.Abilitytomeet andtalktopeople 14.WHATEXPLANATIONISTHEREHIS HAVINGBEENPERMITIED TOLEAVESoB COUNTRY? 15.MILITARYBACKGROUND B.Activities after atrival 1.RES IDENCE a.Nea andtype andwith whom doeshelive? i.e.doeshehavefreedomto operate(initialres.idence withrelativesmustbediscounted) b.Makecasualexamination of - forradio,typewriter,pills,tools,writing pads - anything which mightcallforcloser examinationby anonymous source. 2.RELATIVESANDASSOCIATES a.Howclose isthe association? b. Wouldtheybelikely to behelpful or a hindrance forintelligencework? 3.EMPLOYMENTIshethe able,intelligenttype? a.Isitinfieldof intelligenceinterest?Rememberthat emigre fieldisof intelligence interest andthat firstemploymentsmustbelargely discounted b.Canhemoveinto a fieldof intelligenceinterest? lI-.EDUCATIONALPURSUITS a.Wl}atisallegedpurpose of? b.Wha:tprogress?. 5.MEMBERSHIPINORGANIZATIONS a.Professionalsocieties b.Ethnic groups 6.TRAVELSINCEARRIVALINU.S.. a.Traveltoplaces forpossiblemeetswithprin cipals;NYC,Washington,D.C.;Chicago. b.Traveltoplacesof intelligenceinterest. 7.REPUTATION. a.Hashecenteredattention onhimself- by ar rests...,.boistrousness - argumentativeness or hashe avoidedattention. 8.REACTIONSTO COMMUNISMVSLIFEIN U.S. a_Mustbe largelydiscountedb.Clichesvsspecifics - bearing inmindmost immigrants come toU.S.formaterialadvantages 9.WHATFUTUREPLANSDOESHEHAVE? a.Reemployment b.Reeducation .c.Replace-of residence d.Rebringing othermembers of familyto the U.S. 2-Bureau2-Boston(RM) 2-Buffalo(RM).2-Clnclnnatl(RM) 2Detrolt (RMI2-Houston(RM) it-LoSAngeles(R M)3-NewHaven(RM) lO-Phlladelphla (RM)3-Plttsburgh(RM) 2-SanDiego(RM)3-53nFrancisco (RM) 3-SeaUle(R M)4-WFO CWM:kmc (48) ..TheFBIcomesinmany disguises .I 1 TO:DIRECTOR,FBI(105-127783) FROM: SAC,PHILADELPHIA(105-10184)(C) DATE: 5/28/64 SUBJ ECT: GRIGORMANVELYAN IS- R 00: PH ReBureauR/S,3/27/64. A checkof .theindices of this office on4/28/64 disclosednoreferencesto subject of hisbrother. .A check of therecordsof theImmigrationandNaturalizationService(INS),Philadelphia on4/28/64 by GLADYSWALKER,Oerk, alsodisclosednoinformationpertaining to subject or h isbrother. A checkof Delaware County,Pa., votersregistration_ records on 5/4/64 revealedVoter's Affidavit=#=483,333forsubject'sbrother,ZACKM. MANAUELlAN, [street deleted],HavertownTownship,Pa.,whoregistered asaRepublican9/14/59. The affidavit reflectedMANAUELIANwasborninJordan on11/20/26 andbecame anatural izedcitizenof the United 'States3/4/54 intheDistrict Courtof theEasternDistrict of Northca:rolian, Certificate+7129639. Hisoccupationwas {Jesignatedas"auto bodyrepair." A checkof therecords of thePh iladelphiaRetail CreditBureauon4/29/64 disclosedthat ZACKMAN- . auelianwasemployedbytheJohnKerbeckCompany, Autobiles,2439NorthBroadStreet,Philadelphia.Pa. A searchof PhildelphiaFbliceDepartment records on 4/29/64 disclosednodatapertaining to MANAUELIAN. On5/20/64 ZJ\CKMANAUELIANwasinterviewed underpretext(creditbureauinquiry)bySAALPHONSEJ.SUTKUSandadvisedthat subject was presentlyresiding withhim andhadrecentlypurchased a housenearhisresidence andwillbelpagemissing] 2- Bureau (105-127783)(RM) 1- Philadelphia(105-10184) U.S. :Embassy and CanadianMountiescooperate. The following document appears on tne letterhead of the Commissioner of theRoyalCanadianMOuntedPolice. OURNO./NOTREND-944-820-E-2 December31,1969 CON FI DENTIAL . M".Mm LeeInnes, UnitedStates Embassy, 'Cltowa, Ontario. DearM".Innes: Attachedisa blindmemorandum datedDecember 24,1969, inreplytocorrespondence datedNovember 10, 1969 whichoriginatedfromthe Detroit Office 'of your Agency,concerning theUnionof AmericanExiles (U.A.E.). Atthepresent time,wedonothave a source inthe positiontopositivelyidentifythe individ ualsmentioned inthe attachment,however,wherepossiblewehave, listedbiographicaldata whichwebelieveisapplicable. Yoursverytruly, (J.E.M.Barrette), Assi:;tantCommissioner, Director, Security andIntelligence. 157 ,j I Theorder .to getinformation on the Pan,, . ther'sRevolutionaryPeoples'ConstitutionalConvention., TO: ALLAGENTS FROM : SACJOED ~JAMIESON DATE: 10/12/70 SUBJECT :REVOLUTIONARYPEOPLESCONSTI TUTIONAL CONVENTIONO R G A N ~ IZEDBYTHEBLACKPANTHER PARTY For the information of allreceiving agents,the BlackPantherParty(BPP)sponsoreda planning ses'sionforthe above conventionwhichwasheldherein Philadelphia 9/4-7/70.. Atthe conclusion of the above convention, theBPP heldapress conference andstatedthat the actualconventionwouldbeheldinWashington,D.C.,on11/4/70. .On10/7/70 theBureauadvisedthat the dates of the abovehadbeenchanged to 11/6-9/70 andthat about 15,000 are expectedtoattend; this group will comprise of white aswellasblack extremists. TheBureauhasissuedinstructions that alloffices mustreport the followinginformationona weekly basis:,1.various organizationsplanning toparticipate 2.modeof travelandidentities of persons planning to attend 3.identities of organizers andpersons whoaretohead workshops 4.identities of the leading speakers at the convention 5.agendaof the convention 6.plans forviolence ordisruptive demonstrations 7.plansto carry weapons or explosive devices 8.convention securityprecautions tobe observed 9.literature regarding the convention 1O.details concerning availablehousing Inviewof the above,allagents arerequestedto contact I'ogicalinformants regularlyto obtain current data asperBureauinstructions,Allsuchinformation shouldbereportedtoSAPHIL/PE. BROWN. 2 157-4854 1 - 157-2004 1 - EACH AGENT (191) .PEB:MPJ. (194) IfI BLACK LEFT Usingcampuspolicetocheckthebackgroundof aPanther supporter TO: SAC,PHILADELPHIA FROM: SAC,NEWARK(157-5183)(P) DATE: 2/22/71 SUBJECT: CHANGED DENISEE.BRUSKIN,aka DENNISBRUSKIN RM Title marked Changedto reflectthenameDENISE E.BRUSKINfromLivingstonCollegerecords. RePortlandletter toBureau,1/8/71, captioned, "REVOLUTIONARYPEOPLESCONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONORGANIZEDBYTHEBLACK PANTHERPARTY". Relet,a copy of whichwasdesignatedforPhiladelphia,containedthe name of the subject andidentified himasbeing fromLivingston College,LPO11373, NewBrunswick,NewJersey. On2/4/71,ROBERTBlJNKER,Assistant Chief, Rutgers CampusPatrol,anestablishedandreliable source(Protect),advisedthatthereisnoindication ' thatthe above-listedorganizationisactiveon either theRutgersorLivingstonCollege campuses.BUNKER advisedLivingstonCollegeisa divisionof RutgersUniversity. Headvised,however, that aDENISEE.BRUSKIN,a resident of House 27,LivingstonPost Office' 11373,isa .permanent resident of 4015Brunswick Avenue,DrexelHill,Pa.Sheisa freshmanat Livingston College.BUNKERadvisedhewouldattempt to ohtain additionalbackgrounddata onBRUSKIN. lEADS: PHILADELPHIA At DrexelHill,Pennsylvania:willobtainbackground data on subject fromhighschoolrecordsandcontact withsources. 2. Willconduct credit andidentificationchecks for subject. 3. Willdetermine fromsourceswhether subject is knowntobeassociatedwithBPPor similarNewLeft activities. At NewBrunswick,Newlersey : Willmaintain contact withAssistant ChiefROBERTBUNKERforinformationonBRUSKI N.. -Oops!Someone got left out of the filesTOM:Informantreporteda CARLE.BECKETT\see attachedBackgroundsheet}ashavingbeenat the foundingmeeting of theBROTHERS forFREEDOM along withDEVEREF.PONZO.Becauseof anadministrative foulupnocasewasever opened onBECKETT. Itwouldappear that CARLE.BECKETT iseither ident.to or relatedtotheFREDERICK C.BECKETT reporteduponby CARLDON ELLasbeinginthe BlackActionCouncil. Inviewof the infointhe SFLHMof 12/17/68 and the factthatBureauisinterestedinallBrothers for Freedompeople. we willneedanLHMoneachof them.Alsoa sourcethat cantellusif theyleavetown. Three _documentsaboutsurveillanceof theNationalBlackEconomicDevelopmentCorporationanditsleader,MuhammedKenyatta:twoinformerreports; andgotten fromKenyatta'sbank. TO: SAC,PHILADELPHIA(1573B52) FROM: SAJAMESI.HALTERMAN DATE: 2/4/71_SUBJECT:NATIONALBLACKECONOMICDE VELOPMENTCONFERENCE RM- NBEDC Recommendation:IndexJOANNEGOINGS 01 1/26/71;PH307 R,a sourcewhohasfurnished reliableinformationinthepast,advisedthat NBEDC met from8:00 p.m.to10:30 p.m.,1/25/71, atthe Institute of BlackMinistries,GirardandBroadStreets, Philadelphia,Pa.The followingpeople attendedthe meeting:MUHAMMEDKENYATTA,MARYKENYATTA,WALTERPHILLIPS,jOANEGOINGS (NBEDC Secretary;Formerly Secretary at Vaughn Eason'sOlUrch),GEORGEWASHINGTOI'l,j.C. ROSS,ADRIANNE STODDARD,OREGONLAWS, MOHAMMOUDTOGANE,Threeor fourunidentified people. 1 1573852 11571567 (KENYATTA) 1 157-3038 (JESSECLAUDEROSS) 1157.391310REGONLAWS)1 157-4584MARY KENYATTA)1157-4915ADRIANNE STODDARD) 1- 157-5047WALTERG.PHILLIPS) 1- 157-5768MAHAMMOUD TOGANE) 1- 170-437 Sub A489 (PH307-R) JIH:sdc (9) TO: SAC,157-3852 FROM: SAEDWARDM.COLE DATE: 2/8/71_ SUBJECT:BLACKECONOMICDEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE RM-BEDC Thefollowinginformationwasfurnishedtothe writerbyPHon1/29/71: A meeting isto takeplace on1/30/71between JESSEROSS,WALTERPHILLIPSandMUHAMMAD KENY ATTA to setuptheExecutiveBoardandnow organizationfor .BEDCinPhiladel phia.According to sourceKENYATTA istrying to foma newstronger organizationwhichwillbring inother blackgroupsin thecityof Philadelphia.Theorganizationwillbe set upwithanexecutivecommittee whichwillbecomposedof the chairmen of tenregular committees. The executivecommittee willmeetwhenevernecessary.Inadditiontothe executivecommittee a black senatewillbe formedwhichwillbecomposedof chairmanof eachcommittee andrepresentatives or officersof other organizations,church groups or community groupswhichwilljoinwiththem.Theten committeestobeformedareWomen,ChurchRelationships,Rnance,WaysandMeans,Tactical(reperationandconfrontation),Managership,CDmmunications, Defense(self-defense or legaldefense),anti-war and draft andEducation. Thefollowingindividuals arebeing consideredfor Chairmenof the variouscommittees.WhenChairmen arenamedandthe Chairmenaccept thesecommittees, amemowillbesubmitted -tothe individuals' files: Rev.jANG-HARRIE willbe Chairmanof the TacticalCDmmittee asthiswillbethebest waytohave hisnamebeforethepublic. EDNA THOMAS- WaysandMeans ROXANNEJONES- Women 1- 157-3852 1- 157- - (ROSS) 1- 157-1567 (KENYATTA) 1- 157-5047 !PHILLlPS)1 - 170-53PH897-R) EMC:kpb (5) TO: SAC,(157-3852)(P) FROM: SATHOMASF.LEWIS DATE: 6/18/70 SUBJECT:NATIONALBLACKECONOMICDEVELOPMENT CONFERENCERM On5/20/70,M".DANIELMCGRONIGLE,Cashier,SoutheastNationalBank(formerlyDelaware COuntyNationalBank),4thandMarketStreets,Chester, Pa.,advisedthat asof 1/1 /70 theDelawareCDunty NationalBankmergedwithseveralChesterCDunty banks to formthe SoutheastNationalBank. Subsequenttothismerger,thisbankinstituteda newcomputer system forchecking accounts.Under this system allchecks drawnonactivecheckingaccounts arerecordedonmicrofilmandavailable forreviewat theCDmputerCenter of thisbankat 24th and EdgmontAvenue,Chester,Pa. M".MCGRONIGLEstatedtherei5a current,regularchecking account atthat bankinthe nameNationalBlackEconomicDevelopmentCDnference,Pennsylvania Office,217CDncordAvenue,Chester,Pa.There aretwopersonsauthorizedto signchecksonthisaccount andthey areMUHAMMADKENYATTA and MARYKENYATTA./>6of 5/20/70, thebalancein thisaccountwas$44.32.On5/20/70,M".ALLANFERGUSON,Executive Officer,CDmputerCenter,SoutheastNationalBank, 24th andEdgmontAvenue,Chester,madeavailable forreviewcopies of the statement forchecking account #550-723-1,whichisinthe nameNational BlackEconomicDevelopmentCDnference,PennsylvaniaOffice.Thesestatements dated3/16, 4/15, and 5/15/70 reflectactivity onthisaccount during the 30-dayperiodpriortothe date of thisstatement.A review of the statements revealsthebalance inthisaccounthasrangedfroma high of $1,948.56 on 4/9/70 toa lowof $38.19 on 5/14/70. tw.FERGUSONstateditisnot possibleunder their computer system to identify t_henat}lreand source of deposits andcredits tothis account.He would,however,make available forreviewthemicrofilmscontaining checks drawn onthis account during theperiodscoveredby the abovestatements. A review of thesechecksreflects almost allare signedbyMUHAMMADKENYATTA andmadeable to cash.Allof these checkshavea space onthe faceof the check after the work"for" inwhichis written thepurpose of the .check.Onthe vastmajority of thesecpecks the notationinthis space contains such 'Ianguage as"operating expenses,""clothing allowance, ..... maintenance expenses.". Anaverage of 15 to20checks were drawnonthis accOuntforeach of the. threemonths reviewed.Among these checks the followingarenoted: Checkdated3/9/70 inthe amount of $300, payable to ThomasjeffersonHospitalforhospitalization of JUANITAEULENj Check1/5/70 inthe amount of $100, payable toEDWASHINGTON,care of Young Afro WillowGamesforCheckdated3/5/70 inthe amount of $100, payable toEDWASHINGTONforgranttoNat TurrierCommunity Centerj .' Checkdated5/8/70 inthe amount of $144.95,d, payable toBellTelephone G:lmpanyforphone #s TR 2-7083 and TR6-8867; Checkdated5/13/70 inthe amount of $50.00 madepayable to THOMASSTODDARDfor emergency grantj Checkdated5/14/70 inthe amount of $1,000 madepayable tocashforclothing allowance. LEAQS. PHI LADELPHIA: .ATPHILADELPHIA,PA. WillascertainthroughBellTelephone G:lmpany of subscribers to .phone #TR 2-7083 and 6-8867. ATCHESTER,PA. Willcontfnue tomonitorbankaccount of NationalBlackEcoMmicDevelopment G:lnfei'ence at SoutheastNationalBink.{Followed bycopies ofbank statements and cancelled checks! 2-157-3852 .TFL:rel (2) Black/UnitedUberationFront,aBank Robber,anothercrimrnalcase,andthe Panthers. TO: SAC(170-708) FROM': SARICHARDE.LOGAN. DATE:1/27/71 InformantMargaretTurneriscontacted, andgivestheFBIinformationonthe SUBJECT:MARGARETTURNER Dateso.fContact, 1/22, and FHe'f1sonwhichcontacte(lI5etles whenF(le 'f1snot available or C.I Info.).'' 157-5420BlackUnitedLiber'ation. Front(eULF) 91-7684BRSUSPECTS 88-7433lames C.Cherry,I R. 157-5789 Loyd 62-3910Dissemination Purposeandresultsof contact157-5420 NEGATIVE XPOSITIVEInformant advised,on STATISTIC1/22/71,that theBU L F isnot going to buy a type settingmachine. They arebuying anelec tric typewriter andare supposedtohavethe useot a type setter the locationof which she,doesnot yet know.She saidthemembersare fightingand drinking morethan ever.On1/26 she advisedthatHAWKhad lefttheBULFbut SCHELLthinkshewillbeback. She also saidthe WES(-) isnolonger aroundthe BULFandSCHELLisbecoming verydiscouraged. On1/27/71, informant saidthatthere are onlyfour persons staying atthe Headquartersnow, SCHELL,RONNIE,CURTISandPHIL.ROBIN(-) staysthere from 9amuntilclosingtimebut nolonger sleepsthere.She saidSCHELLis'fedup'and seems to be'blowing hisstack' . Heiseventalking about get ting a job.Itisthe informant's opinionthat theBULF isonthe vergeof breaking up. 91-7684 On1/22/71, informant saidthatHAROLD(--): usuallywearsanarmy style raincoat,dyedblue,and anapple hat whichisoldbeat up anddirty,whenen .gaginginholdup activities.Thehatisblackincolor. ThisinformationwasfurnishedtoInspectorBernard Bartley,MajorCrimesPhPDwhosaidthat the above clothing fitsthe descriptionfurnishedbysome of the . witnesses.BARTLEYhadpreviouslyadvisedthat the witnessesfailedtoidentifythe photo of WI LLiAM (-) asone of the robbers eventhough,inBARTLEY's opinion,hispolicephotoisidenticaltothephoto takenof one of the unsubsbybankcamera.BARTLEY saidREESEwouldbepickedupfora lineup. 88-7433 Informant saidon1/22/71that thephoto of CHERRYlooksfamiliarbut sheisnot certainshe ever methim.She recommendedthat GLADYS(-), wifeof ROLAN DO(-),presentleader of theBlack PanterPartyinPhila., becontacted,She saidGLADYSisveryangryatHEARNnow andmaybereceptive.ANDERSONlivesat {address omitted! .157-5789 Informant saidshe doesnot recalla GEORGE(-). She didknowWILLIELEE(-) andoneMONO (-). ShehadgivenSCOPEherhomephone numberbeforethe conventioninWash,D.C.(BPP),She saidshewastalking to himon thephone whenshe didthis.She as'sumeseitherDAWKINSor SCOPE gavehernumber toLOYD. SheknowsDAWKINSANDSCOPEwent south andwerenot able to comebackbut shedidn't knowwhy. xx Informant certifiedthathe hasfurnishedCoverage allInformationobtainedbyhim sinceSAME lastcontact. PERSONALDATA Informantnowresides at 3114 W.Eucl id Phila. ***COPIESSEEABOVE***** 1-(170-708) REL . 1 I..TO FROM DATE SUBJECT 157, 170 GHETTOS I.' . WATCHTHE GHETTO Watcheverything that in the ghetto : ALLRESIDENTAGENTS : SAC(170-6) : 3/29/68 :RACIALINFORMANTS- GHETIO Attachedisamemoto allheadquarters agents concerningdevelopmentof racialinformants - ghetto. Eachresident agentisto developtheseinformants inghetto areas of histerritory.Thepurpose of these informantsistobe awareof thepotentialforviolence in eachghetto area., If anindividualRAcovers onlya countywhich dOesnot encampass anymunicipalitycontaining a gh-etto, so specify bymemorandumfor170-6 witha ropyfortheRA'serror folder,sothat hewillnot be chargedwithfailureto perform. 1 - eac;hresident agent(37) . 1 - 170'93. 1 - 166-244 JDJ:ec (41) TO: ALLHEADQUARTERSAGENTS FROM: SAC(170-6) DATE: 2/26/68 SUBJECT- :RACIALINFORMANTS Itisessentialthat this office developa largenumber .ofracialinformants atth istime andthat wecontinue to addanddevelopracialinformants and e,q,10it theirpote"ntialduring themonths ahead.Inthe inspectionjust passed,theInspectorpointedout, as we allknow,that thisisa problem of the entire office inwhicheveryAgentandeverysquadsharesresponsibility.Thereisnoquestionbut what,if a riot does occur, especiallyinPhiladelphia,allAgentswillbework- ' ing on riot problems.Itisamajor part of our responsibilityto learninadvance,if thisishumanlypossi ble,if a riotisplannedorisexpectedto occur.Inthis wayitmaybepossible toactually forestalla riot or at leasttobebetterpreparedifitdoeshappen.\\hether or not a riot does occur,theBureauholdsusrespon sible tokeeptheBureau,theDepartment andthe \\tiiteHouseadvised .inadvance of eachdemonstration. TheBureauexpects'this coverageto come throughinformant sourcesprimarily.Inaddition,wemust advise theBureauatleast everytwoweeksof existingtensions and conditionswhichmaytriggera riot.This type of informationcanonlycome fromawidespread grass-rootsnetwork of sources coupledwithactiveinformant coveragebyindividuals who aremembers of subversive andorganizations. TheBureauhasset upthree types of racialinformants using classification "170" forallthree:1)Personswhoaremembers of andgiveinformationregardingwhite hate groups;2}Personswho aremembers of or give informationregardingblacknationalist and blackrevolutionarygroups; 3}racialinformants to).The last areindividuals,whiteandblack,wholive and/or workinghetto type areasandareina position to advise of activities,rumors,tensions,etc.inthose ghettos.More specifically,theymaybeable to advise of the activitiesof individualtroublemakers andrabble rousers. (Details regardingthe creationandhandling of racialinformants(ghetto)willappear below). Thisofficemust expandits coverageinallthree categories,but especially2 and3.Racialinformants and racialinformants(probationary)inthe firsttwo categorieswillnormallybehandledbyAgentsontheNo. 3 squadandbyresidentAgentswherepertinent.. TheAgents of other squads whodevelop suchinformantswill,of course,begivenfullcredit. EachAgentisrequiredto obtain at least one racial informant (ghetto). Sources of ghetto informants: Preferablythese shouldbepeopleknownto youas PClsformerPCls or neighborhoodsourceswhoyou bel ievewillcooperate if requestedandgivenappropriateinstructions. 'Heare exploring other sourceswhichmayproduce largenumbers of prospects suchasmenhonorably. dischargedfromthe armedservices,of veterans organizations andthelike.Anyadditionalideas alongthese lineswillbeappreciatedandshOUldbe brought to SAEDWARD COLE. TheBureausuggeststhat employeesmayhave friends,relativesor acquaintanceswhocanbeof help ingathering racialintelligence.Thesewouldinclude peoplenowresidinginother fielddivisionswho could becalledtothe attention ofpertinent offices.Other sourceswhichshouldbekept inmindareemployees andowners of businessesinghetto areaswhichmight includetaverns,Iiquor stores,drugstores,pawnshops, gunshops,barber shops,janitors of apartment build- . ings,etc.TheBureaualso sugge!>tscontacts withpersonswhofrequent ghetto areas ona regularbasissuch' .astaxidrivers,salesmenanddistributorsof newspapers, foodandbeverages.Installment collectorsmightalso beconsideredinthisregard. andCoordination : Asthe "170" filesareopenedtheywillbeassigned toAgentsthroughout the officepreferal!>lyto those A&entswhoare alreadyacquaintedwiththe individuals and suggestedthem asprospects.Supervisionwillbe bytheNo.3 desk.CoordinationwillbehandledbySA EDWARDCOLE. Administrative andinvestigativeprocedyres: Eachprospect willbethe subject of a new170 case. Pertinentinformationregarding administrativehandling appearsinthe handbookpartI,pages19i,19j, 20,20a and20b.NotificationtotheBureauappears on19i. The backgroundinvestigationnecessary appears on page20 asdoesinformationregarding 4monthpro- . gressletters andpayment. Contactmustbemadeat least every2 weeks.AnFD209mustbesubmittedat . the endof eachmonth.Eachcontact shouldberecordedthereonwithinformation asto whether it waspositive ornegative.Allinformation shouldberecorded bymemoor intheFD209,withcopies forthe files on anyindividuals or organizationsmentioned.Informationpertinent to the generalracialsituation should be designatedfor' Philadelphia file,157-1214. Pertinent informationmust besubmitted at once so that anynecessaryteletypes canbefurnishedtothe Bureauimmediately andinformation disseminatedto thePD andintefligence agencies.. Regular contact should alsobemadewithexisting criminalandsecurity informants ,andpotentialinformants wholiveand/or workinghetto areas or have accesstopertinent information.Someof these should undoubtedlybeconvertedtorecialinformants orracialinformant (ghetto). Thereisnoreasonwhy'sucha personcannot alsobegivencriminalor security assignments.TheBureauhas,infact,alreadyinstructedthis officeto convert severalsuchpersonstoracialinformants.' Foryourinformation,allof these sources,regardlessof their designations,willbesetupinanarea breakdown index of3 x 5 cardswhichwillbemaintainedinthe office of the No.3 supervisor.Accordingc Iy,aseachisdevelopedandagreesto assist,pertinent , informationregardinghiscoverage shouldberecorded inthe fileandfurnishedto SACOLE.Theareabreak downwillbeasfollows: 1.SouthPhiladelphia ASouthStreet B.stof the destruction wascausedby youthfulNeArrangementsweremadeinadvance with the Stategroes traveling in smallbands,with .theirmainacti.vity Department of Uquor Controlsothat liquor stdres consisting of breaking store front wlOdows,throwlOg andbars couldbe closedpromptly.!-bwever, assoonrocks andbottles from open convertibles or by stand. aspossible, they shouldbe al.lowedtoreopeninordering at intersections andthrowing rocks andbottles at to return the community tonormalcy;.passingvehicles.Fire bombs were thrown atUponreceipt of reported sniper activity,steps were ous storesindustries, andlumberyards,resulting In taken tocloseoff the immediate area.Attempts were majorinseveralinstances.Somelooting wasen thenmade to enter the area and apprehend the sniper.countered... A nightpolice court wasestab lishedtospeed up Three persons were. injuredby gunshots.Onlya subjects' arraignments andto handle thelargevolume bout twelve others wereinjured seriously enough to of court activity...requirehospitalization.Damage was estimated at close Officers,adept indeveloping intelligence type into$2million. formation,were assignedtominority group About 800 policemen, inaddition to officers from ities to secure information andto report onpotentialthe Sheriff's Office,andnearly1,000 OhioNational prob lems orviolence...Guardsmen wereusedto bring the disturbanceunder A "CommunityRadioWatch"wasestabltshedtocontrol. have drivers of rommercialvehiclesreport to theirThere were 278 arrests.Onehundred twenty of dispatchers any crime, fire,accident, orunusual those arrestedwereconvicted, two acquitted, eight penings.This enabledthepolice tohave anetwork ofdismissed, andthirty-sixheldfor the grandjury. intelligence information availab Ieto them to reportPoliceTactics' \on anypotential riot situation. At the outset of the riot the establishment of For aperiodof about ten days after the commandtwelve-hour duty shifts was set up regarding allpolice post wasdisbanded, a tacticalunit composed of apofficers.. . proximately fifty speciallyesta-They operated only twomanpoliceunits durlOg b lished, operating intwo-manunits diVidedIOtOtheinitialsteps of disturbance instead of the normal units to each of seven districts. The officers of thiSone-manunit. tacticalunit workedanine-hour day beginning at 4:00The normalpolice functionswerecontinued as p.m., six days aweek.These units werewithlong aspossible,including regularbeats.Two officers shotguns,tear gas(not usedd.uringri.ot),chemical were assignedhoweverto each footpatrol. maces, gasmasks,andotherriotThe purFblice attemptedto operate from establishedpolice pose of this unit was to disperse any gatherlOgs ofdistricts andfacilitiesundernormal operations aslong three ormoreNegromalesduring the periodimm7" aspossible.Whenthis wasnolonger feasible,inorder diately (lfterthe riot.Also,thistohandle theproblem they establisheda fieldcomactionwheneversituations develop IOdlcatlOg additionmandpost at alocationapproximately one-half mile alracialunrest. fromthe foca'i point of the disturbance, aSearsRoeMuchunnecessary radiotraffic wasexperienced" buckparkinglot.Itwas foundthat astrouble broke andnonessentialradio traffic shouldbe eliminatedso out inisolatedsections of the city, thispost tendedto normalpolice andriot radio traffic maybe free and loseitslocationvalue.Itwasdeemedadvisable to oisunimpeded..,.. band the commandpost a"Ssoon aspractical,returnYkitteri reports shouldbe obtainedfromindiVidualing to normalpolice functio.nsfrom estab lishedpoofficers astoprecisely what they did, observed,etc., licedistricts as soon aspoSSible.. during the riot sotl:tesereports canbelateranalyzed A controlpost wassetup inthe downtown busiandstudied.'.ness districtwherethe Chief, SafetyDirector,Fire Asan outgrowth of the Cincinnatievery poChief andManagercouldhandlepress,radio and lice department inHamiltonCounty, OhiO,has Signed S7 mutual assistancepactspursuant to state authority'. ' They arejoining together incase of anemergency or needforassistance.Councils andtownships have passed.the necessaryandresolutions authorizing thepact.This arrangement bolsters thepreviousverbal working agreement of departments' to assist one another andwillgive the assistingpatrolmenjurisdiCtiontoperform dutiesinhisneighboring community. CLEVELAND, OHIO InitialIncident The incident whichsparkedthe troubleinthe !-hugh area,aNegroghetto, wastherefusalby a white bar owner to giveaNegroindividualadrink of water during the evening of july18, 1966. Thisincident tookplace at about 9:30 p.m. atEast 79th and!-hugh Avenue.The originaldisturbance after thisincident wasthe stoning of policevehiclesthat arrivedon the scene. Thepolicevehicles arriving on the scene weremet with sniper firecoming from apartment buildings. There wasno doubt that thepolice were being fired uponbecause themencouldhearthe slugshitting various objects aroundthem,andone officerrece'iveda superficialwoundinthe abdomen.Atthispoint,policereturned the fireanda"pretty good firefightensued." Shortly after thisthe rioters beganto hurlfire bombs from the buildings andalsohurledfirebombs into business estaelishments.The trouble area was a twenty-block-long area whichhelpedtokeep the disturbancesrather a simplematter to contain. PoIice Tactics Roadblocks were set up.These roadblocks consisted.of vehiclesparked acrossthe intersection,manned bypolice officers.Side streets entering into the area were blockedwithvehiclesmannedwithpolice officers.Theseroadblocks allowedthosepersons wishing toleavethe aieato do so andtoprevent anyone else not authorized to enter the areafrom doing so. !"ational Guardbeganarriving on the scene the fol lowing evening to augment their forces.At this ti me, an outerperi meterwas formedseveralblocks fromthe center of the trouble area,but no roadblocks were usedother than those that hadbeenusedtheprevious night.The outerperi meter waspatrolledbyNational Guardandpolice officers.The firstnight wasthe time whenmost of the actiontookplaceandthe nextseveraldaysfollowingwererelativelycalm,themajority of the trouble being sporadic firebombings andsome reported snipings. . Afterthe firstnight,because of the widespread disturbances,it wasimpossible toisolate the whole area with themanpower available.Rovingpatrols were usedintheseareas sothey couldhavemanpower on handif any situation arose.Anyfacilities su(;nasutilitypower stations, schools, gunstores, etc., were guardedtopreventlooters from attacking theseinstallations. Inordertocoordinate the efforts of the National Guardwith thepolice, a!"ational Guardcommandpost was set up with the police commandpost andthe!"ational GuardCommanderwasissued apoliceradioso thathe couldact directlyupon any reported d isturbances.. ,Anotherproblem wasthe fact individuals were re. \ : porting that crowds were gathering orthat firebombings were going on at such andsuch aplace,which necessitated sending vehiclesthere,wheninreality. nothing wastakingplace.The policehelicopterwas usedintheseinstances to good.advantageintl"iat they couldbe over the scene of areported disturbance ra-. pidly anddetermine whether or not help wasneeded. The helicopter was extremelyusefulindetermining if any rioterswere on the rooftops.Itwasfeltthe helicopter wouldbe extremely vulnerable torifle fire. Aproblem whichisfelttheyhavenow overcome isthe identificationof thosepersons arrestedd,uring riot situations.The booking officerassignedto the policepaddy wagon wiJ.sequipped with aFblaroidcamera andit was the duty of the booking officer to take aFblaroidshot of theindividual arrested along withthe arresting officer. [)jring the early stages of the riot,themainproblemof the police department wasthe keeping of curiosity seekers out of the riot area.The roadblocks androvingpatrolswere instrumentalinovercoming , . thisproblem. Cllservations Newspaper accountsmentionednumerous sniping incidents;however,there were actually only a few sniping incidents after the firstnight.Manysniping in, cidents reportedby the newspapers didnot actually exist but weremerely firecrackers exploding. 01 one occasion a sni perwasreportedinan area approximately amile andahalf fromthe riot scene andupon arrival of thepolice,neighbors reported a sniper wasinsuch andsuch abuilding because they hadseenthe curtainsmoveback andaface appearin thewindow.Manyof the officers on duty werepreparedto firewhen the Chief instructedthem toinvestigate firstaridthey foundinactuality there was1')0 sniperbutmerely acuriousindividual whohadbeen looking out to seewhat was going on. Thisincident waspointed out to show that it could be aangerous if undisciplined officers or troops areusedinsuch situations, Ole of theproblems encountered wasinregardto the use of policevehicles.Manyof the vehicles were damagedorbroke down andbecameuseless.Inthe event of another riot,itisplannedBrink's armored truckswillbecommandeered,ifnecessary,to afford protectiontomengoingintothe trouble area. Atthe inception, difficultywasexperiencedinmobilizing the officers andon severaloccasionsmany officerswere away fromtheirnormal districts which leftthese districts open topossibletrouble. The city was dividedinto six districts and each district wasresponsible forany disturbance withinits area.Inthe event of trouble inone district,each of the other five districts couldsendtwo squads,or twentyfourmen, into the trouble district.Usingthisplanit was believedthere wouldbe sufficientmanpowerinthose districts nothavtngtrouble tohandlenormalpolice activities. ,Itisbelievedthe best wayto combat snipers isto completely surroundthe building involvedand search it forsnipers.In,orderto do this,itwasnecessary on many occasions to order thepeople out of the bui Id,ing before the police officerscould start conducting theirsearch. TheFbliceDepartment hasrecently obtained armoredplating which canbemountedinthe bucket of afiredepartment snorkel truck,togiveprotection to themeninthe bucket. The snorkelbucket isso equippeditcanbe usedto searchrooftops forpossiblesnipers andthat the armorplateusedinthis bucket wIllwithstand a 30.06 a r ~ rpiercing slug. It isbelievedthe riot washandled quite well,with a minimumloss of life and aminimum amount of.injury.Itwasfeltthenewsmediatendedt()e x ~ g g e r a t e theextent and destruttivel)ess of the r.iotandreported too manyunsubstantiatedrumors orincidents; ,,DAYTON, OHIO. InitialIncident Localauthorities stateclthe dIsturbanceinracially tenseDayton,Ohio,wasignitedbyinflammatory speeches to about 250Negroyouths byH.RapBrown andWiJlieRicks,both of theStudent I'bnviolent Coordinating Committee.The disturbance occurred on the west side of Daytonina predominar:'tlyNegro neighborhood.Itbeganwithrockandbottle throwing byNegroesonthenight of June14,1967: Scattered incidents of rockandbottle throwing,windowbreakingandlooting occurred onJune15,' 1967. Several fireswerealsoset that night.' , ~ There werenodeaths.Severalpersonsincluding fourpolicemen wereinjured.Property damagewasestimatedat$175,000.'. The OhioNationalGuardandthe OhioHighway PcifrolassistedtheDaytonPoliceDepartment inquellingthe disturbance. During the disturbance182 persons werearrested on chargesrangingfromdisorderly conduct to arson. PoliceTactics Oneprocedure foundtobe effective wasthe rapid mobilization of allpolicepersonnel. Threemenwere assignedtoeach vehicle,including utitization of detectives andunmarkedcars. Allpersonnelindisturbance areashadmapsandwere as- ' signedto specific areasandwerenotpermittedto leavethese areasunless orderedto do soby command levelpersonnel. Allpolicepersonnelwerefurnishedphotographs, , descriptions,andlicensenumbers of onehundred rogues,thieves,andtroublemakersinthe are'a.Bythe endof the disturbance 80 of the 100 individualshad beenarrested. ThePoliceDepartment closedallbarsinthe troubleareas,including carry-out storeswhichsoldwine andbeer.Thiswasfoundto solvethe problem of drunks andalso deprivedtroublemakers of having a placetohang out. ThePoliceDepartment feltthat by controlling knownthieves'hangouts,theyprecluded additionaltrouble. D.JringtheJune,1967, disturbance;thepoliceimmediatelybeganarrestingjuveniles; andwithina short timethe wordspreadthroughout the community that thePoliceDepartmentwasarrestingjuveniles,andconsequentlymany of the juveniles whomayhavecaused trouble got off the streets.'" Police,ambulance,andfiredepartment sirens were Jurned off whileanswering any calls or proceeding to the area of the disturbance.The theory behindthis is that the sirenisa devicewhichattracts crowds,includingboth troublemakers and curiosity seekers. Itwasfoundtobeimportant fortop command policepersonnel tobeinthe fieldsince the rankof ,captain or above issuing orders topersonnelismore effectivethan a lowerrankingpolice officer. servations Riotsinthese areashavenot beenof the static type wheretheapplicationof the riotsformationscouldbe utilized. Thecommandofficers advisedthey feelthat thisriot formationtraining isstillof valueinthat it helpsintraining the individualpolice officerstotake commands andfunctionasa unit. Communications during theDetroitriotpresented, aprobleminthat therewereapproximatelythree or fourfrequenciesusedbyvariousdepartments.These' taskforceunits comprising three-four carsweremade upof State Police,CityPoliceandNationalGuard.In "I some cases one task forceunit wouldreceive a callregarding a sniper and wouldbedirectedtoproceedto this 'area.Another task forcewo-uldreceivea callfrom a stof thosewere chargedwithcurfewviolations.I PoliceTactics, -Onjuly30, a group of 200persons whichhadformedat anintersectionhadbeenfairlyeasily dispersed by a riot control formationof police officers.Itwas statedhowever:that the riotcontrol formationwas notconsideredby thePoliceDepartment tohavebeen the effective stimulusindispersing the crowd,but that it wasratherthe showing of force.Afterthisinitial utilization of a riotcontrol formationthey wereno longer attempted sincethey wouldhavebeenimpractical.. lilthe area of greateSt activity,walkingpatrols sisting ora Sergeant andten officers wereestCib-!Ts hed.' Theywerehighlymaneuverable anda'oietocompete withthe equa)lymaneuveraqle bands of rioters. Althoughalmost allthe store wfrldows onboth sides of the street werebroken, the- walkingpatrols were able tokeep theriotersmOVing sothatitwasvirtually impossible for anyvandalswhohadbroken windows service.Theyweremannedbypolice,one being armed with scope equippedrifle. From the trucks,itwaspossible for officers toutilizetear gasorreturn fire. mpanyArmoredTrucks werepressedinto ' ".. to stgp anaIoenhe-contents of the store.TheMilwau- ' ablylongerthan they hadexpected.Plans are being devisedforanewsystem of mobilization... Sincepolice departments arenotinthe_positionto haveenoughequipment, property, andmaterialsneededto cope withriot demands,itwasdecidedtopool theequipment of thedepartments inthe area sothat mmediate demandscouldbemet. .Approximately sevenmenwerehitinthe facewith , thrownrocks during the riots.Itwasfelthelmets were necessary but thilt they,be equippedwithface ,guardssu.chInJunes.,Hadthese faceguards been available,InJunescouldhavebeenprevented. Thepolice wereplaguedwithbadrumors onpossib!eanditwasinformation orintelligencemustbedevelopedtoInsurethe departmentisinpossessionof accurate,exact, andprecise data. Itwasconcludedpoliceshouldnot arbitrate orconferwiththe rioters. mustbe firmgive all the orders. Onone occasionwhenthepolicepulled backto organize andformtheirunits,itwas anindication tothecrowdthat thedepartmentmusthave a weakness.Atthispoint, thecrowdbecamehysterical andunruly andrioting brokeloose.Inretrospectitis believedthelines shouldhaveheldandshouldnot havewithdrawni.mderariycircumstances.The strength shouldmovetothe units already assignedto the trou- " ,, NEWARK,NEWJERSEY InitialIncident Theincrdent triggering the riot atNewarkwasthe arrest qf aNegrotaxicab driver whobecameloud,profane,andabusive whenstoppedby thepolice fora traffic violationandphysicalforcewasnecessaryto restrainhim.This Qccurredonthe night of July12, 1967. Shortly aftermidnight, followingthe arrest of the taxicabdriver,a largenumber of unrulyNegroes gathlkedat thepoliceprecinct stationwherethe arrestedmanhadbeentaken andthrew stones,bricks,and bottles at thepolice building,passing automobiles, andonlookers.The riot spreadandM>lotovCbcktails werethrown at bl,lsinessestablishments andstores werelootedinthe vicinity of the police building before order wasrestored. Theviolenceeruptedagain butwithmoreintensity the followingnight andcontinuedforseveraldaysbefore abating onJuly17, 1967. Furtherlooting occurred onJuly18, 1967. The area involvedescalatedfromeight blocks toan arearough- . Iyestimatedat ten squaremiles.During the rioting rampagingNegroes set fires,lootedstores,andcommittedrobbery and acts of vandalism.Heavysniper firebeganinthelate afternoon of july 14,1967, directedprincipally at police andfiremen.Approximately300 firesoccurredduring the periodof rioting and 60 falsefirealarmswerereported. Statisticsregarding deaths,injuries, andproperty damage: Deaths- 25(2whitepersons, apoliceofficeranda firecaptain:and23 Negroes) Injuries-1,259,induqing 62law enforcement officers Itoperty da'mage-'Insuredlosses esti matedat $15million:Uninsured losses estimatedat$15 millionto $30million The entire force of 1,350 officers of theNewark PoliceDepartment aidedby350 StatePoliceTroopers, and2;300Nationa'Guardsmen orderedinonJuly14, 1967, wereutilizedinputting downthe riot.A total of 1,456 persons werearrested. , Cbservations Priortothe rioting thePoliceDepartmenthada request inthe budget fqr200 shotgunsbut thiswaseliminatedby the Gty Council.Whenthe rioting broke out,policemenwerepermittedto personally owned shoulderweapons.Duringthe height of the Newarkrioting,the PoliceDepartment obtainedpermissiontomakeemergencypurchases of shoulder weapons,helmets and gasequipment,includingmasks. ,Generally,inNewjersey, the governingbodies,since the iiots,have beenmoreliberalinauthorizing funds forthepurchase of necessary equipment. The system of dispatching police vehiclesto"assist"inaparticular area frequentlyreceivedtoomuch attention, astoomany vehiClesresponded . They found that theyneededto dispatch a specific number of vehicles to assist.' There wassomeindicationthat "the riotershadreceivers forthemonitoring of police radiocalls.Rioters alsophonedinfalserepOrts,causingpolicecarstobe diverted andalsotending tojam thePoliceDepart ment switchboard. TheFireDepartment alsorespond edtomany false ,alarms. Officials wereof the opinion that theNationalGuard neededmanymore walkie-talkies sothat bettercommunicationcouldbehadbetween the Guardsmen and theirimmediate superiors." Insomeinstances,the riotersinNewarkwereusing a citizen radiobandto sendinstructions asto which area shouldbe firedorlooted.Policehada radioexpert setupsimilarequipment whichthepolice thenusedto"jam" the citizen bandandthereby were able to disrupt communications. Becauseof thelargenumber of arrestsandfre quency of arrests,there wasconfusioninbooking of , prisoners. Officerswouldbeat apolicestationboo.kingprisoners andanemergencycallwouldbereceived indicating that officers wereneededimmediately at a designatedlocationto assist other officers. ,/tisoners wouldhave to beleft atthe stationwithout allnecessaryinformation fordetaining thesepersons.. Dueto sniper fire,it wasnecessarytohavepolice rideonfiretrucks toprotect firemenfrommobsand snipers. PHILADELPHIA,PENNSYLVANIA InitialIncident 01June10,1967, a crowdof Negroesgathered andjeeredthe white owner of a hardware store for histreatment of Negroes.This actionfollowedthe store owner's accusationof attemptedshoplifting by a maleNegrocustomer. ThePhiladelphiaPoliceDepartmentpromptly sent heavypatrolsintothe area of thehardware store. These dispersedthe crowdof Negroeswhichhadgatheredandthe onlyphysicalviolence occurredduring the arrest of themaleNegrowhenthe arresting officer wasstruck ontheheadby a thrownbrick . Patrolswerepromptly rushedtothe areainvolved and,though tensionbetweenNegroesandwhites continued,therewasno furtheraction . During the riot 36 arrests weremade. /'bliceTactics 01June 10,1967, atnoon,the 27 -year-o Idwhite sonof a hardwarestore owner,locatedinapredominantlyNegroarea,engagedina flghtwithaNegro whoheclaimedwashandlingmerchandiseondisplay outside the store. TheNegroclai medhemerelypicked up a canof paint toreadthe label.The men were whenpolice arrived.They weretakentoheadquarters wherethey settledtheirdifferences andrefusedtoprosecuteeach 'other.At1 :00p.m.a brick wasthrownthroughrileplate glasswindow of the hardwarestore andgroups of peoplebeganto gather. By4:00p.m.300persons wereinfront of the store andanofficerwas struck by a thrownbottle ashearrivedat the scene.Plateglasswindowsinseveralstores intheblockwerebroken andpassingcarswere struck with rocks anddebris_There wasnolooting. Atotal of 700policepersonnelwereused ,torestore order.Itwasthe opinionthat theimmediate show of forceinlargenumberspreventedthis disturbance fromerupting into a largescaleriot. Cbseryations, During the Spring andSummer of 1967thePhiladelphiaPoliceDepartmentpurchasedcarbines,riot helmets,andriot shields.Asa deterrent tocivildisturbance, eachpurchasewasaccompaniedby apress release.Itwasalsopublicizedthatshotguns,andrifles werebeingplacedinbothmarkedandunmarkedcars. InAug'ust,1967, Oty O"dinances werepassedwith the specificpurpose of aidingpoliceduring, riotsituations.The ordinances concern authorizations of the MayortolimitcOngregations of people onpublichighways;halting of accesstohighways,establishing of ' curfews;haltingmovement of airplanes,trains and boats,closing servations.. Sniperfirewasa serrousproblem andthe police hadnotbeentrainedinanti-sniper ,fire. Police andNationalGuardusedarmoredpersonnel carriers to drawsniper fire,with the hope thatitcould thenbe 'pinpo'intedastolocation,andofficerswould thenmovein.The difficulty wasthat the sniperbullets werepiercing the armor, andthisprocedure had to be discontinued.' Gunstores andliquor stores should,ifat allpossjble,receivepriorityprotection fromlooting.' Ithas been dIscussedthe possiblity of requiring merchants,who sellweapons,to remove the firing pins andreplace them only whena legitimate saleis made. , PROVIDENCE,RH()DEISLAND InitialIncident A disturbance wasinitiatedinProvidence,Rhode Island,onjuly 31,1967, whena youngNegrofemale threw a bottle at apolicesquadcar. Theinitialincident occurred at about10:30 p.m. inthe vicinity of the WillardAvenueShopping center whichislocatedinapredominantlyNegroneighborhood.Following this,rovingbands of youngNegro'es threw bottles andstones atpolice officers,passing vehicles andwindows of business establishments.A police officialadvisedthatnomorethan100 Negroes wereinvolved. A police officerwasinjuredwhenhitinthe face by a brickthrown throughthe window of hissquadcar. Onewhitemanwasbeaten andanotherwas stabbed, both by Negroes. TheProvidencePoliceDepartmentwasabletoquell the disturbance without outsidehelp. Naarrestsweremade. IVliceTactics Initially,regular police andcrowdcontrol tactics dispersedthiscrowd after some rockthrowing.Thereafterroving gangsof teenagers roamedthe area, startedseveralfires,pulledinmany false alarms andinis- . olatedinstancesresortedtosniping.The ordinarypolicetactics of crowdcontrolprovedineffective against these tactics andfromthatpoint, the areawaspatrolledby a specially trainedtacticalunit.This force' wascomposedof threeplatoons,eachplatoon consisting of three squads of twelvemeneach.They were equippedwithhelmets,batons andsidearms.Each squadhada specially trainedshotgunmanandtear gaswasavailable.The gaswasnotused,however,the shotgunmenwhowereadvisedto return gunfire did retaliatewhenthe occasiondemanded. Earlyinthe secondday of thea curfew lawwaspassedby the Oty Councillndthereafterrigidly enforced.Thelawcalledfortheclosing of liquor stores, gasoline stations anddrugstores- forthemost part, alreadyclosedandbarricadedtheirplaces ot business. (l:Jseryations Providence officials creditthe curfewlaw,which enabledtheirpatrols tointerrogate andif deemedadvisabletoarrest,persons foundonthe streets,with beingextremely helpfulinthe suppressions of the riot. SANFRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA InitialIncident A disturbancewasstartedabout 9:45p.m.,july 26,1967, by smallrovingbands of juvenileNegroes whothrew bombs at aMayfairSupermarket andengagedinstrong-arm robberyintheFillmoreDistrict of SanFrancisco. Onthe followingnight andcontinuinginto the earlymorninghours severalhundredNegroeswerein- . volvedinfurther disturbancesintheFillmoreDistrict of SanFrancisco andinthe areaof MarketStreetin SanFrancisco. Three cars were overturned,looti,{g occllrredina pawnshop where anundetermined number of guns wasstolen, andalargetheft occurredat a jewelry store o.n MarketStreet.There wete isolated incidents of sniping. There werenodeaths asa result of the disturbances. !-bwever,there wasa shooting incident inthe Fillmore areainvoJvingthreeNegroyouths andthree white youths whichresultedinone whiteyouthbeing woundedbya .22 caliber rifle.Property damagewas confinedtobroken windows andsmallfireswhich were easily extinguished: PoliceTactics CNerthepastyear,the SanFranciscoareahasexperiencedtwoorthree full-scaleriotsinthe areasprin cipallyinhabitedby Negroes.Therehasbeen some looting,however,ithasbeen on a smallerscale and they havenothadthelootingproblem whichhasbeen experiencedby otherlarge citiesintheirriotproblems. Theyhavebeen able tocontain these riotsby animmediate display of manpower andbyimmediately dispersing t.hese officerstoclose off the areawhere the rioters are gathering.Officersareplacedaroundthe perimeter of the problem area.' The departmenthassetupthree tacticalsquads andeachcontain seven officers andone sergeant. These eightmenforeachsquadareplacedintwopa trol vehicles. Wheneverintelligence indicates apossi belproblem, these three squads areallplacedonpatrolduty. Theirresponsibilityistorespondwhenever there isanindication of aproblem.Inthepast,these squadshavepreventedriotsbyimmediately going to a trouble areaandarrestingthe rabble rousers. There werevery fewproblemsinvolving sniperfire oruse of gunfire by rioters.This occurred on only two orthree occasions andthe officers quicklydetermined the source of the gunfireandwentinandarrestedthe offenders. The department has.30 caliber rifles available,whichcanbeusedtocombat snipers. Cl>servations :rh,eyhavehadproblemsinsuccessfullyprosecuting these arr