Western Michigan University Western Michigan University

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Paper Engineering Senior Theses Chemical and Paper Engineering

6-1957

The Comparison of High and Low Shear Viscometers for The Comparison of High and Low Shear Viscometers for

Determining Rheological Characteristics in Pigmented Coatings Determining Rheological Characteristics in Pigmented Coatings

Philip J. Meyer Western Michigan University

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Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Meyer, Philip J., "The Comparison of High and Low Shear Viscometers for Determining Rheological Characteristics in Pigmented Coatings" (1957). Paper Engineering Senior Theses. 372. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/engineer-senior-theses/372

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lli.E COMP A RISON OF HIGH AND LOW SHEAR VISCOMETERS

FOR DETERMINING RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN PIGMENTED COATINGS/

Submitted to the faculty of Western Michigan University in partial fulfillment of the prerequisites for the degree of Bachelor of Science

Philip J. Meyer Kalamazo�, Michigan June 5, 1957

Introduction

Historical Review

Experimental Procedure

Discussion of Results

Experimental Results

Summary of Results

Conclusion

Charts

Literature Cited

INDEX

Page

I

1

8

11

13

14

14

15-23

24

-1-

The Comparison of High and Low Shear Viscometers for Determining Rheological Characteristics in Pigmented Coatings

Introduction

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if there was any rela­

tionship between the rheograms of the Hercules High Shear Viscometer and the

Stormer Low Shear Viscometer when applied to paper pigmented coatings.

Historical Review

Rheology is the science of the deformation and flow of matter. It is par­

ticularly of interest to those in the coating field and other fields dealing with

flow in order to find the flow characteristics of material by the use of rheograms.

These rheograms are formed by the use of viscometers such as the Hercules

High Shear Viscometer and the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer.

Protests raised by industry against the introduction of a scientific form of

rheology ( I) were; (a) That the science was too complicated for practical use and

that no commercial viscometers were available that would give consistency

curves for many highly viscous industrial products. (b) The science of rheology

aims at a high degree of accuracy and precision. For practical purposes, this

is not necessary for the "One-point" methods can be duplicated with preciSLon.

(c) Absolute units are not necessary; therefore, nothing is gained by substituting

a method that gives absolute values. (d) Even if "One-point" methods are not

highly accurate, they are comparable, because they are all made in the same

way. The reply to these protests was as follows: (a) The science of rheology

is complicated and will continue to become so as more progress is made, as was

found with analytical chemistry, spectrophotometry, and many others. (b) The

main object in applying a sound rheology to industry is to substitute the multi­

point consistency curve for the "One-point" method and therefore has nothing

to do with accuracy, because there is no standard method ·for determinip.g with

100% assurance the actual yield value and plastic viscosity of a material.

-2-

(c) The argument about absolute units is also one that causes unnecessary

apprehension and confusion. There is no necessity to report measurements in

absolute units, except to give the rheologists a common language in which to

compare their results. (d) The "One-point" system is a measurement of a single

shearing stress and the particular rate of flow of the stress of the material

under test on unknown consistency curve. This does not give comparable results

because two non-Newtonian consistency curves may pass through the same point,

therefore the investigator would report them as being the same material, which

would be rheologically incorrect.

Before the work with rheology is taken up, the study of the various types

of flow must be understood. The first is the Newtonian or Ideal type of flow.

It is characterized (2) as two parallel plates with the space between filled with

the test liquid. A tangential shearing stress F is applied to the top plate. The

top plate moves the greatest distance, while the bottom one remains constant.

All intermediate planes move in linear proportions to the distance from the top

plane. Newtonian flow occurs (3) in such liquids as linseed and other vegetable

oils in which flow will start under the slightest application of force and the vis­

cosity co-efficient is a constant. This is due to the fact that no structural change

takes place, therefore the curve is linear. Since the rate of shear is directly

proportional to the tangential force, Newton expressed his idea in the mathemati­

cal equation F = n t where F is shearing stress, v is velocity, r is the distance

between plates and n is the co-efficient of viscosity. The next type of flow is the

plastic flow (2). In such a system as a clay-water suspension, an initial shear­

ing force has to be applied to overcome the internal frictiona� resistance to flow.

Also the rate of shear is proportional to the stress in excess of the yield value.

For a mathematical expression of this, Bingham modified the Newton conception

into F - f = n � where f is the frictional factor. Other examples of this type of

flow are materials such as pigmented enamels, paints and inks. The frictional

-3-

factor which is the force required to produce flow of a plastic is called the yield

value. Next is the pseudoplastic type of flow. This type of material poses no

real yield value and like Newtonian flow will start under the slightest application

of force, but the viscosity co-efficient is not constant. The viscosity co-efficient

is not constant because as the material is subject to a shearing stress and per­

mitted to flow, there occurs an alignment of the long molecules, characteristic

of this material, parallel to the direction of flow, without structural linkage at

high rates of shear. This produces a curve convex to the stress axis, with the

up and down curves coinciding, regardless of time. Materials of this type are

resins, tars, and heavy oils. The fourth type of flow is dilatant. It is charac­

terized by a non-linear flow curve where large increases in the shearing stress

are required to produce small increases in the rate of shear. This is caused by

particle deflocculation and concentration, the interparticle space being just suf­

ficient in volume to absorb all the vehicle present. All four of these types of flow

give specific types of curves described with each, but there is another type of

flow curve called thixotropy. Thixotropy is usually defined (4) as a reversible

gel-solution transformation. If a material of this type is allowed to rest undis­

turbed for a period of time, an internal structure is formed within the material.

When shearing begins, enough of these bonds are broken to permit motion, and

if shearing action continues at the same rate, more and more bonds are broken,

until their rate of destruction equals their rate of formation. If shearing is

increased, a new equilibrium is formed. The up curve of the rheogram is non-­

linear; an increase in shearing stress produces a dispropO'rtionately greater

increase in rate of shear. The action is non-chemical and isothermic. There

are two parts to this curve, the up and down curves which do not coincide, form­

ing a hysteresis loop.

Before going on, a few terms should be defined:

Viscosity - the resistance· of a rheological material, such as liquids and plastics, to flow

-4-

Coefficient - the dynes of shearing stress necessary to of induce a unit rate of sh�ar. Its unit is the

Viscosity

Rate of -Shear

Shearing -Stress

poise.

the rate of shear between two parallel planes is their relative viscosity with respect to each other, divided by the distance between them. Its dimensions are velocity divided by distance. It is recorded as reciprocal seconds.

the force applied by a viscometer to produce flow per unit area.

Below is a graph which shows the various types of flow curves:

SHEARING ST RESS

There are various types of viscometers, some of which are listed below,

showing their desirable and undesirable features:

Type of Viscometer

Cup

Falling Ball

FEATURES OF VISCOMETERS

Undesirable Features

The orifice is too short to pro­duce streamlined flow. There is no method of changing the shearing stress so that up and down consistency curves can be produced.

Not easily adapted for pro­ducing consistency curves. Many balls of different weights would have to be employed to produce satisfactory curves. This would be awkward and time consuming.

Desirable Features

Quick and easy to manipu­late. Easy to clean. Usually available on the marlcet.

Temperature control pos­sible. Well suited for liquids where a single point method is satisfactory. In such cases, these instrument can be made to give very accurate results.

Typ

e of Viscometer

Rising Bubble

Capillary Tube

Oscillating Discs

Rotating Viscometers

-5-

Undesirable Features

Not easily adapted for making consistency curves. Bubbles of different sizes might be used for obtaining different rates of shear, but this would be of no value if the yield value altered the shape of the bubble or pre­vented it from rising.

The flow of plastic materials of the pigment - vehicle type can't give linear curves in these viscometers; conse­quently, plastic viscosity and yield values can't be calcula­ted. These instruments are also unsuitable for obtaining hysteresis for thixotropic materials.

These instruments are not actually undesirable. They are constructed so that they do not differ substantially from rotating viscometers. If a selection must be made between the two, it is better to select the rotational visco­meter as it is easier to apply the plastic material.

For temper.ature control, the rotating cup type requires the installation of a water type shaft in a temperature control bath. The rotating bob type re­quires the change in weight for every point on the consistency curve. This is troublesome and time consuming.

Desirable Features

Inexpensive and easy to operate. Suitable for approximate measurements of the viscosities of liquids of Newtonian type.

Excellent for Newtonian liquids. Easy to control the temperature.

Temperature control is easy. Can be used for pro­ducing consistency curves.

Easily adapted for the con­sistency curve method.

One type of viscometer which is used by industry is the Stormer Low

Shear Viscometer. (3) With this viscometer, the sample is put into the cup

which is fixed and the bob is made to rotate by placing weights on the pan. The

speed for a given weight is a measure of the consistency. The time for which

the bob takes to make one hundred revolutions is used to calculate the revolu­

tions per minute which are plotted against the torque. The following is a diagram

of Stormer Viscometer:

-6-

WEIGHT

SAMPLE

-cuP

MODIFIED .STORMER

A second type of viscometer which is used by industry is the Hercules

High Shear Viscometer. (4) The Hercules High Shear Viscometer is designed

to study the flow properties of high-solids pigment suspensions. It provides

analytical rheological data at rates of shear above the levels where radical

changes in the fluid behavior of the suspensions becomes apparent and is ther�­

fore a tool useful in the intelligent interpretation of rheological data obtained

from complex systems, which are to be applied industrially at high rates of

shear. With low shear viscometers, it might be difficult, if not impossible, to

obtain any information which would be of value in predicting the performance of

these suspensions when subjected to high shear. The reason for this lies in the

nature and magnitude of the structural viscosity effects found in most high-solids

pigment suspensions which were discussed at the start of this paper.

The Hercules High Shear Viscometer is designed so that rates of shear

above 5, 000 reciprocal seconds are easily employed which may be compared

with a maximum of 7 at 45 revolutions per second and 21 at 100 revolutions per

second for the Stormer.

High rates of shear are made possible by rotating the bob instead of the

cup, and recording the torque developed by the re·ceiver, which holds the cup.

The central part is a drill press. When the bob is rotated, torque is transmitted

-7-

through the liquid which tends to rotate the cup and receiver. The torque

developed by the receiver is an inverse function of the clearance between the

face of the bob and the wall of the cup and is directly proportional to the speed

with which the bob is rotated and the apparent viscosity of the material being

tested. The torque is measured in terms of the linear deflection of a calibrated

set of springs.

The chuck and bob are rotated by power transmitted from a Graham

variable speed drive. This drive permits continually variable bob speeds

from 0 to 1050 revolutions per minute. The speed setting of the Graham trans­

mission is changed by a :remote control speed dial and flexible cable arrange­

ment. This assembly permits easy adaption of a simple yet useful automatic

recording apparatus.

-8-

Experimental Procedure

The purpose of this investigation was to see if there is any relationship

between the Hercules High Shear Viscometer and Stormer Low Shear Viscometer.

To accomplish this comparison, rheograms from the two viscometers

were made of clay, titanium dioxide, satin white, calcium carbonate, Dow Latex

512K, alpha protein, Argentine casein, 25% Dow Latex 512K and 75% alpha pro­

tein, SO% Dow Latex 512K and SO% alpha protein, 75% Dow Latex 512K and 25%

alpha protein, and combination of clay with Dow Latex 512K and alpha protein.

Preparation of Clay Slurries

Edgar Brothers predispersed clay was used, with 650 grams dispersed

in 350 ml of water. After rheograms were made from this dispersion, the

solids were reduced to 60% with water for further viscosity determinations.

Preparation of Titanium Dioxide Slurries

Titanox W. D. was used, with 500 grams dispersed in 500 ml of water.

After rheograms were made from this dispersion, the solids were reduced to

45% with water for further viscosity determinations.

Preparation of Calcium Carbonate Slurries

Calcium carbonate slurries were prepared by adding slowly 500 ml of

water to 500 grams of the calcium carbonate. After rheograms were made

from this dispersion, the solids were reduced to 46% with water for further

viscosity determinations.

Preparation of Satin£ White Slurries

Satin White slurries were prepared by adding to 500 grams of wet slaked

lime (equivalent to 160 grams dry), 423 ml of water, and adding to this as

rapidly as possible 220 grams of aluminum sulfate and 25 grams of anhydrous

sodium sulfate dissolved in 250 ml of water. It was mixed for 30 minutes

after the alum was added. It was then diluted to 19% solids, rheograms made,

-9-

and then diluted with water to 15% solids for further viscosity determinations.

Preparation of Alpha Protein Solution

Alpha protein was prepared by taking 100 parts alpha protein, 450 parts

water, agitating moderately, and allowing to soak for 15 minutes. Ten per

cent ammonium hydroxide was added (dissolved to make 500 parts) under

agitation and heated to 135 F for one hour. It was then cooled to room temper­

ature before using.

Preparation of Casein Solution

Casein was prepared by taking 100 parts casein, 608 parts water,

agitating and soaking for 15 to 30 minutes. To this was added 3. 25 parts sodium

hydroxide under agitation and heated to 140 F until dissolved. It was then

cooled to room temperature before using.

Preparation of Combinations of Dow Latex 512K and Alpha Protein

A combination of 25% Dow Latex 512K and 75% alpha protein was prepared

by mixing 38 grams (400 ml) of alpha protein and adding 12. 7 grams (26 ml)

of Dow Latex 512K under agitation.

A combination of 50% Dow Latex 512K and 50% alpha protein was prepared

by mixing 38 grams (400 ml) of alp_ha protein and 38 grams (79 ml) of Dow Latex

512K under agitation.

A combination of 75% Dow Latex 512K and 25% alpha protein was prepared

by mixing 38 grams (400 ml) of alpha protein and 114 grams (238 ml) of Dow

Latex 512K.

Preparation of Combinations of Clay, Dow Latex 512K and Alpha Protein

A clay dispersion was prepared by adding slowly 300 ml of water to 700

grams predispersed clay.

A coating color was then prepared of 70 grams dry clay {100 ml of above

dispersion) and 11. 2 grams (23. 3 ml) of Dow Latex 512K. The clay was added

slowly to the Dow Latex 512 K under agitation.

-10-

A second coating color was then prepared by adding 140 grams of dry

clay (200 ml of above dispersion) to a combination of 11. 2 grams ( 118 ml) of

alpha protein and I I. 2 grams (23. 3 ml) of Dow Latex 512 Kunder agitation.

A third coating color was prepared by adding 140 grams of dry clay (200

ml of above suspension } to 22. 4 grams (236 ml) of alpha protein under agitation.

-11-

Discussion of Results

Rheograms of the 65% solids clay slurries showed dilatant flows on the

Hercules High Shear Viscometer and thixotropic - dilatant flows on the Stormer

Low Shear Viscometer. The 60% solids clay slurries produced dilatant curves

on both viscometers. This is shown in Chart No. 1.

The 50% solids titanium dioxide slurries show essentially plastic flows on

the Hercules High Shear Viscometer and anomalous flows with thixotropic,

plastic, and dilatant characteristics on the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer.

The 45% solids titanium dioxide slurry produced a plastic curve on the Hercules

High Shear and a dilatant curve with yield value on the Stormer Low Shear.

Chart No. 2 shows these curves.

The rheograms of the 50% solids calcium carbonate slurries showed

thixotropic - plastic flow on both the Hercules and Stormer viscometers with

the latter showing the wider thixotropic loop and a more distinct yield value.

The 46% calcium carbonate slurries produced thixotropic - plastic flow on the

Hercules High Shear Viscometer and dilatant flow with a yield value on the

Stormer Low Shear Viscometer. This is shown in Chart No. 3.

The 19% solids satin white slurries produced plastic curves on the

Hercules High Shear Viscometer and on the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer.

However, the yield value on the Stormer was more distinct. The 15% solids

produced a plastic rheogram on the Hercules High Shear Viscometer and a

dilatant rheogram with yield value on the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer.

Again the yield value was more distinct with the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer.

Chart No. 4 shows this.

The Hercules High Shear Viscometer showed Newtonian flow while dilatant

flow was shown with the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer using 48% Dow Latex

512K. These curves may be seen in Chart No. 5.

-12-

The rheograms of the Hercules High Shear Viscometer showed Newtonian

flow while the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer showed anomalous flow with 9. 5%

alpha protein solutions. Chart No. 5 shows these rheograms.

The 14% casein showed pseudoplastic flow on the Hercules High Shear

Viscometer while the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer showed dilatant flow.

This is shown in Chart No. 6.

The 25% Dow Latex 512K and 75% alpha protein produced a Newtonian

flow curve on the Hercules High Shear Viscometer while the Stormer Low Shear

Viscometer showed anomalous flow. This may be seen in Chart No. 6.

The Hercules High Shear Viscometer showed a Newtonian curve while

the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer showed anomalous flow with the 50% Dow

Latex 512K and 50% alpha protein. Chart No. 7 shows this.

The 75% Dow Latex 512K and 25% alpha protein flow diagrams showed

Newtonian flow with the Hercules High Shear Viscometer and anomalous flow

with the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer. Chart No. 7 shows these flow diagrams.

The rheograms of the Hercules High Shear Viscometer showed Newtonian

flow while the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer showed dilatant flow with the

coating color, 70 grams dry clay and 11. 2 grams Dow Latex 512K. This is

shown in Chart No. 8.

The Hercules High Shear Viscometer showed Newtonian flow with the

coating color, 140 grams dry clay, 11.2 grams Dow Latex 512K and 11.2 grams

alpha protein while the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer showed dilatant flow.

This may be seen in Chart No. 8.

The coating color, 140 grams dry clay and 22. 4 grams alpha protein

showed Newtonian flow with the Hercules High Shear and dilatant with the

Stormer Low Shear. Chart No. 9 shows this.

Material Used

Clay High solids Low solids

Titanium Dioxide High solids Low solids

Calcium Carbonate High solids Low solids

Satin White High solids Low solids

Dow Latex 512K

Alpha Protein

Casein

25% Dow Latex 512K 75% Alpha Protein

50% Dow Latex 512K 5 Oo/o Alpha Protein

75% Dow Latex 512K 25% Alpha Protein

Clay - Dow Latex 512K

Clay - Dow Latex 512K and Alpha Protein

Clay - Alpha Protein

-13-

Experimental Results

Type of Flow Her·cules Stormer

Dilatant Thixotropic - Dilatant Dilatant Dilatant

Plastic Anomalous Plastic Dilatant

Thixotropic - Dilatant Thixotropic - Dilatant Thixotropic - Dilatant Dilatant

Plastic Plastic Plastic Dilatant

Newtonian Dilatant

Newtonian Anomalous

Pseudoplastic Dilatant

Newtonian Anomalous

Newtonian Anomalous

Newtonian Anomalous

Newtonian Dilatant

Newtonian Dilatant

Newtonian Dilatant

-14-

Summary of Results

From the results of the rheograms, it was noted that:

1. Yield values are more distinct in the rheograms

from the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer than from

the Hercules High Shear Viscometer.

2. Some Newtonian flows on the rheograms of the Hercules

High Shear showed up slightly dilatant on the Stormer

Low Shear.

3. The Stormer Low Shear Viscometer showed wider

thixotropic loops than did the Hercules High Shear

Viscometer.

4. Plastic, pseudoplastic, and dilatant flows are distinct

on both viscometers, but the Stormer Low Shear

Viscometer curves are more accented.

Conclusion

From the experiments reported, it may be concluded that the Stormer

Low Shear Viscometer gives a more sensitive rheogram than does the Hercules

High Shear Viscometer. This might be due to the fact that the Hercules High

Shear Viscometer developes a change in shearing rate and force more rapidly

than does the Stormer Low Shear Viscometer.

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· t·-j- .l-.�--1-L: .... :.. .. --t-· ... -- ·:+:-r·-·. -:--·H--·l·-�-- __ .J_i --,--� --------t-f·+-

l•···i�--�J:t�� �:r

ess-�-1 ·�·•·1-i ~�-d�Ji \·-:tt�:��--! 7+

-1'7-

Chart No. 3 Rheo rams of Calcium Carbonate

� ' : I I I l I I ' I I ' -- ! rl!e�cuie-H:l.g --the' i- -- ·7'----:-11 -- -•--, +-- stonn•t-i,Owl Stte 'r ' - t -+ -t ··- ,·- . i ., ; t Ti :· -: . ·l · ! .. 1·• j' . � 1' ' ' ,·_\..____ __.!-j·----J_-+·· ·+- ---r ' l • -i-·-t·--'--• ;_-t--·· • •-·· __ L.... - •- I

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I

-18-

Chart No. 4 Rheo rams of Satin White ' I . I I I

1 -: - �--r-Ifo�e+-�� Sherr: 1 -�-t--! -·-i··-J--(-· 1 : s nr�t Low: Sheair � 7 -,-. . iJ----:-r-: -i-+-------+---, - -�--r--1'·--- - ·r - -- --1

. +- - --+ .. -�l' - , ··- . .L __ f ' . . . I I. I I I -·:-r·----·t·--rr-·:·· ,_ · · i--T-1·- , .. - 1 ·: 1 •··· ··- ... T

- - ·•- - j ! : -,-·- -r-----+•J_ 7- __ ,

�

-a "l� I- ' �-.__,__+---1 �

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; '. ' ' I I I I • I . :

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+------�,----+· -· ---

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1 -r-T-. -- - -

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' ' I f . I ··- ·-•-- : ' 9-%,. Sol. ,

s -- + --·-·---t-·-·- -·-----+-----i--•··- _;_ ___ . in $,olida. --�I : ! I ! I I ' I I ·i I .

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l ; l ! - -- r -- - - --- i - i- -I Shearing stress I She�ring Stress

i r-·--

• 19 •

Chart Noo 5 Rheo rams of Dow Latex 12K and 1 ha ro e

' I l I I I I ; ; ! I I I ,--t---r-·-:··:·-m,-rqu:r-·hf gh' f'-e-�t-- I. -'---j---s-iormeli Low·t�a ; ' I •. 1 1.1 ,-H- ..... , . , i , " : . 1 l r :�· - 1 ' - --·J-r· -1----, 7------ '--�' - - -- __ .,_ __ +---t-- I ' I

.. I I I ! - - - - - : - , . - . ·! -. - - -- . - I i . . - I . -r - ' - -,- . ' .. - I -1- ! - ; --! -; -- - --· ·-· j'- --;I

-1�--+-....--+---t-,-t--i--t-�-t- I I

' I .I ·-··7 -·- i : - ·1 - - ; -- :_ +- ' ---�-! ' j- ' . ! - :,'' -+ l-

' I ' i I i : 1 I 1 : I

I i I '

' I ·-·--t--·--11-··--t-----·-:-·.-·--l1-·-·,1·--�--1-- .: : --1 ·:-·i- - -·--,-T ·---r---- ,·-:--: -�·-r-+--T-:-

1 ' . ' : - I - ' '; : I -l - -l -- ·-- .c: I ' I t- I ' ·l - 1-- I ' ' : ' -�--+-�;_ �-L�,---1-- r-:- 1 -i--+----� ·t-i-+j_ __ -: -1-- _:_, · �- ·_j_ -'.---t�- --�--t:-:·-t- -· --. I · · J : 1 · ; : l : : · 1- , I ---· .0, -· ' · f [ -� - j :-- · · I i · I :

.7-:-f--+-. --+-:- L _:_+-:+-j---+--· -�-i I !-� ; -�- - ---j-+---r' -�--• : I ' -i I ' ' ' I··- � I I. ·I ·1 1 ' ' . I I ' . _j . I , ' : I I I 1 . l

1 · 1 l ' ' �-- i .;__ llr _: �· ,, -- 1-- -: - r·: - ,-;- -� r,-: -, ·1 -l(�j�f--:- 1·_:·· --r_��-1 I ' ' i I : i I' I ' ' I j I I +·' ' ! ' I ; I I ' .i-:. I -·--J----7-·--- -- -- -1-·----t-----.... --. - ·•- ·-t -----1!-t--t -t--,----·--

'' i I I ' : . l_ - 'l' -�- .L� .l, .. :.J.,.(,_ I I., __ .! _: : --i - ! __ i -·· - �t--·l- __ ,_ i !'

I : I 1 : ' I ' I ' I ' I : : "I I -T -,_- -- -----:-:-: ·-:· ·;·-··- : ·-----r�-:·--r--: . -- ----t ·-:- -;---- --t

l--,.-t-·,-r. -- '-r-

i· I ' I ' : ' ; I' : I

i- -- I ' ' : : ' I : . �--!--- -W- :_ilpha __ , Tot.ein �- __ t--� .. L _ � _ .. , --1 __ : .i - Alpha prot�n-. - --- ' ... 1 __ ·--

.. l .. '; -' J 9o.5% So s I 1· '..'ii. ;,_, - i :, ' i I 9o5%. Solids I I i

I ' L '1 i ' ! : !1· jl : l I ' I I �- - -- - !__ I --1 -··:·-1 . :-- :-·; -- -�:- - +- -! ·--r-J�-:- -�-�- �� ·- �,-· !-- , r-: --�-- ·- -,-----, - I . , : ··;

1-- -+-l--�t< �t- I ·-·T·· +- _. --- �- - � ·- -- � -- r- -� .. --t- : --·-! ,- - - ,· ----- t ----r---··; · · 1 S -�!rt --t:i e�;· .:. 1 S1 -earih stress , : !

1 ·t

-20-

Chart No. 6 Rheograms of Casein-Dow Latex 512K and Al ha Protein

· .1 : . . Her She,r . _ i � _ -+· .. r--1

I - '.stp�e4 Low 1shea : · : : - �·-

j

,l I I .• I I ' ' I I I '

--:- t-+-- - . --·-:-r � ;-·r ·- - - 4-·L --+--- --L-. _.L ___ +. -·-1 . � •·-·- -i . ,_._ ·-r -j-7-.. ·· r · ,-·:- I : ·1· i ; ·r ·· · ··- ·, ' l·-i I·-� ···: : ·• l '---. --:-11_· _J.__1 ____ ,-- t�--t-·� -- r- - -- -,------· 1- :- r -, -r--·-+- .-- , -

I I • t I I I ' . l I I ·: l . I I ·1 • .

i ! ; 1 . - : : f -: . . . I

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-_�·-+;-

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---I.� -b---��

/ I I : i I l I

' : i L' • ; I ' J_ I - --r- • , .. -·---1- �--r-·---t--t· -- ·- - -----+---; - �· · ·: -4•-t-.- i --J-·,-·-. , .. l . - ! l . ;· I- --; --:- ; ---+-- ' I '

' . ' . I I i I· l • I- --

ITT i 1 : �-:-- ;---- �· --:--:-i-T�-r; r· h+_J -:�-·-j-----: .. : .. 1.----1-· .. T ·r·---·I .:-�- � .----·-,--. --· ·:•--·.--1 f.-.-·--t-�

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: Ca�ein ! . . .. , . l. .. . Case1.n1

;. ; - , .. --r--------tla ....

rolids ___ .,..______ _ '

. -:-�L---- r-11%..SD.14-ds .-J-, __ .'.., __ : _' I I I I . ' I . ! I I • I .. I . I ! '.

I ' I I '

i 1- ! - --+-.··; ·-r·L-r .. , · , ,- -t -----..-1 • 1 , I • ; : I : : l I a• ,t l • 4

i ! : . ' i I ' I I • ·t- .... ·r· .. -s-Fearfrg·s�

ress7 .. ·-·· ·: - r t �---;----SJ-tearing S�res

�i"· -·: ··--I' I I i l ! l I . I .

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TTT;-··1--r .... ;-+,· --

1-i-�-1 .. ·:-· --7- ·-y- .. --,-t ·-· .. -�-rr--;--··r-;-- J---: .. -,- -·1-

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:- .. ---: ··-t---··i-� I- ·•·-------L--_l_·__ . - ; .. ·---�----- ------,-+�-- --�1·--�-1 I . ' . I i , 1 , 1 • i 1. l _

·[ ! . f '

r I I 1 : �% .Dbw La�ex 512K -� 1 • _1.__ ?5% Dbw -Laitex-412K i-· . -� -r-. vsi A�pha !Protein: 1 '

i I V5% Alpha JProt in ! ! , .. t· I l ..

. _ ,_ .. �:...1_11 • .8%_S·dlids. -.1. _ .1: .: .. L. __ ; __ ll.8% sdlids ·- .L < .�- .'l i i I i i I i : . -1·- +--- -- : i : ·-· ----r-· .. - i--l- ...

- ; s�.a�t- s ••• '. - i -� -1 sh.�ri�; s�•• i - .- � ---

-21-

Chart No. 7 Rheograms of Dow Latex 512K and Al ha Protein

·- - l!

I , Herpule-s! Hi gti -· --t t

Shear t . . I

I '

I I

-- __ j �-

t�r�e� _L�w :.5.�e� _____ 1

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. L._. - r --- . , - --- - ;. -:-- -~t -- -­: � ··7·- 1 ' - -·-. ' - I I i I : t· , . , i : : . -- , , I . - , , - . - i --1 ____ .$-0%- D .ow Latex 512K . ..- .. i • ...:. . _ -·--+- . _ 50:t n:ow. �tex 12.IL · t - __ .

. . r : .. ..J 50't Alpha Protein '

. l 1 50\( Alpba 1protein 1 . ! ,I ' ' I ' I I I

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, ·- 1

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e1 � +-.C.-7 -: ' --i-- 1

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:�w 1h�a - -·: :+'.-1 ' ' -

-" - t ! I ' I , . .. . . ' - ' : ' -- [ - . l I -- -t---t· --

I :7-, -l----1 -�1 ---�-�-- ----1 -- --,- -�4---+--l-J,,·--;--}t -+ I

. ' I . i ' I- -· · 1 ' .j t . l ! I I : . i 1. �-- 1 ; 1 • ! j ! --r--· ----�---1--- ··- I '

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, 1 1 �5i Ajl-Pha iProt�in :

I ____ J_. _ .. 23%1 Solids __ : . __ 1'. I I I I

l- : - I -:� -�-:TT! : - i i - - : · rI I ' ' - l ' ' I t ! l I :

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- l ____ ; ___ j_ ---!--, . i ! l 1 : ·

---1 ----:---++-:·-+-r- I I 'I .. ! . - . ! '. - ' . . i l

1 . ' 1 ' ' i - � --1' ___ _:__. ---�--JS% Dow .. I.a:tex. 12K _ _ :_ --·-r·-·- _. I : f'.' - · I , , .. , .. , . t::i% Alpha 1Prot in 1 . - I - .

,---'--·· --l----+-23% So"'ds 1. __ -�-- ___ l __ , _ . l ... i . I ' I I 1

; i l I I , ·- r -: . . 1- •· ·1 - -

I ·, i ,. -··: -,- -- - .- -+-· - I

I

1 .

· 22-

Chart No. 8 Rheo rams of Cla and Dow Latex-Dow Latex and Al ha Protein

- ··---i--

! � ' j

' . ! . ···;,,-- j'�' I

·•--�+1-. -----,-.-r -

' f - f, __ ··+·-· - -- 1--· s

I

- J� ... - _j --

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:+B· -. • ; .... "'1 .. ' '

·: . ! ·. --r-..... : . ,-·· ·: · -�-

l. I • . ; . . I c·- ---+-·­

, I +--·· ·1--+----4 I

-23·

Chart No. 9 Rheo rams of Cla and Alpha Protein : I l : . I

i Herculelf 1-Iig� shekr -I · I · 1 Stormer ,LOW Sh�ar,

i-�---i ---r-�,_-i-- -r ._;_ . ....;._+ _ _:_ +-. i- ___ L_ i . _-1 ,--

-

1 - . • i . f .. - . - . ! -- I L . t l . . I

• 1- .

. • -· ,L_ __ i . ··: 1 :..-.[-- 1 •. ·' ,-·-- - , .. ---;---! ... } -

: t . ·r i• 1 . : , i - , - t . - I : r .( :

1-n- ---!�:~ I - -:-r : -F r- . ---r--; i �--1-�-1,�1- :-��--

-·- r. _ 1 ___ -1 ·-----r-, - -- --·i---- -.--: -i-- ·-· -r--: -� 1- - r - ··-i- -:--+�-t , ... I '1 ·· 1··

. ! 1-·-:·-· ·• I i ·! J_·. '. •--1 • _; • ,.. - • j__ ·--�-- ---4------i -. -•-- -- r 1 ).. - i , 1 :! � -- �7 :l - · .. __ , �'.---LL _

--+--�-- . -+----{---· ---- �- - ---t-: �__,___. ___ 1

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--. ·7! __ , __ L1_ ·- -� __ !_:_1:_J·: -t -� -�r- - - ; ; � . i : !1 __ - : .. - ·: f . , � -� - -r--- --1-- r- ,_ -

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-24-

Literature Cited

1. Green, Henry, "Industrial Rheology and Rheological Structures",

New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1949, 311 p.

2. Thompson, R. N. 1

"Rheology in Paper Coating", Tappi Monograph

Series No. 11, p. 43.

3. Dewey, Phillip H., "Rheology of Surface Coatings", Paper Mill News 70,

No. 39: 114, 116, 118, 120-22, 124 (1947).

4. Applegate, Paul D., and Smith, J. Wilson, "The Hercules High-Shear

Viscometer", Tappi, No. 31: 208-214 (1948).

5. Green, Henry, "How to Determine the Desirable Rheological Properties

of Coatings", Paper Trade.:!.:_ 125, No. 11: 49-53 (September 11, 1947).

6. Willets, William R., "The Rheology of Paper Coating", Tappi 33, No. 4:

261 (April, 1950).